REVIEWER FOR MICRO
The sum of the industrial and commercial activities that
Tourism - Tourism comprises the activities of persons
traveling to and staying in places outside their usual
environment for not more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business and other purposes not related to the
exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place
visited. (UNWTO)
Hospitality - The act of kindness in welcoming and looking
after the basic needs of guests or strangers, mainly in
relation to food, drink and accommodation. Derived from
the Latin word “hospitare” meaning to “receive as a
guest”. Comes from the word “hospice”, an old French
word meaning “to provide care/shelter for travelers”.
Hospitality Industry - Include the companies or
organizations which provide food and/or drink and/or
accommodation to people who are away from home.
System - A group of interrelated, interdependent and
interacting elements that together form a single
functional structure.
Primary elements in the Tourism System:
1. At least one tourist
2. At least one tourist-generating region
3. At least one transit route region
4. At least one tourist destination region
5. A travel and tourism industry
TGR (Tourist Generating Region)
The places where trips begin, where people (tourists)
start their journey. (Origin)
TGR represents the generating market for tourism and, in
a sense, provides the “push” to stimulate and motivate
travel.
TRR (Transit Route Region)
An intermediate zone where the principal travel activity
of tourism occurs, distinct from visit activity in
destinations. It includes the intermediate places which
may be visited “en route”.
TDR (Tourist Destination Region)
At the destination, the full impact of tourism is felt and
planning and management strategies are implemented.
The “pull” to visit destinations energizes the whole
tourism system and creates demand for travel in the
generating region.
TTI (Travel and Tourism Industry)
produce goods and services wholly or mainly for tourist
consumption.
MOTIVATION MODELS
• Crompton: Push-Pull Model
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
CROMPTON’S PUSH-PULL MODEL
This model emphasizes that the choice of destination of a
tourist is driven by two forces: push and pull.
The first force, push, pushes a tourist away (from home)
and the second one, pull, is a region-specific lure that
pulls a tourist towards a destination.
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
This theory by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 work, “A
Theory of Human Motivation,” explains that as humans
meet basic needs, they seek to satisfy successively higher
needs that occupy a set of hierarchy.
Description of the Different Human Needs by Maslow
Physiological Needs - Need to breath, need for water,
need to eat, need to dispose of bodily wastes, need for
sleep, need to regulate body temperature, and need for
sexual activity, body comfort, and exercise, etc.
Safety - Need for security of employment, revenues and
resources, need for physical security (safety from
violence, delinquency, aggression), need for moral and
physiological security, need for familial security, need for
security of health
Love / Belonging - Need for friendship, sexual intimacy,
having a family and need to belong in a group.
Esteem - Need to be respected, need for self-respect and
need to respect others, need for recognition, need for
activity that gives the person a sense of contribution and
self-value.
Actualization - Need to make the most of one’s unique
abilities and need to strive to be the best.
TOURIST TYPOLOGY
• Plog’s Psychocentric-Allocentric Model
• Cohen’s Tourist Typology
Stanley Plog’s Psychocentric- Allocentric Model
Stanley Plog classifed tourists along a continuum with
allocentrics on one end and psychocentrics on the other
end.
Generally, allocentrics seeks adventure while
psychocentrics seek the comfort of familiar surroundings
in their tourism experiences.
Cohen’s Tourist Typology
Eric Cohen categorized tourist into:
1. Organized mass tourist
2. Individual mass tourist
3. Explorer
4. Drifter
This is similar to Plog’s model wherein psychocentrics are
further divided into organized and individualized and the
allocentrics into explorers and drifters.
Cohen’s Tourist Categories
The organized mass tourist
package tour fixed itineraries, planned stops, guided
organizers making the decisions
Familiarity at a maximum and novelty at a minimum
The individual mass tourist
Tour not entirely planned by others. Tourist having some
control over his/her itinerary and time allocations
Major arrangements made through travel intermediary
Tourist remaining largely within the environmental
bubble of home country ways and mixing little with locals
Dominant familiarity
The explorer
Tourist usually planning his/her own trips and trying to
avoid developed tourist attractions
Desire to mix with locals but still protected within the
environmental bubble.
Dominant novelty, tourist not fully integrating with locals
The drifter
Tourist plan their trip alone. Tourists avoid tourist
attractions and live with the locals
Almost entirely immersed in the host culture, sharing its
shelter, food and habits
Novelty is dominant and familiarity disappears.
TRANSPORTATION
Fundamental component of the tourism industry
Facilitates mobility and the movement of tourists from
their place of origin to their destination and back.
Tourism and transportation are linked. As world tourism
increases, additional demands will be placed on the
transportation sectors.
COMPONENTS OF THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
1. The Way
2. The Terminal
3. The Vehicle
4. The Motive Power
THE WAY
The medium of travel over which the vehicle operates
Could be purely artificial (roads and railways) or natural
(air or water)
The availability of the way is very important and requires
unscheduled delays
THE VEHICLE
Facilitates the travel
Nature of vehicles affected by factors:
1. Travel demand
2. Technological developments
THE TERMINAL
Public transport terminal gives the passenger access to
the vehicle
Act as an interchange between different modes of
transport
The design and the amenities offered depend heavily
upon the type of journey and mode of transportation
involved as the length of time spent at the terminal
Basic requirements: toilet facilities, light refreshments,
other retail activity
THE MOTIVE POWER
Any source of energy used to produce motion.
AIR
Transport of passengers in the shortest time
Avoids spending time and money en route
Preferred means of travel for long haul
Ground services and the terminal facilities are more
advanced and sophisticated than other modes.
Airline
A company that provides air transport service
for traveling passenger and freight.
AIRLINE Category of service
1. Scheduled services
Those which operate to a clearly defined, published
timetable, irrespective of whether a flight is full or not.
2. Charter services
Do not operate according to published timetables.
Instead, the aircraft is chartered to intermediaries (often
tour operators) for a fixed charge and those
intermediaries become responsible in selling the aircraft
seats.
3. Air Taxi services
Privately chartered aircraft accommodating 4 to 18
people, used by business travelers. They offer advantages
of convenience and flexibility as routings can be tailor-
made for passengers.
CAR
Invented in Germany but became America’s obsession
Could be owned or rented
Widely neglected in tourism studies because it is an
accepted part of everyday life.
COACH/BUS
A type of vehicle used for conveying passengers on
excursions and on longer-distance intercity bus service.
Coaches often have a luggage hold that is separate from
the passenger cabin and are normally equipped with
facilities required for longer trips, including comfortable
seats and sometimes a toilet.
Importance of Water Transportation
It is the cheapest and the oldest mode of transport
Largest carrier of freight in the world
FERRY
A merchant vessel used to carry passengers, and
sometimes vehicles and cargo, across a body of water.
Ferries form a part of the public transport systems of
many waterside cities and islands.
The Department Of Transportation (DOTr)
The primary policy, planning, programming, coordinating,
implementing and administrative entity of the executive
branch of the government on the promotion,
development and regulation of a dependable and
coordinated network of transportation systems, as well as
in the fast, safe, efficient and reliable transportation
services.
Land Transportation Office (LTO)
Responsible for all land transportation in the Phils.
especially implementing transportation laws, rules and
regulations.
Functions: inspection & registration of motor vehicles,
issuance of License and permits
LTFRB or Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory
Board (LTFRB)
Responsible for promulgating, administering, enforcing,
and monitoring compliance of policies, laws, and
regulations of public land transportation services.
To determine, prescribe, approve & periodically review &
adjust reasonable fares, rates and other related charges
relative to the operation of public land transportation
services.
TOLL REGULATORY BOARD (TRB)
Regulates all toll roads in the Phils.
Authorized to enter into contracts with qualified persons
for construction, operation and maintenance of toll
facilities.
Exercises jurisdiction over the following toll facilities:
NLEX, SLEX, CAVITEX, Skyway, STAR, SCTEx, etc.
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RAILWAYS (PNR)
A state-owned railway company operating a single line of
track.
As of 2016, it operates commuter rail service in Metro
Manila and local services Sipocot, Naga & Legaspi in
Southern Luzon.
LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT AUTHORITY (LRTA)
A public transport operator in-charge of operating &
maintaining the Manila Light Rail Transit system
composed of LRT-1 and LRT-2
METRO RAIL TRANSIT CORPORATION (MRT)
A private consortium responsible for the maintenance of
the Manila Metro Rail Transit System.
It runs MRT-3 in coordination with DOTr.
MARITIME INDUSTRY AUTHORITY (MARINA)
An agency of the Phil. Government responsible for
integrating the development, promotion and regulation
of the maritime industry in the Phils.
PHILIPPINE COAST GUARD (PCG)
An armed and uniformed service tasked primarily with
enforcing laws within the Phil. Waters, conducting
maritime security operations, safeguarding life and
property at sea, and protecting marine environment and
resources
PHILIPPINE PORTS AUTHORITY (PPA)
A government owned corporation responsible for
financing, management and operations of public ports
throughout the Phils. except the port of Cebu.
Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP)
National aviation authority of the Phils. and is responsible
for implementing policies on civil aviation to assure safe,
economic and efficient air travel.
It also investigates aviation accidents via its Aircraft
Accident Investigation and Inquiry Board.
Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)
A government agency of the Phils. tasked to regulate,
promote and develop the economic aspect of air
transportation in the Phils.
Gate Agent – assists passengers, checks flight tickets, and
verifies names on passenger manifests at entrance gates
when boarding or disembarking the aircraft.
WATER
The Captain – In charge of all the ship’s operation.
Deputy Captain – In charge when the captain is busy.
Chief Engineer – In charge of all mechanical operations.
Chief Medical Officer/Doctor – Looks after the health of
the passengers.
Communications Officer – Oversees all shipboard
communication system.
Hotel Director – The manager of the cruise hotel.
The Purser – The hotel’s front desk manager.
Shore Excursion Manager – In charge of operating and
booking port-based packages.

