How would an increase of 2

degrees Celsius in temperature

affect the other weather
parameters and the cultural, and
socio-economic aspects of the
people in Bangalore?
- Azza, Diya, Owais, Priti, Roshan, Satyam, Sarath & Sukesh
Parameters
1. Precipitation
2. Wind
3. Mean sea level and Surface
pressure
4. Solar radiation
5. Humidity
6. UV Index
7. Temperature
 Rise in Temperature vs Insolation

Source: https://climate.nasa.gov/climate_resources/189/graphic-temperature-vs-solar-activity/
 Rise in Temperature vs Insolation

Solar Energy Trends:

● Solar energy exhibits the Sun's natural 11-year cycle with small ups and downs.
● No net increase in solar energy since the 1950s.

Global Temperature Trends:

● Global temperature has risen markedly over the same period.

● The warming trend observed over the past half-century is unlikely to be caused by solar variability.

Data Analysis:

● Highlights that despite solar energy variations, the Earth's temperature has shown a distinct warming trend since
the 1950s.
● Implies that factors other than solar variability are responsible for the observed global temperature warming
trend.
 Rise in Temperature vs Insolation

“In the context of current global

change, over the last 40 years
scientists have measured slight
fluctuations in the amount of energy
released by the Sun and have found
that global warming today is not
caused by changes in the amount of
energy coming from the Sun.”

Source:
https://ugc.berkeley.edu/background-content/solar-radiation/#:~:text=This%20can%20affect%20Earth's%20average,pro
 Effect of Temperature change on different parameters

1. Albedo Effect - If global temperatures rise and ice melts, the Earth's
albedo may decrease, leading to more absorption of solar radiation
amount of sunlight that is reflected back into space.
2. Changes in Cloud Cover: Changes in cloud cover can affect the amount
of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. For instance, increased
temperatures might lead to changes in atmospheric moisture content
and cloud dynamics.
Rise In Temperature Vs. Wind
- Climate change is
causing temp. in
Bengaluru to trend
positively, with a trend
line rising from left to
right.
- Warmer temp. may
lead to alterations in
atmospheric pressure,
causing shifts in wind
directions and
intensities.
- This, in turn, can
impact local weather
conditions, including
the frequency and
strength of winds in
Bengaluru.
Source: https://www.meteoblue.com/en/climate-change/bengaluru_india_1277333
Effect of wind on different parameters

Atmospheric Pressure Alterations: Changes in atmospheric pressure can affect

wind patterns. When atmospheric pressure decreases, it creates a pressure
gradient, causing air to move from high-pressure to low-pressure areas.
Environmental, Agricultural, and Sectoral Impacts: Environmental changes
may affect ecosystems and biodiversity, while shifts in weather patterns can
impact agricultural productivity. Sectors relying on stable weather conditions,
such as energy and transportation, may also face challenges.
Impact on Local Weather Conditions: Changes in wind patterns and
atmospheric conditions directly affect local weather. For Bengaluru,
understanding these changes is crucial for predicting temperature variations,
rainfall patterns, and the occurrence of events like heat waves or heavy rainfall.
 Rise in temperature vs Mean
Sea level
1. Inland City Status: Bengaluru's inland location limits direct impact from sea-level
rise due to its distance from the coast.

2. Indirect Influence: Global temperature changes causing ice cap melting and
sea-level rise can indirectly affect Bengaluru.

3. Weather Pattern Impact: Sea-level rise may contribute to altered weather

patterns and regional climate changes, indirectly influencing Bengaluru.

4. Limited Direct Effect: While Bengaluru may not experience direct sea-level rise
effects, its climate could be affected by broader regional climate shifts. (Map of Bengaluru)
Rise in temperature vs Surface Pressure
The temperature and Surface pressure are directly proportional so any changes in temperature will also
have a change in surface pressure. And if the temperature rises by 2 degrees Celsius then it could lead to
warmer conditions. This could result in altered precipitation patterns, changes in the frequency and
intensity of extreme weather events, and potential impacts on local ecosystems.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ab
s/pii/S2352938519302174
UV Index and Factors

UV Index: Measures UV radiation intensity, indicating potential sun-related harm.

1. Sun's Angle and Direct Sunlight: UV intensity increases with higher solar angles and direct
sunlight.
2. Ozone Layer Impact: Changes in ozone layer thickness affect UV radiation reaching the surface.
3. Altitude, Latitude, Time of Day: UV levels vary with altitude, latitude, and time of day.
4. Cloud Cover Influence: Clouds impact UV transmission, reflection, and scattering.
5. Additional Factors Impacting UV Exposure: Factors include cloud conditions enhancing UV
radiation and elevation influencing UV levels.
6. Interactive Effects with Climate Change: Changes in stratospheric ozone and climate can affect
surface UV radiation.
 Effects of Increase of The UV Index in Bangalore
Significance of UV Index in Bangalore:

● UV index measures the strength of UV radiation, indicating the risk of skin damage. The UV index Ranges from 0 to 12 or more,
with higher numbers indicating greater risk.

Extreme UV Readings in Bangalore:

● Recent reports show extreme UV index readings of 12 in Bangalore. The extreme levels can be harmful to the skin and eyes.

Long-Term Effects of High UV Exposure in Bangalore:

● Prolonged exposure to high UV radiation increases the risk of skin cancer (melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell
carcinoma), leads to premature aging (wrinkles, fine lines, age spots), causes eye damage (cataracts, other conditions), and
suppresses the immune system, potentially increasing susceptibility to infections and diseases.

