Experiment No - 1

Take some milk in an

evaporating dish.

Evaporating dish Milk

Heat the evaporating dish
on a Bunsen burner

Tripod

Burner
What remains behind at the bottom of an evaporating dish on
complete evaporation of the milk?
Experiment No - 2
Take small samples of the following in
separate test tubes.

Sugar Hair Dry leaves

Heat each test tube and observe the changes taking place in the
substances.

Sugar Hair Dry leaves

Heat each test tube and observe the changes taking
place in the substances.

Sugar Hair Dry leaves

It indicates that they contain an element

Sugar Hair Dry leaves

CARBON
https://t.me/class9shubham
 CARBON
An important non-metallic element

• The element carbon is available abundantly in the nature and occurs in

free as well as in the combined state.
 Symbol
Atomic number C

6
Atomic mass

12
 Atomic number

6
Electronic
Configuration
2,4

Valency

4
CARBON
• Compounds obtained directly or indirectly from plants and animals
are called organic compounds.
ANIMALS
PLANTS

Organic

So, substances like oil, sugar,

ghee, cotton, LPG, vinegar etc.
are all organic compounds
CARBON
Inorganic

Compounds obtained from

minerals

Substances like common salt,

copper sulphate, etc. are all
inorganic compounds
CARBON
• Carbon is the common and important constituent of

Food stuffs
Clothes

Fuels Medicines
CARBON
• Carbon is the main element even in cellular DNA and RNA that
transfer hereditary characteristics from one generation to the
next.

DNA RNA
The German chemist Wohler synthesized
an organic compound urea from an
inorganic compound ammonium cyanite.
CARBON
• Ever since then, many organic compounds been
made from inorganic compounds.
• Carbon was found to be the main element in all
these compounds.
• Hence, organic chemistry is also referred as
chemistry of carbon compounds.

NH4+CNO- NH2CONH2
A 9
B 6
C 12
D 19
A 9
B 6
C 4
D 19
A Ghee
B Common salt
C LPG
D Vinegar
Occurrence
CARBON
• The name 'carbon' is derived from the Latin word 'carbo' meaning
coal.

• Carbon is found in nature in free as well as compound state.

• Carbon in the free state is found as diamond and graphite.

Diamond Graphite
CARBON
And in the combined state in the following compounds.

1. As carbon dioxide and in the form of carbonates such as :

Calcium carbonate Calamine (ZnCO3)

CARBON
And in the combined state in the following compounds.

2. Fossil fuels

Coal
CARBON
And in the combined state in the following compounds.

3. Carbonaceous nutrients

Proteins Fats
Carbohydrates
CARBON
And in the combined state in the following compounds.

4. Natural fibers

Cotton
Wool
CARBON
• In the earth's crust, carbon is present to the extent
of approximately 0.27% in the form of carbonate,
coal, petroleum.

• In atmosphere, the proportion of carbon in the form

of carbon dioxide is approximately 0.03 %.

• Some types of plants which grow on the ocean floor

convert carbon in marine water into calcium
carbonate.
A Cotton
B Coal
C Carbohydrates
D All of these
A Fats
B Proteins
C Carbohydrates
D All of these
A Carb
B Cargo
C Cari
D Carbo
🔎 Benefits 🔎

😅 My Personal Number (Personal Mentorship)

😇 Dedicated Study Planner

🥰 Career Guidance

😎 One-To-One Discussion On Your Problems

🤩 Improvement Report

🤓 And Much More!!!

Discount Code - WINNER

Link In Description
Subscribe
and
Share
https://t.me/class9shubham
Properties
CARBON
• Allotropy - Some elements occur in nature in more than
one form.

• The chemical properties of these different forms are the

same but their physical properties are different.

• This property of elements is called allotropy.

• Like carbon, Sulphur and phosphorus also exhibit

allotropy.
CARBON

1. A crystalline form has a regular and definite arrangement

of atoms.
2. They have high melting points and boiling points.
3. A crystalline form has a definite geometrical shape, sharp
edges and plane surfaces.
4. Carbon has three crystalline allotropes :
Diamond, Graphite & Fullerene.
A Diamond
B Graphite
C Fullerene
D All of these
A Allotropes
B Allitropes
C Altotropes
D Angitropes
A Diamond
B Graphite
C Fullerene
D All of these
CARBON
Its Properties

Diamond

Graphite

Fullerene
 Diamond
• Diamonds are found in India mainly in Govalkonda and
Panna.
• Diamonds are also found in South Africa, Brazil,
Belgium, Russia and America.

