HEDONISM POTRAYED THE SNOWS OF KILIMANJARO MOVIE

DIRECTED BY HENRY KING

Research Proposal

Nama : Reza Khatami

NIM : 403180038

PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA INGGRIS

FAKULTAS ADAB DAN HUMANIORA
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI
SULTHAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI
2023
MOTTO
 DEDICATION

First of all I would say the grateful to Allah SWT always gives me health to finish
this thesis.

I dedicated this thesis to:

Myself who never give up no matter what happen.

To both of my parents who always give me the best prayers, supports, and love.

To my family and friends who are always there for me in any circumstances. And
finally, for everyone who have helped me in writing this thesis.

Allow me to deliver my gratitude.

 ABSTRACT

Reza Khatami, 2023 : Hedonism Potrayed The Snows Of Kilimanjaro

Movie Directed By Henry King
Supervisor I : Yenti,SS., M.Ps
Supervisor II : Al Amin, MA

In this research, the researcher analysed hedonism appeared in the movie the snow
of Kilimanjaro main character named Harry. This research aims to discuss about;
1) What are the types of hedonism potrayed in The Snow of Kilimanjaro movie?,
2) What are the negative effects of a hedonism lifestyle depicted in The Snow of
Kilimanjaro movie?, 3) What are the factors of a hedonism lifestyle depicted in
The Snow of Kilimanjaro movie?. The data of this research was obtained from the
script and the scenes from the movie. The researcher used theories from Weijers,
Veenhoven and Sharma as a guide in answering the questions of this research.
The result of this research shows that the are two types of hedonism, which are; 1)
Folk Hedonism and 2) Hedonism Egoism. The negative effect of hedonism in
the movie is selfish. Factors that caused hedonism, such as; 1) Motivation and 2)
Emotions.

Keywords : Hedonism, Henry King, The Snow of Kilimanjaro Movie

 ABSTRAK

Reza Khatami, 2023 : Hedonism Potrayed The Snows Of Kilimanjaro

Movie Directed By Henry King
Pembimbing I : Yenti,SS., M.Ps
Pembimbing II : Al Amin, MA

Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menganalisis hedonisme yang muncul dalam

film The Snows Of Kilimanjaro Directed By Henry King pada tokoh utama
bernama Harry. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas tentang; 1) Apa saja
jenis-jenis hedonisme yang digambarkan dalam film The Snow of Kilimanjaro?,
2) Apa saja dampak negatif dari gaya hidup hedonisme yang digambarkan dalam
film The Snow of Kilimanjaro?, 3) Apa saja faktor-faktor gaya hidup hedonisme
yang digambarkan dalam film The Snow of Kilimanjaro? Data penelitian ini
diperoleh dari naskah dan adegan film. Peneliti menggunakan teori dari Weijers,
Veenhoven dan Sharma sebagai pedoman dalam menjawab pertanyaan penelitian
ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat dua jenis hedonisme, yaitu; 1)
Hedonisme Rakyat dan 2) Hedonisme Egoisme. Dampak negatif dari hedonisme
dalam film adalah egois. Faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya hedonisme,
seperti; 1) Motivasi dan 2) Emosi.

