Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hospitality - The act of kindness in welcoming and looking CROMPTON’S PUSH-PULL MODEL
after the basic needs of guests or strangers, mainly in This model emphasizes that the choice of destination of a
relation to food, drink and accommodation. Derived from tourist is driven by two forces: push and pull.
the Latin word “hospitare” meaning to “receive as a The first force, push, pushes a tourist away (from home)
guest”. Comes from the word “hospice”, an old French and the second one, pull, is a region-specific lure that
word meaning “to provide care/shelter for travelers”. pulls a tourist towards a destination.
Hospitality Industry - Include the companies or MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
organizations which provide food and/or drink and/or This theory by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 work, “A
accommodation to people who are away from home. Theory of Human Motivation,” explains that as humans
meet basic needs, they seek to satisfy successively higher
System - A group of interrelated, interdependent and needs that occupy a set of hierarchy.
interacting elements that together form a single
Description of the Different Human Needs by Maslow
functional structure.
Physiological Needs - Need to breath, need for water,
Primary elements in the Tourism System: need to eat, need to dispose of bodily wastes, need for
1. At least one tourist sleep, need to regulate body temperature, and need for
sexual activity, body comfort, and exercise, etc.
2. At least one tourist-generating region
Safety - Need for security of employment, revenues and
3. At least one transit route region
resources, need for physical security (safety from
4. At least one tourist destination region violence, delinquency, aggression), need for moral and
physiological security, need for familial security, need for
5. A travel and tourism industry security of health
TGR (Tourist Generating Region) Love / Belonging - Need for friendship, sexual intimacy,
The places where trips begin, where people (tourists) having a family and need to belong in a group.
start their journey. (Origin)
Esteem - Need to be respected, need for self-respect and
TGR represents the generating market for tourism and, in need to respect others, need for recognition, need for
a sense, provides the “push” to stimulate and motivate activity that gives the person a sense of contribution and
travel. self-value.
TRR (Transit Route Region) Actualization - Need to make the most of one’s unique
An intermediate zone where the principal travel activity abilities and need to strive to be the best.
of tourism occurs, distinct from visit activity in
destinations. It includes the intermediate places which
TOURIST TYPOLOGY
may be visited “en route”.
• Plog’s Psychocentric-Allocentric Model
TDR (Tourist Destination Region) • Cohen’s Tourist Typology
At the destination, the full impact of tourism is felt and
planning and management strategies are implemented.
Stanley Plog’s Psychocentric- Allocentric Model
The “pull” to visit destinations energizes the whole Stanley Plog classifed tourists along a continuum with
tourism system and creates demand for travel in the allocentrics on one end and psychocentrics on the other
generating region. end.
Generally, allocentrics seeks adventure while Tourism and transportation are linked. As world tourism
psychocentrics seek the comfort of familiar surroundings increases, additional demands will be placed on the
in their tourism experiences. transportation sectors.
Cohen’s Tourist Typology COMPONENTS OF THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Eric Cohen categorized tourist into: 1. The Way
1. Organized mass tourist 2. The Terminal
2. Individual mass tourist
3. Explorer 3. The Vehicle
4. Drifter 4. The Motive Power
This is similar to Plog’s model wherein psychocentrics are
further divided into organized and individualized and the
allocentrics into explorers and drifters. THE WAY
The medium of travel over which the vehicle operates
Cohen’s Tourist Categories
Could be purely artificial (roads and railways) or natural
The organized mass tourist (air or water)
package tour fixed itineraries, planned stops, guided
organizers making the decisions The availability of the way is very important and requires
unscheduled delays
Familiarity at a maximum and novelty at a minimum
THE VEHICLE
Facilitates the travel
The individual mass tourist
Tour not entirely planned by others. Tourist having some Nature of vehicles affected by factors:
control over his/her itinerary and time allocations 1. Travel demand
Major arrangements made through travel intermediary 2. Technological developments
Dominant novelty, tourist not fully integrating with locals Basic requirements: toilet facilities, light refreshments,
other retail activity
The drifter
THE MOTIVE POWER
Tourist plan their trip alone. Tourists avoid tourist
attractions and live with the locals Any source of energy used to produce motion.