Govalkonda (Karnataka) Panna (Madhya pradesh)

• In diamond, every carbon atom is bonded to
four neighboring atoms by covalent bonds.

• Therefore, diamond has a tetragonal three

dimensional structure which makes it very hard.

Carbon atom
PROPERTIES

1. Brilliant and pure diamond is the hardest natural

substance.

2. The density of diamond is 3.5 g/cm3.

3. The melting point of diamond is 3500 °C

4. When diamond is heated at 800 °C in the presence of

oxygen, CO2 is given away. In this process no other product
besides CO2 is formed.
5. Diamond does not dissolve in any solvent.

6. Acids/bases have no effect on diamond.

7. Diamond is a bad conductor of electricity as it

does not have free electrons.
USES

1. Diamonds are used in glass cutting and

rock drilling machines
CARBON
2. Diamonds are used in ornaments.
CARBON
3. Diamond knives are used in the eye surgery.
CARBON
4. Diamond dust is used for polishing other
diamonds.
CARBON Its Properties

Diamond USES

5. Diamond is used to make windows giving protection from

radiation in space and in artificial satellites.
A 2
B 4
C 3
D 5
A Tetrahedral
B Bipyramidal
C Linear
D Tetragonal
A 4
B 3.5
C 3
D 2.5
 Graphite

• Graphite is found in the natural state in Russia, New

Zealand, America and India.

• The lead used in pencil is made by mixing graphite with

clay.

• This process was discovered by Nicholas Jacques Conte

in 1795.
• Every carbon atom in graphite is bonded to three other carbon atoms in
such a way that a hexagonal layered structure is formed.

• A graphite crystal is made of many sheets or layers of carbon atoms.

Carbon atom
• These layers slip over each other on applying
pressure.

• One layer of graphite is called graphene.

Experiment No - 3
Apparatus

Pencil
Wires

Battery
Small bulb
Apparatus

Water Kerosene

Test tube Lead pencil

Procedure

1. Remove the lead from a pencil, and

feel it with your fingers.
2. What colour is it?
3. Try to break the lead with your hand.
4. Assemble the apparatus as shown in
the diagram.
5. Start the electric current in the Flow of electric current through
circuit. Observe. graphite
6. What did you find?
Experiment No - 4
 1. Put lead dust in both the test
tubes.
2. What did you find?
3. Lead dust does not dissolve in
water nor in kerosene.

Water Kerosene
PROPERTIES
1. Graphite found in nature is black, soft, brittle and
slippery.

2. Inside each layer of graphite, free electrons move

continuously within the entire layer.

3. Due to the layered structure graphite can be used for

writing on paper.

4. The density of graphite is 1.9 to 2.3 g/cm3.

5. Graphite does not dissolve in most solvents.

USES

1. Graphite is used for making lubricants.

USES

2. Graphite is used for making carbon electrodes.

USES

3. Graphite is used in pencils for writing.

USES

4. Graphite is used in paints and polish.

USES
5. Graphite is used in arc lamps which give
a very bright light.
A 2
B 4
C 3
D 1
A 1.9 to 2.3
B 1.3 to 2.5
C 1.5 to 2.5
D 0.9 to 2.3
 Fullerene

• Fullerene, an allotrope of carbon, is rarely found in nature.

• It is found in soot and in interstellar space.

• The first example of fullerene is Buckminsterfullerene (C60)

• This allotrope of carbon is named fullerene after the

architect Richard Buckminster Fuller because the structure
of C60 resembles the structure of the geodesic dome he
designed.
• C60, C70, C76, C82, and C86 are the other
examples of fullerene.

Carbon atom
PROPERTIES
1. Molecules of fullerenes are found in the form of
buckyballs and buckytubes.

2. There are 30 to 900 carbon atoms in one molecule of a

fullerene.

3. Fullerenes are soluble in organic solvents such as carbon

disulphide, chlorobenzene.
USES

1. Fullerenes are used as insulators.

USES

2. Fullerenes are used as a catalyst in water purification.

USES

3. At a certain temperature fullerene exhibits

superconductivity.
A Commonly
B Only few
C Rarely
D None of these
 SJSUPER10
Join for FREE now!
Join for FREE now!
Use Code

SJSUPER10
Join for FREE now!
Use Code

SJSUPER10
 USE MY CODE

SJSUPER10
Let’s Crack It
CARBON
The arrangement of carbon atoms in this form
is not regular.

