Temporary Edited Project 15 Sep 2023

ANALYSIS
OF PROBLEMS
AMONG TRAFFIC INDIVIDUALS
IN RAWALPINDI CITY
DUE TO LONG TERM EXPOSURE
TO VEHICULAR EMISSION AND NOISE POLLUTION
Submitted by
Muzammil Ahmed Khan

1603-FBAS/BSES/S20
Abdul Rafay Ahmad

1602-FBAS/BSES/S20
Supervised by
Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Naseer
Spring 2023
Department of Environmental Science

Faculty of Science
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD
Analysis of different problems among Traffic individuals in
Rawalpindi city due to long term exposure with vehicular emission
and noise pollution
Submitted by
Muzammil Ahmed Khan
1603-FBAS/BSES/S20
Abdul Rafay Ahmad

1602-FBAS/BSES/S20
Final Year Project Report submitted to the Department of Environmental

Science, as a part of the scheme of studies of the Degree of Bachelor
Studies in Environmental Science of International Islamic University,
Islamabad
Supervisor
Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Naseer
Spring 2023
Faculty of Sciences
Faculty of Sciences
Date:___/___/____
FINAL APPROVAL
It is certified that we have evaluated the project report Analysis of different problems
among Traffic individuals in Rawalpindi city due to long term exposure with
vehicular emission and noise pollution submitted by MUZAMMIL AHMED KHAN
(1603-FBAS/BSES/S20) and ABDUL RAFAY AHMAD(1602-FBAS/BSES/S20)
found the project and its report of sufficient standard to warrant its acceptance to
complete Bachelor of Studies (BS) Degree in Environmental Science of the
International Islamic University, Islamabad.
COMMITTEE
Mentor __________________
Name
Designation
Department
University
Internal Evaluator 1: __________________
Name
Designation
Department
Internal evaluator 2: __________________
Name
Designation
Department
Countersign by:
Chairperson, DES __________________
Name
International Islamic University
DEDICATION
We dedicate our final year project to our parents who support us throughout our entire
education career and prayed for our success in every walk of our life. We also
dedicate this research to teachers, especially to Dr.Hafiz Muahamad Naseer
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the work presented in this report is our effort,
except where otherwise acknowledged, and that the report is our
composition. No part of this project report has been previously presented
for any other degree
Date: __/____/____
____________________
Muzammil Ahmed Khan
____________________
Abdul Rafay Ahmad

Table of Contents
Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................i
List of Figures......................................................................................................................ii
List of Tables......................................................................................................................iv
Abstract................................................................................................................................v
1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................1
1.1 General Information of Rawalpindi......................................................................1
1.2 Important Places in Rawalpindi............................................................................1
1.3 Population Census of Rawalpindi in 2017............................................................2
1.4 Administrative System of Rawalpindi..................................................................3
1.4.1 Rawalpindi District Statistics.......................................................................3
1.5 Health Statistics of Rawalpindi District................................................................3
1.6 Agricultural Diversity in Rawalpindi....................................................................4
1.6.1 Flora...............................................................................................................4
1.6.2 Fauna..............................................................................................................4
1.7 Climatic Conditions in Rawalpindi.......................................................................4
1.8 General information about Traffic Wardens Rawalpindi.....................................5
1.8.1 Organogram of Traffic Police........................................................................5
1.9 The Impact of Automobile Exhaust on Air Pollution and Public Health.............6
1.10 Function of Automobile Exhaust in the Formation of Allergic Conditions
and Respiratory Diseases.................................................................................................7
1.11 Urbanization and the Surge in Automobiles and Air Pollution in

Rawalpindi.......................................................................................................................8
1.12 Examining the Health Problems Faced by Traffic Wardens in Rawalpindi.....8
1.13 Noise Pollution's Effects on Hearing and Overall Health.................................9
1.14 Assessing Psychological Health Effects on Traffic Wardens in

Rawalpindi.......................................................................................................................9
1.15 Problem statement.............................................................................................9
1.16 Objectives of the study....................................................................................10
1.17 Significance of the study.................................................................................10
2 LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................12
2.1 Vehicular Traffic Effect on Megacity Air Quality..............................................12
2.2 Health Risk on Occupationally Exposed Traffic Wardens.................................12
2.3 Pollutant categories.............................................................................................13
2.4 Routes of Exposure.............................................................................................14
2.5 Impact of air pollution on various systems and organs.......................................15
2.5.1 Respiratory system.......................................................................................15
2.5.2 Urinary system.............................................................................................15
2.5.3 Nervous system............................................................................................16
2.5.4 Cardiovascular system.................................................................................16