AIR
Almost entirely immersed in the host culture, sharing its
shelter, food and habits Transport of passengers in the shortest time
Novelty is dominant and familiarity disappears. Avoids spending time and money en route
1. Scheduled services
Land Transportation Office (LTO)
Those which operate to a clearly defined, published
Responsible for all land transportation in the Phils.
timetable, irrespective of whether a flight is full or not.
especially implementing transportation laws, rules and
2. Charter services regulations.
Do not operate according to published timetables. Functions: inspection & registration of motor vehicles,
Instead, the aircraft is chartered to intermediaries (often issuance of License and permits
tour operators) for a fixed charge and those
intermediaries become responsible in selling the aircraft LTFRB or Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory
seats. Board (LTFRB)
Responsible for promulgating, administering, enforcing,
3. Air Taxi services and monitoring compliance of policies, laws, and
Privately chartered aircraft accommodating 4 to 18 regulations of public land transportation services.
people, used by business travelers. They offer advantages To determine, prescribe, approve & periodically review &
of convenience and flexibility as routings can be tailor- adjust reasonable fares, rates and other related charges
made for passengers. relative to the operation of public land transportation
services.
CAR
Invented in Germany but became America’s obsession TOLL REGULATORY BOARD (TRB)
Regulates all toll roads in the Phils.
Could be owned or rented
Authorized to enter into contracts with qualified persons
Widely neglected in tourism studies because it is an for construction, operation and maintenance of toll
accepted part of everyday life. facilities.
COACH/BUS Exercises jurisdiction over the following toll facilities:
A type of vehicle used for conveying passengers on NLEX, SLEX, CAVITEX, Skyway, STAR, SCTEx, etc.
excursions and on longer-distance intercity bus service.
Coaches often have a luggage hold that is separate from PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RAILWAYS (PNR)
the passenger cabin and are normally equipped with A state-owned railway company operating a single line of
facilities required for longer trips, including comfortable track.
seats and sometimes a toilet.
As of 2016, it operates commuter rail service in Metro
Manila and local services Sipocot, Naga & Legaspi in
Importance of Water Transportation Southern Luzon.
It is the cheapest and the oldest mode of transport
LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT AUTHORITY (LRTA)
Largest carrier of freight in the world A public transport operator in-charge of operating &
FERRY maintaining the Manila Light Rail Transit system
A merchant vessel used to carry passengers, and composed of LRT-1 and LRT-2
sometimes vehicles and cargo, across a body of water. METRO RAIL TRANSIT CORPORATION (MRT)
Ferries form a part of the public transport systems of A private consortium responsible for the maintenance of
many waterside cities and islands. the Manila Metro Rail Transit System.
It runs MRT-3 in coordination with DOTr.
The Department Of Transportation (DOTr) MARITIME INDUSTRY AUTHORITY (MARINA)
The primary policy, planning, programming, coordinating, An agency of the Phil. Government responsible for
implementing and administrative entity of the executive integrating the development, promotion and regulation
branch of the government on the promotion, of the maritime industry in the Phils.
development and regulation of a dependable and
PHILIPPINE COAST GUARD (PCG)
An armed and uniformed service tasked primarily with Gate Agent – assists passengers, checks flight tickets, and
enforcing laws within the Phil. Waters, conducting verifies names on passenger manifests at entrance gates
maritime security operations, safeguarding life and when boarding or disembarking the aircraft.
property at sea, and protecting marine environment and
resources WATER
PHILIPPINE PORTS AUTHORITY (PPA)
The Captain – In charge of all the ship’s operation.
A government owned corporation responsible for
financing, management and operations of public ports Deputy Captain – In charge when the captain is busy.
throughout the Phils. except the port of Cebu.
Chief Engineer – In charge of all mechanical operations.
Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP)
Chief Medical Officer/Doctor – Looks after the health of
National aviation authority of the Phils. and is responsible
the passengers.
for implementing policies on civil aviation to assure safe,
economic and efficient air travel. Communications Officer – Oversees all shipboard
It also investigates aviation accidents via its Aircraft communication system.
Accident Investigation and Inquiry Board. Hotel Director – The manager of the cruise hotel.
Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) The Purser – The hotel’s front desk manager.
A government agency of the Phils. tasked to regulate,
promote and develop the economic aspect of air Shore Excursion Manager – In charge of operating and
transportation in the Phils. booking port-based packages.
The board has supervisory and jurisdictional control over The Cruise Director – Oversees the entertainment and
air carriers, general sales agents, cargo sales agents and informational opportunities on-board.
airfreight forwarders. Executive Chef – Controls the kitchen and supervising the
Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA) preparation of all food and beverage.
Government agency in the Phils. responsible for the Food and Beverage Manager – Watches over the serving
management of NAIA. of meals and beverages.
Head Housekeeper – In charge of up-keep and cleanliness
AIR in the ship.
Pilot – in-command of the airplane, responsible for
making major command decisions, leading the crew ACCOMMODATION INDUSTRY
team, managing emergencies & handling troublesome TRADITIONAL
passengers.
Hotels
Flight Attendant or Cabin Crew – responsible for the --International
safety & comfort of the passengers. --Commercial
--Resort
Reservation Agents – link between telephone inquiries --Rostel
and the computer terminal. Answer questions on flight --Flowing Hotels
schedule, seat availability, and make reservations. --Heritage Hotels
--Boarding Houses
Ticket Agents – work at airport ticket counters and in
central ticket offices answering questions about fares and Motels
schedules, selling and issuing tickets, issue boarding --Tourist Cabinets or Camps
passes. Ticket agents are in direct contact with the public. --Tourist Court
--Roadside Motel
Passenger Sales Agent – maintain contact with the travel --Resort Properties
agents and tour operators to keep them informed on the --City Motels
latest airline promotions.
SUPPLEMENTARY Human Resource department
--Sarais/Inns Responsible for recruitment, selection, orientation,
--TouristBungalows training, development, promotion, administration of
--Dak Bungalows compensation and benefits of employees. HR also serves
--Circuit House as a progressive voice in a common system and strives to
--Railway Retiring Rooms ensure competitiveness in the conditions of service for
--Traveller’s Lodge staff.
--Boarding House
--Paying Guest Accommodation Food and Beverage department
--Youth Hostels It is responsible for supplying food and drink to the
members of an organization and its guests. Food and
NEW CONCEPT beverage departments have employees with multiple
dining-related roles, including bartender, barista, server,
--Condominiums cook, chef, hostess, dining room server, food service
--Time Sharing attendant and dishwasher.
--All-Suite Hotels
--Pensions HOUSEKEEPING DEPARTMENT ORGANIZATIONAL
--Paradors STRUCTURE
--Camping Grounds/
Tourist Camps
--Farm Houses
--Villas/Chalet
--Eurotel Issues and Trends
--Apart Hotel 1. Catering to millennials
2. Technology Explosion
Engineering department 3. Influx of international visitors
Responsible in repairing and maintaining the plant and 4. Increased emphasis on health and well-being
machinery, water treatment and distribution, boilers and 5. Need for seamless technology
water heating, sewage treatment, external and common 6. Sustainability rules
area lightning, fountains and water 7. New roles for staff
features etc. 8. Online Travel Agency
9. Virtual
Security department
Literally to protect the guests and staff of the
hotel, including all their property. Secondarily the
security departments role in a hotel is to secure
the actual premises, and the property of the Hotel
itself. Hotel security depts. usually use preventative
tasks such as patrolling, monitoring CCTV, and
investigating. Communities
Accounting department
Typically, often include invoicing customers, accounts
receivable monitoring and collections, account
reconciliations, payables processing, consolidation of
multiple entities under common ownership, budgeting,
periodic financial reporting as well as financial analysis.
Also common are setting up adequate internal controls
for all business processes (to prevent
theft/misappropriation of assets), handling external
audits and dealing with banks in order to obtain financing.
