NOTE: Students are required to fill in the

followings clearly before submission.

Lecturers’ Name:
Ms. Kavita Chirara / Asst. Prof. Yap Wai
Sum
………………………………………………
Subject code & name:
MF008 / FAS1014 – General Chemistry 1
………………………………………………
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE

Practical 2B (Group A8)

Title : Redox reactions involving halogens and metals
Due Date : 18 October 2021

STUDENTS DECLARATION OF WORK

We declare that the work submitted is our own. We confirm that We have read and understood the
University regulations with regard to Plagiarism, Collusion and Cheating in this work will be penalized.

No. Student ID Group Members Email Signature

1 1002162776 Clement Chia Qi Le (Leader) 1002162776@ucsiuniversity.edu.my
2 1002162833 Khoo Yuan 1002162833@ucsiuniversity.edu.my
3 1002163122 Wan Hoe Lam 1002163122@ucsiuniversity.edu.my
4 1002163391 Thiang Zhang Tim 1002163391@ucsiuniversity.edu.my

LECTURER’S ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

Criteria / Marking Rubric: (√) Applicable Wtg. Mark Percentage
Title Page (Cover page) √ - Gained:
1.0 Introduction / Background √ 15%
2.0 Objectives / Problem statements √ 5%
3.0 Experimental / Methodology √ 10%
4.0 Results √ 30%
5.0 Discussion of Results √ 25% 100%
6.0 Conclusion √ 10%
7.0 References √ 5%

Lecturer’s or Tutor’s Remarks/Comments (if applicable):

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 PRACTICAL 2B

MAKE A SALT AND CALCULATE THE PERCENTAGE YIELD OF COPPER (II) SULFATE

Introduction
The reactivity series of metals is a series of metals that are arranged in the descending order based on their
reactivity. The metal at the top of the reactivity series will be the most reactive metal while the metal at the
bottom of the series will be the least reactive metal. A redox reaction is a chemical reaction where an
oxidation reaction and a reduction reaction occur simultaneously. An element in the reaction undergoes
oxidation when it losses electron and increase in oxidation number. On the other hand, reduction happens on
the other element where it gains electron and decrease in oxidation number.
Elements in the 17th column on the periodic table are known as group 17 elements which is also called as
halogens. Halogens exists as diatomic molecules in their elemental state, examples of halogens are Fluorine,
Chlorine and Bromine. Going down group 17 the atomic radius of the halogens increases which produce a
stronger van der Waals force that increases the boiling and melting point of the element. So, the reactivity,
ionization energy and electronegativity decreases down the group. The state of matter of halogens turn from
gas to liquid and then to solid in room temperature when going down the group. The appearance of halogens
gradually darker and darker down the group. (Anon, 2020)
The purpose of conducting this experiment today is to observe and study three types of redox reaction
which are metal and dilute acid reaction, metal-metal ion displacement reaction and halogen displacement
reaction. We want to know what properties that will affect these reactions regarding the reactivity series of
metals and the group 17 elements, halogens.

Objective
To investigate three redox reactions:
(a) Between a metal and dilute acid
(b) Metal-metal ion displacement reaction
(c) Halogen displacement reaction

Reagents & Apparatus

Test tubes, 5 stripes of each of the following metals: copper, lead, magnesium and zinc, 10.0mL 2.0M
hydrochloric acid in labeled test tube, 1M solutions of the following salt solutions: Copper (II) nitrate,
Lead (II) nitrate, Magnesium nitrate and Zinc nitrate, Potassium bromide, Potassium chloride and Potassium
iodide, Chlorine water, Bromine solution and Iodine solution, Hexane solution, Bunsen burner

Procedure

A. Metal – Acid reaction

Four test tubes were arranged on a test tube stand and labelled accordingly.

2.0mL of dilute HCl acid were added into each test tube.

A piece of copper metal was placed into the first test tube, a lead metal placed into the second
test tube, zinc strip was placed into the third test tube and a magnesium ribbon was placed into
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the fourth test tube. Revised: Aug 2021
 The reactivity of the metals were compared with each other and the observations were recorded.

B. Metal – Metal ion reaction

A zinc strip was placed into 4 different test tubes.

1M MgNO3 solution was added into the first test tube, 1M Pb(NO3)2 solution was added into
the second test tube, 1M Cu(NO3)2 solution was added into the third test tube and 1M Zn(NO3)2
is added into the fourth test tube

The first two steps were also repeated for magnesium, lead and copper metals, all observations
were recorded.

C. Halogen displacement reaction

2.0mL of chlorine water was added into 2.0mL KBr solution in a test tube and stirred.

Any changes were observed.