The board has supervisory and jurisdictional control over The Cruise Director – Oversees the entertainment and
air carriers, general sales agents, cargo sales agents and informational opportunities on-board.
airfreight forwarders. Executive Chef – Controls the kitchen and supervising the
Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA) preparation of all food and beverage.
Government agency in the Phils. responsible for the Food and Beverage Manager – Watches over the serving
management of NAIA. of meals and beverages.
Head Housekeeper – In charge of up-keep and cleanliness
AIR in the ship.
Pilot – in-command of the airplane, responsible for
making major command decisions, leading the crew ACCOMMODATION INDUSTRY
team, managing emergencies & handling troublesome TRADITIONAL
passengers.
Hotels
Flight Attendant or Cabin Crew – responsible for the --International
safety & comfort of the passengers. --Commercial
--Resort
Reservation Agents – link between telephone inquiries --Rostel
and the computer terminal. Answer questions on flight --Flowing Hotels
schedule, seat availability, and make reservations. --Heritage Hotels
--Boarding Houses
Ticket Agents – work at airport ticket counters and in
central ticket offices answering questions about fares and Motels
schedules, selling and issuing tickets, issue boarding --Tourist Cabinets or Camps
passes. Ticket agents are in direct contact with the public. --Tourist Court
--Roadside Motel
Passenger Sales Agent – maintain contact with the travel --Resort Properties
agents and tour operators to keep them informed on the --City Motels
latest airline promotions.
SUPPLEMENTARY Human Resource department
--Sarais/Inns Responsible for recruitment, selection, orientation,
--TouristBungalows training, development, promotion, administration of
--Dak Bungalows compensation and benefits of employees. HR also serves
--Circuit House as a progressive voice in a common system and strives to
--Railway Retiring Rooms ensure competitiveness in the conditions of service for
--Traveller’s Lodge staff.
--Boarding House
--Paying Guest Accommodation Food and Beverage department
--Youth Hostels It is responsible for supplying food and drink to the
members of an organization and its guests. Food and
NEW CONCEPT beverage departments have employees with multiple
dining-related roles, including bartender, barista, server,
--Condominiums cook, chef, hostess, dining room server, food service
--Time Sharing attendant and dishwasher.
--All-Suite Hotels
--Pensions HOUSEKEEPING DEPARTMENT ORGANIZATIONAL
--Paradors STRUCTURE
--Camping Grounds/

