CERFTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “XXXXXX” submitted by <Name of the
candidate(s)> in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Robotics Engineering is a bona fide record of project work carried out by him/her under
my/our supervision. The contents of this report, in full or in parts, have not been submitted to
any other Institution or University for the award of any degree or diploma.

Dr Pramod Kumar
Head of Department
Mechanical Engineering
Vivekanada Global University, Jaipur (Raj.)

Counter Signed by

Guide:
Dr XXXXXXXX

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to “Name of Guide”, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, for his valuable guidance, motivation,
encouragement with extensive knowledge and support given to me during this project. I am
very much grateful to him for discussions, which helped greatly to clarify my thoughts.
I would also like to thank Mr. Satendra Singh, Assistant Professors & Project Coordinators and
Dr. Pramod Kumar, Head of Department, Mechanical Engineering, who helped me to complete
my project by giving many valuable suggestions.
It has been a nice experience to learn and study in close proximity of all faculty members who
directly or indirectly supported me throughout my B.Tech program.
I heartily thank my all colleagues and also staff of Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur(Raj.)
who directly or indirectly helped me during my project.

Date: - 24/11/2022 “Name of Student”

Place: - Jaipur Roll No.: ……………………..
B.Tech. Mech./ Robo.Engineering

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERFTIFICATE i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
TABLE OF CONTENT iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES ix
NOMENCLATURE x
ABBREVIATIONS xi
ABSTRACT 1
1. Introduction 2
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 History 2
1.3 Need of biodiesel 4
1.4 Advantages of the use of biodiesel 4
1.5 Disadvantages of the use of biodiesel 4
1.6 Cottonseed biodiesel 5
1.7 Production of biodiesel 5
1.7.1 Raw materials for biodiesel production 6
1.7.2 Pyrolysis (thermal cracking) 6
1.7.3 Micro emulsification 6
1.7.4 Dilution 7
1.7.5 Transesterification 7
1.8 Properties of biodiesel 8
1.9 Organization of thesis 10
2. Literature Review 11
2.1 Literature review 11
2.2 Research gap and motivation 20
2.3 Objective 21

iii
3. Material and Method 22
3.1 Raw Materials 22
3.2 Production of Biodiesel 22
3.3 Test Fuel 24
3.4 Properties of test fuel
24
3.5 Formulae used 24
3.6 Test Engine and Experimental Setup 25
3.6.1Test Engine 25
3.6.2 Air Flow Measurement 29
3.6.3 Fuel Measurement 29
3.6.4 Temperature Measurement 29
3.6.5 Dynamometer 30
3.6.6 Variation of Compression Ratio changing Set up 30
3.6.7 Variation of Compression Ratio changing setup 31
3.7 Procedure for taking observations 32
4. Results and Discussions 33
4.1 Introduction 33
4.2 Result & Discussion: 33
4.2.1 Brake Thermal Efficiency 34
4.2.2 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption 38
4.2.3 Comparison of Brake Power 44
4.2.4 Exhaust Gas Temperature 48
5. Conclusion 53
6. Future scope of the work 55
7. References 56
8. List of Publications 63

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Transesterification Reaction 7

Figure 3.1 Flow chart of Transesterification process 22
Figure 3.2 Cottonseed oil with methanol & KOH 23
Figure 3.3 Mixing & heating of oil mixture 23
Figure 3.4 Stirring on controlled temperature 23
Figure 3.5 Glycerin deposited in the bottom 23
Figure 3.6 Schematic Layout of Experimental Setup 26
Figure 3.7 Overall view of experimental setup 28
Figure 3.8 Overall View of Control panel attach with experimental setup 29
Figure 3.9 Overall View fuel supply controls. 30
Figure 3.10 Eddy current dynamometer 31
Figure 3.11 Compression ratio adjusting head of VCR engine 31
Figure 4.1 Brake Thermal Efficiency vs. Load at C.R. = 14 34
Figure 4.2 Brake Thermal Efficiency vs. Load for C.R. = 15 35
Figure 4.3 Brake Thermal Efficiency vs. Load for C.R. = 16 36
Figure 4.4 Brake Thermal Efficiency vs. Load for C.R. = 17 36
Figure 4.5 Brake Thermal Efficiency vs. Load for C.R. = 18 37
Figure 4.6 Maximum Brake Thermal Efficiency vs. C.R 38
Figure.4.7 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs. Load at C.R. = 14 39
Figure.4.8 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs. Load at C.R. = 15 40
Figure.4.9 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs. Load at C.R. = 16 40
Figure.4.10 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs. Load at C.R. = 17 41
Figure.4.11 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs. Load at C.R. = 18 42
Figure 4.12 Minimum Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs. C.R 43
Figure.4.13 Brake Power vs. Load at C.R. = 14 44
Figure.4.14 Brake Power vs. Load at C.R. = 15 45

v
Figure.4.15 Brake Power vs. Load at C.R. = 16 46
Figure.4.16 Brake Power vs. Load at C.R. = 17 46
Figure.4.17 Brake Power vs. Load at C.R. = 18 47
Figure 4.18 Maximum Brake Power vs. C.R 48
Figure.4.19 Exhaust Gas Temperature vs. Load at C.R. = 14 49
Figure.4.20 Exhaust Gas Temperature vs. Load at C.R. = 15 50
Figure.4.21 Exhaust Gas Temperature vs. Load at C.R. = 16 50
Figure.4.22 Exhaust Gas Temperature vs. Load at C.R. = 17 51
Figure.4.23 Exhaust Gas Temperature vs. Load at C.R. = 18 52

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Various properties of cottonseed oil 5

Table 2.1 Literature review 17
Table 3.1 Properties of test fuel 24
Table 3.2 Detailed technical specifications of the engine 27
Table 4.1 Notation for different blends of biodiesel and diesel 31

vii
 NOMENCLATURE

°F Degree Farhenhit
°C Degree Centigrade
% Percentage
m Metre
l Litre
η bth Break Thermal Efficiency
v/v Volume by Volume
kW Kilo Watt
kJ Kilo Joule
kg Kilogram
wt Weight
mm Milimeter
AC Alternate Current
hp Horse Power
hrs Hours
BCM Billion Cubic Meters
cSt Centi Stoke
kWh Kilo Watt Hours
s Second
rpm Revolution per Minute

ix
 ABBREVIATIONS

CSME Cotton Seed Methyl Ester

VCR Variable Compression Ratio
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
CN Cetane number
D Diesel
B10 Blend with 10% biodiesel and 90% diesel
B15 Blend with 15% biodiesel and 85% diesel
B20 Blend with 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel
B25 Blend with 25% biodiesel and 75% diesel
I.C. Engine Internal Combustion Engine
C.I. Engine Compression Ignition Engine
D.I. Engine Direct Injection Engine
BP Brake Power
BTE Brake Thermal Efficiency
BSFC Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
EGT Exhaust Gas Temperature