WJEC Chemistry Workbook-Answers

.
WORKBOOK
ANSWERS
WJEC GCSE Chemistry
Unit 1 Chemical substances, reactions, essential resources
1.1 The nature of substances and chemical reactions
1.2 Atomic structure and Periodic Table
1.3 Water
1.4 The ever-changing Earth
1.5 Rate of chemical change
1.6 Limestone (GCSE Chemistry only)
Unit 2 Chemical bonding, application of chemical reactions and organic chemistry

2.1 Bonding, structure and properties
2.2 Acids, bases and salts
2.3 Metals and their extraction
2.4 Chemical reactions and energy
2.5 Crude oil, fuels and organic chemistry
2.6 Reversible reactions, industrial processes and important chemicals
This Answers document provides suggestions for some of the possible

answers that might be given for the questions asked in the Workbook. They are
not exhaustive and other answers may be acceptable, but they are intended as
a guide to give teachers and students feedback.
Exam-style question answers

The answers given for exam-style questions of an explanatory or evaluative kind set
out what is called ‘indicative content guidance’. Just showing the examiner you are
familiar with some or most of the content is not enough. You need to demonstrate
that you understand it and are willing and able to use it in a way that directly
addresses the question. The indicative content shown for each question is not
exhaustive. Questions may be approached in a number of different ways. The choice
of approach is yours. Just make sure your approach answers the question.
5–6 marks
A good description of a process with many indicative content points including
balanced symbol equations.
There is a sustained line of reasoning that is coherent, relevant, substantiated and
logically structured. The candidate uses appropriate scientific terminology and
accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar.
WJEC GCSE Chemistry Workbook
© Nora Henry and Alyn McFarland 2018 Hodder Education

3–4 marks
A basic description of a process with some indicative content points included and an
attempt at writing symbol equations.
There is a line of reasoning that is partially coherent, largely relevant, supported by
some evidence and with some structure. The candidate uses mainly appropriate
scientific terminology and some accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar.
1–2 marks
A basic description of one reaction with only 1–2 indicative content points included.
There is a basic line of reasoning that is not coherent, largely irrelevant and has little
structure. The candidate uses limited scientific terminology and there are
inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and grammar.
0 marks
The candidate does not make any attempt or give a relevant answer worthy of credit.

WJEC Unit 2
Unit 1 Chemical substances, reactions, essential resources

1.1 The nature of substances and chemical reactions
1 a A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances (by chemical
means) [1]
b Br [1]
c Ca3(PO4)2 [1]
Use the charge on a calcium ion, 2+, and the charge on a phosphate ion, 3−, to
work out the formula – the overall formula should not have a charge so 3Ca2+
and 2PO43− are needed.
2 a Solvent front [1]

b Pencil marks do not dissolve in the solvent [1]
c Distance moved by the spot = 1.5 cm [1]; by the solvent = 8 cm [1]
d Red [1]
e Possible poor separation of spots / achieve better separation [1]
3 a Al2O3 [1]
b Na2SO4 [1]
c Mg(OH)2 [1]
d (NH4)2CO3 [1]
4 a lithium carbonate [1]

b iron(II) chloride [1]
c zinc sulfate [1]
d iron(III) nitrate [1]
5 a 2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3 [2]

b 4Li + O2 → 2Li2O [2]
c Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + 2H2O [2]
Part of a balanced symbol equation is often given and you have to complete and
balance it – or sometimes just balance it. It is important to be able to write
complete equations as well. The number of marks available depends on the
formulae (often 1 mark for the formulae of the reactant and 1 mark for the
formulae of the products) and 1 mark balancing, but a few simpler equations may
only be worth 2 marks (1 mark for all the correct formulae and 1 mark for
balancing). State symbols, if asked for, are worth an extra mark.
6 a AgNO3(aq) + NaI(aq) → AgI(s) + NaNO3(aq) [2]

state symbols [1]
b yellow [1]
7 a Mr of NH4NO3 = 80 [1]

WJEC Unit 2
b Mr of Al2(SO4)3 = 342 [1]
8 a moles of Al(NO3)3
moles of NO2 = 0.02 × 3 = 0.06 [1] (4 : 12 ratio Al(NO3)3 : NO2)
mass of NO2 = 0.06 × 46 = 2.76 g [1]
b moles of Na
moles of Na3N (6 : 2 ratio Na : Na3N)

mass of NO2 = 300 × 83 = 24 900 g = 24.9 kg [1]
Reacting mass calculations are common and have three main steps. Calculating
the moles from a given mass, then calculating another ‘moles’ from the ratios in
the balanced symbol equation, finally calculating a mass from the ‘moles’.
If the mass given or required is in kilograms or tonnes, conversions have to be
carried out.
9 a
A Element Si H
Mass (g) 87.5 100 − 87.5 = 12.5 g
Moles
Ratio 1 4
Simplest whole
1 4
number ratio
Simplest formula SiH4 [1]
table like this is a good way to think through a question to determine a simplest
formula. The mass of each element is converted to moles (by dividing by Mr values).
The ratio is calculated from the moles by dividing all the moles by the lowest number
of moles (in this case 3.125). The ratio and simplest whole number ratio here are
exactly the same, but sometimes you might end up with, for example, 1 and 2.5 and
these would need to be multiplied by 2 to give the simplest whole numbers (2 and 5),
which would then be used in the simplest formula.
b
Element Fe O
15.56 − 14.72 15.88 − 15.56

Mass (g)
= 0.84 [1] = 0.32 [1]