Tourist Camps
--Farm Houses
--Villas/Chalet
--Eurotel Issues and Trends
--Apart Hotel 1. Catering to millennials
2. Technology Explosion
Engineering department 3. Influx of international visitors
Responsible in repairing and maintaining the plant and 4. Increased emphasis on health and well-being
machinery, water treatment and distribution, boilers and 5. Need for seamless technology
water heating, sewage treatment, external and common 6. Sustainability rules
area lightning, fountains and water 7. New roles for staff
features etc. 8. Online Travel Agency
9. Virtual
Security department
Literally to protect the guests and staff of the
hotel, including all their property. Secondarily the
security departments role in a hotel is to secure
the actual premises, and the property of the Hotel
itself. Hotel security depts. usually use preventative
tasks such as patrolling, monitoring CCTV, and
investigating. Communities
REVIEWER IN INTRO
Accounting department
Typically, often include invoicing customers, accounts Definitions and Beginnings
receivable monitoring and collections, account
reconciliations, payables processing, consolidation of q A cruise is a vacation trip by ship.
multiple entities under common ownership, budgeting, q It excludes traveling by water for purely business
periodic financial reporting as well as financial analysis. purposes (e.g. cargo ships), sailing on one’s own
Also common are setting up adequate internal controls small pleasure craft, or travel on a vessel for
for all business processes (to prevent primarily transportational purposes (e.g. a short
theft/misappropriation of assets), handling external ferry ride)
audits and dealing with banks in order to obtain financing. q Is primarily for leisure vacation experience, with
the ship’s staff doing all the work.
 q Desire to relax, to get away from it all, to 3. Specialty Cruises
experience, to learn, to be pampered, and to
have fun 1. Mass Market Cruises
q appeal to the mass market, and are budget to
Oasis of the Seas moderately priced.
q is 360 meters long, has a capacity of 5,400 q Carnival Cruise Line - British-American owned
passengers cruise line
q is five times larger than the famous Titanic and
has a price of 1.5 billion USD 2. Luxury Cruises
q This ship is all you can imagine and more – it has q these cruises offer elegance, ultra-modern style,
16 passenger decks, more than 24 places for numerous amenities, and unique itineraries - at
having dinner and 42 elevators. prices that only the wealthy can afford.
q Regent Seven Seas
History of the Cruise Industry
3. Specialty Cruises
Albert Ballin q a wide range of specialty cruises like whale
q one of the pioneers in the cruise industry from watching, diving, barge cruises, sailing ships, and
Hamburg-America Line. exploratory voyages.
q He coordinated the first modern recorded cruise q Maris Freighter Specialty Cruises
in 1891, on the Augusta with 241 passengers.
§ “Father of modern cruise ship” Location and Types of Cabins - (outside cabins and inside
§ “German shipping magnate cabins)
Number of People per Cabin - some cabins accommodate
SS Albert Ballin only two people, others accommodate up to four
q July 1923
q GRT: 20,815 Cruise Details
q Capacity: 1650
q Length of Cruises - one day to 14 day cruises, and
Samuel Cunard around-the-world cruises that take about 90
q 1906, the Cunard Company entered the cruise days.
industry on a large scale. q Air/Sea Programs - cruise prices often include or
q Their flagship was the Mauretania, which was offer coordinated airfare from many cities to the
considered as the “gem of the sea” port of embarkation
q “British shipping magnate” q Services- cleaning the staterooms, laundry
services, banking services, mail, problems and
RMS Mauretania questions
q Launched September 1906 q Entertainment- variety shows, bingo, deck areas
q Owner: Cunard Line and pools, spas, games, a library, sport activities,
q GRT: 31,938 contests, movies, internet room, lectures and
q Capacity: 2165 more
q Space and Passenger to Crew Ratios- the
q Titanic in 1912- another important event in the passenger space ratio is determined by dividing
cruise industry. the gross registered tonnage of a ship by the
q World War I caused a decline in the cruise regular passenger capacity of the ship
industry. q Food and Drink-most cruises feature lavish
q After World War I, business improved when buffets, extensive menus, and regular and
American Express chartered the Laconia for the specialty drinks.
first cruise around the world. q Smoking- most dining areas are completely non-
smoking or have separated areas.
Types of Cruises q Carnival’s Paradise - The Non-Smoking Ship
q Social Life and Customary Dress- lounges, cocktail
1. Mass Market Cruises bars, discos, casinos, and other public areas are
2. Luxury Cruises gathering places for meeting and socializing
 q Types of Passengers- longer cruises attract older
passenger who have more time and money.
q Shore Excursions- as cruises call at ports and
destinations, there may be local tours, dive trips,
or sightseeing excursion offered by the cruise
line.
q Tipping- certain cruise lines don’t require tipping
the service crew.
q Charges on Board- many cruise line issue a card
identifying you as passenger
q Facilities of the Ships – vary as to the luxury and
extent of facilities
q Embarkation - 2 to 3 hrs before sailing, porters
take baggage, agents check tickets. Information
cards must be filled out
q All aboard – passengers are shown to their cabins
q Emergency Lifeboat Drill - just after departure
there will be a drill for emergency and safety
procedures that passengers attend
q Activities/Program - passengers receive an
activity program daily.
q Disembarkation - when passengers are usually
instructed to have their luggage placed outside
their door for porters to pick up and take to a
holding area.
Why People Cruise?
It often seems that there are as many motives to cruise as
there are people . Sometimes the reason is pure curiosity.
Other times it’s because of a travel agent’s
recommendation or, very often, positive word-of-mouth
from a friend. There could be dozens of other reasons
from a wide selection of demographics.
Here are 18 motives that seems to predominate on why
people cruise:
A cruise is a hassle-free vacation. On a cruise, you pack
and unpack only once. There’s no driving around, looking
for your hotel, or wonder where you’re going to eat next.
The cruise experience minimizes your concerns, melts
away your stress, and maximizes your actual vacation
time.
A cruise takes you away from it all. No stress, traffic, alarm
clocks, etc...these are not what a cruise is all about.
Cruises are instead, about the sea, sky, the landscape and
relaxing..
You can do it all-or nothing at all. Most cruises provide a
series of choices, the kind that enable you to pick, choose
or pass up as you wish.
You’re pampered like nowhere else. Breakfast in bed,
lounging on deck, soaking on a hot tub, afternoon tea and
the most ever present and gracious service you’re ever
likely to experience. These are rare in our everyday life
but commonplace on a cruise.
You can sample a broad geographic area. A cruise usually
cover a vast area, stopping at the most interesting places
along the way. This is why the majority of cruisers
consider cruising to be a good way to sample vacation
spots that they may want to return to later for a resort
vacation.
A cruise is something “new”. Many people are tired of
doing the same old trips, so they like trying out new
vacation experiences like cruising.
Cruises offer a huge variety of events, activities and
meals. See a show, snooze lazily by the pool. Jog. Learn.
Swim. Shop. Dine indoors or out, casual or elegant, seven
times a day if you want. Cruises these days are all about
choice.
A cruise facilitates shopping. Each port has its own
shopping opportunities (often duty free), as does the ship
itself.
It’s easy to make friends on a cruise. Meeting new people
on a cruise is simple. Opportunities to socialize seemingly
are endless. Many of the people you meet will share your
interests. Some of these friendships may endure well
beyond the cruise.
Cruises lend themselves to groups. If you take a cruise
from an organization you belong to you’ll see old friends
and make new ones. If it’s a theme cruise, you’ll meet
people you have plenty in common with.
A Cruise is a romantic experience. It’s amazing how many
films, plays, songs, and books use cruises as the setting for
romance. Cruises have a way of breathing new energy
into an old relationship or of setting the stage for a new
one.
A Cruise is a learning experience. Even if your goal is
merely to have a good time, you’re almost sure to learn
something new about the ports you visit.
There’s a cruise that can satisfy virtually anyone. As
you’ve no doubt concluded by now, just about everyone
can find a cruise to be fulfilling. Many companies hold
their meetings, retreats, events on ships. Some even
charter the whole vessel.
Everybody’s talking about how wonderful cruises are.
Cruising is an “in” thing nowadays. Everyone seems to be
talking about cruises.