2.6 Hematoxicity.......................................................................................................16
2.7 Hepotoxicity........................................................................................................18
2.8 Effects of Noise Pollution...................................................................................19
2.9 Sound and noise..................................................................................................20
2.10 Noise in the Environment................................................................................21
2.11 Health Effects of Noise...................................................................................21
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..............................................................................23
3.1 Study area............................................................................................................23
3.2 Material...............................................................................................................24
3.3 Methods...............................................................................................................24
3.3.1 Surveys........................................................................................................24
3.3.2 Interviews....................................................................................................24
3.3.3 Questionnaires.............................................................................................25
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION................................................................................27
4.1 Smoking Habit....................................................................................................28
4.2 Headache.............................................................................................................29
4.3 Chest Pain...........................................................................................................30
4.4 Eye Irritation.......................................................................................................31
4.5 Skin Problems.....................................................................................................32
4.6 Hearing Problems................................................................................................33

4.7 Disturbance in sleeping Pattern...........................................................................34
4.8 Aggression..........................................................................................................36
4.9 Fatigue.................................................................................................................37
4.10 Respiratory Problems......................................................................................38
4.11 Coughing.........................................................................................................39
4.12 Throat Pain......................................................................................................41
4.13 Muscle Pain.....................................................................................................42
4.14 Use of Ear Protection and Mask......................................................................43
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................45
5.1 Conclusions.........................................................................................................45
5.2 Recommendations...............................................................................................46
Annexure I.........................................................................................................................57
Acknowledgements
We are so thankful to ALLAH, THE ALMIGHTY Who blessed us the ability to perform
and complete our final year project and peace be upon to Our Holy Prophet Muhammad
Whose teachings and enlightened the enigmatic and gloomy ways for us to reach the
destination. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our project supervisor Dr.
Hafiz Muhammad Naseer for his unwavering support guidance and insightful feedback
throughout the course of his research. His willingness to share his knowledge expertise
and dedication have been instrumental in shaping the direction and quality of this project.
Furthermore, we would like to acknowledge the academic resources, online repositories
and libraries that provided us with the necessary literature and data for our study. Last but
not least, our deepest appreciation goes to our families for their understanding, patience
and unwavering belief in our capabilities.
i
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Pakistan Army Museum Rawalpindi............................................................2
Figure 1.2 Ayub National Park Rawalpindi....................................................................2
Figure 1.3 Population Census of Rawalpindi by language...........................................3
Figure 1.4 Organogram of Punjab Traffic Police.........................................................5
Figure 2.1 Effects of Noise Pollution on Human Health..............................................22
Figure 3.1 Rawalpindi district in map of Pakistan.......................................................23
Figure 4.1 Smoking Habits in both groups of Traffic wardens..................................29
Figure 4.2 Headache problem in both groups of Traffic wardens..............................29
Figure 4.3 Chest pain problem in both group of Traffic wardens.............................31
Figure 4.4 Eye irritation problem in both group of Traffic wardens.........................32
Figure 4.5 Skin problems in both group of Traffic wardens.......................................33
Figure 4.6 Hearing problem in both group of Traffic wardens..................................34
Figure 4.7 Sleeping pattern problem in both group of Traffic wardens...................35
Figure 4.8 Aggression problem in both group of Traffic wardens............................37
Figure 4.9 Fatigue problem on both group of Traffic problem...................................38
Figure 4.10 Respiratory problems in both group of Traffic wardens........................39
ii
Figure 4.11 Coughing problem in both group of Traffic wardens..............................40
Figure 4.12 Throat pain problem in both group of Traffic wardens..........................41
iii
List of Tables
Table 3.1 Some of the questions asked to traffic wardens in Rawalpindi.................26
Table 4.1 Numbers of respondents against each question from both groups............27
iv
v
Abstract
Rawalpindi is a highly urbanized city with a significant surge in automobiles. Rising