WJEC Unit 2
Moles [1]
Ratio [1] 1 1.33
Simplest whole
3 4
number ratio
Simplest formula Fe3O4 [1]
The masses of the two elements have to be extracted from the mass
measurements made during the reaction. It is important to understand these
measurements. The mass of iron is calculated by subtracting the mass of the
crucible from the mass of the crucible and iron. The mass of oxygen is the gain
in mass once constant mass has been achieved. If this calculation was stepped
and each mark was asked individually you would have to answer each step and
not use a table.
Exam-style questions
1 a i 2Ag2CO3(s) → 4Ag(s) + 2CO2(g) + O2(g)
balancing [1]; state symbols [1]
ii 0.24 × 6 × 1023 = 1.44 × 1023 [1]
b
Element Ag P O
Mass (g) 6.48 0.93 1.68
Moles [1]
Ratio 2 1 3.5
Simplest whole
4 2 7
number ratio
Simplest formula Ag4P2O7 [1]
c i moles of Ag2O =
moles of Ag = 2.5 × 2 = 5 [1] (1 : 2 ratio Ag2O : Ag)
mass of Ag = 5 × 108 = 540 g [1]
ii
The ‘actual’ yield is what is obtained (405 g here); the ‘theoretical’ yield is the amount
that could be obtained from the balanced equation.
1.2 Atomic structure and Periodic Table

1 a The number of protons (in a nucleus) [1]
b The total number of protons and neutrons (in a nucleus) [1]

WJEC Unit 2
c Atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
/ same atomic number but different mass numbers [1]
2
Atomic Mass Number of Number of Number of Electronic
Atom / ion
number number protons neutrons electrons structure
Na 11 23 11 12 11 2,8,1
O2− 8 16 8 8 10 2, 8
F− 9 19 9 10 10 2, 8
Ca 20 40 20 20 20 2, 8, 8, 2
Al3+ 13 27 13 14 10 2, 8
Sc3+ 21 45 21 24 18 2, 8, 8
[1] for each correct column
Remember that the number of protons is equal to the atomic number and that
the number of neutrons is equal to the mass number minus the atomic number.
The number of electrons is only equal to the number of protons in an atom so
this gives a clue to whether it is an atom or ion. The charge on any particle is
number of protons minus the number of electrons.
3 a atomic number = 15 [1]; mass number = 31 [1]; identity = phosphorus / P [1]

b Electronic configuration is 2, 8, 5
[1]
c They have equal numbers of electrons and protons [1]
4 a A [1]
b B [1]
c F [1]
d F [1]
6 a Any two from:

 malleable
 ductile
 sonorous
 shiny
 (generally) high density
 (generally) hard

WJEC Unit 2
 good conductor of heat

 good conductor of electricity
b carbon / C [1]
c mercury / Hg [1]
7 a i–iv
X
W X X XZ
Y XZ
W [1]; Y [1]; any X [1] and Z [1]

b i Shiny surface becomes dull (quickly) [1]
ii 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O [3]
8 a Any three from:

 safety glasses / safety screen
 small piece of potassium
 large volume of water
 remove oil
b Any three from:
 floats
 fizzes
 forms a sphere
 burns with a lilac flame
c 2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2 [3]
d A potassium atom is bigger than a sodium atom / there is a greater distance
between the (positive) nucleus and the (outer) electron [1]
the outer electron is held more weakly [1]
9
Colour at room State at room
Name of
temperature and temperature and
halogen
pressure pressure
chlorine yellow-green [1] gas [1]
bromine [1] orange-brown liquid [1]
iodine grey [1] solid [1]
10 a Noble gases [1]

b Their atoms have a full outer shell of electrons [1]
c In light bulbs / as an inert atmosphere for welding [1]
11 a potassium ion / K+ [1]

iodide ion / I− [1]
potassium iodide [1]

WJEC Unit 2
b Red flame [1]

Cream precipitate [1]
Remember that ‘brick red’ is the colour of the flame observed when calcium
ions are present and would not be accepted for lithium ions.
12 a i Sterilisation of water / bleach manufacture / in swimming pools [1]

ii F / fluorine [1]
b i Cl2 + 2KI → 2KCl + I2 [2]
ii Colourless to yellow / brown [1]
1 a i Mixture 4 [1]
ii Colourless to orange / brown [1]
iii Cl2 + 2KBr → 2KCl + Br2 [2]
iv Down the group the size of the atom increases / the distance between the
(positive) nucleus and (negative) electrons increases [1]
so it is more difficult to attract an electron into the outer shell [1]
b i 2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3 [3]
ii Ag+(aq) + Cl−(aq) → AgCl(s) [2]; state symbols [1]
iii Yellow precipitate [1]
The state symbol for a precipitate is (s) and the state symbol for the reactant
ions is (aq) in all precipitation reactions.
c i Damp wooden splint / nichrome wire dipped in hydrochloric acid [1]
is dipped into the sample [1]
and held in roaring (blue) Bunsen burner flame [1]
ii
Metal chloride Flame test colour
sodium chloride yellow-orange [1]
calcium chloride [1] brick red
potassium chloride [1] lilac
barium chloride apple green [1]
lithium chloride red [1]
Remember that ‘green’ will not be accepted for the flame test colour for
barium ions.
1.3 Water
1 a Its pH is less than 7 [1]; because of dissolved carbon dioxide [1]
b Tap water is chlorinated [1]; to kill bacteria [1]
c Calcium ions cause hardness [1]; there is a higher concentration in tap water
[1]
d There are no microorganisms in tap water [1]
Calcium ions give health benefits such as strengthening bones and teeth /
reduce heart disease [1]

WJEC Unit 2
2 a Increasing population / increasing industrialisation [1]

b Any two from:
 use the shower rather than the bath
 fix leaking taps
 use waste water (rainwater harvesting) for garden / toilet / car wash
 turn off the tap when brushing teeth
 full loads for dishwasher and washing machine
 cistern displacement device / less water flush / dual flush
c i Taking water from natural sources [1]
such as rivers / lakes / streams / aquifers / canals / estuaries / springs [1]
ii Storage: loss of habitat / risk of flooding / dam construction / change or block
in ecosystem [1]
Abstraction: reduction or lack of connection of habitat / salt water intrusion /
lower water tables [1]
3 a i Percentage with tooth decay is less in fluoridated areas [1]

ii Absentees not questioned / affluence of the area / not all children in the area
were surveyed [1]
b Any two from:
 mass medication
 no freedom of choice
 in high concentration it causes fluorosis and is linked to stomach and bone
cancer
c Toothpaste / mouthwash [1]
4 a Sedimentation [1] removes large particles / objects [1]