Cruises represent a safe travel experience. In an age

when crime or terrorism happens far too easily, a cruise
represents one of the safest vacation choices available.
The ship’s environment is highly managed. Anything out
of the ordinary is swiftly noted.

It’s a fabulous value for money. When you compare what

you get for your cruise to what you you’d pay for a similar
land-based vacation, you’ll discover quickly that a cruise
is a remarkable bargain.

You know what you are paying in advance. A cruise

generally is an inclusive vacation. When people pay for
their cruise experience, they know upfront what the
majority of their vacation will cost.
REVIEWER FOR ETHICS that one live by objective principles, including moral
integrity and respect for the rights of others.
ETHICS - Objectivism rejects the idea that reality is ultimately
- ethics as a branch of philosophy that inquire the 3 types determined by personal opinion or social convention or
of inquiry which is the normative ethics, metaethics, “divine decree.” An individual’s ideas or beliefs do not
descriptive ethics. make reality what it is, nor can they directly change
anything about it; they either correspond to the facts of
QUESTION: reality, or they do not.
Normative – How one ought to live?
Metaethics - What is the nature of morality? EUTHYPHRO DILEMMA
Descriptive Ethics – What is the moral standard of a - Action is right because God commanded them or they
particular culture? are right that’s why God commanded them.
- concerned with a view of morality related to theism
METAETHICS
- legalistic view of morality. DOGMATISM
- “What is the nature of morality?” - To be dogmatic is to follow a set of rules no matter what.
The rules might be religious, philosophical, or made-up,
LAW but dogmatic people would never waver in their beliefs so
- is a rule of human action prescribed by authority don't even think of trying to change their minds

