University of Santo Tomas

College of Science
Department of Biological Sciences
Medical Biology

Echinoderms a.
b.
Forceps Type
Scissors Type
c. Tridactyl Type
d. Globiferous Type
Echinodermata
● “Echino” means spiny “derm” means Ampulla
skin ● Opposite end of the suction cup that
● Pentaradial symmetry corresponds to the bulb of the
● Water- vascular cavity, tube feet eyedropper
○ Used for locomotion and food ● Muscles that relax and contract
gathering similar to the squeezing movement of
● Invertebrate deuterostome the tube feet
● Mostly marine
● Calcareous endoskeleton consisting
of plates or scattered ossicles Madreporite
● Sieve-like disk
● A calcareous sieve plate leading to
Larvae of echinoderms the water-vascular system
a. Bipinnaria (Asteroids)
b. Brachiolaria (Asteroids)
c. Ophiopluteus (ophiuroids) Ambulacral groove
d. Echinopluteus (Echinoids)
● Found along the middle of each
e. Auricularia (holothuroids)
ambulacral area
f. Doliolaria (Crinoids)
● The groove is bordered by rows of
TUBE FEET
Main Parts
Papulae
Pedicellariae ● Soft, delicate projections it the
● Serves for protection formed from coelomic cavity, covered only with
ossicles epidermis and lined internally with
● Bears tiny jaws manipulated by peritoneum
muscles
● They extend out through spaces
○ These jaws keep the body
surface free of debris, protect between ossicles and are involved
papulae, and sometimes aid in with respiration
food capture
● Tiny pincher-like organs on the
aboral Classes under
Echinoderms

Class Crinoidea
● Sea lilies

Jam Abad
1mbio5 <33
 University of Santo Tomas
College of Science
Department of Biological Sciences
Medical Biology

● 5 Branching arms with ciliated

grooves
● Tube feet are located along the food
grooves in the pinnules
● Filter feeding lifestyle
● Stalked stage but free-moving as an
adult
● Has 3 general regions
○ Long, jointed arms, bearing
jointed pinnules
○ The calyx, containing the
digestive and other organs
○ A circlet of short-jointed cirri
● Are suspension feeders, using a
mucus-ciliary method of capture and
food movement.

Class Asteroidea ● Loss of suckers on tube feet

● Arms with articulated “vertebrae”
● Sea stars
● Bottom dwellers
● Has suckers
● Particle feeders, predators of
● 5 arms broadly attached to central
slow-moving prey
disc
● Aboral surface - madreporite plate
(Allows water to seep)

Digestive system
● Pentagonal pyloric stomach
● Pyloric caeca

● Folds itself around the food

● Attaches tube feet to the valves to
open it
● Body wall contracts and everts its
stomach into the clam

Reproductive system
● Dioecious
● Paired gonads
● Opens aborally
● Female gonads - more rough in
texture and more orange in color
● External fertilization

Class Ophiuroidea
● Brittle stars
● Most agile echinoderm

Jam Abad
1mbio5 <33
 University of Santo Tomas
College of Science
Department of Biological Sciences
Medical Biology

● All oceans and depths

● Hide under rocks to escape
predation
● Arms resemble vertebral column
● Calcareous vertebral ossicle
● Aboral, lateral and oral plates
● 5 triangular jaws
● Bursal slits - for respiration
● Either active predators or selective
deposit feeders

● Ciliated epidermis
● Interlocked ossicles
● Madreporite plate
○ Largest among their genital
plate
○ Leads to the water-vascular
system

Note:
● Regular sea urchins
○ Hemispherical shape
○ Radial symmetry
● Sand dollars and heart urchins
(Irregular urchins)
○ Bilateral with short spines
Class Echinoidea
● Sea urchins Class Holothuroidea
● No arms, globose shell, pentamerous
design ● Sea cucumbers
○ Show five-part symmetry with ● Elongated body, leathery wall and
five ambulacral areas warty surfaces
● Spines are movable ● Mouth and anus are located at
● Notable modification from ancestral opposites
body plan is having tube feet on the ● Benthic
oral surface ● orally- aborally elongated
● Tubercle ● Mouth with tentacles
● Cog muscles ● Tentacles
● Tube ○ Modified tube feet
● Aristotle’s lantern ● Pharynx supported with a ring of
○ Internal operated by several calcareous plates
sets of muscles ● Stomach that expands at the end to
form cloaca
● 2 branched respiratory trees
○ Respiratory and excretory
organs
● Polian vesicles
● Separate sex
Jam Abad
1mbio5 <33
 University of Santo Tomas
College of Science
Department of Biological Sciences
Medical Biology