REVIEWER IN INTRO q Titanic in 1912- another important event in the
cruise industry.
Definitions and Beginnings q World War I caused a decline in the cruise
industry.
q A cruise is a vacation trip by ship. q After World War I, business improved when
q It excludes traveling by water for purely business American Express chartered the Laconia for the
purposes (e.g. cargo ships), sailing on one’s own first cruise around the world.
small pleasure craft, or travel on a vessel for
primarily transportational purposes (e.g. a short Types of Cruises
ferry ride)
q Is primarily for leisure vacation experience, with 1. Mass Market Cruises
the ship’s staff doing all the work. 2. Luxury Cruises
q Desire to relax, to get away from it all, to 3. Specialty Cruises
experience, to learn, to be pampered, and to
have fun 1. Mass Market Cruises
q appeal to the mass market, and are budget to
Oasis of the Seas moderately priced.
q is 360 meters long, has a capacity of 5,400 q Carnival Cruise Line - British-American owned
passengers cruise line
q is five times larger than the famous Titanic and
has a price of 1.5 billion USD 2. Luxury Cruises
q This ship is all you can imagine and more – it has q these cruises offer elegance, ultra-modern style,
16 passenger decks, more than 24 places for numerous amenities, and unique itineraries - at
having dinner and 42 elevators. prices that only the wealthy can afford.
q Regent Seven Seas
History of the Cruise Industry
3. Specialty Cruises
Albert Ballin q a wide range of specialty cruises like whale
q one of the pioneers in the cruise industry from watching, diving, barge cruises, sailing ships, and
Hamburg-America Line. exploratory voyages.
q He coordinated the first modern recorded cruise q Maris Freighter Specialty Cruises
in 1891, on the Augusta with 241 passengers.
§ “Father of modern cruise ship” Location and Types of Cabins - (outside cabins and inside
§ “German shipping magnate cabins)
Number of People per Cabin - some cabins accommodate
SS Albert Ballin only two people, others accommodate up to four
q July 1923
q GRT: 20,815 Cruise Details
q Capacity: 1650
q Length of Cruises - one day to 14 day cruises, and
Samuel Cunard around-the-world cruises that take about 90
q 1906, the Cunard Company entered the cruise days.
industry on a large scale. q Air/Sea Programs - cruise prices often include or
q Their flagship was the Mauretania, which was offer coordinated airfare from many cities to the
considered as the “gem of the sea” port of embarkation
q “British shipping magnate” q Services- cleaning the staterooms, laundry
services, banking services, mail, problems and
RMS Mauretania questions
q Launched September 1906 q Entertainment- variety shows, bingo, deck areas
q Owner: Cunard Line and pools, spas, games, a library, sport activities,
q GRT: 31,938 contests, movies, internet room, lectures and
q Capacity: 2165 more
q Space and Passenger to Crew Ratios- the for your hotel, or wonder where you’re going to eat next.
passenger space ratio is determined by dividing The cruise experience minimizes your concerns, melts
the gross registered tonnage of a ship by the away your stress, and maximizes your actual vacation
regular passenger capacity of the ship time.
q Food and Drink-most cruises feature lavish
buffets, extensive menus, and regular and A cruise takes you away from it all. No stress, traffic, alarm
specialty drinks. clocks, etc...these are not what a cruise is all about.
q Smoking- most dining areas are completely non- Cruises are instead, about the sea, sky, the landscape and
smoking or have separated areas. relaxing..
q Carnival’s Paradise - The Non-Smoking Ship
q Social Life and Customary Dress- lounges, cocktail You can do it all-or nothing at all. Most cruises provide a
bars, discos, casinos, and other public areas are series of choices, the kind that enable you to pick, choose
gathering places for meeting and socializing or pass up as you wish.