CULTURAL RELATIVISM NIHILISM

- morality is relative to culture, people. There is no right
and wrong culture.
- The objective analysis of other cultures.- understanding
a culture’s beliefs and practices from that culture’s point
of view.
TOLERANCE
- respect their culture
ETHNOCENTRISM
- There is one correct culture.
DIVINE COMMAND THEORY
- depends on command of God
- Somethings is good because God wills it, not because
God recognizes it to be good.
- God’s will or God’s command is the whole ethics.
AQUINAS NATURAL LAW
- God’s Design
- Natural law is the eternal law (from God) that can be
known by humans.
- Human law is the “ordinance of reason for the common
good”, and is made public by society’s ruler
OBJECTIVIST VIEW
- Objectivism holds that there is no greater moral goal
than achieving happiness. But one cannot achieve
happiness by wish or whim. Fundamentally, it requires
rational respect for the facts of reality, including the facts
about our human nature and needs. Happiness requires
- Nihilism is the belief that all values are baseless and that
nothing can be known or communicated. It is often
associated with extreme pessimism and a radical
skepticism that condemns existence. A true nihilist would
believe in nothing, have no loyalties, and no purpose
other than, perhaps, an impulse to destroy.
UTILITARIANISM
- happiness and pain
- utilitarianism tells us that, in any situation, the right
thing to do is whatever is likely to produce the most
happiness overall. (The wrong thing to do is anything
else.)
BENTHAM (Quantity)
- According to Bentham, pleasure and pain govern not
only how human beings act but also how human beings
ought to act. The principle of utility or the principle of
utilitarianism : I ought do that act which will bring about
the greatest happiness (pleasure) for the greatest
number of persons (the community).
MILL (Quality)
- Mill defines utilitarianism as a theory based on the
principle that "actions are right in proportion as they tend
to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the
reverse of happiness." Mill defines happiness as pleasure
and the absence of pain.
KANTIAN ETHICS
- Kant's theory is an example of a deontological moral
theory–according to these theories, the rightness or
wrongness of actions does not depend on their
consequences but on whether they fulfill our duty. Kant
believed that there was a supreme principle of morality,
and he referred to it as The Categorical Imperative.
CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE
- These command unconditionally.
- Kant holds that the fundamental principle of our moral
duties is a categorical imperative.
- It is categorical in virtue of applying to us
unconditionally, or simply because we possesses rational
wills, without reference to any ends that we might or
might not have. It does not, in other words, apply to us on
the condition that we have antecedently adopted some
goal for ourselves.
PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY
- Act only according to that maxim by which you can at
the same time will that it should become a universal law.
HUMANITY AS ENDS
- we should never act in such a way that we treat
humanity, whether in ourselves or in others, as a means
only but always as an end in itself.
- This is often seen as introducing the idea of “respect” for
persons, for whatever it is that is essential to our
humanity.
HYPOTHETICAL IMPERATIVE
- A hypothetical imperative is a command that also applies
to us in virtue of our having a rational will, but not simply
in virtue of this. It requires us to exercise our wills in a
certain way given we have antecedently willed an end. A
hypothetical imperative is thus a command in a
conditional form.
- these imperatives command conditionally on your
having a relevant desire.
NORMATIVE ETHICS
- “How one ought to live?”
- Normative ethics, that part of moral philosophy, or
ethics, concerned with criteria of what is morally right and
wrong. It includes the formulation of moral rules that
have direct implications for what human actions,
institutions, and ways of life should be like.
ARISTOTLE’S ETHICS
- “How to live a flourishing life?”
INTRINSIC GOOD
- Intrinsic good is definable in relation to instrumental
good. Intrinsic good: something worthwhile not because
it leads to something else, but for its own sake alone; i.e.,
Good-in-itself. An intrinsic good is not a means to
something else, as money can be a means to pleasure.
INSTRUMENTAL GOOD
- something considered as a means to some other good;
i.e., an instrumental good leads to something else that is
good.
EUDAIMONIA
- Eudaimonism (or Eudaemonism or Eudaimonia) is a
moral philosophy that defines right action as that which
leads to the "well-being" of the individual, thus holding
"well-being" as having essential value.
- concept of happiness, something like “true” or “real”
happiness or “the sort of happiness worth seeking or
having”
- involves virtuous life, virtues are goals in themselves
- friendship is one of the most important virtues in
achieving the goal of eudaimonia (happiness).
PHRONESIS
- An ability to discern how or why to act virtuously and
encourage practical virtue, excellence of character, in
others. According to Socrates, phronesis is the very
essence of virtue and what it means to be a good person.
He believed that phronesis was the most important
attribute of all to learn.
MESOTES (mean)
- is the mean between two extremes which are excess and
deficiency
- The best decision or action that considers the particular
situation based on excellent judgement
- is a “moving target”
REVIEWER FOR STS
ANCIENT TIMES
Sumerian Civilization
• located on the southernmost tip of ancient
Mesopotamia
• Known for their high degree of cooperation with
one another and their desire for great things.
Cuneiform
• One of the major contributions is the
development of the first writing system known as
cuneiform
• System that utilizes word pictures and triangular
symbols which are carved on clay using wedge
instruments and then left to dry
• to keep records of things with great historical
value or their everyday life
Uruk City
• first true city in the world
• It is a great wonder for the way it was erected
• Able to build the city using only mud or clay from
the river, which they mixed with reeds, producing
sun-baked bricks – a true engineering feat
• They used bricks to make houses that protected
them from the harsh weather and to build a wall
around the city that prevented wild animals and
neighboring raiders from entering
The Great Ziggurat of Ur
• Another engineering and architectural feat of the
Sumerians
• Ziggurat, also called the mountain of god was
built in the same manner that they constructed the
City of Uruk
• The structured was constructed using sun-baked
bricks
• Served as the sacred place of their chief god,
where only priest were allowed to enter
Irrigation and Dikes
• The Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals
to bring water to farmlands and at the same time
control the flooding of the rivers.
• This method was considered as one of the world’s
