ANALYTE METHOD OF PRINCIPLE END RESULT/SUBSTANCE CONVERSION

DETERMINATION FACTOR
GLUCOSE OXIDATION REACTION ALKALINE COPPER REDUCTION METHODS
METHODS
1. FOLIN WU METHOD PHOSPHOMOLYBDIC ACID OR
CUPROUS IONS + PHOSPHOMOLYBDATE PHOSPHOMOLYBDENUM BLUE
 PHOSPHOMOLYBDIC ACID OR
PHOSPHOMOLYBDENUM BLUE
2. NELSON SOMOGYI METHOD ARSENOMOLYBDIC ACID OR
CUPROUS IONS + ARSENOMOLYBDATE ARSENOMOLYBDENUM BLUE
 ARSENOMOLYBDIC ACID OR
ARSENOMOLYBDENUM BLUE
3. NEOCUPRINE METHOD CUPROUS NEOCUPROINE COMPLEX
CUPROUS IONS + NEOCUPRINE 
CUPROUS NEOCUPROINE COMPLEX
4. BENEDICT’S METHOD
CUPRIC IONS + ALDEHYDE 
CARBOXYLIC ACID + CUPROUS OXIDE
ALKALINE FERRIC REDUCTION METHOD
HAGEDORN JENSEN (INVERSE COLORLESS
COLORIMETRY)
CONDENSATION ORTHO TOLUIDINE (DUBOWSKI METHOD)
METHOD GLUCOSE + AROMATIC AMINES 
GLYCOSAMINE + SHIFF’S BASE
GLUCOSE OXIDASE COLORIMETRIC GLUCOSE OXIDASE
METHOD METHOD (TRINDER)
GLUCOSE + O2  GLUCONIC ACID + H2O2
H2O2 + CHROMOGENIC SUBSTANCES 
OXIDIZED CHROMOGENIC SUBSTANCES +
H2O
POLAROGRAPHIC GLUCOSE OXIDASE
GLUCOSE + O2  GLUCONIC ACID
H2O2 + C2H5OH  CH3CHO +2H2O
H2O2 + 2H + 2I  I2 _2H2O
 HEXOKINASE GLUCOSE = ATP  GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE
METHOD +ADP
GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE + NADP  6-
PHOSPHOGLUCONOLACTONE + NADPH
GLUCOSE ALPHA-D-GLUCOSE + (MUTAROTASE) 
DEHYDROGENASE BETA-D-GLUCOSE
BETA-D-GLUCOSE + NAD  D-
GLUCONOLACTONE + NADH
CHROMOGEN (MTT) + NADH  REDUCED
CHROMOGEN (MTT COLORED BLUE) + NAD
DEXTROSTICS
GLYCOSYLATED
HEMOGLOBIN
(HbA1C)
FRUCTOSAMINE
TOTAL
CHOLESTEROL

TRIGLYCERIDE NON-ENZYMATIC i. Triglyceride-Alcohol KOH  Glycerol +

S METHOD - CHEMICAL Fatty Acid
ii. Glycerol + Periodic acid  Formaldehyde Formaldehyde
a.Van Handel and iii. Formaldehyde + Chromotropic  Blue Blue Solution
Zilversmith Solution
(Colorimetric
Method)
b. Hantzch iv. Formaldehyde + Diacetyl acetone + Yellow Solution
Condensation NH3/Ammonia  Yellow solution
(Fluorometric
Method)
Modified Van Handel Chloroform Extraction  extracted with Pink Solution
and Zilversmith silicic acid
MOREEEE HERE
CONTINUEEE
HDL
BLOOD UREA CHEMICAL METHODS
NITROGEN
Phosphotungstic acid Na2CO3/OH-
Uric acid + H3PW12O40 +O2  tungsten
blue + CO2
ENZYMATIC METHODS
Similar first step Uricase
Uric acid + O2 + 2H2O  allantoin + CO2 +
H2O2
Spectrophotometric Decrease in absorbance at 293nm
measured
Coupled enzymatic (I) Catalase
CH3OH + H2O2 H2CO + 2H2O
CH2O + 2 C5H8O2 + NH3  colored
compound + 3 H2O
Coupled enzymatic (II) Peroxidase
H2o2 + indicator dye  colored
compound + 2 H2O
OTHER METHODS
Isotope dilution mass Detection of characteristics fragments
spectrometry (IDMS) following ionization; quantification using
isotropically labeled compound

CREATININE

BLOOD URIC
ACID

TOTAL Kjeldahl Digestion of protein; measurement of

PROTEIN nitrogen content
Refractometry Measurement of refractive index due to
solutes in serum
Biuret Formation of violet-colored chelate
 between Cu2+ ions and peptide bonds
Dye binding Protein binds to dye and causes a spectral
shift in the absorbance maximum of the
dye

ALBUMIN Salt precipitation Globulins are precipitated in high salt

concentrations; albumin in supernatant in
quantitated by biuret reaction
DYE BINDING
Methyl Orange Albumin binds to dye; causes shift in
absorption maximum
HABA (2,4’- Albumin binds to dye; causes shift in
hydroxyazobenzene- absorption maximum
benzoic acid)
BCG (bromcresol Albumin binds to dye; causes shift in
green) absorption maximum
BCP (bromcresol Albumin binds to dye; causes shift in
purple) absorption maximum
Electrophoresis Problem separated based on electric charge

BILIRUBIN
(TOTAL,
DIRECT, AND
INDIRECT)