levels of air pollution, primarily caused by vehicle emissions comprising toxic
compounds such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbons, (PAH), have been attributed to a rise in the number of automobiles on the
road. In our study we analyze that the problems which are faced by the group of traffic
control individuals in the city of Rawalpindi due to vehicular emission and noise
pollution are Headache, fatigue, aggression, hearing loss, skin problems, disturbance in
sleeping pattern ,muscle pain ,chest pain ,eye irritation and respiratory problems etc.
Interviews and surveys were done throughout the different areas of the Rawalpindi which
have high traffic congestion. We have taken the 55 questionnaires from those traffic
individuals who perform their duty on roads (exposed group) and also we have taken 40
questionnaires from those traffic individuals who perform their duty in offices (Control
Group). After this study we concluded that the ratio of above mentioned problems are
higher in exposed group because of their long term exposure with vehicular emission and
noise pollution as compared to the control group.
vi
Chapter 1 Introduction
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Information of Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi is city of Pakistan located in the province of Punjab. Rawalpindi district is in

the north of the Punjab province. Geographically it is located 33° 37' 33.8052'' N, 73° 4'
17.1912'' E. It is the fourth most populated city in Pakistan. It is also the third most
populous city in Punjab. Rawalpindi is situated close to Pakistan's capital Islamabad. The
highest elevation is 9210 feet close to Dunga Gali and in the south is as low as 1100
feet. It lies on the Potwar Plateau 9 miles (14 km) southwest of Islamabad, the federal
capital of the state. The district has an area of 5,286 km 2 (2,041 sq. mi) ("Wikipedia
contributors," 2023)
1.2 Important Places in Rawalpindi
 Liaquat Bagh
 Ayub National Park
 Rawat Fort
 Taxila Museum
 Pakistan Army Museum Rawalpindi (“Geographic Conditions | Rawalpindi,” n.d.)
Analysis of different problems among Traffic control individuals in Rawalpindi city due
to long term exposure with vehicular emission and noise pollution Page 1
(Wikimedia Commons, 2023)

Figure 1.1 Pakistan Army Museum Rawalpindi
(Wikimedia Commons contributors, 2020)

Figure 1.2 Ayub National Park Rawalpindi.
1.3 Population Census of Rawalpindi in 2017
The below graph shows the population census of Rawalpindi by language in year 2017
Population Census in 2017 of RWP

68.70%
10.90% 10.20%
3.20% 1.80% 4.00%
1.00% 0.20% 0.10% 0.10%
punjabi pushto urdu hindko saraiki sindhi balochi barohi kashmiri others
Figure 1.3 Population census of Rawalpindi by language
1.4 Administrative System of Rawalpindi
1.4.1 Rawalpindi District Statistics
Rawalpindi district composed of seven (07) Tehsils, eighty four (84) Union Councils and
six (06) Municipal Committees. The literacy rate of Rawalpindi is 70.5%.(“Geographic
Conditions | Rawalpindi,” n.d.)
1.5 Health Statistics of Rawalpindi District
In Rawalpindi District there are two (2) DHQ hospitals , six (6) THQ
hospitals ,Two(2) Allied hospitals , one (1) Rawalpindi institute of Cardiology ,Six
(6) other and child health centers (MCH) , Ninety eight (98) Basic health units
(BHUs) , six (6) (GRD) Groups Related to Diagnosis and six (6) Dispensaries.
(“Geographic Conditions | Rawalpindi,” n.d.)
1.6 Agricultural Diversity in Rawalpindi
1.6.1 Flora
The variety of plants found in Rawalpindi are mostly includes Keekar ,eucalyptus, Bari ,
Guava, Shisham, Shareen and Citrus. (“Geographic Conditions | Rawalpindi,” n.d.)
1.6.2 Fauna
The commonly found animals in Rawalpindi district are Wild Rabbit, Wild Cats,
Jackals and Foxes. (“Geographic Conditions | Rawalpindi,” n.d.)
1.7 Climatic Conditions in Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi experiences a wide range of atmospheric conditions. Because of its position.