most beneficial engineering works
• The Sumerians were able to enjoy year-long
farming and harvesting, which increased their food
production
Sailboats
• The main mode of transportation was through
waterways such as rivers and seas.
• Boats were used to carry large quantities of
products and were able to cover large distances.
• Sailboats were essential in transportation and
trading as well as in fostering culture, information,
and technology
Wheel
• The first wheels were not made for
transportation but for farm work and food processes
The Plow
• Another farm technology invented by the
Mesopotamians
• Humans evolved to farm cultivators
• The plow was invented to dig the earth in a faster
pace
• With this tool, farmers could cultivate larger
parcels of land faster, enabling them to mass produce
food without taking so much effort and time
Roads
• In order to facilitate faster and easier way, the
Sumerians developed the first roads.
• The flow of traffic became faster and more
organized
• They made the roads with the same technology
they used in making sun-baked bricks that they laid
down on the ground
• The invention of roads was very useful especially
during the rainy season when traveling in soft and
muddy roads proved to be too difficult
Babylonian Civilization
• Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
• The Babylonians were great builders, engineers,
and architects
• Hanging Gardens of Babylon – one of their major
contribution
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
 • One of the seven wonders of the ancient world
• It was said to be a structure made up layers upon
layers of gardens that contained several species of
plants, trees, and vines.
• According to legends, the great Babylonian King
Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for this wife,
Queen Amytis
• The Hanging Gardens may be considered as one
of the greatest engineering and architectural
achievements of the world that is almost impossible
to replicate
Egyptian Civilization
• Located in North Africa
• Aside from engineering technology, the Egyptian
have contributed other practical things that the world
now considers as essential
Paper or Papyrus
• One of the earlier contributions of Egyptian
civilization
• They were able to make writing easier for the
world
• Before the Egyptian innovation,clay tablets were
used
• Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly along
the Nile River in Egypt
• It was easy to carry and store
• The sheets were also less breakable
• This invention was a major accomplishment in
Egyptian record-keeping and communications
Ink
• The Egyptian invented ink by combining soot with
different chemicals to produce inks of different
colors.
• The ink must withstand the elements of nature
since it was used to record history, culture, and
codified laws
• It must also tamper-proof so that people could
not simply tinker with those written down by
authorities
Hieroglyphics
• The Egyptian also developed a system of writing
using symbols
• Egyptian believed that this writing system was
provided to them by their gods
• Hieroglyphics was the language that tells the
modern world of the history and culture of the
ancient Egyptians
• Their records were well-preserved since they
were carved at the walls of pyramids and other
important Egyptian structures
Cosmetics
• Egyptian also invented the use of cosmetics
• Their function in ancient Egypt was for both the
health and aesthetic reasons
• Egyptian wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent
and even cure eye diseases
• Created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral
galena
• Also believed that a person wearing makeup was
protected from evil and that beauty was a sign of
holiness
Wig
• Wigs were worn for health and wellness rather
than for aesthetic purposes
• The wig were used to protect the shaved heads
of the wealthy Egyptians from harmful rays of the sun
• It was considered cleaner than natural hair
because it prevented the accumulation of head lice
Water Clock/Clepsydra
• Another important ancient Egyptian contribution
• This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of
water from one vessel to the other
• The water clock was widely used as a timekeeping
device during the ancient times
Greek Civilization
• Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part
of Europe
• Known as the birthplace of western philosophy,
some of the major achievements of the Greeks
include in-depth works on philosophy and
mathematics
• The Greek civilization has contributed much to
the world especially in the field of Science and
Technology
Alarm Clock
• To tell an individual when to stop or when to start
 • They made used of water that dropped into
drums which sounded the alarm
• Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm clock
to signal the start of his lecture
• His version used four water vessels line up
vertically
Water Mill
• Used in agricultural processes like milling of
grains which was a necessary form of food processing
during that time
• Watermills were considered better than mills
powered by farm animals because they required less
effort and time to operate since the farmer did not
have to raise animals
Roman Civilization
• Perceived to be the strongest political and social
entity in the west
• Considered to be cradle of politics and
governance during that period
Newspaper
• The first newspapers, known as gazettes,
contained announcements of the Roman Empire to
the people
• Made before the invention of paper, these
gazettes were engraved in metal and stone tablets
and then publicly displayed
• These documents were edited and published on
the same day that they were recorded
Bound Books or Codex
• Civilizations became fond of record-keeping,
especially documenting historical events and newly
legislated laws
• Literature also changed form from clay tablets to
parchments of paper
• Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up
papyrus to form pages of a book
• They were able to provide covers to protect the
papyrus
• With the papyrus pages bound together and
covered by animal skin, the ancient Roman Empire
was able to produce the first books or codex
Roman Architecture
• One of the most visual contribution of the ancient
Roman Empire to the world
• Was considered a continuation of Greek
architecture, hence, the resemblance
• Roman architecture was still regarded as
pioneering since the Romans were able to adapt new
building and engineering technology designs
established in the past
• Was fully supported and funded by the Roman
government so they were able to implement major
projects such as large churches, aqueducts,
coliseums, amphitheaters, and even residential
houses
• These structures are proofs of ancient Roman
technology
Roman Numerals
• Romans devised their own number system
specifically to address the need for a standard
counting method that would meet their increasing
communication and trade concerns
Chinese Civilization
• Considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia
• Also known as the middle kingdom
• Located on the far east of Asia
