SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UiTM Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang
Jalan Purnama, Bandar Seri Alam
81750 Masai
Johor Darul Ta’zim
Tel : 607-3818000

TECHNICAL/EXECUTIVE REPORT : CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Lab No. : 1 Module : Organic and Analytical

Chemistry

Mark
Lab Title : REACTION OF ALKANE, ALKENE AND ALKYNE
:
Date : 12 April 2023
Participant Semester :
Course : CHE 145 Group: 5
. 2
No. Name Matrix No. Signature
1 Muhammad Faiz Bin Mustakim 2022661202
2 Nur Qurratu Aini Binti Wehaized 2022467052
3 Nurul Aina Binti Saat 2022614232

Instructor 1. DR.NUR FARHANA MOHD YUSOF

Objective :
1. To identify physical and chemical properties of alkane , alkene and cycloalkane through combustion , solubility and
reaction analysis.
2. To identify an unknown hydrocarbon family through combustion , solubility and reaction analysis.
Introduction and Theory:

Hydrocarbons are the compounds containing only the hydrogen and the carbon elements. The vast number of hydrocarbons is
indicative of the number of different ways the carbon skeleton can be arranged. The major uses of hydrocarbons are as fuels and
solvents.

Alkanes are simple organic compounds of carbon and hydrogen only.Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single C-C bonds, so
call sigma (𝛔) bonds. All carbons atoms are sp³ hybridized to form covalent bonds with each other and hydrogen atoms. Alkane
form homologous series of saturated hydrocarbon with a general formula CnH2n+2

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbon with one double bond.Unsaturated compounds contain at least between two carbon atoms
is the so-called pi (𝛑) bond. In general, pi bonds are more one C=C or C≡C bond (double or triple bond). The second and third
bonds are more reactive than sigma bonds. In many cases, the pi-bond will react, and the sigma bond remains unaffected.
Alkenes form a homologous series with the general formula CnH2n. in alkenes, the carbon atoms can be sp2 or sp3 hybridized.
 Data/Result Part A : Combustion of hydrocarbons
Presentation (graph or
table)
COMPOUND OBSERVATION BALANCED EQUATION

Heptane Burns in 10 seconds, no C₇H₁₆+11O₂͐→7CO₂+8H₂O

soot

1-Hexene Burns in 23 seconds, has C₆H₁₂+9O₂→6CO₂+6H₂O

soot, smoke

Toluene Burns in 29 seconds, lots C₆H₅CH₃+9O₂→7CO₂+4H₂O

of soot, smoke, red color

Cyclohexane Burns in 25 seconds, no C₆H₁₂+9O₂→6CO₂+6H₂O

soot, orange color

Cyclohexene Burns in 19 seconds, big C₆H₁₀+17/2 O₂→6CO₂+5H₂O

flame, little soot, orange
color

Unknown burns in 16 seconds, very CₓHₓ+XO₂→XCO₂+XH₂O

little soot, orange to blue
(end of burn)

Part B : Solubility of hydrocarbons

Record miscible as + and immiscible as - , note that if density is less than the solvent, the sample
will float.

COMPOUND SOLUBILITY IN WATER SOLUBILITY IN

CYCLOHEXANE

Miscible or Relative Miscible or Relative

immiscible density immiscible density

Methane,CH₄ - less than + equal

water

Heptane - less than + equal

water

1-Hexene - less than + equal

water

Toluene - less than + equal

water

Cyclohexane - less than + equal

water

Cyclohexene - less than + equal

water
 Unknown - less than + equal
water

Part C : Reactions of alkenes

COMPOUND REACTION WITH BR₂ REACTION WITH KMnO₄

Heptane Brown → Brown Purple → Purple

( no reaction ) ( no reaction )

1-Hexene Brown → Colourless Purple →Yellowish Brown

( reacted) ( reacted )

Toluene Colourless → Brown Purple 🠚 Purple

( reacted ) ( no reaction )

Cyclohexane Brown → Brown Purple → Light Purple

( no reaction ) ( reacted )

Cyclohexene Brown → Light Yellow Purple → Yellowish Brown

( reacted ) ( reacted )

Unknown Brown → Brown Purple → Purple

( no reaction ) ( no reaction )
Analysis of Result: DISCUSSION

QUESTION

1.Describe the solubility of hydrocarbons in a polar solvent (water) and non-polar solvent
(cyclohexane).
Hydrocarbons are non-polar molecules which cause them to have low solubility in polar solvents.
Therefore, hydrocarbons are not soluble in polar solvent. However, hydrocarbons are typically
more soluble in non-polar solvents. This is because polar solvents have a net dipole moment,
which means they have a separation of electrical charge, with a positive, and negative end.
Non-polar solvents on the other hand, lack charge separation which directly costs them to not
dissolve an ion or molecules. However, non-polar solvent was able to dissolve hydrocarbons
because they both have a similar charge distribution.

2.What conclusion can you make regarding the polarity of hydrocarbons?

In conclusion, hydrocarbons are non-polar molecules. This is because hydrocarbons are organic
molecules consisting of only carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms. The carbon and hydrogen atoms
share electrons almost equally, which means that there is no separation of electrical charge
between them.
 As a result, this experiment was successful by following the right procedures. We are able to
Conclusion:
identify physical and chemical properties of alkane , alkene and cycloalkane through combustion ,
solubility and reaction analysis. Other than that, we are also able to identify an unknown
hydrocarbon family through combustion,solubility and reaction analysis.In conclusion, the
unknown hydrocarbon family is an alkanes group.

References