With hot summers that often last a long time, a monsoon, and mild, rainy winters that
only last a short while, Rawalpindi has a highly temperate climate. The weather of
Rawalpindi is typically compared to that of its twin city Islamabad, although due to the
city's excessive development, it has now significantly changed. Due to its proximity to
the Pir Panjal Range and the Himalayas, Rawalpindi's weather has a history of changing
very swiftly. In addition to having an impact on the city's weather, these mountains offer
fantastic summertime recreation.
Most of the 1,346.8 millimeters (53.02 in) of yearly rainfall—or 53.02 in—falls during
the monsoon season. Frontal cloud bands do, however, also contribute significantly to
winter rainfall. The largest frequency of thunderstorms in Punjab province occurs in
Rawalpindi and Islamabad, where there are typically 98 thunderstorms per year on
average. In reality, thunderstorms accompany the majority of rain in the city, with August
seeing the most activity. (“Geographic Conditions | Rawalpindi,” n.d.)
1.8 General information about Traffic Wardens in Rawalpindi
Enforcing the traffic rules and regulations in the Rawalpindi city is the task of the City
Traffic Police . To monitor automobiles and maintain the safety of road users, there is a
group of traffic wardens that are positioned at various locations across the city. To
provide safety and assist distressed road users. They pledge to treat every road user with
respect, to always behave fairly, and to keep moral standards. Their responsibility is to
maintain efficient use of resources, including both labor and equipment, while ensuring
smooth traffic flow. (“City Traffic Police Rawalpindi – City Traffic Police Rawalpindi,”
n.d.)
1.8.1 Organogram of Traffic Police Rawalpindi (District)
The following is the ………………………..
Superintendent of
Police (SP)
Assistant
Superintendent of
Police (ASP)
Senior Traffic
Inspector Warden Traffic Warden
Figure 1.4 Organogram of Traffic Police Rawalpindi
The SP is in charge of a certain area or district of the traffic police. He submit report to
the chief traffic officer (CTO) directly. The ASP is responsible for a specific area or
sector of the traffic police force. He report directly to the SP. The Inspector is
responsible for a specific team of traffic police officers. They report directly to ASP.
Senior Traffic Warden is a senior-level traffic warden who is responsible for supervising
a group of traffic wardens. They report directly to the Inspector. The traffic warden is the
basic rank in the traffic police force. They are responsible for enforcing traffic laws and
regulating traffic flow on road sides. (“Traffic Police | Punjab Police,” n.d.)
1.9 The Impact of Automobile Exhaust on Air Pollution and Public

Health
Due to the significant economic growth and advancements in transportation, there has
been a significant increase in the number of vehicles. Due to this, there is a growing
concern among the public regarding the air pollution caused by vehicle exhaust and its
detrimental effects on individuals residing in areas with heavy traffic. The use of diesel
and gasoline engines continues to increase, exacerbating the problem of incomplete
combustion and its contribution to air pollution. According to a report, automobile
exhaust emissions account for approximately 70% of the overall air pollution in many
major cities. These emissions include particles that serve as carriers for numerous
chemicals, making them a significant source of pollution from vehicle emissions (Zhao,
et al., 1998).
There is a connection between particulate air pollution and health, according to numerous
epidemiological research and the worsening of respiratory and cardiovascular system
cause of different diseases, in result which leads to an increased number of deaths.
Vehicular pollution is specifically play role in the rise of allergic conditions like asthma,
as well as lung cancer and various ailments affecting the respiratory system such as
neurasthenia, joint pains ,trachoma syndrome, ,pharyngitis, rhinitis and digestive system
disorders. Moreover, different primary pollutants present in automobile exhaust, known
as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, have been identified as mutagenic or carcinogenic
agents. Furthermore, research has declare that automobile exhaust has the potential to
cause genetic mutations and chromosomal abnormalities (Devi V. S., et al., 2009).
1.10 Function of Automobile Exhaust in the Formation of Allergic

Conditions and Respiratory Diseases
Various types of cancer-causing and pathogenic compounds are present in urban

environments like particulate matter, which can be released by all combustion activities.
The three main contributors to air pollution are the use of fuel in industrial activities, the
production of energy, and automobile exhaust. According to reports, a "urban factor"
might be responsible for the higher rate of cancer death among urban people than rural
ones. Through separation of the complicated mixtures of air pollutants produced by
combustion and pyrolysis, carcinogenic polycyclic organic matter (POM) was found.
The primary sources of POM in air pollution are pyrolysis and products of incomplete
combustion (PICs). (Bolognesi, et al., 1997)
The rapid increase in automobiles has significantly increased air pollution in urban areas
across the world, causing serious adverse effects to both the general public and particular
individuals who are exposed to a lot of automotive emissions. Those in the job of
managing and regulating traffic flow, such as traffic wardens, are frequently exposed to
the hazardous chemicals that moving automobiles discharge, causing them more
vulnerable to negative health impacts.
1.11 Urbanization and the Surge in Automobiles and Air Pollution in