Filtration [1] removes smaller particles [1]
Chlorination [1] kills bacteria [1]
b Removal of salt from seawater [1]
distillation / osmosis [1]
5 a To record the temperature of the vapour (rather than the liquid below) [1]
b (Liebig) condenser [1]
c Distillation [1]
d Ethanol as lower boiling point / ethanol boils first [1]
6 a All points plotted correctly ±½ square [2] – only one plotted correctly [1]
Suitable line drawn [1]

WJEC Unit 2
b 29 g per 100 g water [1]

c 76°C [1]
d Solubility at 30°C = 37 g per 100 g water [1]
50 g of water needs 18.5 g [1]
e Solubility at 70°C = 48 g per 100 g water
Solubility at 25°C = 36 g per 100 g water [1] for both solubility values
48 − 36 = 12 g [1]
12 × 20 = 240 g [1]
In this type of question you need to subtract the two solubility values and then
take into account the mass of water in the solution.
f i Solubility at 40°C = 40 (g per 100 g water)
is required to saturate 20 g of water

9 g > 8 g [1]
(or 9 × 5 = 45 g is added to 100 g of water [1] and 45 g > 40 g so the
solution is saturated [1])
ii 9 − 8 = 1 g [1]
7 a i Hard water does not lather easily with soap [1]

ii Add some soap to the water sample [1]; shake [1]; no lather indicates hard
water [1]
Boil a fresh sample of water [1]; add soap and shake [1]; no lather indicates
permanent hardness [1]
iii Carbonate ions react with calcium / magnesium ions [1]
Forming insoluble [1] calcium carbonate / magnesium carbonate [1]
b i All nitrates are soluble [1]
ii Fertilisers [1]
8 a i Town 2 [1]; produces least lather [1]

ii Town 1 [1]; hardness not removed by boiling [1]
iii Town 2 [1]; some hardness removed by boiling [1]
iv Town 4 [1]; same lather before and after boiling / sodium carbonate [1]
Remember that the hardest water is the one that that forms the least lather
and that boiling removes only temporary hardness.

WJEC Unit 2
b i Ca2+ / Mg2+ ions (in hard water) [1]; are exchanged / swapped / replaced with
Na+ ions from the resin [1]
ii The resin needs to be replenished / disposal of water / iron fouling / bacterial
contamination / chlorine contamination [1]
1 a All points correct ±½ square [3]; 2 plotting errors [2]; 3+ plotting errors [1]
Suitable line drawn [1]
b Water freezes / becomes solid at 0°C [1]

Water boils / becomes a gas at 100°C [1]
c i 89–90°C [1]
ii 76 − 36 [1] = 40 [1] (g per 100 g)
iii Difference = 500 − 80 = 420 [1]; ; 30°C [1]
1.4 The ever-changing Earth

1 a A crust [1]; B mantle [1]; C outer core [1]; D inner core [1]
b Crust [1] and upper (rigid) part of mantle [1]
c Iron [1]
d B [1]
e i Destructive [1]
ii Less dense plate forced under the other / plates move together and
subduction occurs [1]
The subducted plate melts and mixes with magma creating the volcano [1]
2 a The plates move apart [1] and magma rises forming new rock as it cools [1]
b The plates slide past each other [1] and friction makes them stick; a sudden jolt
may cause an earthquake to occur [1]
3 a 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 [1] + 6O2 balanced [1]

b Carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater and is used by sea life to form calcium
carbonate / shells [1] which becomes sediment and forms sedimentary rock [1]

WJEC Unit 2
c i It has increased [1]
ii
iii Increased burning of fossil fuels [1]; deforestation [1]
4 a 14.4 − 13.5 = 0.9°C [1]

b Any two from:
 sea levels rise causing flooding
 increased rainfall
 changes in climate affecting wildlife e.g. plants flower earlier
 species may move further north as the temperature rises
 changes in climate affecting crop production
 animals lose their habitat
c The greenhouse effect is a natural process keeping the Earth’s temperature
high enough to support life [1]
Global warming occurs when this process is increased due to more carbon
dioxide being released into the atmosphere [1]
5 a
Gases released Origin Effect
Carbon dioxide [1] Carbon in the fuel compound Global warming
Carbon monoxide [1] Carbon in the fuel compound Toxic gas
Sulfur dioxide [1] Sulfur impurity in the fuel Acid rain [1]
b They are acidic and react with / are neutralised by calcium carbonate /
limestone [1]
6 Ca(OH)2 [1]
1 2, 4, 3, 1 [1]
2 Photosynthesis [1]
3 a Any two of these pairs:

carbon dioxide [1] causes global warming / climate change / flooding [1]
carbon monoxide [1] is toxic [1]
sulfur dioxide [1] causes acid rain / kills plants [1]
b 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O [1] balanced [1]
The only product is water so no pollution [1]
c Any two from:
 solar
 wind
 nuclear
 tidal
 biofuel

WJEC Unit 2
4 a Carbon dioxide [1]

Bubble into limewater [1]; turns milky / cloudy [1]
Hydrogen [1]
Apply a burning splint [1]; the gas pops [1]
b i nitrogen / helium / oxygen [1]
ii The air can be liquefied and the gases have different boiling points [1]
5 Calcium hydroxide [1]
6 a i Break up a substance using heat (1)

ii 2Fe(OH)3 → Fe2O3 + 3H2O [2]; balanced [1]
b Any four from:

 In Earth’s atmosphere there is much less carbon dioxide – 0.04%
 … much more nitrogen – 78%
 … much more oxygen – 21%
 … there is no methane
 Both have noble gases in small amounts
7 Conservative [1]
8 a i Wegener [1]
ii Pangaea [1]
iii Continental drift [1]
b There is a jigsaw-like fit along the edges of continents – e.g. the west coast of
Africa and the east coast of South America [1]
Similar rocks of the same age are found on different continents [1]
Similar plant and animal fossils are found on opposite sides of huge oceans [1]
c There was no explanation for how the plates moved [1]
1.5 Rate of chemical change

1 a Calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid labelled in a conical flask [1]; cotton
wool labelled in the conical flask on a balance [1]; stopclock [1]
b To prevent loss of acid spray [1]
c Any two from:
 bubbles / effervescing
 the calcium carbonate disappears
 a colourless solution is formed
d The reaction rate is fastest at the beginning so it is best to record readings
more often then [1]
e When two readings are the same [1] no more carbon dioxide is being made [1]
and the reaction is over
f Acid particles are used up / decrease in number of particles [1]
so the concentration decreases [1]
and there are less frequent collisions / fewer collisions per second [1]
so the rate decreases / the reaction slows down [1]

WJEC Unit 2
g It speeds up the production / It can be used again and so saves money [1]
2 a D [1]
b Increasing the concentration increases the rate [1]
Data for experiments A–C in which the concentration increase but other factors
remain the same [1]
c If there are more particles per unit volume [1] there is an increased frequency
of (successful) collisions [1]
d The data for experiments B and D [1] is collected at different temperatures (21
and 31°C) but with the same concentration of acid (0.2 mol/dm3); so increasing
the temperature increases the rate [1]
e Increasing the temperature increases the frequency of collisions [1] and makes
the collisions more energetic / there are more collisions with the (necessary)
activation energy [1]
3 a Gas syringe [1]

b So no gas escapes [1]
c Stopclock [1]
d Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2 [1]; balanced [1]
e Bubbles / magnesium disappears [1]
f Any two from:
 use the same volume of acid
 same temperature
 same mass of magnesium
 same surface area of magnesium
g The temperature changes / loss of gas on inserting bung [1]
h i 9 minutes [1]; 12.5 minutes [1]
ii At 6 minutes for 1.0 mol/dm3 solution [1]; it does not fit the trend [1]
iii 0.5 mol/dm3 [1]
iv Increasing the concentration of acid increases the rate of reaction [1]
v There are more particles per unit volume of acid [1]; so there is a higher
frequency of collisions with the (necessary) activation energy [1]
1 a Sensible scale using at least half the grid [1]; all the points plotted correctly [2]
at least 8 points correct [1]; smooth line of best fit [1]

WJEC Unit 2
b Steeper line left of the original [1]; finishing at the same final volume of gas [1]
c Any two from:
 same mass of metal
 same surface area of metal
 same volume of acid
 same concentration of acid / same temperature
d Tangent drawn correctly at 20 s [1]; correct x and y values e.g. 100 and 38 [1]
2 a Indicative content: [6]

 Stopclock started and gas collected in a gas syringe / flask on a balance
 Time to produce certain volume recorded / time to lose certain mass
recorded
 Repeated using different particle sizes
 Same volume and concentration of acid
 Same mass of zinc
 Same temperature
Fastest experiment has volume of gas produced in least time / mass loss in
least time
b i Speeds up a rate of reaction [1]; and is chemically unchanged [1]
ii Same volume [1]
iii Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 [2]
1.6 Limestone [GCSE Chemistry only]

1 a
Chemical name Calcium carbonate [1] Calcium oxide [1] Calcium hydroxide
Common name limestone quicklime [1] slaked lime [1]
Formula CaCO3 [1] CaO Ca(OH)2 [1]
 limewater in a test tube [1]

 calcium carbonate in a test tube and heat [1]
 gas directed by delivery tube [1]

WJEC Unit 2
 clamp / support [1]

c CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 [2]
d Copper carbonate is less stable than calcium carbonate [1]
Copper is a less reactive metal than calcium [1]
2 calcium oxide [1]; calcium hydroxide [1]; calcium hydrogencarbonate [1]
3 a 1.8 [1]; 4.5 [1]; 0.0 [1]

b Green [1] to black [1]
c sodium carbonate; calcium carbonate; copper(II) carbonate [1]
d CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 [2]
4 a calcium oxide + water → calcium hydroxide [1]

b Any two from:
 crumbles
 breaks up
 expands
 hisses
1 Indicative content: [6]
Reaction A:
 heat
 white solid glows red
 limestone crumbles
 calcium carbonate → calcium oxide (quicklime) + carbon dioxide
 CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
Reaction B:
 add water
 heat given out / steam
 calcium oxide + water → calcium hydroxide (slaked lime)
 CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
2 D [1]
3 Any four points [4] and an opinion expressed [1]

Advantages:
 building materials
 local jobs
 used in blast furnace
 used to make cement
 used to neutralise acid soil
 improved local authority economy
Disadvantages:
 dust pollution
 noise pollution
 traffic pollution

WJEC Unit 2
 eyesore
 habitat destroyed
 wildlife killed

WJEC Unit 2
Unit 2 Chemical bonding, application of chemical reactions and organic

chemistry
2.1 Bonding, structure and properties
1 a It has antibacterial / antiviral / antifungal properties / kills germs [1]; it can be
absorbed through the skin [1]; the long-term effects are unknown [1]
b Suncreams [1]
2 a Thermochromic: changes colour depending on temperature [1]