q Types of Passengers- longer cruises attract older You’re pampered like nowhere else. Breakfast in bed,
passenger who have more time and money. lounging on deck, soaking on a hot tub, afternoon tea and
q Shore Excursions- as cruises call at ports and the most ever present and gracious service you’re ever
destinations, there may be local tours, dive trips, likely to experience. These are rare in our everyday life
or sightseeing excursion offered by the cruise but commonplace on a cruise.
line.
q Tipping- certain cruise lines don’t require tipping You can sample a broad geographic area. A cruise usually
the service crew. cover a vast area, stopping at the most interesting places
q Charges on Board- many cruise line issue a card along the way. This is why the majority of cruisers
identifying you as passenger consider cruising to be a good way to sample vacation
q Facilities of the Ships – vary as to the luxury and spots that they may want to return to later for a resort
extent of facilities vacation.
q Embarkation - 2 to 3 hrs before sailing, porters
take baggage, agents check tickets. Information A cruise is something “new”. Many people are tired of
cards must be filled out doing the same old trips, so they like trying out new
q All aboard – passengers are shown to their cabins vacation experiences like cruising.
q Emergency Lifeboat Drill - just after departure
there will be a drill for emergency and safety Cruises offer a huge variety of events, activities and
procedures that passengers attend meals. See a show, snooze lazily by the pool. Jog. Learn.
q Activities/Program - passengers receive an Swim. Shop. Dine indoors or out, casual or elegant, seven
activity program daily. times a day if you want. Cruises these days are all about
q Disembarkation - when passengers are usually choice.
instructed to have their luggage placed outside
their door for porters to pick up and take to a A cruise facilitates shopping. Each port has its own
holding area. shopping opportunities (often duty free), as does the ship
itself.
Why People Cruise?
It’s easy to make friends on a cruise. Meeting new people
It often seems that there are as many motives to cruise as on a cruise is simple. Opportunities to socialize seemingly
there are people . Sometimes the reason is pure curiosity. are endless. Many of the people you meet will share your
Other times it’s because of a travel agent’s interests. Some of these friendships may endure well
recommendation or, very often, positive word-of-mouth beyond the cruise.
from a friend. There could be dozens of other reasons
from a wide selection of demographics. Cruises lend themselves to groups. If you take a cruise
from an organization you belong to you’ll see old friends
Here are 18 motives that seems to predominate on why and make new ones. If it’s a theme cruise, you’ll meet
people cruise: people you have plenty in common with.
A cruise is a hassle-free vacation. On a cruise, you pack A Cruise is a romantic experience. It’s amazing how many
and unpack only once. There’s no driving around, looking films, plays, songs, and books use cruises as the setting for
romance. Cruises have a way of breathing new energy
into an old relationship or of setting the stage for a new
one.
NORMATIVE ETHICS
- “How one ought to live?”
- Normative ethics, that part of moral philosophy, or
ethics, concerned with criteria of what is morally right and
wrong. It includes the formulation of moral rules that
have direct implications for what human actions,
institutions, and ways of life should be like.
ARISTOTLE’S ETHICS
- “How to live a flourishing life?”
INTRINSIC GOOD
- Intrinsic good is definable in relation to instrumental
good. Intrinsic good: something worthwhile not because
REVIEWER FOR STS • The Sumerians were able to enjoy year-long
farming and harvesting, which increased their food
ANCIENT TIMES production
• located on the southernmost tip of ancient • The main mode of transportation was through
Mesopotamia waterways such as rivers and seas.
• Known for their high degree of cooperation with • Boats were used to carry large quantities of
one another and their desire for great things. products and were able to cover large distances.
• Sailboats were essential in transportation and
Cuneiform trading as well as in fostering culture, information,
and technology
• One of the major contributions is the
development of the first writing system known as Wheel
cuneiform
• System that utilizes word pictures and triangular • The first wheels were not made for
symbols which are carved on clay using wedge transportation but for farm work and food processes
instruments and then left to dry
• to keep records of things with great historical The Plow
value or their everyday life
• Another farm technology invented by the
Uruk City Mesopotamians
• Humans evolved to farm cultivators
• first true city in the world • The plow was invented to dig the earth in a faster
• It is a great wonder for the way it was erected pace
• Able to build the city using only mud or clay from • With this tool, farmers could cultivate larger
the river, which they mixed with reeds, producing parcels of land faster, enabling them to mass produce
sun-baked bricks – a true engineering feat food without taking so much effort and time
• They used bricks to make houses that protected
them from the harsh weather and to build a wall Roads
around the city that prevented wild animals and
neighboring raiders from entering • In order to facilitate faster and easier way, the
Sumerians developed the first roads.
