the science that deals with the earth's physical structure and substance,

its history, and the processes that act on it.

The word geology means 'Study of the Earth'. Also known as geoscience
or earth science, Geology is the primary Earth science and looks at how
the earth formed, its structure and composition, and the types of
processes acting on it.

This includes volcanoes, earthquakes, rocks, mountains and the oceans;

just about any feature of the earth. Historical geology is the study of the
history of the earth

Igneous rocks (from the Latin word for fire) form when hot, molten rock
crystallizes and solidifies. The melt originates deep within the Earth near
active plate boundaries or hot spots, then rises toward the surface.
felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic.

Common sedimentary rocks include sandstone, limestone, and shale.

These rocks often start as sediments carried in rivers and deposited in
lakes and oceans. When buried, the sediments lose water and become
cemented to form rock

Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are subjected to high heat, high
pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids or, more commonly, some combination
of these factors. Conditions like these are found deep within the Earth
or where tectonic plates meet

metamorphic rock, any of a class of rocks that result from the alteration
of preexisting rocks in response to changing environmental conditions,
such as variations in temperature, pressure, and mechanical stress, and
the addition or subtraction of chemical components.

Alfred Wagener – continental drift theory

he idea that Earth's continents move.