Photochromic: changes colour depending on light intensity [1]
b Thermochromic: forehead thermometers / baby spoons [1]
Photochromic: lenses for sunglasses / UV marker pens [1]
c Hydrogel / polymer gel / shape memory alloy / shape memory polymers [1]
3 a i It can absorb many times its own weight in water [1]

ii Artificial muscles / robot actuators / absorbers of toxic chemicals / water
retainers for plants / artificial snow [1]
b i They regain their shape (after being bent) [1]
ii The collapsed stent inserted [1]; returns to its original expanded shape when
in place [1]
4 a A = diamond [1]; B = graphite [1]; C = graphene [1]

b B (graphite) and C (graphene) [1]
c Giant covalent [1]
d Diamond has (many) strong covalent bonds [1]; a lot of energy is required to
break them [1]
e Graphite has delocalised electrons that can move (and carry charge) [1]
f Graphite has weak bonds between its layers [1]; the layers can slide over each
other [1]
5 a MgCl2 [1]
b i Covalent [1]
ii Six [1]
iii There are very weak bonds between molecules [1]; so little energy is
required to break them [1]
c i
Diagrams showing clearly that one Mg atom (2, 8, 2) loses 2 electrons [1];
2 Cl atoms (2, 8, 7) gain 1 electron each [1]

WJEC Unit 2
forming Mg2+ and Cl− (both required) [1]
ii The ions can move (and carry charge) [1]
6 a
Melting
Substance Metal ion Non-metal ion
point (°C)
Sodium chloride 808 Na+ Cl−
Magnesium oxide 2900 Mg2+ O2−

[1] for each correct column
b Electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions [1]
c Magnesium / oxide ions have a higher charge than sodium / chloride ions [1]
The stronger the attraction between the ions / stronger ionic bonds, the more
energy needed to overcome the bonds [1]
7 a B [1]
b C [1]
c D [1]
d A [1]
Metals have (generally) high melting points and conduct electricity when solid
and molten. Molecular covalent substances are usually gases, liquids or low
melting point solids and do not conduct electricity. Giant covalent substances
have high melting points but they do not generally conduct electricity, except
graphite and graphene. Ionic substances have high melting points; they do not
conduct electricity when solid but will conduct when molten or dissolved in
water.
8 a C [1]
b F [1]
c B:
4 pairs of electrons shared between C [1] and four H atoms [1]

8 electrons round C [1] and 2 around H [1]
F:
3 pairs of electrons shared between two N atoms [1]

8 electrons round each N atom [1]

WJEC Unit 2
d There are weak bonds between the molecules [1]; so little energy is required to
break the bonds [1]
e The attraction between the shared electrons [1] and the positive nuclei [1]
9 a There are delocalised / free-moving electrons in sodium metal [1]; the ions
cannot move / are not mobile in solid sodium chloride [1]
b There is an increasing number of delocalised / free-moving electrons (as the
atomic number increases) [1]; so there is a stronger attraction between the ions
and the electrons [1]
c There are Mg2+ ions and Na+ ions [1]; Mg2+ ions have a stronger attraction to Cl−
ions [1]
d Aluminium [1]; it has more delocalised / free-moving electrons [1]
10 a i A layer of graphite [1]; rolled into a tube [1]

ii High strength / (very) low density / conductor / semiconductor [1]
iii The drug is caged within the fullerene [1]; and released when the target site
is reached [1]
b Indicative content: [6]
For diamond and graphite — reference is made to bonding, structure and a
property related to a use
Diamond:
 Bonding: uniform / strong covalent bonds throughout / each carbon atom
bonded to four others
 Structure: giant molecular / giant covalent
 Properties and uses: hard - drill bits; transparent / sparkly - jewellery
Graphite:
 Bonding: strong bonds within layers and weak bonds between layers / each
carbon atom bonded to three others
 Structure: giant molecular / giant covalent
 Properties and uses: soft - pencils; electrical conductor - electrodes
1 a i 4Na + O2 [1] → 2Na2O [2]
ii Positive ions; in fixed positions; electrons; mobile / sea
[2] for all points; [1] for 2 / 3 points
iii
2 shared pairs of electrons between atoms [1]

8 electrons around each atom [1]
b i
→

WJEC Unit 2
Diagram showing clearly:

2 Na atoms lose 1 electron each [1]; 1 O atom gains 2 electrons [1];
forming Na+ and O2− (both required) [1]
ii Ionic bonding [1]; ionic lattice [1]
iii There are strong ionic bonds [1]; so lots of energy is needed to overcome
them [1]
2.2 Acids, bases and salts

1 a i 2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O [2]; balanced [1]
ii CuO + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O [2]; balanced [1]
b i 2HCl, 2H2O [1]
ii 2HNO3, 2KNO3 [1]
2 a A = hydrogen [1]
B = copper(II) sulfate / copper sulfate [1]
C = carbon dioxide [1]
D = barium sulfate [1]
E = sodium hydroxide [1]
b Ba2+(aq) + SO42−(aq) → BaSO4(s) [2]; balanced [1]
c hydrochloric acid / nitric acid [1]
d magnesium / calcium (allow aluminium) [1]
e copper / silver / gold [1]
Metals above zinc in the reactivity series will react more vigorously with sulfuric
acid but Group 1 metals, such as lithium, sodium and potassium, would not
react safely. Aluminium in certain forms will react more vigorously but
aluminium is coated with a layer of aluminium oxide that prevents it from
reacting. Metals below hydrogen in the reactivity series do not react with acids.
3 a i Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid [1]; ethanoic acid is a weak acid [1]
There is a higher temperature change with a strong acid / more H+ ions are
available [1]
ii Concentration (of the solutions / sodium hydroxide solution / acids) [1]
iii For more reliable results / to avoid anomalies [1]
b i NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O [2]
ii Sodium ethanoate [1]
iii H+ [1]
iv H+(aq) + OH−(aq) → H2O(l) [2]; state symbols [1]
4 a Measuring cylinder / pipette [1]

b Tripod and gauze [1]; Bunsen burner [1]

WJEC Unit 2
c Copper(II) oxide / black solid remains / no more copper(II) oxide or black solid
reacts [1]
d To make sure all the acid is used up [1]
e Filtration [1]
f Water [1]
g Copper(II) hydroxide / copper(II) carbonate [(II) not essential] [1]
5 a i A = red [1]
D = purple / dark blue [1]
ii D [1]
iii E [1]
iv C [1]
b i Thermometer [1]; increase in temperature [1]
ii Add barium chloride (solution) [1]; white precipitate forms [1]
6 a Copper(II) nitrate / copper nitrate [1]

b Limewater [1]; goes milky / white / cloudy [1]
7 a
b mass = 0.006 × 174 = 1.044 g [1]
28.71
8 moles= =0.18 [1]
159.5
9 a The 18.2 result is not used as it is not reliable [1]
b i
ii There is a 1 : 1 reaction ratio so 0.00245 [1] moles
iii
10 a BaSO4(s) [1] + 2NaCl(aq) [1]

b Filter [1]; wash the crystals with water [1]; dry them between two sheets of filter
paper / in a low temperature oven / in a desiccator [1]
c A white precipitate [1]
The white precipitate in part c is caused by the presence of chloride ions in the
solution that remains.

WJEC Unit 2
1 a Pour a fixed volume of potassium hydroxide solution into a (conical) flask [1]
Add an indicator added to the flask [1]
Add sulfuric acid into the flask from a burette [1]
Volume of sulfuric acid needed for neutralisation is measured and recorded [1]
Repeat this using the same volumes but with no indicator [1]
Allow the solution to evaporate and then cool [1]
b i moles of sulfuric acid [1]

moles of potassium hydroxide = 0.0099 × 2 (1 : 2 reaction ratio) = 0.0198 [1]
concentration 0.792 [1] mol/dm3

ii A volume of sulfuric acid smaller than 18.0 cm3 will be required [1]
A higher concentration of sulfuric acid will mean that the volume required for
neutralisation is less.
c Add the same moles of each metal to the same volume of acid [1]
Bubbles of gas are produced in each reaction except for copper [1]
Count the bubbles / measure the volume of gas produced in 30 seconds [1]
Reactivity order is the most gas / bubbles to the least [1]
Most reactive to least reactive: magnesium, zinc, iron, copper [1]
2.3 Metals and their extraction

1 a Any two from:
 good electrical conductor
 low density
 resistant to corrosion
b Attractive / lustre / colour [1]
c Resistance to corrosion [1]
d i Mixture of (different) metals [1]
ii Carbon [1]
2 a Magnesium is higher in the reactivity series than copper / magnesium is more

reactive than copper [1]
The solution becomes colourless [1]; a brown solid forms [1]
b silver / gold [1]
c Displacement [1]
3 a Anode [1]
b Breaking down / splitting a compound (into its elements) using an electric
current / electricity [1]
c Graphite is inert / unreactive / conducts electricity [1]
d The (charged) ions are mobile / can move in the molten state (electrolyte) [1]
e An orange–brown gas [1]

WJEC Unit 2
f 2Br− → Br2 + 2e− [1]

g Lead ions gain electrons [1]; gain of electrons is reduction [1]
In electrode equations, such as in part f, the anode equation will have ‘+ e−’ on
the right (sometimes shown as ‘− e−’ on the left) and will be an oxidation
reaction (electrons are lost). The cathode electrode equation will have ‘+ e−’ on
the left and will be a reduction reaction (electrons are gained).
4 a This reduces the melting point and saves energy (and money) [1]
b Al3+ [1] + 3e− [1] → Al
c 2O2− [1] → O2 + 4e− [1]
The equation in c can also more simply be represented by 2O2– → O2 + 4e– and both
may appear in questions.
d Any one from:
 fluoride pollution from cryolite
 acid rain
 global warming
 climate change
e Any two from:
 away from built-up areas
 availability of the workforce from local communities
 good transport links
 direct electricity supply / power station nearby
5 a Iron(III) sulfate forms a brown precipitate [1]

Copper(II) sulfate forms a blue precipitate [1]
b Fe3+ + 3OH− → Fe(OH)3 [2]; balanced [1]
The precipitates formed are insoluble hydroxides. Iron(II) hydroxide is green.
State symbols could be expected in ionic equations – the reactant ions are all
(aq) and the product is (s) because it is the insoluble solid precipitate.
6 a magnesium, zinc, copper, silver [2]

b Cu + 2AgNO3 → 2Ag + Cu(NO3)2 [2]; balanced [1]
c zinc nitrate [1]; copper [1]
7 a Cathode [1]
b 2H+ + 2e− → H2 [2]
c Gain of electrons [1]
d 2OH− → O2 + 2H+ + 4e− [2]
8 a i Sodium hydroxide [1]

ii Anode [1]
iii 2Cl− → Cl2 + 2e− [2]
b i Experiment 1 [1]
ii 0.49 g [1]

WJEC Unit 2
iii
c i Anode: impure copper [1]; cathode: pure copper [1]
ii Copper(II) sulfate solution / copper sulfate solution [1]
iii Anode: Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e− [2]; balanced [1]
or copper (atoms) lose electrons [1] and form copper(II) ions (copper ions)
[1] which go into solution [1]
Cathode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e− → Cu(s) [2]; balanced [1]
or copper(II) ions (copper ions) gain electrons [1] and form copper (atoms)
[1] which is deposited on the cathode [1]
1 a Carbon from coke and oxygen from hot air [1] react to form carbon dioxide [1]
(C + O2 → CO2 / carbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide)
This reacts with more carbon to form carbon monoxide [1]
(CO2 + C → 2CO / carbon + carbon dioxide → carbon monoxide)
b Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2 [1]
c Iron(III) oxide / iron oxide is reduced [1]; loss of oxygen is reduction [1]
Carbon monoxide is oxidised [1]; gain of oxygen is oxidation [1]
d i Limestone [1]
ii A = (thermal) decomposition [1]
B = neutralisation [1]
iii CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 [2]
iv Slag [1]
2.4 Chemical reactions and energy