The Great Ziggurat of Ur • The flow of traffic became faster and more
organized
• Another engineering and architectural feat of the • They made the roads with the same technology
Sumerians they used in making sun-baked bricks that they laid
• Ziggurat, also called the mountain of god was down on the ground
built in the same manner that they constructed the • The invention of roads was very useful especially
City of Uruk during the rainy season when traveling in soft and
• The structured was constructed using sun-baked muddy roads proved to be too difficult
bricks
• Served as the sacred place of their chief god, Babylonian Civilization
where only priest were allowed to enter
• Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Irrigation and Dikes • The Babylonians were great builders, engineers,
and architects
• The Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals • Hanging Gardens of Babylon – one of their major
to bring water to farmlands and at the same time contribution
control the flooding of the rivers.
• This method was considered as one of the world’s Hanging Gardens of Babylon
most beneficial engineering works
• One of the seven wonders of the ancient world • Hieroglyphics was the language that tells the
• It was said to be a structure made up layers upon modern world of the history and culture of the
layers of gardens that contained several species of ancient Egyptians
plants, trees, and vines. • Their records were well-preserved since they
• According to legends, the great Babylonian King were carved at the walls of pyramids and other
Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for this wife, important Egyptian structures
Queen Amytis
• The Hanging Gardens may be considered as one Cosmetics
of the greatest engineering and architectural
achievements of the world that is almost impossible • Egyptian also invented the use of cosmetics
to replicate • Their function in ancient Egypt was for both the
health and aesthetic reasons
Egyptian Civilization • Egyptian wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent
and even cure eye diseases
• Located in North Africa • Created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral
• Aside from engineering technology, the Egyptian galena
have contributed other practical things that the world • Also believed that a person wearing makeup was
now considers as essential protected from evil and that beauty was a sign of
holiness
• One of the earlier contributions of Egyptian • Wigs were worn for health and wellness rather
civilization than for aesthetic purposes
• They were able to make writing easier for the • The wig were used to protect the shaved heads
world of the wealthy Egyptians from harmful rays of the sun
• Before the Egyptian innovation,clay tablets were • It was considered cleaner than natural hair
used because it prevented the accumulation of head lice
• Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly along
the Nile River in Egypt Water Clock/Clepsydra
• It was easy to carry and store
• The sheets were also less breakable • Another important ancient Egyptian contribution
• This invention was a major accomplishment in • This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of
Egyptian record-keeping and communications water from one vessel to the other
• The water clock was widely used as a timekeeping
Ink device during the ancient times
• Dominic N. Chung
• Lamberto Armada
• Atoy Llave
SALT LAMP
• Aisa Mijeno
PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT
- where the chief executive (Prime Minister) is part of the
legislative branch
- Parliamentary systems, unlike presidential systems, are
typified by a fusion of powers between the legislative and
executive branches. The Prime Minister (who is the chief
executive) may be elected to the legislature in the same
way that all other members are elected. The Prime
Minister is the leader of the party that wins the majority
of votes to the legislature (either de facto, or in some
cases through an election held by the legislature). The
Prime Minister is a member of Parliament and is directly
responsible to that body. The Prime Minister appoints
Cabinet Ministers. However, unlike in the presidential
systems, these members are typically themselves
legislative members from the ruling party or ruling
coalition. Thus, in a parliamentary system, the
constituency of the executive and legislature are the
same. If the ruling party is voted out of the legislature, the
executive also changes. Continued co-operation between
the executive and legislature is required for the
government to survive and to be effective in carrying out
its programs. In a parliamentary system, the legislature
holds supreme power.