HISTOLOGY B.

Parenchyma
Lesson 11: ACCESSORY GLANDS OF GIT 1. Duct System
a. Intralobular duct
SALIVARY GLANDS Intercalated duct Secretory/ Striated duct
● Glands which pour their secretions into oral cavity ● attached to the ● Lined by columnar epithelium
● Secretion is known as saliva secretory end piece ● Cells have vertical basal
● Normal appearance of saliva (without mucous): (meaning, to the acini) striations due to presence of
o Viscous, colorless liquid ● Lined by cuboidal parallel rows of “Filamentous
epithelium mitochondria”
Components of Saliva
 Water
 Mucoproteins
 Immunoglobulins
 Inorganic components
 Ptyalin (Amylase
 Desquamated squamous cells
 Salivary corpuscles from lymphoid nodules of tongue and tonsils

2 Categories of Salivary Glands

Minor Salivary Gland
- Found in mucosa and open directly into the surface of the
oral epithelium
Major Salivary Glands or Salivary Gland Proper
- Connected to the oral epithelium by a branching system of
ducts
b. Interlobular duct
3 Major Salivary Glands or Salivary Gland Proper ● Lined by columnar epithelium
a) Parotid c. Main duct/ Trunk
- Largest; paired glands ● Lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- Anatomical classification: Compound branched acinar gland 2. Secretory end pieces
b) Submaxillary/ submandibular ● The cells are arranged in alveoli or short tubules
- Paired; smaller than parotid ● Type of cells which compose the secretory end piece will
c) Sublingual -smallest depend on the type of salivary glands
● This may be serous, mucous, or mixed type
● For example, in submandibular gland, it is a mixed type but
the predominant is serous cells
● In sublingual, it is also mixed type but the predominant is
mucous cells
● In between the acinar cells and basement membrane is the
myoepithelial cells
CLASSIFICATION: o Myoepithelial cells
● Exocrine & Merocrine in function - slender, stellate-shaped
● Morphological Classification: Compound Tubulo-acinar glands - cytoplasm contains well-developed contractile
filaments
STRUCTURAL PLAN: - a.k.a. Basket Cells- helps the gland empty their
A. Stroma secretions
1. Capsule ● When the gland is predominantly serous, some of the
● made up of fibrous CT which encircles the gland terminal portions may be exclusively serous or the secretory
2. Septa portions may be partly lined by serous cells or partly by
● Divide the organ into lobes and lobules mucous cells
● Where blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and ducts will pass ● In general, the mucous cells are located near the ducts
through ● While serous cells are located at the end of the terminal
secretory portions
● If the gland is predominantly mucous, the serous cells are
displaced to the terminal portion where they form darkly
staining crescent, which surrounds the end of the tubules of
the mucous cells. This is known as Serous Demilunes or
Demilune of Giannuzzi
 You can see here the bile duct from the gallbladder (mudeliver sa
unahan), hepatic duct (pasulod), bile duct to gallbladder → cystic duct,
pancreatic duct, duodenum

Classification
● Both exocrine and endocrine glands
● Multicellular
Differences Between Salivary Gland Proper ● Merocrine
BASES PAROTID SUBMAXILLARY SUBLINGUAL ● Compound acinar
1.Capsule Present Present Not definite ● Serous gland
2. Secretory Purely Mixed, mainly Mixed, mainly
end piece Serous serous mucous STRUCTURE:
3. Long Short Absent A. Stroma
Intercalated 1. Capsule
duct ● Made up of thin layer of areolar CT that invest the organ
4. Secretory Long Longer Short but does not form a definite capsule
duct 2. Septa
5. Main duct Stensen’s Wharton’s duct Bartholin’s - ● Connective from the capsule which divides the organ into
duct major lobules
Rivinus- minor 3. Network of Reticular Fibers
● Cannot be seen because it cannot be stained in reticulum
Parotid gland ● It imbeds the acini
- Main gland which is affected by mumps

Pancreas
- 2nd largest gland associated with alimentary tract White area - Septa

B. Parenchyma

EXOCRINE PORTION:
● made up of compound acinar serous glandular epithelium

Parts
1. Duct System
● Intercalated/ Intralobular duct
o Found in acini/ acinus
Parts of the Pancreas: o Well- develop
1. Head o Lined by cuboidal or low columnar epithelium
2. Body o Its terminal portion telescopes or projects into the lumen
3. Tail of the acinus
o The cells lining this portion of the duct are referred to as
centroacinar cells (occupy the lumen of acinus)
 o Cross-section: The lumen of acinus appears to be clogged
up
● Interlobular duct
o Columnar epithelium
o Accompanied by a connective tissue
o Joins the major pancreatic ducts
o Duct of Wirsung - main duct of pancreas
o Duct of Santorini - accessory duct
o Striated or secretory duct is absent
2. Secretory end piece
● Composed of serous acini
● The cells show striking on differences in appearance, so it
depends on the stages of secretory activity

Functions of the Exocrine Portion

● Elaborates pancreatic juice which contains digestive enzymes:
o Proteses, Amylases, Lipases

ENDOCRINE PORTION:
● Constitutes the Islets of Langerhans
● Islets of Langerhans
o Compact mass of epithelial cells permitted by a network of
capillaries
o Paler in staining than the Acinar tissue
o Demarcated from the neighboring acinar tissue by a:
 Thin layer of Reticular fiber network
o More concentrated in the:
 Tail portion rather than the head and body of the pancreas
o Hormones secreted:

Principle Cell Types

1. Alpha Cells
● Secretes the hormone Glucagon
o Hyperglycemic hormone
o If there is decrease in blood glucose, there is stimulation of
secretion of glucagon (feedback mechanism)
2. Beta Cells
● Secretes the hormone Insulin
● Function:
o Increase glucose transport to other cells and tissues in the
body
o If there is decrease in insulin, this can cause Diabetes
mellitus
o Stimulated by the increase of blood glucose (feedback
mechanism)
● Predominant cells in the IOL
3. Delta Cells
● Secretes hormone Somatostatin
● Function:
o Inhibit growth hormone