1.0mL of hexane (C6H14) was added to the same test tube and stirred, the hexane layer was then
allowed to settle down and the color of this layer was recorded.

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 All previous steps were repeated for the following reactions:
Cl2 + KI ; Cl2 + KCl ; Br2 + KCl ; Br2 + KBr ; Br2+ KI ; I2 + KCl ; I2 + KBr ; I2 + KI

Results
A. Metal – Acid reaction

Metal used Reaction with dilute HCl (aq)

Copper No reaction

Lead No reaction

Zinc Colorless gas is produced

Magnesium Colorless gas is produced

B. Metal- Metal ion reaction

Solution Magnesium nitrate Zinc nitrate Lead (II) nitrate Copper (II) nitrate
Metal (aq) (aq) (aq) (aq)
Mg X   
Zn X X  
Pb X X X 
Cu X X X X

C. Halogen Displacement Reaction

Reaction Observation before adding hexane Color of the hexane layer
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 Cl2 + KCl Colorless solution Colorless
Cl2 + KBr Pale yellow color solution Yellowish brown
Cl2 + KI Pale yellow color solution Purple
Br2 + KCl Reddish brown color solution Yellowish brown
Br2 + KBr Reddish brown color solution Yellowish brown
Br2 + KI Reddish brown color solution Purple
I2 + KBr Purple color solution Purple
I2 + KCl Purple color solution Purple
I2 + KI Purple color solution Purple

From left to right

Cl2 + KI
Cl2 + KBr
Cl2 + KCl

From left to right

Br2 + KI
Br2 + KBr
Br2 + KCl

From left to right

I2 + KI
I2 + KBr
I2 + KCl

Discussion
1. Write a balanced ionic equation for the reactions that took place in the:
Metal – Acid reaction
- Zn (s) + 2H+ (aq) → Zn2+(aq) + H2 (g)
- Mg (s) + 2H+ (aq) → Mg2+ (aq) + H2 (g)

Metal – Metal ion reaction

- Mg (s) + Zn2+ (aq) → Mg2+ (aq) + Zn (s)
- Mg (s) + Pb2+ (aq) → Mg2+ (aq) + Pb (s)
- Mg (s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Mg2+ (aq) + Cu (s)
- Zn (s) + Pb2+ (aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Pb (s)
- Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu (s)
- Pb (s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Pb2+ (aq) + Cu (s)

Halogen Displacement reaction

- Cl2 (aq) + 2Br – (aq) → 2Cl– (aq) + Br2 (aq)
- Cl2 (aq) + 2I– (aq) → 2Cl– (aq) + I2 (aq)
- Br2 (aq) + 2I– (aq) → 2Br– (aq) + I2 (aq)
2. Which metal did not react with HCl (aq)? Give an explanation for this.

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 - Lead and copper metal did not react with HCl (aq), this is because based on the electrochemical
series, lead and copper metal are less reactive than hydrogen, therefore they are unable to displace
hydrogen ion from HCl (aq).

3. Which metal is the most electropositive?

Potassium

Conclusion
To conclude the experiments that were carried out, we get to know that magnesium that is placed at the
highest in the reactivity series of metals among the other metals that are used in the experiment and it reacts
the fastest with dilute acid. In the metal-metal ion displacement reaction magnesium ion tend to replace all
the metal ions below it in the reactivity series of metals as for other metal ions they manage to replace the
metal ions that are below them in the reactivity series but they can’t replace the metal ions above them in the
reactivity series. As for copper ion it is replaced by all the metal ions in the experiment because it is placed
the lowest in the reactivity series among other metal ions. We also concluded that in the halogen group the
halogen ions that are placed on the top are able to displace the halogen ions below them. For example
Chlorine ion is able to displace bromide and iodide ions because it is placed above both of the ions in the
halogen group. These conclusions have contributed on our understanding of a more electropositive metal ion
is capable of displacing a lesser electropositive metal ion because a more electropositive metal ion can easily
be oxidized by releasing a electron where a lesser electropositive metal ion are likely to be reduced because
of the low tendency to release electrons. While going down the reactivity series of metals we also learned
that the reactivity of the metal ions also decreases because the rate of reaction of magnesium, zinc, lead,
copper with dilute acid decreases from magnesium to copper. Lastly, we have come to understand that
halogens that are placed higher in group 17 are better oxidizing agents where they are easily reduced and to
displace other halogen ions to oxidize them.

References
Anon, 2020. General Properties of Halogens. [Online] Available at:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorg
anic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/
Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/0Group_17%3A_Physical_Properties_of_the_Halogens/
Group_17%3A_General_Properties_of_Halogens [Accessed 17th October 2021]

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