CONTENT

Sr.No. Name of Content Page No.

Certificate
Acknowledgement I
Content II
List of Figures V
List of Tables VI
Abstract Vii
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1. Biodiesel 1
1.2. Need of biodiesel 2
1.3.Safflower Plant 3
1.3.1. Fatty Acids Found in Safflower oil 5
1.3.2.Safflower seeds 5
1.3.3. Safflower Flower 6
1.3.4. Worldwide Production of safflower oil 6
1.4Different methods for the production of biodiesel 7
1.4.1. Direct Blending 7
1.4.2. Transesterification 8
1.4.3.Pyrolysis (cracking) 9
1.5.Advantages of Biodiesel over Petro diesel 10
1.6.History regarding biodiesel and its present need 10
1.7 .Technical Aspects 11
1.8. Properties of Biodiesel 12
1.8.1. Viscosity of Biodiesel 12
1.8.2. Flash Point and Fire Point 13
1.8.3. Calorific Value or Gross Heat of Combustion 13

1.8.4. Free Fatty Acid Content (FFA Content) 13

1.9. Benefits of Biodiesel 13
1.9.1. Environmental Benefits 13

1.9.2. Energy Security Benefits 14

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1.10. Problem statement 14

Chapter 2. 2.1.Literature Survey 15

2.2 Objective 24

Chapter 3. Materials and Methodology 25

3.1. Materials 25

3.2. Preparation of Biodiesel 25

3.2.1. Stages for preparation of biodiesel 26

3.3. Measurement of Viscosity 29

3.3.1 Scope of Redwood viscometer 30

3.3.2. Preparation of Apparatus 31

3.3.3. Procedure 31

3.4 .Measurement of Free Fatty acid concentration 32

3.5. Measurement of Flash point and Fire point 32

3.5.1. Outline of Method 33

3.5.2. Preparation of sample 33

3.5.3. Procedure 33

3.6. Measurement of calorific value 34

3.7. Engine test Procedure 37

3.7.1. Specifications of the engine 38

3.7.2. Eddy Current Dynamometer 39

3.7.3. Control Panel 40

3.7.4. Installation requirements for the Machine 40

3.7.5. Precautions 41

41
3.7.6. Experimentation Methodology

3.7.7. Experimentation Procedure 41

43
3.8 .Measurement of parameters of engine performance

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3.8.1 Brake mean effective pressure 43

3.8.2 Brake specific fuel consumption 44

3.8.3 Brake thermal efficiency 44

3.8.4 .Exhaust gas temperature 44

Chapter 4. Results And Discussion 45

4.1 Results 45
4.1.1 Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) 45
4.1.2 Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) 45
4.2 Emissions 46
4.2.1 Opacity 46
4.2.2 CO 2 Emissions 46
4.2.3 NOx Emissions 47
4.2.4 CO Emissions 47
4.2.5 Hydrocarbon Emissions 48
4.3 Discussion 49
4.3.1 Performance 49
4.3.2 Emissions 51
Chapter 5. Conclusions And Future Scope Of Work 50
5.1. Conclusions 59
5.2. Future Scope 60
References 61

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