1 a
Example Exothermic Endothermic
A reaction in which the temperature started at ✓ [1]
21°C and finished at 46°C
The combustion of ethanol ✓ [1]
The reaction of hydrochloric acid and sodium ✓ [1]
hydroxide
The thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate ✓ [1]
2 a i B [1]
ii D [1]
b 250 − 100 = 150 kJ [1]
c The products are higher than the reactants in the graph so energy has been
taken in [1]; it is an endothermic reaction [1]
3 a Award 3 marks for a correct answer; if incorrect award 1 mark for the energy of
each of breaking and making bonds.
i energy needed to break bonds = 436 + 242 = 678 [1]
energy given out making bonds = 2 × 436 = 872 [1]
energy change = 678 − 872 = −194 kJ [1]

WJEC Unit 2
ii energy needed to break bonds = (2 × 436) + 496= 1368 [1]

energy given out making bonds = 4 × 464 = 1856 [1]
energy change = 1368 − 1856 = −488 kJ [1]
b Energy needed to break bonds = 436 + 193 = 629 [1]
Overall energy change = energy needed in breaking bonds – energy released
in making bonds
−103 = 629 − energy released in making 2H–Br
−103 − 629 = −732
= energy released in making 2H–Br [1]
Bond energy of H–Br =
1 a i 20.9 − 17.1 = 3.8°C [1]
ii An anomalous result is one that does not fit the trend – here it is 6.2°C [1]
Mean change =
iii The temperature falls so it is endothermic [1]
iv Use a polystyrene cup / lid [1] to prevent energy / heat gain / insulate the
beaker [1]
Or use a digital thermometer or data logger [1]; it is easier to read (to 0.1°C)
[1]
b i When describing a trend always state the general relationship between the
two variables and then use the data to back up your answer [1].
On addition of up to 20 cm3 of acid the final temperature increases from 19.4
to 25.4°C [1]
There may be two trends – in this case as the volume added increases the
final temperature increases until after a 30.0 cm3 addition it remains constant
at 25.9°C [1]
ii Any two from:
 concentration of acid
 concentration of alkali
 volume of alkali
2 a Energy required to break bonds = 3 C–C + 9 C–H + C–O + O–H + 6 O=O

= (3 × 347) + (9 × 413) + 358 + 464+ (6 × 495)
= 8550 kJ [1]
Energy released in making bonds = 8 C=O + 10 O–H
= (8 × 799) + (10 × 464) = 11 032 kJ [1]
Energy change = 8550 − 11032 = −2482 kJ [1]
b More energy is released in making new bonds [1]; than was taken in to break
the old bonds [1]
c The products are lower on the reaction profile than the reactants [1]
The activation energy is indicated by an arrow between the reactants and the
top of the profile [1]
The overall energy change is indicated by an arrow pointing down from the
level of the reactants to the products [1]

WJEC Unit 2
2.5 Crude oil, fuels and organic chemistry

1 a Fractional distillation [1]
b Crude oil is heated to evaporate / vaporise / boil [1]
Compounds with longer chain lengths have higher boiling points [1]
The higher the boiling point the lower down the column the fractions condense
[1]
Compounds with similar chain lengths condense at similar temperatures and
are collected as part of the same fraction [1]
c From the remains of marine life [1]; buried and compressed (no oxygen
present) over millions of years [1]
d [1] for comparison of each property:
Mr 78 – colourless, runny, easy to ignite
Mr 220 – brown, viscous, slow to ignite
2 a C7H16 → C4H10 [1] + C3H6 [1]

b Propene [1]
c Any one from:
 larger hydrocarbons have fewer uses
 break down larger ones into smaller, more useful ones
d Heat [1] using a catalyst [1]
3
State at room
Molecular Structural
Name temperature
formula formula
and pressure
ethane C2H6 [1] gas [1]
[1]
ethene C2H4 [1] gas [1]
[1]
b Contains at least one C=C [1]

c Ethane [1]
C2H4 + H2 [1] → C2H6 [1]
4 a Sugar and yeast [1] react in warm [1] anaerobic [1] conditions; ethanol and
water are produced [1]
b C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 +3H2O [2]; balanced [1]
c Ethanoic acid [1]
5 a Propanoic acid [1]

WJEC Unit 2
b Acidified potassium dichromate [1]

c
[1]
Propan-2-ol [1]
d i Butan-1-ol [1]
ii Hydroxyl / OH [1]
iii
[1]
butan-2-ol [1]
e The left spectrum is for ethanol [1] because it has absorption at 3230–3550 for
–OH (alcohol) [1]
Ethanoic acid has absorption at 1680–1750 for C=O [1] and at 2500–300 for –
OH(acid) [1]
6
State at room
Molecular
Name Structural formula temperature
formula
and pressure
but-1-ene [1] C4H8 [1] gas
methanol [1] CH3OH [1] gas
2-methylpropene C4H8 [1] gas

[1]
b 2-methylpropene and but-1-ene [1]
7 a i Small molecules that are joined together to make a polymer [1]

ii Polymer made when many small molecules are joined together to make a
polymer [1] and nothing else is produced [1]
b A carbon–carbon double bond / C=C [1]
c