• Famous because of its silk trade
Silk
• Chinese were the ones who developed the
technology to harvest the silk and process it to
produce paper and clothing
• Silk production resulted in the creation of a
product for trade
• It bridged the gap between the western world
and the middle kingdom
Tea Production
• Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or
boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea
leaves
• Tea production was developed when an unknown
Chinese inventor created a machine that was able to
shred tea leaves into strips
 • The Chinese were able to increase their
production of tea and trade with other nations
• China became known for its tea exports
• Resulted in making tea as one of the most
popular beverages in the world today
Great Wall of China
• Once considered the only man-made structure
that could be seen from outer space
• Largest and most extensive infrastructure that
the nation build
• Made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and other
materials
• The wall’s construction put the nation among the
powerful civilizations during the ancient times
• It was the pride of their land and their crowning
glory
Gunpower
• It was developed by Chinese alchemists who
aimed to achieve immortality
• They accidentally created a black powder that
could actually generate large amounts of heat and gas
in an instant
• Gunpower is widely used to propel bullets from
guns and cannons which cause countless deaths
• Are preferred by raiders who plan to attack at a
distance
• Gunpower also used in fireworks during
important celebrations in China
MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES
• Start of the middle ages was marred by massive
invasions and migrations
• Wars were prevalent during this time
• Great technology was needed in fields of
weaponry, navigation, mass food, and farm
production, and health
• Some of innovative minds came from this period
Printing Press
• Johann Gutenberg was able to invent the printing
press, a more reliable way of printing using a cast type
• This general invention soon evolved to be the
mechanical printing press which was eventually used
all over the world
• The printing press was invented to address the
need for publishing books that would spread
information to many people at a faster rate
• Made works accessible to individuals who could
not even write
Microscope
• Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the first
compound microscope.
• People were able to observe organisms that were
normally unseen by the naked eye
• Was key in discovering new means in preventing
and curing various illnesses
Telescope
• An optical instrument that helps in the
observation of remote objects, was a great help for
navigators during this time
• The invention of the compass, oars and rudders
made sea traveling easier and safer
War Weapons
• Defensive instruments
• For open-area battles, people developed cross
bows and long bows so that they could attack the
enemies at long ranges
• In close-range hand-to-hand combat, soldiers
should wear something to protect themselves, a need
addressed by the creation of iron body armors
MODERN TIMES
• The booming world population during the 19th
century onwards demanded that more goods be
produced at a faster rate
• Due to massive industrialization, the modern
times again faced more complicated problems
• Food processing and medicine posed some of the
bigger challenges since health was a great concern
Pasteurization
• Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, and chemist,
found a way to solve the problem
• He invented pasteurization, the process of
heating dairy products to kill harmful bacteria that
allow them to spoil faster
• It also prevented illnesses caused by harmful
bacteria
 • Other contribution of Pasteur to science,
technology, and medicine included his works on
molecular asymmetry, fermentation, and vaccination
Petroleum Refinery
• Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by
refining petroleum
• Kerosene was later on referred to as the
“illuminating oil” because it was used at first to
provide lighting to homes
• It was applied for heating purposes
• At present, petroleum is used in powering
automobiles, factories, and power plants among
others.
Telephone
• The more people got connected by trade and
exploration, the more they need a way to easily
maintain these connections and communicate with
each other in real time
• Alexander Graham Bell was one of the most
important inventions at that time
Calculator
• The creation of modern calculator did not only
pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but
also resulted in the development of more complex
processing machines like the computer
• Faster way to compute more complicated
equations
PHILIPPINE INVENTION (REPORTING)
COMMUNICATION
CONVERGE ICT
Converge ICT was founded by Dennis Anthony H. Uy and
he is a Chinese-Filipino Businessman. This invention was a
major provider in the field of telecommunication services
in the Philippines and also on cable television.
This helps the people communicate with each other
through their service with the use of the internet,
because they provide the fast internet connection that
uses a fiber as a material.
They provide good service that benefits most of the
people in the Philippines.
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Smart Communications, Inc., commonly referred to as
Smart, is a wholly owned wireless communications and
digital services subsidiary of PLDT Inc.
The company has 58.3 million mobile subscribers on its
GSM network as of 2017, under the brands Smart, Sun,
and TNT
Smart's wireless broadband subscribers number 3.8
million under the brands Smart Bro and Sun Wireless
Broadband.
David T. Fernando Co – Founder of Smart
Communications Inc.
VIDEOPHONE
Gregorio Zara (March 8, 1902–October 15, 1978) was a
Filipino scientist best known as the inventor of the
videophone, the first two-way electronic video
communicator, in 1955.
In the 1960s, AT&T began working on a model of a
videophone, called a “picture phone,” aimed at the
public. The company released the videophone at the 1964
New York World’s Fair, but it was seen as impractical and
didn't fare well.
It caught fire as the digital age was beginning in the late
1990s. The videophone first caught on as a device that
easily enabled distance learning and video conferencing
and also proved helpful for the hearing impaired. Then
came such derivations as Skype and smartphones, and
the videophone became ubiquitous worldwide.
TRANSPORTATION
SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE
NAME OF INVENTOR: Atoy Llave
BIRTHDAY: August 19
DATE OF INVENTION: 2014
• This amphibious tricycle can seat six people on
land and four in water.
• It’s powered by a 5KW electric engine or a 250cc
gasoline motor.
• Can serve as a rescue vehicle in the event of
flooding.
• Can sail through Manila’s flooded streets, cross
rivers and lakes, and can even go island-hopping.
ClimaMobility: Philippine-Made Electric Sedan
NAME OF INVENTOR: Adonis Lagangan
BIRTHDAY: N/A
DATE OF INVENTION: 2016