Coal Charcoal Coke

CARBON
Coal

• Coal is a fossil fuel.

• It contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
• It also contains nitrogen, phosphorus and
Sulphur.
• It occurs In the solid state.
• It is of four types :
Peat , Lignite , Bituminous Anthracite
Peat
• Formation of peat is the first step in the
formation of coal.

• It contains a high proportion of water and less

than 60% of carbon.

• Therefore, not much heat can be obtained from

peat.
Lignite

• Peat was transformed into Lignite due to

increased pressure and temperature inside the
earth.

• It contains 60 to 70% of carbon.

• Lignite is the second step of the formation of

coal.
Bituminous

• Bituminous coal was formed as the third step of

formation of coal.

• It contains 70 to 90% of carbon.

• Heat obtained is more than lignite.

Anthracite

• Anthracite is known as the pure form of coal.

• This coal is hard and contains about 95% of

carbon.

• Heat obtained is more than previous three

forms of coal.
 Coal

Uses

1. Coal is used as fuel in factories and homes

2. Coal is used to obtain coke, coal gas and coal tar.

3. Coal is used in thermal power plants for

generation of electricity.
A Anthracite
B Bituminous
C Peat
D Lignite
A Coke
B Coal gas
C Coal tar
D All of these
 Charcoal

• The charcoal that is made from animals is made

from their bones, horns, etc.

• On the other hand, the charcoal made from

plants is formed by combustion of wood in an
insufficient supply of air.
 Charcoal

USES

1. It is used to absorb odors and toxins in gases,

such as air.
 Charcoal

USES

2. Charcoal filters are also used in some types of gas

masks.
 Charcoal

USES

3. The medical use of activated charcoal is mainly the

absorption of poisons.
 Charcoal

USES

4. Activated charcoal is used for a variety of health-

related applications.
A Radioactive substance
B Poisons
C Both
D None
 Coke

• The pure coal that remains when coal gas has been
taken away from coal, is called coke.
USES

1. Used as domestic fuel.

USES

2. Coke is used as a reducing agent.

3. Coke is used in production of water gas

(CO + H2) and producer gas (CO + H2 + CO2+ N2)
A Coal
B Charcoal
C Coke
D All of these
🔎 Benefits 🔎

😅 My Personal Number (Personal Mentorship)

😇 Dedicated Study Planner

🥰 Career Guidance

😎 One-To-One Discussion On Your Problems

🤩 Improvement Report

🤓 And Much More!!!

Discount Code - WINNER

Link In Description
Subscribe
and
Share
https://t.me/class9shubham
Covalent Compounds
 C

Atomic Number (Z) = 6

6p
Atomic Mass (A) = 12
6n Electronic Configuration = (2,4)
Valency = 4
 Neon
Helium

6p
6n

Lose 4 Gain 4
electrons electrons
Sharing is caring…
H

H C H

H
• Carbon has a unique ability to from strong
covalent bonds with other carbon atoms.

• This property of carbon is called

c c c c c c c c

Thus carbon forms covalently bonded compounds

called as covalent compounds.
A Share
B Donate
C Receive
D None of these
A 3
B 4
C 2
D 1
A 3
B 4
C 2
D 1
 SJSUPER10
Join for FREE now!
Join for FREE now!
Use Code

SJSUPER10
SJSUPER10
 USE MY CODE

SJSUPER10
Let’s Crack It
COVALENT COMPOUNDS
Properties

1. Covalent compounds have low melting points and boiling

points.

2. Generally they are insoluble in water and soluble in organic

solvents.

3. They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

Hydrocarbons
HYDROCARBONS
Basic organic compounds

• As seen in Methane (CH4), along with carbon, the element

hydrogen is also included in most organic compounds.

• The compounds formed from only carbon and

hydrogen are called basic organic compounds.

• These are also called HYDROCARBONS.

 HYDROCARBONS

Open chain hydrocarbons Closed-chain/Ring cyclic hydrocarbons

 Open chain hydrocarbons

Saturated Unsaturated
• The hydrocarbons having
only single bond between
carbon atoms are called
saturated hydrocarbons.

Alkane
C C
 Open chain hydrocarbons

Saturated Unsaturated

• The hydrocarbons having multiple bonds

(double bond or triple bond) between two
carbon atoms are called unsaturated
hydrocarbons.

Alkene Alkyne
C C C C
 Alkane Alkene Alkyne
Alkynes contain 2 H atoms
less as compared to
corresponding alkenes and 4
C C C C C C H atoms less as compared to
corresponding alkanes

Single bond Double bond Triple bond

• General formula :

CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2

Alkenes contain 2 H atoms

less as compared to
corresponding alkanes
 Alkane Alkene Alkyne

C C C C C C

Single bond Double bond Triple bond

• General formula :

CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2

Cannot substitute n = 1 in general formula of

alkene and alkyne as minimum 2 carbon
atoms are required
 CnH2n+2 Alkane

Put n = 1
C1H2(1)+2
CH4
 CnH2n+2 Alkane

Put n = 2
C2H2(2)+2
C2H6
 CnH2n+2 Alkane

Put n = 3
C3H2(3)+2
C3H8
 CnH2n+2 Alkane

Put n = 4
C4H2(4)+2
C4H10
 CnH2n Alkene

• We cannot substitute n=1 for

alkenes, as alkenes contain double
bond.

• Double bond can exist only

between carbon atoms & hence,
minimum 2 carbon atoms are
needed for the same.
 CnH2n Alkene

Put n = 2
C2H2(2)
C2H4
 CnH2n Alkene

Put n = 3
C3H2(3)
C3H6
 CnH2n Alkene

Put n = 4 H H H H
C3H2(3)
C3H6 H C C C C
H H H
CnH2n-2 Alkyne

• We cannot substitute n=1 for

alkenes, as alkenes contain double
bond.

• Double bond can exist only

between carbon atoms & hence,
minimum 2 carbon atoms are
needed for the same.
CnH2n-2 Alkyne

Put n = 2
C2H2(2)-2
C2H2 H C C H
CnH2n-2 Alkyne

Put n = 3
C3H2(3)-2 H
C3H4
H C C C H

H
CnH2n-2 Alkyne

Put n = 4
C4H2(4)-2
H H
C4H6
H C C C C H

H H
A Methane
B Ethane
C Propane
D Butane
A Ethyne
B Propyne
C Butyne
D Methyl
🔎 Benefits 🔎

😅 My Personal Number (Personal Mentorship)

😇 Dedicated Study Planner

🥰 Career Guidance

😎 One-To-One Discussion On Your Problems

🤩 Improvement Report

🤓 And Much More!!!

Discount Code - WINNER

Link In Description
Subscribe
and
Share
https://t.me/class9shubham
Try This!!!
Solubility Of Carbon
Add half a spoonful of coal powder in
each of the conical flasks and stir it.
Observe the mixtures in the
three conical flasks.
Coal powder remains un-
dissolved.
Try This!!!
Reaction With Oxygen
Apparatus & Chemicals
Ignite the coal.
Hold the moist blue litmus paper over
the gas released on igniting the coal.
Note the observation.
 C 02 C02 (Carbon dioxide)

C02 H20 H2C03 (Carbonic acid)

This carbonic acid (H2CO3) turns moist blue litmus paper red.
Try This!!!
Reaction Of CO2With Limewater
 Take freshly prepared
Limewater In a test tube.
Blow for sometime into the limewater through the straw
and observe the limewater.
A Carbon monoxide
B Carbon dioxide
C Carbon particles
D None of these
A Ca (OH)2
B Ca (OH)
C Ca2 (OH)
D Ca2 (OH) 2
Carbon Dioxide
Introduction!!!
Carbon Dioxide
Chemical Properties!!!
 Test Observations
Extinguishes as the gas
Burning candle does not burn neither
supports combustion.
 Test Observations
Blue turns to red, as the
Litmus paper
gas is acidic in nature.
The chemical equation of the reaction

2 NaOH CO2 Na2CO3 H2O

The chemical equation of the reaction

Na2CO3 CO2 H2O 2 NaHCO3

A 09
B 44
C 34
D 19
A 09
B 04
C 15
D 19
A Na2CO3
B Na2HCO3
C Na2CO2.OH
D None of these
Carbon Dioxide
Uses!!!
1. CO2 is used to make aerated drinks.
2. Solid carbon dioxide is used in cold storage and also to keep milk and milk
products and frozen substances cool during transport.

It is also used for getting special effects of a mist in dramas and movies.
3. CO2 obtained by chemical reaction or kept under pressure is
used in fire extinguishers.
4. Liquified CO2 is used to remove caffeine from coffee
5.Liquid CO2 is used as solvent in modern eco-friendly dry
cleaning.
6. Plants use CO2 in air for photosynthesis.
A Animals
B Plants
C Microbes
D All of these
A Carbon monoxide
B Carbon dioxide
C Carbon particles
D None of these
Fire Extinguishers
The Knob

Capsule
Sulphuric acid

Powder of
Sodium
bicarbonate
• A fire extinguisher contains
sodium bicarbonate powder.

• There is also dilute sulphuric acid

placed in a glass capsule.

• The capsule breaks on pressing the knob, the

sulphuric acid comes in contact with the
sodium bicarbonate and the two react
chemically to release CO2 which comes out.
• CO2 based fire extinguishers do not cause corrosion and
are non conductors of electricity.

• Therefore these are used when electrical and

electronic equipment catches fire.

• CO2 based fire extinguishers are used to extinguish

small scale fire.

• It is beyond their capacity to extinguish a big fire.

• In modern fire extinguishers liquid and solid CO2 is
filled under pressure.

• On reducing the pressure it becomes gaseous and

comes out forcefully through the horn-like hose pipe.

Chemical reaction

2 NaHCO3 H2SO4 Na2SO4 2 H2O 2 CO2

A Sodium carbonate
B Sodium bicarbonate
C Sodium cyanide
D None of these
A Hydrochloric acid
B Nitric acid
C Sulphuric acid
D None of these
Methane
• Molecular formula : CH4
• Molecular mass: 16
• Methane occurs in natural gas to the extent of 87%.

• Decomposition of organic matter in the absence of air

(anaerobic) produces methane.

• Methane is present in biogas.

• Methane is found in coal mines.

• Methane is found at the surface of marshy places which is
why it is also called marsh gas.

• On heating a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases

at 3000 C in the presence of nickel (catalyst) methane gas is
formed.
3000 C
CO 3 H2 CH4 H2O
Ni

• Fractional distillation of natural gas gives methane in pure

form.
• Melting point of methane is (-182.50 C).

• Boiling point of methane is (-161.50 C).

• It is a colorless gas.

• The density of liquid methane is less than that of water.

• Methane is sparingly soluble in water.

• It is highly soluble in organic solvents like gasoline, ether

and alcohol.

• Methane is in gaseous state at room temperature.

• Methane is highly inflammable.

• It burns by reacting with oxygen to give a bluish flame.

• In this reaction, 213 kcal/mol of heat is given out.

• Methane burns completely.

Chemical reaction

CH4 2 O2 2 H2O CO2 HEAT

 Chlorination

• Methane and chlorine gases react with each other at the

temperature of 2500 C to 4000 C in presence of ultraviolet light
and form mainly methyl chloride (chloromethane) and hydrogen
chloride.

• This reaction is called the chlorination of methane.

Chemical reaction

CH4 Cl2 CH3Cl HCl

1. Methane in the form of natural gas is used in industries such as fabric
mills, paper mills, food processing industry, petrol purification.
2. Being the smallest hydrocarbon, the proportion of CO2 released in the
combustion of methane is small and, therefore, it is used as a domestic
fuel.
3. Methane is used for production of organic compounds such as ethanol,
methyl chloride, methylene chloride and acetylene.
A 09
B 16
C 12
D 19
A CH2Cl2
B CHCl3
C CH3Cl
D CCl4
A Methane
B Ethane
C Propane
D Butane
Biogas Plant
• Animal dung, dry leaves, wet garbage get
decomposed by anaerobic microbes in a
biogas plant.

• This produces methane gas also called

biogas.

• Biogas is a very cheap fuel option that

meets the demand for cooking gas.
• It is also used for the production of
electricity.

• Biogas contains about 55% to 60%

methane and the rest is carbon dioxide.

• Biogas is a fuel which is convenient to use

and, in addition to this, very good manure
is also produced as a side product of the
process.
 Biogas production process

• Production of biogas is an anaerobic process.

• It takes place in two stages.

 1. Production of acids

• The microbes act on the biodegradable complex

organic compound and produce organic acids.

2. Methane gas production

• The methanogenic bacteria act on the organic acids

to produce methane gas

CH3COOH CH4 CO2

A Methane
B Ethane
C Propane
D Butane
A Organic acids
B Methane gas
C Both
D None
🔎 Benefits 🔎

😅 My Personal Number (Personal Mentorship)

😇 Dedicated Study Planner

🥰 Career Guidance

😎 One-To-One Discussion On Your Problems

🤩 Improvement Report

🤓 And Much More!!!

Discount Code - WINNER

Link In Description
Subscribe
and
Share