In 2022, 27 out of 31 Karnataka districts, including Bangalore, had an extreme UV index of 12. It underscores the need to
monitor climate changes and UV levels for proper precautions against potential health risks from excessive UV exposure.
The Average UV Index in Bangalore

UV index peaks at 12 from February to

October, with the highest radiation. The
lowest UV index, 10, occurs in January,
November, and December. This
highlights the need for sun protection
measures during the intense radiation
months to prevent potential skin
damage.
Effect of 2 degree celsius increase in temperature on
precipitation

↑inc temperature ; ↑ precipitation ; more evaporation ; even though bangalore isn't a coastal region man
made water bodies.
Monthly anomalies in temperature and precipitation for Bengaluru, India, spanning
from 1979 to 2023, demonstrate deviations from the 1981-2010 average. Source

1. The average temperature

anomaly has increased from
about 0.5°C in the early 1980s to
about 1.5°C in recent years.

2. The temperature(El
Niño-Southern Oscillation) and
precipitation (Indian Ocean Dipole
(IOD))anomaly graphs also shows
a significant amount of
interannual variability.

3. The average precipitation

anomaly has decreased from
about 50 mm in the early 1980s to
about -20 mm in recent years

4. Highest temperature - 2.5℃(April

2016) with -39 mm of
precipitation level
Lowest precipitation - -117
mm(July 1987) with 1.6℃
increase in temperature anomaly
Overall, we can conclude from the data :

1. Bengaluru has experienced significant warming and a decrease in average precipitation over the past 44 years.
2. These changes are likely due to human-caused climate change.

Impact on Bengaluru and its residents

1. the warming trend is likely to increase the risk of heat waves and droughts.
2. Bengaluru experiencing a rise in local temperature, and the city is also continuing to experience a decrease in
diurnal temperature range (DTR), the difference between day and night temperatures.
3. The decrease in average precipitation is likely to increase the risk of water shortages and crop failures.
4. Increased intense rainfall for shorter duration of time might lead to health concerns such as waterborne diseases
due to contaminated water and inadequate sanitation during floods.
5. Energy consumption to cool houses and work spaces would lead to spike in energy demand.
Extreme rainfall in short periods of time.

Changes in precipitation patterns due to temperature changes are influenced by numerous factors, including local
geography, atmospheric conditions, and regional climate systems.In the case of Bangalore:

1. Geographical Features
2. Local Climate and Weather Systems
3. Monsoon Influence
4. Regional Climate Factors
5. Climate Models and Predictions
Effect of 2 degree celsius increase in temperature on
Humidity
According to a report by the India
Meteorological Department
(IMD), The temperature in last
decade have increased in 2
degrees

(Temperature vs Humidit over the years on banglore)

Effect of 2 degree celsius increase in temperature on
Humidity
● Clear inverse relationship.
● Dynamic Day-Night Variation.
● Higher temperatures with lower
humidity may lead to discomfort, heat
stress, and dehydration, impacting
well-being.
● Reduced humidity, coupled with higher
temperatures, can affect ecosystems,
agriculture, and water resources.
Effect on socio-economic cultural aspects of life

● Urban Heat Island Effect

● Crop yield reduction and shift in farming practices
● Decreased water availability impacting livelihoods
● Increased health risks due to lower humidity
● Impact on cultural practices, festivals, and lifestyle
● Economic repercussions on tourism and business
● Rise in energy consumption for cooling needs
● Demand for urban planning focusing on water conservation
Temperature

Minor differences of about two degrees in temperatures lead to significant outcomes. It disturbs weather
systems, intensifies extreme events, and also causes additional strain on resources.

The agricultural activities are threatened by a lack of supply and increased insecurity which may lead to food
shortage; whereas water is scarce it poses a danger to both cities and other remote regions of the country.

Habitats that are modified threaten biodiversity while an increase in sea level threatens coastal regions. They are
stable, which is a pillar of natural equilibrium that enables life.

The slight change is not just about comfort but it addresses issues of resource conservation, climate risks, and
planet Earth sustainability. This is only a minor increase in average temperatures and it shows how hard we must
work toward stable conditions that will be good for future generations on a global scale.
1. The Pacific Northwest and western Canada experienced a heat wave, which saw temperatures rise by
about two or three degrees above normal, killing hundreds of people, overwhelming systems (and
infrastructure), leading to black outs and water shortage situations. In Bangalore, with 0.1% fatality as in
Vancouver, about 13608 people (0.1% of Bangalore’s population) would have died due to the extreme
heat.[1]
2. Had a similar crisis like what happened to chennai in 2019 hit bangalore affecting 40 percent of its total
population then about 5,443,200 people would certainly be affected by severe water scarcity because of
depletion of resources.[2]
3. Studies show that crop yield all over the world could be declined by about 10 – 15%, because of a two
degrees Celsius increase in temperatures. For example, such an increase in temperature in Bangalore
where wheat and maize yield on average about 1,291 kgha could lead to reduction by around three
hundred kilograms.[3][4]
4. It is anticipated that a 2°C increase in ocean temperatures will lead to an approximately 30% loss of
suitable aquatic habitat, with significant implications for marine resources like fish stocks of the Indian
Ocean. For instance, in a city like Bangalore it would lower fishing yield from 9360 tons down to something
like 6,552 tons showing that warming waters directly affects local fishery.[5][6]
5. An individual dementia hospital admission is estimated to increase by 4.5% with each degree celsius of high
temperature. The number of new cases in Bangalore alone is estimated at about 1800 due to the rising
temperatures as there are over 40,000 dementia cases currently.[7][8]
THANK YOU