LK SINGHANIA PUBLIC SCHOOL

Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi

All India Senior Secondary Certificate Examination.
(2023-24)

BIOLOGY PROJECT

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MR. AMIT MASSEY ANAND GOPAL

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 CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT ANAND GOPAL OF CLASS XII

KALAM HAS COMPLETED THE BIOLOGY PROJECT TITLED
" Molecular Basis of Inheritance" IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF CURRICULUM OF CENTRAL BOARD OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION(CBSE). UNDER THE GUIDANCE
AND SUPERVISION OF OUR BIOLOGY TEACHER MR. AMIT
MASSEY.

Internal Examiner: External examiner: Principal:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere

thanks to the principal Mrs. Nidhi Sharma
Ma’am for her encouragement and for all the
facilities that she provided for the project work.

I sincerely appreciate the magnanimity by

taking me into her fault for which I shall remain
indebted to her. I extend my heartly thanks to
Mr. Amit Massey Sir, who guided me to the
successful completion of this project.

I take the opportunity to express my deep sense

of gratitude for his invaluable guidance, content
encouragement, immense motivation which has
sustained my effort to all the stages of this
project work.

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  Table of contents:

 Introduction
 DNA
 RNA
 Genetic code
 Human genome project

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  Introduction to DNA

D NA is self-replicating material that’s in

every living organism. In simplest terms,
it is a carrier of all genetic information. It
contains the instructions needed for organisms to
develop, grow, survive, and reproduce. It’s one
long molecule that contains our genetic “code,” or
recipe. This recipe is the starting point for our
development, but DNA’s interaction with outside
influences such as our lifestyle, environment, and
nutrition ultimately form the human being.

While most DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell, a

small amount can also be found in the
mitochondria, which generates energy so cells can
function properly. Perhaps the most fascinating
part of the process is the fact that nearly every
cell in your body has the same DNA.

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1. Introduction to DNA:
- Provide a brief overview of DNA,
emphasizing its role as the genetic material
that carries instructions for life.
- Discuss the historical context and key
scientists involved in the discovery of DNA's
significance.

2. Structure of DNA:

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 - Explain the double helix structure of DNA,
highlighting the arrangement of nucleotides
and the bonding between them.
- Describe the components of a nucleotide,
including the sugar-phosphate backbone and
the nitrogenous bases.
- Discuss the complementary base pairing
rule (A with T, C with G) and how it maintains
the integrity of the DNA molecule.

3. DNA Replication:
- Explain the process of DNA replication,
which occurs during cell division (such as
mitosis or meiosis).
- Describe the roles of key enzymes
involved, such as helicase, which unwinds the
DNA strands, and DNA polymerase, which
synthesizes new DNA strands.
- Discuss the significance of semi-
conservative replication, where each newly

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formed DNA molecule consists of one original
strand and one newly synthesized strand.

4. DNA Transcription:
- Introduce the process of transcription,
which involves the synthesis of RNA from a
DNA template.
- Explain the role of RNA polymerase in
binding to the DNA template and creating an
RNA molecule.
- Discuss the concept of a promoter region,
which determines the start site for
transcription.

5. DNA Translation:
- Describe the process of translation, where
the information in mRNA is used to synthesize
proteins.
- Explain the genetic code, which relates
codons (sequences of three nucleotides) to
specific amino acids.

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 - Discuss the role of ribosomes, tRNA
molecules, and amino acids in the synthesis of
proteins.

6. DNA Mutations:
- Define mutations as changes in the DNA
sequence and describe the different types of
mutations, such as point mutations,
insertions, and deletions.
- Discuss various causes of mutations,
including exposure to chemicals, radiation,
and errors during DNA replication.
- Explain the impact of mutations on DNA
sequences and how they can lead to genetic
diversity or diseases.

7. Applications of DNA:
- Discuss the application of DNA profiling
and forensic science in criminal investigations
and paternity testing.

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 - Explain DNA sequencing techniques and
their role in genomics, personalized medicine,
and understanding genetic diseases.
- Highlight the use of DNA technology in
genetic engineering and biotechnology, such
as genetically modified organisms and gene
therapy.

8. Ethical and Social Implications:

- Address ethical considerations related to
DNA technology, including privacy concerns
associated with DNA profiling and genetic
information.
- Discuss the potential for genetic
discrimination based on individuals' genetic
makeup.
- Explore the ethical implications of genetic
engineering, including the benefits and risks
associated with altering DNA.

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Remember to expand on these descriptions
and provide examples, illustrations, and real-
world applications to make your project more
engaging and comprehensive.

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