WJEC Unit 2
[1]
poly(propene) [1]
[1]
1 a i C4H10 [1]
ii A and E [1]
iii C and E [1]
iv C = chloroethene [1]
D = methanol [1]
E = propene [1]
F = propan-2-ol [1]
v 2C3H7OH + 9O2 → 6CO2 + 8H2O [2]; balanced [1]
or C3H7OH + 4½O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
vi Alcohols [1]
vii Acidified potassium dichromate solution [1]
viii Propane [1]
b i
[2]
ii PVC / polyvinyl chloride / poly(chloroethene) [1]

iii Addition [1]
c Yeast contains an enzyme that breaks down sugar [1]; in a warm solution [1];
making ethanol and carbon dioxide [1]; there must be no air present
[1]
2 a 25°C [1]
b Energy = 100 × 4.2 × 25 = 10 500 J [1]
c Repeat everything using 1 g of propan-1-ol and 100 g of cold water [1]
Use the same gap between the can and the flame [1]
Use the same stirring technique [1]

WJEC Unit 2
d Heat loss from the open beaker [1]; use a lid [1]
or draughts cause heat loss; use a shield
2.6 Reversible reactions, industrial processes and important chemicals

1 a The products can react to produce the original reactants [1]
b Exothermic [1]
2 a Heat energy given out [1]

b Sulfur trioxide / sulfur(VI) oxide [1]
c Can react in both directions [1]
d Contact process [1] sulfuric acid [1]
e Vanadium pentoxide / vanadium (V) oxide [1]
f There would be a lower yield [1]
3 a ammonium phosphate [1]; ammonium sulfate [1]; ammonium nitrate [1]

b As the world population increases, ammonia production increases [1]
Ammonia is used to produce fertilisers [1]; there is an increasing need for
fertilisers because more food is required for the increased population [1]
1 a CH4 + 2H2O [1] → 2H2 + CO2 [1] balanced [1]
b Nitrogen [1]
c N2 + 3H2 [1] ⇌ 2NH3 [1] balanced [1]
d To condense the ammonia [1]
e i Increased pressure increased the yield [1]
ii Increased temperature decreases the yield [1]
iii It would give a higher yield [1] but it is too expensive / dangerous [1]
iv A lower temperature gives a higher yield [1] but too slowly [1]
v Poisoned / replaced [1]
2 a Indicative content: [6]

 Burn sulfur in air
S + O2 → SO2
 Convert to sulphur trioxide using a (V2O5) catalyst at a temperature of 450°C
at a pressure of 2–3 atmospheres
SO2 + O2 → 2SO3
 Pass the sulfur trioxide into sulfuric acid to form oleum
SO3 + H2SO4 → H2S2O7
 Dilute / react with water to form sulfuric acid
 H2S2O7 + H2O → H2SO4
b The acid dehydrates the sugar / removes the elements of water [1]
to form black carbon [1]
c The solid turns from blue to white [1]; crystals are turned to powder [1]

WJEC Unit 2
d Any two from the production of:

 fertilisers
 paints
 dyes
 fibres
 plastics
 detergents

WJEC Chemistry Workbook-Answers

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

WJEC Chemistry Workbook-Answers

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

.

Unit 2 Chemical bonding, application of chemical reactions and organic chemistry

This Answers document provides suggestions for some of the possible

Exam-style question answers

WJEC GCSE Chemistry Workbook

© Nora Henry and Alyn McFarland 2018 Hodder Education

WJEC GCSE Chemistry Workbook

© Nora Henry and Alyn McFarland 2018 Hodder Education

Unit 1 Chemical substances, reactions, essential resources

2 a Solvent front [1]

4 a lithium carbonate [1]

5 a 2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3 [2]

6 a AgNO3(aq) + NaI(aq) → AgI(s) + NaNO3(aq) [2]

WJEC GCSE Chemistry Workbook

© Nora Henry and Alyn McFarland 2018 Hodder Education

b Mr of Al2(SO4)3 = 342 [1]

moles of Na3N (6 : 2 ratio Na : Na3N)

Mass (g) 87.5 100 − 87.5 = 12.5 g

Simplest formula SiH4 [1]

15.56 − 14.72 15.88 − 15.56

WJEC GCSE Chemistry Workbook

© Nora Henry and Alyn McFarland 2018 Hodder Education

Ratio [1] 1 1.33

Simplest formula Fe3O4 [1]

1.2 Atomic structure and Periodic Table

WJEC GCSE Chemistry Workbook

© Nora Henry and Alyn McFarland 2018 Hodder Education

3 a atomic number = 15 [1]; mass number = 31 [1]; identity = phosphorus / P [1]

6 a Any two from:

WJEC GCSE Chemistry Workbook

© Nora Henry and Alyn McFarland 2018 Hodder Education

 good conductor of heat

W [1]; Y [1]; any X [1] and Z [1]

8 a Any three from:

bromine [1] orange-brown liquid [1]

iodine grey [1] solid [1]

10 a Noble gases [1]

11 a potassium ion / K+ [1]

WJEC GCSE Chemistry Workbook

© Nora Henry and Alyn McFarland 2018 Hodder Education

b Red flame [1]

12 a i Sterilisation of water / bleach manufacture / in swimming pools [1]

WJEC GCSE Chemistry Workbook

© Nora Henry and Alyn McFarland 2018 Hodder Education

2 a Increasing population / increasing industrialisation [1]

3 a i Percentage with tooth decay is less in fluoridated areas [1]

4 a Sedimentation [1] removes large particles / objects [1]

WJEC GCSE Chemistry Workbook

© Nora Henry and Alyn McFarland 2018 Hodder Education

b 29 g per 100 g water [1]

is required to saturate 20 g of water

7 a i Hard water does not lather easily with soap [1]

8 a i Town 2 [1]; produces least lather [1]

WJEC GCSE Chemistry Workbook

© Nora Henry and Alyn McFarland 2018 Hodder Education

b Water freezes / becomes solid at 0°C [1]

iii Difference = 500 − 80 = 420 [1]; ; 30°C [1]

1.4 The ever-changing Earth

3 a 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 [1] + 6O2 balanced [1]

WJEC GCSE Chemistry Workbook

© Nora Henry and Alyn McFarland 2018 Hodder Education

c i It has increased [1]

4 a 14.4 − 13.5 = 0.9°C [1]