• The car can seat five people.
• With a range of 60-70 kilometers after four to five
hours of charging.
• Aside from fuel savings, electric cars do not
require heavy maintenance as they do not have an
exhaust pipe or gear box and do not rely on oil to keep
the components working smoothly.
• Lagangan stated that the Genius EV’s intended
primary use in the Philippines is for Local Government
Units (LGUs) as patrol cars or service vehicles.
• It can also be modified and turned into an
enclosed van so corporations can also use it as a
delivery vehicle.
E-JEEPNEY
NAME OF INVENTOR: Green Renewable Independent
Power Producers, Inc. in partnership with Mr. Robert
Puckett, President of Solar Electric Company in the
Philippines
BIRTHDAY: N/A
DATE OF INVENTION: July 1, 2008
• The Electric Jeepney (E-Jeepney) is a recent
development in the Philippines that provides a
sustainable, electric, as a clean form of public
transportation.
• E-jeepneys don’t create noise.
• They emit excessive carbon dioxide.
• Operating in several parts of Metro Manila and in
some provinces.
• A fleet of E-Jeepneys, each with a capacity of 12
passengers.
• A depot serves as charging station.
• A power plant consisting of a generator, an
anaerobic digester or biodigester that processes
organic waste and turns it into a form of usable
energy.
• An E-Jeepney can run for 120 to 140 kilometers
on a single charge at an average speed of 40
kilometers per hour.
PHILIPPINE INVENTION (BOOK)
SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE
• Dominic N. Chung
• Lamberto Armada
• Atoy Llave
- Can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers
and lakes
- It may also utilized to travel from island to island.
SALT LAMP
• Aisa Mijeno
- Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp, an
environment-friendly light source that runs on
saltwater.
MEDICAL INCUBATOR
• Dr. Fe del Mundo – a Filipino pediatrician,
Harvard Medical School
- A medical incubator made from indigenous and
cheap materials which did not run on electricity
- Was made by placing a native laundry basket
inside a bigger one
- Its main purpose was to maintain conditions
suitable for a newborn, usually a pre-term baby
MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRAP SYSTEM
• DOST-ITDI (Department of Science and
Technology – Industrial Technology Development
Institute
• 2010
- Dengue, a mosquito-borne illness viral illness is
endemic in tropical and subtropical areas
- Aedes aegypti – virus
- Also known as OL Trap
- This trap system is made of natural ingredients
that are lethal to mosquito but safe for humans
and the environment
EJEEPNEY
- A major innovation that changed the
transportation industry in the Philippine was the
development of the jeepney
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
The development during the Intellectual Revolution
showed how society was transformed by science and
technology
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
-In the early times, people questioned what created days
and nights.
-The invention of the telescope allowed the people to
take a peek at the outer space, but more importantly, it
also intrigued them to know what was actually out there
-Many of these philosophers agreed that planets moved
around in circular motion, and that these movements
created days and nights, among others.
Claudius Ptolemy
- Famous philosopher and astronomer
- stated that the planets, as well as the sun and the moon,
moved in a circular motion around the Earth.
- The sun and moon’s revolution explained the existence
of days and nights.
GEOCENTRISM – He believed that the Earth was at the
center
- Ptolemy’s geocentric model was widely accepted by the
people and was one of the greatest discoveries of the
time.
Nicolaus Copernicus
- a Polish mathematician and astronomer
- challenged the Ptolematic model
HELIOCENTRISM – which suggested that the center of the
Solar System was not the Earth but actually the sun.
- This idea was rejected at first by the public
- It appalled many since their religious belief had taught
them that the Earth was created first before all other
things.
- Copernicus was even persecuted as a heretic because
his teachings were against what was widely accepted by
religion
- Astronomers realized that the Copernican model
simplified the orbits for planets
- It also answered issues that could not be explained using
the geocentric model
It was eventually accepted by the people in a period
which was called THE BIRTH OF MODERN ASTRONOMY
- This era began what was known as the scientific
revolution which resulted in the transformation of
society’s thoughts and beliefs.
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
- The Darwinian Revolution was considered to be one of
the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time
- In 1859, Charles Darwin – an English naturalist, biologist,
and geologist, published his book, On the Origin of
Species
- In this book, Darwin introduced the THEORY OF
EVOLUTION – which posited that populations pass
through a process of natural selection in which only the
fittest would survive.
- He stated that organisms have the ability to adapt to
their environment and would gradually change into
something that would be more competitive to survive, a
process known as evolution.
- This theory became controversial as people perceived it
to be contradictory to the church’s teachings that the
source of life is a powerful creator.
- The theory emerged at a time when most of the
population believed and accepted the biblical version of
the Earth’s creation.
- The people were divided – some believed that the
theory explained the origin of life, but the religious and
the faithful strongly refuted it
- It even sparked a massive debate between science and
religion.
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Psychology – was considered more of an art rather than a
science.
- In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud – was able to
change people’s perception of psychology with his
revolutionary theory of PSYCHOANALYSIS
Psychoanalysis – is the study that explains human
behavior.
- Freud explained that there are many conscious and
unconscious factors that can influence behavior and
emotions.
- He also argued that personality is a product of three
conflicting elements: id, ego, and superego.
ID – dominated by pleasure principle, unconscious part of
mind
EGO – Operated based on reality principle, conscious self
SUPEREGO – Unconscious realm of higher morality,
suppresses any urges or desires of id, acts as our
conscience
- Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of
psychoanalysis as a science since its concept were more
philosophical and supernatural
- Many believed that Freud’s theory had no scientific
basis as no empirical or experimental data could support
it
- Psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in treating some
mental disorders
- Soon enough, people were able to understand the
concepts of psychoanalysis, which eventually resulted in
classifying psychology as a science.
REVIEWER FOR PGC

Governement

THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

LEGISLATIVE

EXECUTIVE

JUDICIAL

UNITARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT

FEDERAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT