The Durability of Cement-Treated Clay Granite Powder and Slag-Treated

Clay Granite Powder Composites Under Seawater Exposure

Joyce Nakayenga*¹, Nozomi Omaki¹ and Toshiro Hata*¹
¹ Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
*njoyce@hiroshima-u.ac.jp *thata@hiroshima-u.ac.jp 20-22 November 2023| Fukuoka, Japan

Summary
Soils treated with cement or steel slag are vulnerable to deterioration under seawater exposure due to the reaction of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 )
and C-S-H with sulphates and chlorides in seawater. Consequently, calcium is eluted while magnesium is absorbed which leads to loss of cementitious
products and hence strength. Granite powder, a waste products from stone quarries was used to remedy this situation in clays treated with cement or steel
slag. The durability of the clays was improved by granite powder through improved calcium retention and strength.

Introduction
Introduction
Background Objective
The durability of slag-treated clay and cement-treated clay mixed with Evaluate the durability of cement-treated clay-granite powder and slag-
granite powder under seawater exposure has not been established. treated clay-granite powder composites under seawater exposure.
❖ Application to the design of port structures
Previous Studies
1. Soils treated with slag or cement in the sea 2. Remedies to deterioration 3. Granite powder reacts with Ca(OH)2
(Hata et al, 2018 & Wang et al, 2022) (Nakayenga et al, 2022)
2.1 Bio-cementation (Hata et al, 2018)
MgCl2 , MgSO4 CaCl2 , CaSO4 CaCl2 , CaSO4 CaCO3 Ca(OH)2
CEMENT
+

Deterioration is
Clay + 2 + Al2O3
SiO
Ca(OH)2 due to: Bacteria Repaired
• Calcium Al2O3
C-S-H Mg(OH)2
2.2 Pozzolanic materials in concrete Granite C-S-H
C-S-H
elution
(RameshKumar et al 2020)
• Magnesium powder
absorption ✓ Reduced void & permeability Granite powder reacts with Ca(OH)2 to form C-S-H
• Slag treated clay is more durable than cement ❖ The same principle should be used in ❖ Ca(OH)2 reduction can help improve durability of
treated clay soils treated soils in seawater

Materials & Methods

1. Preparation of specimens 2. Seawater Exposure (28 & 63 days) 3. Analysis 4. Sample composition

Granite XRF on exposed

powder (GP) Binder Clay Curing samples
30℃

+ +
*Amorphous silica is from granite powder
cover collect
2 types 28 days
30% except the & change unconfined measuring
cement 8%
surface seawater every compressive Ca2+ and Mg2+
slag 30%
14 days strength tests in collected seawater

Results & Discussion

1. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) 2. Stress –strain curves
■ Case 1 (Cement) ● Case 2 (Cement + GP) ― 0 days ― 28 days ― 63 days
■ Case 3 (Slag) ● Case 4 (Slag + GP)
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
UCS, qu (kPa)

Case 1 (cement) Case 2 (cement + GP) Case 3 (slag) Case 4 (slag + GP)
UCS, qu (kPa)

750 750 750 750 750

500 500 500 500 500

250 250 250 250 250

0 0 0 0 0
0 28 56 84 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
exposure time (days) strain, ε (%)
• Granite powder (GP) improves the strength of clays • Addition of granite powder reduces brittleness of samples
• UCS of Slag + GP = UCS of Cement • Reduced brittleness implies lower intrusion of seawater as crystals formed with seawater are brittle

3. Change in Ca composition of samples 4. Ca2+ elution / Mg2+ absorption Conclusion

40 (＋: Ca2+ elution, ー: Mg2+ absorption) ❑ Waste granite powder can be used to improve
100
the Ca2+ retention and strength of steel slag
cumulative Ca2+ elution/
Mg2+ absorption (mg/g)

30
treated and cement-treated clays.
change in Ca2+(%)

20 50 ❑ However, the 6% loss in UCS and in Ca2+ for

10 the cement-treated clay-stone powder at 63
0 days necessitates further studies on the long-
0
term durability of these materials.
-10
-20 -50 References
-30 • T. Hata, D. Suetsugu, and K. Kasama, “A biomediated deterioration
mitigation method for cement-treated soil,” Environ. Geotech., pp. 1–
-40 -100 10, 2018, doi: 10.1680/jenge.18.00011.
0 28 56 84 0 28 56 84 • G. Wang et al., “Experimental Study on Durability Degradation of
exposure duration (days) Geopolymer-Stabilized Soil under Sulfate Erosion,” Materials
Exposure duration (Basel)., vol. 15, no. 15, p. 5114, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ma15155114.
■ Case 1 (Cement) ● Case 2 (Cement + GP)
• Granite powder (GP) promoted self healing in • G. B. RameshKumar and V. R. Mohamed Muzammil, “Fly ash in
■ Case 3 (Slag) ● Case 4 (Slag + GP) concrete using sea water - A review,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 22, pp.
cement-treated clay by increasing the Ca2+ at 890–893, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.097.
63 days. • J. Nakayenga, M. Inui, and T. Hata, “Study on the Effect of
• Reduction of Ca2+ increases hydration space for • Granite powder (GP) reduces the Ca 2+ elution
Amorphous Silica from Waste Granite Powder on the Strength
cement creating Ca(OH)2 that reacts with GP to explaining the increased UCS Development of Cement-Treated Clay for Soft Ground Improvement,”
2+
form C-S-H increasing Ca retained the sample • Mg 2+ absorption was not influenced Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 7, p. 4073, Mar. 2022, doi:
10.3390/su14074073.