Kata Kunci : Hedonisme, Henry King, Film The Snow of Kilimanjaro

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Research

Every living creature has its own manner of communicating with its
surroundings and society. Human beings, too, have their unique ways of
communicating. Language is one of the mediums through which people interact
and socialize. Language has existed since antiquity, but the linguistic we use
today is the consequence of long-term language evolution (Rosmaidar dan
Fitraturrahmahi, 2012). Language has its own style depend on how we want to
express it such as in literature. The language use there full of art and hidden
meaning.
Literature is a living phenomenon that is inextricably linked to human life.
Literature is a term that refers to any written or spoken work, ranging from
creative writing to more technical or scientific works. Literature is a term that is
commonly used to describe works of creative imagination. Humans can utilize
fiction or nonfiction works to depict and explore their imaginations, emotions,
experiences, and ideas through literature and one of its example is a movie (Sri
Mulyati, 2019).
Since ancient times, lifestyle has become an integral part of human
existence. Lifestyle appears to be an integral component of human existence. Even
some individuals prioritize their lifestyle over their requirements. They fulfill their
lifestyle desires regardless of the consequences that would follow. Some
individuals will do anything to maintain their lifestyle. When a person has a better
income, his lifestyle is typically enhanced. In actuality, the majority of individuals
choose to incur debt in order to maintain their lifestyles, as opposed to reducing
their lifestyles. They lifestyle can be determined by the manner in which satisfy
their requirements for fashion, food, luxury products, vehicles, hangouts, and
vacations, among others. This is done for their own fun and satisfaction. This way
of living is known as hedonism (Wiyanto & Candrani, 2020).
 The hedonist way of life prioritizes one's own happiness above all else. A
hedonist is someone whose entire existence is dedicated to seeking pleasure. A
man would often resort to extravagant means to attain his goal of happiness,
putting aside what is essential but brings him no joy. In light of the fact that
adopting such a way of life might send one careening into a downward spiral of
meaninglessness, it must be taken seriously. Online debt and corruption are two
well-known repercussions of hedonism in modern society. People are being
pursued by online debt debt-collectors, and some are even in jail owing to
corruption, all so they can satisfy their extravagant desires in life.
A literary work's theme, characters, characterization, setting, storyline, and
point of view are examples of intrinsic elements. Extrinsic elements, on the other
hand, are those that originate from outside the work itself and have an impact on
the plot, such as historical context, cultural norms, and social mores. This study
analyzes the The Snows of Kilimajaro movie from an extrinsic perspective,
focusing on the social context.
Character represents ethical, moral, and social attitudes and beliefs.
Besides, Never feeling satisfied, always wanting something more, and constantly
brushing off feelings of pain or running away from things that are considered to
be a burden are the first characteristics of people who have hedonism. It means
that character is something that represent someone as themselves and hedonism is
part of that character.
Hemingway's "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" story was written in Africa.
They released it in 1936. An integral part of this story is played by the
sociocultural context in which it was written. After World War One, in the 1930s,
this takes place in the United States. Since Hemingway volunteered during World
War I, much of the novel focuses on the state of American society in the years
following the conflict. The United States of America in the 1930s is characterized
by its modernism, materialism, and decline in moral standards. The characters'
way of life is affected by the society in which they live. It's clear that their
lifestyles have changed drastically after the end of World War One.
 Henry King turned this Hemingways short tale into a 1952 American
Technicolor romantic adventure picture. This movie talked about As writer Harry
Street lies gravely wounded from an African hunting accident, he feverishly
reflects on what he perceives as his failures at love and writing. Through his
delirium he recalls his one true love, Cynthia Green, whom he lost by his
obsession for roaming the world in search of stories for his novels. Though she is
dead, Cynthia continues to haunt Street's thoughts. Despite one successful novel
after another, Street feels he has compromised his talent to ensure the success of
his books, making him a failure in his eyes. His neglected wife Helen tends to his
wounds, listens to his ranting, endures his talk of lost loves, and tries to restore in
him the will to fight his illness until help arrives. Her devotion to him makes him
finally realize that he is not a failure. With his realization of a chance for love and
happiness with Helen, he regains his will to live.
Harry and Helen experience this. They struggle with terrible loss and
misery. Harry, the protagonist, tried to rise from World War I obscurity. He wrote,
but nothing good. He just wanted to leave after the war. He dated widow Helen
with two small children. Her spouse died young, and a plane crash killed her two
small children. Harry marries a rich widow by luck. Harry married Helen for her
money, not love. He may enjoy life without thinking about money. He values
monetary achievement for contentment. He can afford anything. Today's culture,
especially after recent conflicts, is more prone to do this. After the battle, they
change and enjoy their wealth. They act to increase happiness and reduce
suffering. They live hedonistically. Hedonism now means living for pleasure,
especially sensory pleasures. This culture influences "The Snows of Kilimanjaro"
characters.
Harry and Helen are the focus of this study because they are the
protagonists who will stop at nothing to achieve their objective of happiness. As a
result, there is a lot of curiosity about this fact that deserves an in-depth analysis.
The reason researcher chose hedonism because hedonism becoming world wide
issue nowadays. Many individuals choose to live extravagantly regardless of their
 financial means. They do it to impress others, and it becomes their own source of
satisfaction.
The reason why researcher prefer films over novels is because films are
more accessible to people than novels. In addition, when someone watches a film,
the message conveyed by the film will indirectly play a role in forming one's
perception of the intended message of the film.
Based on several background events about the hedonism lifestyle above,
the writer wants to examine the issue of the hedonism lifestyle by taking the title
"Hedonism Potrayed In The Snows of Kilimanjaro Movie Directed by Harry
King".

B.Formulation of the Problem

Based on the background of the research problem, the Researcher will

determine the formulation of the problem as follows:
1. What are the types of hedonism potrayed in The Snow of
Kilimanjaro movie?
2. What are the negative effects of a hedonism lifestyle depicted in The
Snow of Kilimanjaro movie?
3. What are the factors of a hedonism lifestyle depicted in The Snow of
Kilimanjaro movie?

C. Purposes of the Research

1. To explain the types of hedonism potrayed in The Snow of
Kilimanjaro movie.
2. To explain the negative effects of a hedonism lifestyle.

3. To explain the factors of a hedonism lifestyle depicted in The Snow

of Kilimanjaro movie

D. Limitation of the Problem

 The researcher limits the problem in this research to avoid the broadness in
analyzing data. Consequently, the researcher focus on what are hedonism, the
negative effect of hedonism and the factors of hedonism potrayed in the main
character of Hemingway’s The Snow of Kilimanjaro movie named Harry.

E. Significance of the Research

The significance of this research can be seen in several ways:
1. The researcher hopes that the writer can improve writing ability and
understand more about hedonism lifestyle.
2. This study would give additional knowledge and information to those
who are interested in the same research, and give the contribution to the
English Literature Department.
3. This study may give a little contribution to faculty, the others, and
further researches.

CHAPTER II
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Sociological Approach

The focus of the sociological method is on people and how they function
within societal contexts such as culture, economy, and politics. A literary
performance is a representation of real life. Existence itself is a social fact of
nature. Intersocietal connections are thus a part of the social reality. Constellations
involving multiple societies and multiple people, including the author, that take
place in the author's head. The sociology of literature is a subfield of the study of
literature that focuses on how a piece of writing reflects and responds to the social
world in which it is produced and read (Waren, 1977).

Research using a sociological lens can cover a lot of ground when

analyzing literature. Both sociology and literary analysis focus on society as a
whole such as figuring out how people interact with one another and what
happens as a result. This means that literature can never exist in isolation from the
social reality it depicts (Romana, 2021).
A specific science that becomes universal, as Marx claims in (as stated in
Turner, 2003) is sociology. Alternatively, it can be seen as a more in-depth study
of human life from the perspective of the social sciences. Simply said, sociology
is the study of people in all their social and individual contexts. To put it another
way, sociology is the study of human society and the relationships between its
members (Romana, 2021).
Sociology and literary works have a good relationship. This is happens
because of the mutual relationship between literary works and phenomena in real
life. The literary works raised into a works is the result of a relationship with
sociology. Studying sociology about literature is useful for understanding social
situations, political issues, worldviews and creativity of authors. Sociology and
literature is theconnection between real life thinking and culture in which they
become the determinants of literary works.
 In this case the researcher need to discuss about the relationship between
sociology and literature. According to Davita (2005), “Sociology is the study of
various traits of society and the relationship between societies to the social
stability of their environment” (p.3). Sociology is always concerned with human
activity with their environment. Learning sociology is not only human behavior
but sociology elements such as society structure, social stability and social
change.
According to Laurenson (1972) stated that “Sociology is essentially the
scientific,objective study of man in society,the study of social institution and the
social process” (p.11). Sociology as the science to study social relationship and
obtain material from different source that is literature. Literature and sociology are
a reflected of human relationship and their environment. There is a way to interact
with the environtment, it is related to real life. Sociology can be learned as the
literary facts and the impact on social environment.
The sociologists such as Alan Swingewood, Karl Marks,Max Weber and
others agree that sociology is an institution and sociology is included.Sociology
associated with literature unlike other social sciences. Sociology is interested in
almost all aspects of human social life. Young scientiests have discovered new
concepts and methods for sociological research.Sociology as a social science that
focuses on themeaning that human attach to their interactions and actions to a
particular social context (Weber, 1997).

B. Theory of Hedonism

Hedonism is a view of life that assumes that people will become happy by
seeking as much happiness as possible and avoiding painful feelings whenever
possible. Hedonism is a teaching or views that pleasure or pleasure is the purpose
of life and human action. According to (Vitterso, 2011) stated that the related term
hedonism is the doctrine that pleasure is the sole good. Philosophical hedonism
claims that pleasure is the moral good, suggesting that the definitive social norm
is to provide the greatest amount of pleasure for the greatest number of people.
Psychological hedonism holds that everyone aims only at pleasure as the ultimate
end, and that at any given moment there is an ordering of events along a
continuum of hedonic tone ranging from very aversive through neutral, to very
desirable.

From the description above, hedonism is the doctrine that pleasure is the
only good. Hedonism from a philosophical point of view claims that pleasure is a
good moral, indicating that definitive social norms are to give the greatest
pleasure to most people. Whereas hedonism from a psychological point of view
argues that everyone only aims for pleasure as the ultimate goal. Based on this
understanding, it can be concluded that hedonism is a doctrine or understanding
that the individual's life goal is to obtain personal pleasure as the ultimate goal.

Hedonism was fully reflected in the moral theories of the ancient world.
(Democritus, Socrates, Aristotle). The pursuit of happiness is considered by
hedonism as a criterion of morality and the basis of human moral behavior, the
pursuit of personal happiness - individualistic hedonism, the pursuit of social
happiness - is called social hedonism.

Hedonism (Greek. Hedone - pleasure, enjoyment) is the principle of

substantiation of moral requirements in the theory of ethics, according to which
what brings peace and relieves suffering is defined as good, and what brings
suffering is defined as evil. Theoretical hedonism is a manifestation of naturalism
in ethics. The basis of hedonism is the idea that man is endowed with nature,
which is the main driving force behind nature, which determines all his actions.
The goal of peace is declared to be a single passion and at the same time a moral
requirement.

Hedonists recognized that a person is happy and perfect if he strives for

both spiritual and physical health, helps to form all the virtues of himself and
others, and thus earns the respect of contemporaries and future generations. They
are interested in the question of whether happiness can be an objective principle,
whether individuals have the ability to give moral proportions to each, despite the
fact that their desires, interests, needs, and human societies are different.

Aristotle further argues that there are pleasures that we should not seek.
He claims that ‘pleasures are choice worthy, but not if they come from
[disgraceful] sources, just as wealth is desirable, but not if you have to betray
someone to get it, and health is desirable, but not if it requires you to eat anything
and everything’.

According to (Veenhooven, 2003) stated that: “Hedonism is a way of life,

characterized by openness to pleasurable experience. Hedonism is also a kind of
values in the moral that appreciated of enjoyment”. From the definition, it can be
concluded that hedonism is the way of life chosen by a hedonist, the hedonist like
new experiences that are based on pleasure and all moral aspects of pleasure will
be prioritized.

According to (VandenBos, 2015) stated that Hedonism is doctrine that

pleasure is an intrinsic good and the proper goal of all human action. One of the
fundamental questions of ethics has been whether pleasure can or should be
equated with the good in this way. In psychology, any theory that suggests that
pleasure and the avoidance of pain are the only or the major motivating forces in
human behavior.

The definition of hedonism above is that based on a philosophical point of

view, hedonism is teaching that pleasure is an essential good and is the right goal
of all human actions. Based on the psychological point of view some theories state
that pleasure and avoidance of suffering are the only or main motivations that
drive human behavior. The above definition illustrates that hedonism is a doctrine
that pleasure and avoidance of suffering are the main motivations that drive
human behavior. Human behavior that adheres to the notion of hedonism will
appear to pursue pleasure and avoid suffering.

Based some descriptions above the writer can conclude hedonism is a

view that pleasure is the main goal in his life and always avoids misery by doing
various ways. While the hedonism is a typical lifestyle of attitudes, ways, and
patterns of action to achieve goals, self-concepts, and feelings that lead to the
desire to pursue pleasure and be expressed in activities, interests, and opinions by
justifying various methods.

To put it simply, hedonism is the belief that one should pursue happiness
by doing whatever makes them happy. According to objectivists, standard
morality requires that the good be defined in terms of a rational standard of value,
that pleasure is not a primary cause but rather a consequence, that only pleasure
that is derived from rational value and judgment can be considered moral, and that
pleasure, in and of itself, is not a guide to action (Romana, 2021).

The ancient Greek word "hedone," meaning "pleasure," is the source of

our modern word "hedonism." Hedonism is a another name for philosophies that
prioritize happiness or pleasure over all else. Hedonic theories, as stated by
Michael, reduce all phenomena to the experience of pleasure and pain (Wijers,
2012).

Hedonism is a philosophy that promotes sensual pleasures without

consideration for their long-term consequences. In addition, The belief that
happiness or pleasure is the only or main good in life is known as hedonism.

Hedonism is a lifestyle full of glamourize, People who choose this style

always try hard to maximize and fulfill their wish and need. They work harder
than other people even sacrifice their valuable things, for the sake of glamour
performance.

When people take action, it's always with the end goal of gratifying some
sort of want or desire. An act of kindness can bring happiness or relief from
anguish. All moral requirements must be based on the fundamentals of practical
principles that can end human suffering. The hedonist school of thought
concluded that the standard by which to judge what is good and evil is the degree
to which it increases or decreases one's level of happiness. Put another way,
hedonism is a worldview that prioritizes sensual pleasure over all other values. To
those who hold this view, life is meant to be spent partying and whoring around,
at the expense of others. They believe this life is their only chance, so they make
the most of it by giving in to their every whim and fancy (Zulfa, 2015).

Based on the definition above, hedonism can be defined as the philosophy

that places an emphasis on obtaining and experiencing material pleasures.
Therefore, in order for a person to be truly happy in this world, he or she must
seek out and acquire as much material pleasure as possible.

C. Types of Hedonism

According to the work of Daniel Michael Wijers, "Hedonism and

Happiness in Theory and Practice," the idea of hedonism may be broken down
into six distinct sub-categories, including the following (Wijers, 2012):
1. Folk Hedonism
Hedonism is used in a philosophical context with a specific connotation
that differs from the common usage of the term in contemporary literature by
those who are not philosophers. Non-philosophers reading contemporary literature
sometimes misunderstand hedonism to mean a pursuit of immediate gratification
at the expense of consideration for one's own or anyone else's well-being. A
hedonist, in the eyes of non-philosophers, is someone who will never pass up the
chance to indulge in the pleasures of sex and drugs, no matter the cost to their
relationships or their own or others' health. Philosophers, however, referred to this
interpretation of hedonism as "folk hedonism."
2. Value Hedonism and Prudential Hedonism
Philosophers often argue that hedonism is about value, while the more
nuanced hedonism is about well-being when debating the philosophy. As a
philosophy of value, hedonism asserts that nothing except pleasure is truly valued,
while sorrow alone is without worth. A key aspect of the definition is the word
"intrinsic," which is best understood in contrast to the word "instrumental."
Inherent worth is value that exists apart from any consideration of its utility to
others. It is believed that pleasure has value in and of itself, even if it does not
result in any further benefit. Money is an instrumental good since its worth is
derived from what it enables us to perform or purchase. Everything worthwhile is
reduced in value hedonism to the pursuit of pleasure. Money has instrumental
value because it can be used to acquire goods and services that increase happiness
and decrease suffering. A hedonist may use the purchase of food, transportation,
and shelter as an example. Well-being hedonism, or hedonism in terms of the
function of values, is more nuanced than value hedonism. It is commonly held
that the only thing that can make a person's life better is pleasure, and that the
only thing that can make a person's life worse is suffering. When prudential
hedonists say they prioritize happiness, they mean it in the sense that they
prioritize experiencing a great deal of pleasure rather than misery. When
compared to "folk hedonism," the philosophy of "prudential hedonism" recognizes
that the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain in the immediate present
may not necessarily lead to the optimal long-term balance of pleasure and pain.
3. Motivational Hedonism
Motivational hedonism proposes that our actions are driven by our needs
to satisfy our pursuit of happiness and avoid suffering. Motivational hedonists
generally hold that our actions are motivated by our wants for pleasure and away
from misery. Philosophers, on the other hand, maintain that seeking pleasure and
avoiding pain are the overarching motivations behind all human action.
4. Normative Hedonism
Value hedonism, often bolstered by motivational hedonism, has been
deployed in defense of particular conceptions of moral conduct. Normative
hedonism, often called ethical hedonism, is the theory that says people should do
what makes them happy and avoid what makes them unhappy. Egoistic hedonism
and utilitarian hedonism are the two most common varieties of normative
hedonism. Both groups typically consider happiness to be the sole factor in
deciding whether or not an action is right or bad.
5. Hedonistic Egoism
Hedonistic egoism is a more indulgent take on egoism, the view that we
should prioritize our own needs above all else. According to this school of
thought, our primary goal in life should be to maximize our own personal joy. The
worst part about this hypothesis is that it won't consider the ramifications. A
hedonistic egoist, for instance, would be ethically obligated to steal, even from the
impoverished. Defense advocates of hedonistic egoism typically argue that
committing crimes like theft or murder would not increase happiness because of
the associated feelings of shame, dread, and the possibility of being found and
punished. When it is pointed out that a hedonistic egoist is ethically obligated by
their own theory to pursue an uncommon type of practical schooling, a brief and
sometimes unpleasant training session that lessens their moral sentiments of pity
and shame, they usually give in.
6. Hedonistic Utilitarianism
According to hedonistic utilitarianism, the best course of action is the one
that results in the greatest amount of happiness for the largest number of people. It
is generally agreed that hedonistic utilitarianism is the most equitable of the two
hedonisms, given that its goal is the maximization of happiness for the greatest
number of people possible. Hedonistic utilitarians don't steal from the poor
because it makes the destitute even less happy while making the thief only a little
bit happier overall.

D. Negative Effects of Hedonism

There are two negative effects of hedonism that identified by Veenhoven

that are consumptive that it is bad for us as individual, the other is Selfish which
bad for our environment. Furthermore Veenhooven explains (Veenhoven, 2003):

1) Selfish

Practical and theoretical formulations of selfishness are possible. A self-

centered person is one who is constantly thinking about themselves and putting
their needs before everyone else. The concept of "theoretical selfishness" refers to
the view that morality should be based on one's own self-interest. As suggested by
the term's definition, selfishness is the drive to uphold and advance a point of
view that serves only one's own interests. By focusing solely on one's own
happiness, selfish people ignore the pain of others, even if they are loved ones or
friends.

2). Extravagant Lifestyle

Extravagant lifestyle, is a luxurious lifestyle. Changes in the lifestyle of

someone who was previously mediocre, then becomes a lifestyle of luxury with a
new car, going outside country and so on.

F. Factor of Hedonism
According to (Farrington, 2017) stated that “the main motivation that leads
to offending and antisocial behavior is the hedonistic desire to seek satisfaction
and follow self- interest.” From that definition the main factor that leads to
offending and antisocial behavior because hedonist desire to seek satisfaction and
follow selfinterest. According to (Kotler, 2003) state that: “a person's lifestyle is
influenced by two factors, namely internal factors and external factors.” From that
definition is the same as hedonism lifestyle, but the emphasis is more on life‟s
pleasure and the two main factors hedonism comes from internal factors and
external factors.
1. Internal Factors
According to (Sharma, et al. 2008) stated that: “hedonist is influenced by
individual characteristics such as motives, emotions and personality”. Internal
factors are factors that arise from within the individual based on self-confidence to
live according to his wishes.
1) Motives
Motivation is the reason for people's actions, willingness, and goals.
Motivation is derived from the word motive which is defined as a need that
requires pleasure. Motivation is one's direction to behavior, or what causes a
person to want to repeat a behavior, a set of force that acts behind the motives.
2) Emotions
 In some uses of the word, emotions are intense feelings that are directed at
someone or something.
3) Personality
Personality is the configuration of individual characteristics and ways of
behaving that determine the differences in the behavior of each individual. A
person's personality will influence the attitude and behavior of the person.

.2. External Factors

According to (Sharma, et al. 2008) state that: “hedonist is influenced by

values, culture, social class, reference group, family”. External factors are arising
from outside the individual. External factors that influence the lifestyle of
hedonism are:

1) Value

Value denotes the degree of importance of something or action, with the

aim of determining what actions are best to do or what way is best to live or to
describe the significance of different actions. Value systems are proscriptive and
prescriptive beliefs; they affect ethical behavior of a person or are the basis of
their intentional activities.

2) Reference group

Reference groups are groups that have a direct or indirect influence on a

person's attitude and behavior. Groups that provide direct influence are groups in
which the individual becomes a member and interacts with each other, while
groups that provide indirect influence are groups in which individuals do not
become members of the group. These influences will expose individuals to certain
behaviors and lifestyles.

3) Family
 The family plays the biggest and longest role in forming individual
attitudes and behaviors. This is because parenting parents will shape children's
habits which indirectly affect their lifestyle

4) Social class

Social class is a relatively homogeneous and long-lasting group in a

society, which is arranged in a sequence of levels, and members in each level have
the same 5 values, interests, and behavior. There are two main elements in the
social system of class division in society, namely status and role. Social position
means the place of someone in a social environment, the prestige of his rights and
obligations. This social position can be achieved by someone with a business
intentionally or obtained because of birth. The role is a dynamic aspect of the
position. If an individual carries out his rights and obligations in accordance with
his position, he carries out a role.

5) Culture

Culture is the social behavior and norms found in human societies. Culture
is considered a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of
phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. Based
on some description above, it can be concluded there are two main factors that
influence the lifestyle of hedonism, namely internal factors and external factors.
Internal factors that influence the hedonism are individuals such as, motives,
emotions , and personality. While external factors that influence of hedonism are
the environment such as, globalization, reference groups, families, social classes
and values.

G. Review Related Literature

There are several researches related with the writer’s thesis:
First, Ramlan Setiawan (2016), with the title “Hedonism in Chicklit and
Teenlit Period as Reflected in “Summer in Seoul” and “Marriageable”, State
University of Semarang. The results of this study are; firstly, in the novel “
Summer in Seoul”, hedonism is represented through the setting of places—in
which the locations (urban/cosmopolitan) full of glamorous; through the
characters’ habits—royal in eating and shopping, and in the novel “Marriageable”,
hedonism is also represented through the setting of places—D’Orange, Loofah,
Nawangsari, QB, Lolita, and Linea are glamorous places that always visited by
the characters; and the characters’ habit— smoking, hang-out, shopping, nyalon.
Secondly, the impact of hedonism can affected the thought, talk, habit, action, and
so on to the characters.

Second, Wiyanto (2020), with the title “Hedonism In Oscar Wilde’s Novel
The Picture Of Dorian Gray (1891) : A Marxist Approach”, University of
Muhammadiyah Surakarta. The results of this analysis are in the form of finding
several causal indicators about the issue of hedonism. A number of causative
indicators found can be categorized into two types, namely internal factors and
external factors. Internal factors are factors that come from yourself due to lack of
mature person or lack of strong self-principles. while external factors are external
factors such as family, friends, environment, society etc. The main character,
Dorian Gray is exposed to the understanding of hedonism in her life as a result of
being too innocent and lacking self-principles to prevent negative outside
influences by her friend, Lord Henry Wotton. This is what caused Dorian to
finally fall into a hedonistic lifestyle.
Third, Adinda Maharani dan Acep Iwan Saidi (2021), with the title
“Visual Representation Of Hedonism In ‘Parasite Film”, Institut Teknologi
Bandung. The results of the study show that Parasite is a realistic dark comedy
thriller movie. This Parasite movie makes spectral arrogance have a strong
emotional effect on one of the film's characters and it turns out that it has no basis
in the metaphysical realm but in the economic realm in the form of the emergence
of hedonism in Kim Ki-taek's family character. The depiction of two different
conditions between the Park Dong-ik family and the Kim Ki-taek family, which in
reality describes the two different worlds in which the poor and the rich life.

Fourth, Muhammad Ridho dan Tri Wahyu Retno Ningsih (2022), with the
title “Hedonism Practices As Reflected Through The Main Character In
The Wolf Of Wall Street Movie”. This research used descriptive qualitative method
to analyze the data. The data were taken from the main character dialogues in The
Wolf of Wall Street movie. The result of the research showed that there were five
types of hedonism practices found in the main character dialogues of The Wolf of
Wall Street movie, they were folk hedonism, value and prudential hedonism,
motivational hedonism, hedonistic egoism, and hedonistic utilitarianism.

Fifth, Sujarwo, Ananda Astrini Muhammad, Sitti Sahraeny, M. Amir P,

Herawaty Abbas, Hasnani (2022), with the title “Representative Of Hedonism
Ideology In A Novel Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald”, University
Megarezky Makassar. The result of the analysis to answer the first research
problem shows that from seven kinds of hedonism, there are two kinds that are
found by researchers in this study; Hedonistic Egoism, and Hedonistic
Utilitarianism. The first kind is Hedonistic Egoism that can be seen when Tom
and Daisy move to another city and let Gatsby clean up the mess that they have
made. The last kind is Hedonistic Utilitarianism that can be seen when Gatsby
often holds parties for anyone.
The similarity of this research with previous research are that (1). The
focus of the research which is to examine hedonism in the movie, (2) use same
research method that is library research and (3) the subject of the reseach also the
same that is the main of the character in the movie, while the difference are this
research will analyze different movie title and character from the previous
research.
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH

The researcher will use research methods to solve the problem of the
research in order to get more complete results. The research method is an
important way to find the objectives of the research. The researcher presents the
research using design of research, source of data, technique of data collection, and
technique of data collection.

A. Research Design

This research uses qualitative design with descriptive method. "Qualitative

design are research approaches that create descriptive data in the form of written
or spoken words from individuals and observed behavior," according to Bogdan
and Taylor in J. Moleong's book qualitative research methodology. Qualitative
research is used to obtain in-depth data that is used to examine the condition of
natural objects, where the researcher becomes the instrument (human instrument),
inductive data analysis is based on facts found in the field, and qualitative
research results emphasize meaning rather than generalization which according to
Sugiyono's book.
The characteristics of qualitative research according to Bogdan and Biklen
(in Sugiyono: 1982), which are:
1. Qualitative research is a natural setting as a source of data and the
researcher is a key instrument.
2. Qualitative research is descriptive, meaning that data collection is
through descriptions and words rather than numbers.
3. Qualitative research focuses on processes rather than products or
outcomes
4. Qualitative research is analyzed inductively, meaning that it is specific
to the general.
5. Qualitative research places more emphasis on meaning
 It can conclude that qualitative research is an analysis of the data collected
through the object of study which is observed in descriptions and words. In this
study, the researcher will analyze Hedonism in the snows of kilimanjaro”.

B. Source of Data

Data sources are collected from “The Snows of Kilimanjaro Movie” and
researchers will watch the movie from youtube from the link:
https://youtu.be/8RFE5kFTScI.
C. Technique of Data Collection

Technique of data collection used to avoid inaccurate data while doing the
research thus to get the valid data writer watch the the snows of kilimanjaro
movie. The writer collected the data by following steps;
1). The writer download the movie from the internet,
2). The writer takes the data from the movie, then reduces the data which
are useless.
3). The data are selected again to make sure that there are not repetition
and losing data.

D. Technique of Data Analysis

In analyzing the problem of this thesis, the writer combined all the
important data that has been collected from many sources. The writer will use
kind of library research and applied the qualitative descriptive technique to
analyze the problem.
According to Miles and Hubberman, analysis can be define as consisting
as three current flows of activity that is data reduction, data display, and
conclusion drawing/verification. In this research, the researcher use Miles and
Huberman’s theory in analyzing the data, so there are three steps to do
(Hubberman, 1994), they are:
1. Data Reduction
Data reduction become the first steps to do in analyzing the data in this
research. According to Miles, data reduction refers to the process of selecting,
focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data in written up field
note or transcript. In this research the data is in the form of the snows of
kilimanjaro movie. Based on Miles theory, in this step the researcher firstly
analyzing the data by watching the movie. Next, the researcher selecting the
dialogs to be analyzed. The researcher also takes some notes related to the theory
and also makes summaries to make easy in analyzing the data and continuing the
next steps.
2. Data Display
The second steps data display. According to Miles, generally a display is
an organized, compressed assembly of information that permits conclusion
drawing and action. In this step, the researcher shows or displays the data which is
contains the words that shows the Hedonism in the snows of kilimanjaro movie.
3. Conclusion Drawing
After finished doing data reduction and data display, the last steps to
analyze the data in this research is drawing conclusion. According to Miles, final
conclusion may not appear until data collection is over, depending on the size of
the corpus of field notes; coding storage and retrieval methods of the funding
agency, but they often have been prefigured from the beginning even when a
researcher claims to have been proceeding inductively. In this step the researcher
concludes the result of the research based on the research problems and ambitions
theory that are used.
 CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. FINDINGS
In the Snow of Kilimanjaro movie, the researcher found that there are two
types of hedonism that showed by the main character named Harry, that are folk
hedonism as he likes to think about his own happiness without thinking about his
future and other’s future and this is in accordance with the theory from Weijers
(2012).
Then, the negative effect of hedonism which showed by the main character
named Harry is selfish. Harry only focus on himself and avoid to think about
others’ feeling and this is in accordance with the theory from Veenhoven (2003).
Last, the factor of hedonism which showed by the main character named
Harry are motivations and emotions, this is in accordance with the theory from
Sharma, et al. 2008 which states that hedonism is influenced by individual
characteristics such as motives, emotions and personality.

B. DISCUSSIONS
1. Types Of Hedonism Potrayed In The Snow Of Kilimanjaro Movie
a. Folk Hedonism
This type of hedonism argues that people have to pursue their own
happiness with considering what will happen in other people’s fututre. Weijers
(2012: 16) states that if the word “hedonism” is utilized in modern literature, or by
non-philosophers in daily communication, its meaning is quite different from the
real meaning when used in the discussions of philosophers. Non philosophers tend
to think of a hedonist as a person who look out for pleasure for themselves
without any particular consideration for their own future well-being or for the
well-being of others.
In The Snow Of Kilimanjaro Movie this type of hedonism appeared in
several scene especially in the scene of Harry and his wife, Helen. Harry like to do
whatever he wants. Harry always thinks that his happiness is the most important
thing even though Helen has forbidden Harry from doing bad things for him in the
future but Harry still doesn't care because the most important thing for him is his
happiness.

Figure 1. Harry asked for the drink (00.09.30 – 00.09.32)

Harry : Whiskey soda. Make it pronto, Molo
Hellen : It's bad for you.
Harry : No, it isn't . It's good for me.
The scene above shows that Harry wants alcohol for his own happiness
without thinking that the effects of the alcohol he drinks are not very good for him
in the future. Hellen had tried to prevent Harry from drinking the alcohol but
Harry insisted that he still drink it. This is in accordance with the theory of
Weijers (2012: 16) states this type of hedonism argues that people have to pursue
their own happiness by considering what will happen in other people's future their
own future.
 Figure 2. Hellen took Harry’s drink (00.09.33-00.09.37)

Hellen : Harry, it said in the first-aid book to avoid all alcohol.It's not
good for you. That's what I meant by giving up. You must
do everything you can.

The scene above shows that Harry still wants to drink alcohol even though
he is not in good health. Harry caught an infection while trying to help one of his
team who had fallen into the water. The infection caused his legs to hurt and he
couldn't walk well. Hellen tries to help Harry avoid alcohol so that Harry can
recover quickly but Harry insists that alcohol helps him to calm down. Weijers
(2012: 16) states this type of hedonism argues that people have to pursue their
own happiness by considering what will happen in other people's future or their
own future.

2. Hedonistic Egoism
Hedonistic egoism explains that a person is willing to do everything to get
their happiness even if they have to sacrifice others happiness. Weijers (2012: 21)
said that Hedonistic Egoism is a hedonistic form of egoism, which holds that we
could do whatever was most in our own interests morally. Hedonistic Egoism was
the belief that, psychologically speaking, we should do whatever made us the
happiest – that was, whatever gives us the most net satisfaction after suffering was
factored out. The most repulsive aspect of this philosophy was that it never
requires you to assign any importance to the consequences for someone other than
yourself.

Figure 3. Harry took Hellen’s drink (00.09.40-00.09.45)

Harry : (Took the drink from Hellen’s Hand). And leave me this.
Helen : Harry! Why do you have to turn into a devil?

The scene depicts that Harry is still forcing himself to drink the alcohol
that Hellen brought, Harry pretends to ask Hellen to approach him but what he
does shocks Hellen because what he does is forcefully take the drink that is in
Hellen's hand. This made Hellen very angry and annoyed. This is in accordance
with Weijers theory (2012: 21), Hedonistic Egoism is a hedonistic version of
egoism that asserts that we can act anyway is morally best for ourselves.
 Figure 4. Harry took Hellen’s drink (00.09.45-00.09.50)

Hellen : (Got angry to Harry because of Harry still want to drink)

Harry : Because if I can’t die happy. I can try to die delirious.

The scene above shows that Harry always seeks pleasure through alcohol.
Harry cannot survive without alcohol because with this drink he feels calm and
restful when sleeping. Hellen knew that Harry was in a condition that made it
impossible for him to drink alcohol, so Hellen always tried to restrain Harry from
drinking. This is in accordance with Weijers theory (2012: 21), Hedonistic
Egoism is a hedonistic version of egoism that asserts that we can act anyway is
morally best for ourselves.

Figure 4. Chynthya asked Harry to coming back to Paris (00.43.00-00.43.02)

Cynthya : Let’s coming back to Paris
Harry : I am a writer. It’s a writer business to buzz around
Chynthya was Harry's first love who Harry always dreamed of in his sleep.
after Harry drank the alcohol he took from Hellen, his wife. he dreams about his
story with Cynthya. At that time, his first love asked him to return to Paris
because Cynthya was pregnant with Harry's child, but Harry didn't know that, so
he felt that the reason Cynthya returned to Paris didn't make sense because for him
a writer had to go around the world to write a new story in his book. This is in
accordance with Weijers theory (2012: 21), Hedonistic Egoism is a hedonistic
version of egoism that asserts that we can act anyway is morally best for
ourselves.

Figure 5. Chynthya asked Harry to coming back to Paris (00.43.03-00.43.05)

Cynthya : Why don’t we do normal thing? Like having a child.
Harry : I love kids, but later. We still have much time.
Cynthya is still hiding about her pregnancy. Cynthya tried to talk to Harry
that she wanted to have a normal life in Paris and have children because she really
wanted to have children despite the fact that she was pregnant with Harry's child.
Harry still insisted that he also wanted to have children but later because for Harry
they still had plenty of time for that. Currently Harry just wants to focus on his
work as a writer. This made Cynthia a little disappointed and sad. This is in
accordance with Weijers theory (2012: 21), Hedonistic Egoism is a hedonistic
version of egoism that asserts that we can act anyway is morally best for
ourselves.
 Figure 6. Chynthya tried to have deeptalk to Harry about their relationship (00.52.54-00.52.56)
Cynthya : we can go like this, you with your ambition, me with my
guilt.
Cynthya feels that her relationship with Harry can no longer be maintained
because Harry is very ambitious about his dream of becoming a writer, but
Cynthya is the opposite, she wants to live a happy and normal life like any other
small family. This is in accordance with Weijers theory (2012: 21), Hedonistic
Egoism is a hedonistic version of egoism that asserts that we can act anyway is
morally best for ourselves.
2. Negative Effects Of A Hedonism Lifestyle Depicted In The Snow Of
Kilimanjaro Movie
A. Selfish
Selfish is the tendency to act excessively or solely in a manner that
benefits oneself, even if others are disadvantaged. Furthermore, Selfishness is
being concerned excessively or exclusively for oneself or one's own advantage,
pleasure, or welfare, regardless of others. It showed from The Snow Of
Kilimanjaro Movie, the negative effect of hedonism is selfish.
 Figure 7. Chynthya got angry to Harry (00.12.50-00.12.52)

Chynthya : Not once did you yell to me to wait!" I love you!" You don’t
even know what love is!

Cynthya was very angry with Harry because Harry seemed very indifferent
to her. Cynthya felt that Harry really didn't understand what love really was.
Harry still thought about his own feelings compared to Cynthya's feelings. This is
in accordance with the theory of Veenhoven (2003) which shows that one of the
negative effects of hedonism is that people become very selfish and do not think
about other people's feelings.

Figure 8. Hellen got angry to Harry (01.30.04-01.30.06)

Hellen : What have you been thinking Harry? About Cynthya or Liz?
Harry : Why you think like that, I have been thinking about you and me.
 Hellen asked Harry what he thought about while he was sleeping, she
thought that maybe Harry was dreaming of his first love or his former ex.
However, Harry tried to deny that Harry might be thinking about Hellen.
However, Hellen didn't believe it because Hellen felt that Harry couldn't possibly
think about them. This is in accordance with the theory of Veenhoven (2003)
which shows that one of the negative effects of hedonism is that people become
very selfish and do not think about other people's feelings.

3. Factors Of A Hedonism Lifestyle Depicted In The Snow Of Kilimanjaro

Movie
A. Motivation
Motivation is the reason for people's actions, willingness, and goals.
Motivation is derived from the word motive which is defined as a need that
requires pleasure. Motivation is one's direction to behavior, or what causes a
person to want to repeat a behavior, a set of force that acts behind the motives.

Figure 11. Cynthya talked about her feeling (00.53.00-00.53.03)

Cynthya : And not drive myself crazy at all while I wait for you, wait
and wait.
Cynthya thinks that this relationship is not working well for both of them
because Harry is too motivated by his dream of becoming a good writer and this
makes Cynthya tired of waiting for Harry to finish everything. Cynthya felt that
Harry only cared about her dreams and made Cynthya feel tired of Harry's
obsession so at that time Cynthya decided to leave Harry with another man. This
is in accordance with the theory of Sharma, et al. 2008 which states that hedonism
is influenced by individual characteristics such as motives, emotions and
personality.

B. Emotions
Emotions are conscious mental reactions (such as anger or fear)
subjectively experienced as strong feelings usually directed toward a specific
object and typically accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes in the
body. Emotions have a strong influence on our daily lives. We make decisions
based on whether we are happy, angry, sad, bored, or frustrated. We also choose
activities and hobbies based on the emotions they incite. Understanding emotions
can help us navigate life with greater ease and stability. In the movie The Snow of
Kilimanjaro one of the factor of hedonism is emotion. Harry still keep the anger
that he got from her first love Cynthya. So, it hard for him to accept other feeling.

Figure 10. Hellen asked Harry about his feeling (01.30.30-01.30.32)

Hellen : You’ve never been able to forgive me for not being her,
have you?
Harry : You really want into that one?.

Hellen felt that as long as Harry was with her, Harry seemed very
indifferent and always thought about his own desires and happiness. Hellen
thought that Harry actually still wanted Cynthya to be with him at this time, not
Hellen, because the sadness and anger of losing Cynthya made Harry still live in
Cynthya's shadow and this made him want to do things that only made him happy
without thinking about other people's feelings. This is in accordance with the
theory of Sharma, et al. 2008 which states that hedonism is influenced by
individual characteristics such as motives, emotions and personality.
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. CONCLUSION
1. There are two types of hedonism showed by the main character named
Harry in movie of the Snow Of Kilimanjaro are Folk Hedonism and
Hedonism Egoism.
2. The negative effect of hedonism showed by the main character named
Harry in movie of the Snow Of Kilimanjaro is selfish because Harry only
think about himself and his only happiness.
3. The factor of hedonism showed by the main character named Harry in
movie of the Snow Of Kilimanjaro are Motivation as he likes to pursue his
dream as a writer and Emotions because he still thinking about her first
love Cynthya even he is with his wife, Hellen.

B. SUGGESTION
Based on the conclusion of this research, there are several suggestions
related to the topic of this research, such as:
1. For the Readers or Audiences
This research can be a reference for gaining knowledge about hedonism
and its negative effect in life.
3. For Future Researchers
This research can be a reference for those who want to conduct a similar
research, which is about hedonism. The theory that used in this research can also
be a guide for the next researchers who are reading or studying this research.
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