L11: Accessory Glands of the

GIT
Lecturer: Ms. Ofelia Racaza
Lecture Links:
https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/850539dc-096b-43ec-91fe-44277dae4bd0

⭐ Summary
TOC
A. Salivary Glands
A1. 2 Categories of Salivary Glands
A2. 3 Major Salivary Glands ⭐
A3. Salivary Glands: Structure
A. Stroma ⭐
B. Parenchyma
C. Myoepithelial Cells
A4. Mixed Type of Salivary Glands
A6. Differences between the Salivary Gland Proper
B. Pancreas
B1. Parts/Divisions of the Pancreas
B2. Classifications ⭐
B3. Pancreas: Structure
A. Stroma ⭐
B. Parenchyma ⭐
1. Exocrine Portion
2. Endocrine Portion
C. Liver
C1. Generalities
C2. Blood Supply of the Liver
C3. Liver: Structure
A. Stroma ⭐
L11: Accessory Glands of the GIT 1
 b. Parenchyma ⭐
C4. Types of Hepatic Lobules
C5. Detailed Structures
Liver Cells or Hepatocytes
C6. Structures Associated with Liver Cells
1. Hepatic Sinusoids
2. Perisinusoidal Space (Space of Disse)
3. Bile Canaliculi
C7. Intrahepatic Blood Circulation
C8. Bile Flow
C9. Functions of the Liver
D. Gallbladder
D1. Gallbladder: Structure ⭐
D2. Rokitansky-Aschoff Sinuses
D3. Ducts of Luschka

A. Salivary Glands

Term for Secretion of Characteristics of

Description Components of Saliva
the Salivary Glands Saliva

Glands which pour Saliva Composition 1. Water 2.

their secretions* into normally without Mucoproteins 3.
the oral cavity mixture of any mucus Immunoglobulins 4.
Appearance Inorganic components
5. Ptyalin (Amylase) ◦

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 Term for Secretion of Characteristics of
Description Components of Saliva
the Salivary Glands Saliva
colorless, viscous a protein enzyme 6.
fluid Desquamated
squamous cells ◦
stratified squamous
cells 7. Salivary
corpuscles from
lymphoid nodules of
tongue and tonsils

🤗 Note for Practicals

Specimen: Palatine tonsils

Structure pointed: Salivary Corpuscles

A1. 2 Categories of Salivary Glands

Major Salivary Glands (Salivary Gland Proper) Minor Salivary Glands

Connected to the oral epithelium by a Connected to oral epithelium where they empty
branching system of ducts their secretions

Found in the oral mucosa (mucous

membrane)

Open directly into the surface of the oral

epithelium (the mouth)

A2. 3 Major Salivary Glands ⭐

Submaxillary
Parotid Gland Sublingual Gland
(Submandibular) Gland

Paired glands Paired glands

Size largest smaller than parotid smallest

Histological mucoserous glands (but mucoserous glands

purely serous glands
Classification mostly serous) (but mostly mucous)

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 Submaxillary
Parotid Gland Sublingual Gland
(Submandibular) Gland

Morphological Compound branched Compound branched Compound branched

Classification tubulo-acinar gland tubulo-acinar gland tubulo-acinar gland

Site of Secretion Exocrine Exocrine Exocrine

Mode of Secretion Merocrine Merocrine Merocrine

A3. Salivary Glands: Structure

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 A. Stroma ⭐
Capsule Septa

• Connective tissue from the capsule which

extends into the substance of the gland dividing
Made up of fibrous connective tissue which
the organ into lobes and lobules • Where the
encircles the gland
ff. will pass through: 1. blood vessels 2. nerves
3. lymphatics 4. ducts

B. Parenchyma

💭 REMEMBER:
Major salivary glands are connected to the oral epithelium with a branching
system of ducts.
Therefore, in the parenchyma, there are now duct systems and secretory
end pieces.

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 1. Duct System

Intralobular Duct Interlobular Duct Main Duct/Trunk

Has 2 types: 1.
Intercalated duct 2.
Secretory/Striated
Duct ⭐ attached to
the acinus

1. Intercalated Duct Simple Columnar

simple cuboidal epithelium • Has
Pseudostratified
epithelium 2. accompanying
Lining Epithelium Columnar Plain
Secretory / Striated connective tissue •
epithelium
duct simple columnar Located inside the
epithelium connective tissue

Both ducts attached

Location to the secretory end
pieces (acinus)

1. Intercalated Duct
The secretory end
pieces are the serous
glandular epithelium
2. Secretory /
Striated duct • Basal
⭐ Remember: The
connective tissue has
portion: has basal
Other features blood vessels, nerves,
vertical striations due
lymphatics and also
to parallel rows of
ducts
“filamentous
mitochondria” •
Nucleus: - basal -
located near the
lumen

2. Secretory End Pieces

Arrangement of Cells Type of Cells

lined or arranged in alveoli or short tubules will depend on the type of the salivary gland
(may be purely serous, purely mucous or mixed

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 Arrangement of Cells Type of Cells
type of gland)

C. Myoepithelial Cells
AKA Description Location Characteristics Function

Shape slender
and stellate-
In between the shaped
helps the gland
acinar cells and Cytoplasm
Basket Cells muscle-like cells empty their
their basement contains well-
secretions
membrane developed
contractile
filaments

A4. Mixed Type of Salivary Glands

General Location of Cells

Serous Cells Mucous Cells

near the end of the terminal secretory portion near the intercalated ducts

If Gland Is

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 Predominantly Serous Glands Predominantly Mucous Glands

serous cells are displaced to the

Terminal Portion exclusively serous terminal portion and form the serous
demilunes

partly lined by serous cells or by

Secretory Portion
mucous cells

📔 Serous Demilunes (Demilunes of Gianuzzi)

— darkly-stained crescents that surround/cap the ends of tubules of mucous
cells

Serous Demilunes
Serous Demilunes

A6. Differences between the Salivary Gland Proper

Parotid Submaxillary Sublingual

Capsule Present Present Not Definite

Cells of Secretory end Mixed (mainly Mixed (mainly

Purely serous
pieces serous) mucous)

Length of Intercalated
Long Short Absent
Duct

Length of Secretory Long Longer Short

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 Parotid Submaxillary Sublingual
Duct

Major duct Bartolin’s

duct
Main duct Stensen’s Duct Wharton’s Duct
Accessory/Minor
duct Rivinus

Vestibule of the Floor of mouth

Sides of the frenulum
Opening of the duct Mouth (opposite 2nd (adjacent to frenulum
of the tongue
molar tooth) of tongue)

Occurrence of mumps Possible

B. Pancreas
Description 2nd largest gland associated with the alimentary tract

🤗 RECALL:

Description Location Derived from the

- lies retroperitoneally at
level of 2nd & 3rd
lumbar vertebra -
Pinkish white organ endoderm
connected to the
duodenum segment of
the small intestine

B1. Parts/Divisions of the Pancreas

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 Head Body Tail

extends transversely across extends transversely across

part adherent to middle
the posterior wall of the the posterior wall of the
portion of the duodenum
abdomen to the spleen abdomen to the spleen

🤗 Duct System
Hepatic duct→ Common bile duct → Cystic duct → Pancreatic duct

B2. Classifications ⭐
Mode of Nature of Morphological
Site of Secretion Number of Cells
Secretion Secretion Classification

Both exocrine and Compound acinar

Merocrine Serous gland Multicellular
endocrine gland gland

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 B3. Pancreas: Structure
A. Stroma ⭐
Capsule Septa Network of Reticular Fibers

Has a fibrous septa that Has a network of supporting

Made up of thin layer of
divides that pancreas into reticular fibers or tissue which
areolar CT that invest the
lobules Made up of the embed the acini (cannot be seen
organ but does not form a
connective tissue of the since it is unstained with ordinary
definite capsule
capsule stain)

Pancreas
Pancreas (Capsule)

B. Parenchyma ⭐

L11: Accessory Glands of the GIT 11

 💡 Divided into Exocrine and Endocrine portion

Exocrine Endocrine

to duodenal surface to the blood stream

2 Types of Ducts 1. Principal Cell Types 1. glucagon 2.

Intercalated/Intralobular 2. Interlobular insulin 3. somatostatin

1. Exocrine Portion
Composed of
compound acinar serous
glandular epithelium
Cells Function ⭐
• show striking differences in
appearance — depending on
the various stages of
secretory activity • would Elaborates (produces)
form an acinar tissue Cells pancreatic juice which
surrounding lumen of contains digestive enzymes: 1.
Acinus vary depending in the Proteases 2. Amylases 3.
functional condition of organ Lipases
Functional Condition Small:
resting Distended: active
secretion

Parts of Exocrine Portion

• Similar to salivary glands •

Duct System But no striated secretory
ducts and main duct

1. Intercalated/Intralobular 2.
2 Types
Interlobular

Duct System

1. Intercalated duct (Intralobular)

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 AKA Structure Terminal Portion Lined by ⭐
• telescopes/extends/projects into
the lumen of the acinus and the
cells lining this portion of the duct are simple cuboidal
intralobular duct Well-developed called Centroacinar Cells (CAC) In or low columnar
cross section, the lumen of the acinus epithelium
appears to be clogged up because of
the CAC (only in pancreas)

Centroacinar cell
Intercalated/Intralobular duct

2. Interlobular duct

Location Accompanied by Joins the

Duct of Wirsung (major

Within serous glandular a connective tissue
pancreatic duct)

Interlobular duct
Main/Major Pancreatic duct

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 🤗 Accessory Duct of Pancreas: Duct of Santorini

2. Endocrine Portion
Composed of Features

• Paler in staining than the surrounding

acinar cells/tissue • Demarcated from the
compact mass of epithelial cells permitted by
neighboring acinar tissue by a thin layer of
a network of capillaries called “Islets of
Reticular Fiber Network • More concentrated
Langerhans”
in the tail portion rather than the head and
body of the pancreas

Islet of Langerhans
Refernce for Staining in Comparison to Exocrine
portion

Principal Cell Types

Alpha Cells Beta Cells Delta Cells

⭐ predominant cells in the

islet

Glucagon Insulin Somatostatin

Glucagon hyperglycemic Insulin increases glucose Somatostatin inhibits growth

hormone If there is decrease transport to other cells and hormone
in blood glucose, there is tissues in the body If there is

L11: Accessory Glands of the GIT 14

 Alpha Cells Beta Cells Delta Cells
stimulation of the secretion of decrease in insulin, this can
this hormone cause Diabetes Mellitus
Stimulated by the increase of
blood glucose

C. Liver

C1. Generalities
Most of its
Description Embryonic Origin Gross Division Posterior Surface
Surface

has the Porta

hepatis • a deep

⭐ Largest covered by
transverse
fissure • serves
gland and 2 lobes right peritoneum
endoderm as the hilus
visceral organ lobe and left lobe since it is in the
through which
in the body stomach/GIT
blood vessels
and hepatic
duct pass

Number of Ducts and Shape of

Secretory End Piece ⭐ Number of Cells ⭐ Site of Secretion ⭐
Both exocrine and endocrine
Compound acinar gland multicellular
in function

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 Exocrine Function ⭐ Endocrine Function ⭐
Synthesize/secrete substances that are
released directly into the bloodstream, since
Secretes bile through a system of bile duct
this is a ductless gland Substances include:
glucose, protein, glycoproteins, lipids

C2. Blood Supply of the Liver

Blood vessel Direction Function and Route

Receives blood from the

digestive tract and spleen
Portal vein Afferent
then drains/carries it to the
liver

Receives oxygenated blood

from the celiac artery of the
Hepatic artery Afferent
abdominal aorta then to the
liver

Drains blood from the Liver to

Hepatic vein Efferent the inferior vena cava of the
heart

💡 Blood supply in the liver is considered unique because it has afferent and
efferent blood supply

💭 Afferent - arrives
Efferent - exits

C3. Liver: Structure

A. Stroma ⭐

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 Glisson’s capsule (Stroma) Reticular Fiber Network

made up of thin but strong fibrous

connective tissue covering the surface of the supporting tissue of the liver parenchyma
gland

(1) encircles the gland and (2) extends into the

substance of the gland to the parenchyma,
dividing it into lobules or liver lobules

Portal Area/Portal canal/Kiernan’s space The

thickening of the Glisson’s capsule at the
angles of the liver lobules, comprises 1 portal
area Portal area consists of the: 1) lymphatic
vessels 2) portal triad (hepatic artery, portal
vein, bile duct)

1. Glisson’s Capsule (Stroma) 2. Parenchyma

Glisson’s capsule Sinusoids

Portal Area/Portal Canal

Central Vein

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 Hepatic/Liver Lobules
Portal Triad

b. Parenchyma ⭐
Composition Subdivided into Liver Cords

made up of hepatocytes that are arranged radially with

are arranged in cords or plates Subdivided into smaller units regards to the central vein
with hepatic sinusoids called liver lobules (terminal branches of the
(spaces) in between cords hepatic vein)

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 Liver Acinus

Classic Hepatic Lobule Portal Lobule

C4. Types of Hepatic Lobules

Liver Acinus or Rappaports
Classic Hepatic Lobule Portal Lobule
Lobule

Mass of liver parenchyma

Mass of liver cells or Mass of liver associated with the
parenchyma parenchyma terminal branches of the
Description
surrounding a central surrounding a portal portal area/canal (portal
vein canal triad) that run along the
sides of the hexagon

Central Axis of
Central vein Portal canal
the Lobule

Shape (Outline) Hexagonal Triangular Diamond

Arranged in cords or
plates with hepatic
sinusoids in between
Liver Cells cords 1 hepatic cord
with nucleus
(sometimes 1-4 nuclei
in number)

Others There is thickening of Bounded by an • From 1 portal area to

the Glisson’s capsule imaginary line another portal area
at the portal area (broken line), joining passing in the Glisson’s
central veins of 3 capsule • These branches
adjacent classical leave the portal canal to
hepatic lobule the central veins of 2

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 Liver Acinus or Rappaports
Classic Hepatic Lobule Portal Lobule
Lobule
adjacent classical hepatic
lobule

Portal Triad • found

in the portal area •
has 3 structures: 1.
Portal vein 2. Hepatic
artery 3. Bile duct

3 Structures of the Portal Triad

Portal vein Hepatic artery Bile duct

Largest among the three Smallest Smallest

acidophilic deeply basophilic

C5. Detailed Structures

Sides of Liver Cells/Hepatocytes

Side exposed to the Perisinusoidal Side in contact with Side exposed to the
Space (Space of Disse) Adjacent Liver Cells Lumen of Bile Canaliculi

the surface of the cell membrane facing

In cell to cell
the perisinusoidal space is provided with
attachment
microvilli

Shape Nucleus Cytoplasm

• large, round • size varies

from cell to cell (conforms to
the shape of the cell) •
Polygonal with 6 or more
vesicular with a few
surfaces
scattered chromatin clumps
• 1 - 4 in number with 1 or
more prominent nucleoli
Staining acidophilic BUT
staining reaction of cytoplasm
may vary depending on the
state of nutrition of the
individual

Liver Cells or Hepatocytes

L11: Accessory Glands of the GIT 20

 Staining of the Cytoplasm based on the Rough ER

In a well-nourished individual After a prolonged fast

Staining strongly basophilic mainly eosinophilic

the Rough ER are large and form these basophilic bodies (large RER)
Reason
aggregates are reduced in size and number

C6. Structures Associated with Liver Cells

1. Hepatic Sinusoids
Description Location Lined by

modified vascular/capillary 2 types of cells 1) Endothelial

between hepatic cords
channels cells 2) Von Kupffer cells

Endothelial Cells Von Kupffer cells

stellate shaped cells with large darker

flattened cells
staining nucleus

lining the sinusoids often bulges to the lumen of the sinusoids

Fixed macrophages in the liver that engulf

foreign bodies that invade

Hepatic Sinusoids
Hepatic Sinusoids Von Kupffer cells

2. Perisinusoidal Space (Space of Disse)

L11: Accessory Glands of the GIT 21

 Description Under L/M Function

Space into which the

Narrow space between the microvilli of liver cells project
endothelial cells and the liver cannot be identified surface of the cell membrane
cells facing the perisinusoidal space
is provided with microvilli

Perisinusoidal Space (Space of Disse)

3. Bile Canaliculi
Description Flow of Bile Canal of Herring

Bile from the canaliculi will

Minute canals that run drain into the Canal of ⭐ smallest bile duct found in
between liver cells Herring at the periphery of the periphery of the classical

💡
throughout the liver the classical hepatic lobule hepatic lobule (portal
parenchyma (portal area) Bile is area/canal) where it drains
synthesized by the liver cells

L11: Accessory Glands of the GIT 22

 Bile Canaliculi

C7. Intrahepatic Blood Circulation

⭐ Arteries in the digestive tract unite and flow into the capillaries stream to the
capillaries to the hepatic portal vein to the liver. From the liver the blood
drains to the hepatic vein to the inferior vena cava. Also the hepatic artery
from the abdominal aorta of the heart (w/ oxygenated blood) then to the liver.

C8. Bile Flow

L11: Accessory Glands of the GIT 23

 ⭐ Liver cells secrete bile → Bile canaliculi (system of bile ducts) → Drains into
the Canal of Herring (smallest bile duct found in the portal area) →
Interlobular duct (from the portal area) → Right and left hepatic duct →
Common bile duct → Cystic duct → Gallbladder

C9. Functions of the Liver

1. Exocrine 2. Endocrine 5. Site of Blood
3. Detoxifying 4. Blood filtering
function function storage

• Synthesis of
Glycogen and Conversion of:
Secretion of
Secretion of 1. Ammonia to
bile through a
Glucose • Urea 2. Bilirubin
system of bile
Secretion of: 1. to Conjugated
ducts
Blood Proteins Bilirubin
2. Lipoproteins

D. Gallbladder

L11: Accessory Glands of the GIT 24

 Description Location Divisions Functions

1. Storage 2.
lodged on the
Concentration, and 3.
posterior aspect
Hollow, pear-shaped • Fundus • Body • Release of bile which
(visceral) surface of
saccular organ Neck is secreted
the right lobe of the
continuously by the
liver
liver

‼️ DOES NOT synthesize bile

D1. Gallbladder: Structure ⭐

L11: Accessory Glands of the GIT 25

 Tunica Tunica Perimuscular Tunica
Tunica Mucosa
Submucosa Muscularis Coat Serosa/Adventitia

• Covers part of
Epithelium the organ •
Simple columnar Absent on the
with thin striate surface in contact
border with the liver
Basement Adventitia - layer
• Dense
Membrane Irregular network of tissue where
connective tissue
usually indistinct of smooth the gallbladder
• Contains: 1.
Lamina propria muscle fibers attaches to the
blood vessel 2.
- made up of ABSENT that are: 1. liver surface
nerves 3.
delicate, richly longitudinal 2. Serosa (visceral
lymphatics
vascular CT and transverse 3. peritoneum) -
supplying the
solitary lymph oblique covers
organ
nodule - glands unattached
are generally surface - consists
ABSENT of a layer of
Muscularis mesothelium and
Mucosae absent thin connective
tissue

Thrown into
frequent folds or

L11: Accessory Glands of the GIT 26

 Tunica Tunica Perimuscular Tunica
Tunica Mucosa
Submucosa Muscularis Coat Serosa/Adventitia
rugae Nucleus
Sometimes is
NOT in a single
layer because of
the frequent folds
or rugae

D2. Rokitansky-Aschoff Sinuses

Description Thought to

presage (indicate) pathologic

Deep diverticula of the

changes and develop as a ⭐ Bacteria may accumulate
result of: 1. hyperplasia in these sinuses, causing
mucosa, sometimes extend
(excessive growth of cells) and chronic inflammation that is
through the muscularis
2. herniation of epithelial a risk factor for the formation
externa (tunica muscularis)
cells through the tunica of gallstones
muscularis

L11: Accessory Glands of the GIT 27

 📔 Diverticula - an abnormal sac or pouch formed at a weak point in the wall of
the alimentary tract

Presage - indicate

Herniation - to protrude through an abnormal body opening

D3. Ducts of Luschka

AKA Description

are small ducts which

originate from the right ⭐ Injuries to these ducts are
hepatic lobe, course along the second most frequent
subvesical ducts
the gallbladder fossa, and cause of post
usually drain in the cholecystectomy bile leaks.
extrahepatic bile ducts

L11: Accessory Glands of the GIT 28

 💡 Additional information:

Ductus cysticus Ductus choledochus

Branch from the common bile duct into

The common bile duct
the gallbladder

L11: Accessory Glands of the GIT 29