Fishes show vertebrate

body plan
Hallmarks of Phylum Chordata ● Hepatic cecum
● Notochord ○ Diverticulum
○ Found either in early resembling
development or throughout life the
○ Enclosed in a fibrous sheath vertebrate
that extends the length of body
pancreas in
○ Usually found above the gut
and just below the dorsal secreting
hollow nerve cord, digestive
○ Stiffens the body enzymes
○ Provides skeletal scaffolding along with
● Pharyngeal pouches & slit liver
● Dorsal nerve cord ○ Trunk
● Endostyle or thyroid gland muscles
● Postanal tail
resemble
vertebrate
patterns.
Phylum Chordata ○ Possess
basic
circulatory
● Cephalochordata plan of
○ Class leptocardii vertebrates
■ Branchiostoma ● Urochordata
(Amphioxus) sp.
○ Notochord is present only in
■ Lancelets - both ends the larval tail
pointed
○ May be solitary, colonicla, or
■ Slender laterally compound forms
compressed, translucent
○ “Tail chordates”, - Tunicates
animals that are about
○ Marine, Sessile as adults
3-7cm
○ Tunic is a tough, nonliving
■ Live in sandy sediments
tissue containing cellulose that
of coastal waters around
surrounds tunicates
the world
○ In most species, only the larval
■ Originally had the
form bears all the chordate
generic name
hallmarks but adults loose
AMPHIOXUS now in the
many of these characters and
genus Branchiostoma
retain the notochord only in
● Amphioxus has all the tail regions
the chordate ○ Divided into 3 classes:
feature but also
■ Ascidiacea = “Sea
have more that
squirts” - Forcefully

Jam Abad
1mbio5 <33
 University of Santo Tomas
College of Science
Department of Biological Sciences
Medical Biology

discharge water from ■ Teeth composed keratin

excurrent siphon ■ Vertebrae reduced or
○ Solitary absent in adults
○ Colonial ○ Class Chondricthyes
○ Compound ■ Cartilaginous sfishes
● Are sessile animals ● Sharks, skates and
■ Appendicularia rays
● Contains tiny, ● Placoid scales
pelagic creatures ● Heteroceral tails
shaped like a bent ● Fins
tadpole ● External gill slits
● Larvacea = ○ Class Sarcopterygii
resembles to the ■ lobed -fin fishes
larval stages of ● Slim, eel-like
other tunicates ● Powerful jaws
■ Thaliacea ● Paired pelvic
● Are barrel- or ○ Class Actinopterygii
lemon-shaped ■ Ray-finned fishes
pelagic forms with
● Dermal scales
transparent,
median and
gelatinous bodies
paired fins
that, despite the
● Homocercal tails
considerable size
● Operculum over
that some species
the fill chamber
reach, are nearly
● Terminal mouth
invisible in sunlit
● Bony skeleton
surface waters
● Swim bladder
● Vertebrata
○ Larger than protochordates,
more active
○ Modification of skeletal and
muscle structures
■ Musculoskeletal
structures
■ Speed and mobility
○ Structures specialized:
location, survival, digestion
○ Adaptation
○ Class Cyclostomata
■ Extant jawless fishes
■ No paired appendages
■ Presence of median fin
Jam Abad
1mbio5 <33
 University of Santo Tomas
College of Science
Department of Biological Sciences
Medical Biology

Protochordates
● Primitive chordates

Notochords
● Found either in early development or
through life
○ Hydrostatic organs
○ Rodlike, semirigid body of
fluid-filled cells
○ Enclosed in fibrous sheath that
extends the length of body
○ Usually found above the gut
and just below the dorsal
hollow nerve, cord, nervous
system
○ Stiffens the body
○ Provides skeletal scaffolding
for the attachment of
swimming muscles

Chordates and invertebrates

● Share many features with some
invertebrates
● Bilateral symmetry
● Anterioposterior axis
● Coelom
● Tube-within-a-tube body plan
● Metamerism
● Cephalization

Chordates as Deuterostomes
● Radial cleavage, anus from
blastopore
● Mouth from secondary opening
● Coelom from enterocoelous pouches
although many chordates may have
schizocoelous coeloms
Jam Abad
1mbio5 <33
 University of Santo Tomas
College of Science
Department of Biological Sciences
Medical Biology

● Chordates have fundamental unity of

organs and organ systems

Jam Abad
1mbio5 <33