Rawalpindi
Due to rapid urbanization in Rawalpindi there has been a significant surge in

automobiles. Rising levels of air pollution, primarily caused by vehicle emissions
comprising toxic compounds such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon
hydrocarbons (PAH), have been attributed to a rise in the number of automobiles on the
road. The Aim of this study is to analyze the disease prevalence among traffic wardens
in Rawalpindi with a particular focus on the adverse effects of vehicle emissions and
exposure to hazardous chemicals on health. We may point out the significance of taking
action to reduce their exposure and ensure their wellbeing by addressing the scope and
type of the health problems faced by traffic wardens.
1.12 Examining the Health Problems Faced by Traffic Wardens in

Rawalpindi
Numerous epidemiological studies have revealed a connection between exposure to

particle air pollution and an elevated risk of cardiovascular and respiratory disorder as
well as a higher chance of death. Additionally, lung cancer, several respiratory diseases,
and allergic problems including asthma have all been related to vehicle pollution.
Inhalation of pollutants such as carbon monoxide can cause headache ,dizziness, fatigue ,
consciousness loss and sometimes death. Some other pollutants which emit from
automobile such as Nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides also cause of damage to immune
system, increase in chronic respiratory diseases and also cause of reduction in lungs
function. All these factors lead to cause of different above described diseases in Traffic
warden.
1.13 Noise Pollution's Effects on Hearing and Overall Health
A successful life depends on hearing. Hearing loss at the workplace reduces performance
Excessive noise raises blood pressure, creates stress, and results in deafness.
Additionally, it affects glucose, platelet count, plasma viscosity, serum lipid, and
triglyceride levels. (Jamal, Putus, Savolainen, Liesivuori, & Tanoli, 2016)
1.14 Assessing Psychological Health Effects on Traffic Wardens in

Rawalpindi
Due to the fact there are more automobiles on the road in Rawalpindi metropolitan city of
Pakistan. The vehicular emission or urban air pollution is also decreasing day by day.
Preliminarily traffic individuals are exposed to air pollution and noise pollution from the
automobiles at the main roads, chowks ,intersections ,check points, pedestrian crossing
and busy locations or sites of Rawalpindi. The main purpose of this study to figure out
the physiological and psychological health effects on the traffic wardens from vehicular
emission, noise and air pollution by taking interviews and questionnaires from Traffic
individuals in Rawalpindi.
1.15 Problem statement
The harmful effects of vehicle emissions and related pollutants deteriorate the situation
for traffic wardens in Rawalpindi, creating a number of challenges for them to do their
responsibilities. This study aims to investigate and pinpoint the precise issues that
Rawalpindi's traffic wardens are now dealing with as a result of rising vehicle emissions
and related pollutants. These individuals are more vulnerable to a variety of health issues
linked to extended exposure to hazardous pollutants in the air and noise pollution because
of the occupational nature of traffic wardens. Investigating and addressing the incidence
of diseases in this population is therefore essential in order to establish effective
preventive measures and interventions, which improve the general health and wellbeing
of those working in traffic control in Rawalpindi.
1.16 Objectives of the study
 Analyze the extent to which Rawalpindi's traffic wardens are exposed to

automotive emissions and related contaminants while doing their regular job.
 Determine the typical health problems and respiratory conditions that traffic
wardens suffer from as a result of prolonged exposure to vehicle fumes and
contaminants.
 Analyze the present methods and steps taken by traffic wardens to address the
negative impacts of vehicle emissions and pollution in Rawalpindi.
 Analyze the awareness levels of traffic wardens regarding the health risks
associated with vehicular pollution.
 Improve the working conditions for traffic wardens and reduce their exposure to
vehicle emissions by offering reasonable and long-lasting suggestions.
1.17 Significance of the study
The study describes significant consequences for Rawalpindi's traffic controllers' health
while at work. To develop specific measures and preventive actions to protect their health
and wellbeing, it is essential to understand these risks. Vehicular pollution is specifically
play role in the rise of allergic conditions like asthma, as well as lung cancer and various
ailments affecting the respiratory and noise produced from these vehicles is also cause of
high blood pressure, deafness, stress, nervousness etc. Different epidemiological studies
have also described that people exposed to automobile exhaust can have risk of increased
cancer mainly lung cancer. And the traffic policeman can have the highest exposure to
vehicular exhaust. This study play important role in focusing on analyzing the common
problems faced by traffic wardens in Rawalpindi due to exposure to vehicular emission
and associated pollutants. There will be a limited research on health effects of air
pollution and vehicular emissions on traffic wardens in urbanized city Rawalpindi. By
carrying out this study, useful information and insights can be produced, increasing in the
body of existing knowledge.
Chapter 2 Literature Review
CHAPTER 2
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Vehicular Traffic Effect on Megacity Air Quality
In megacities, vehicular traffic is a significant source of air pollution. Vehicle usage has
increased due to population growth and technological development. In megacities,
vehicular traffic is a significant source of air pollution. Vehicle usage has increased due
to population growth and technological development. Mobile source emissions facilitate
produce primary and secondary air pollution, which may damage ecosystems, impact the
climate, and threaten human health. They contain a wide range of pollutants,
mainly volatile organic compounds orHydrocarbons as well as carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides ,particulate and carbon monoxide, have a substantial imp
act on air quality (Sharma, Kharol, & Badarinath, 2010).
2.2 Health Risk on Occupationally Exposed Traffic Wardens
Road traffic-related air pollution poses a severe health risk specially those people who are
continuously exposed to this situation have high risk of effects. Only a few studies have
examined the connection between respiratory health and exposure time in this group of
occupationally exposed people, while numerous studies confirming the detrimental
effects of air pollution on traffic policemen's lung function. (Gupta, Mittal, Kumar, &
Singh, 2011)
While many different natural events, such as volcanic eruptions and fires, have the ability
to release different toxins into environment. However, manufacturing facilities and other
operations produce a variety of air pollutants that can negatively impact both human
health and the ecology. Hazardous chemicals can accidentally seep into the environment.
According to the definition, a pollutant is any substance that has the potential to harm
humans, plants, animals or other things. People who are frequently exposed to air
pollution run a higher chance of passing away or getting a serious illness. (Kampa &
Castanas, 2008)
Ozone, Particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, methane, carbon
monoxide, and other gases, as well as volatile organic chemicals (like toluene, xylene
benzene, and) and metals (including vanadium, manganese, lead, and iron) are all
components of the complex mixture known as air pollution. The chemical makeup of air
pollution shows temporal and spatial fluctuations that are influenced by regional sources,
such as local industries, traffic patterns, and biological processes, as well as climatic
factors, such as sunshine levels. There are distinct indoor air pollution causes such as
combustion despite the fact that external contaminants can penetrate the indoor
environment (such as tobacco products, gas, kerosene, coal, oil, wood). (Block, et al.,
2012)
2.3 Pollutant categories
The main factor changing the composition of the atmosphere is the burning of fossil fuels
for transportation and energy generation. There will be reports of a range of air
pollutants, each of which has distinct chemical properties, reactivity, environmental
persistence and emission characteristics, , the ability to travel over long or short
distances, and the potential to have an impact on people.
 Long-lasting organic contaminants, such as dioxins.

 Gaseous pollutants such as Volatile Organic Compounds, NOx,SO2,ozone , CO.
 Heavy metals such as Mercury and lead.
 Persistent organic pollutants (POP) such as dioxins.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) compose of harmful class of substances They exist
in the environment for a long time, and when they ascend the food chain,then their
impacts get stronger In this we include furans, dioxins and Polychlorinated Biphenyls.
In general, polychlorinated polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs), dibenzo-dioxins
(PCDDs) and are referred to as "dioxins," whereas polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are
referred to compounds which are similar to dioxins. (Kampa & Castanas, 2008)
Mercury, cadmium, lead ,silver, lead, manganese and chromium are Heavy metals. They
are found in upper layer of Earth. they cannot be easily decomposed and carried out by
air ,human food supply. They enter in the environment through different sources such as
through combustion, waste water discharge and different industrial activities. They come
inside of human bodies as a trace element, They are essential to maintain the normal
metabolic reactions in body. While in more concentration they will be noxious. (Järup,
2003)
Most of heavy metals will become harmful because of their ability to pileup in living
organisms. When a chemical's concentration in a biological organism rises over time
compared to its concentration in the environment, this is known as bioaccumulation.
these chemicals are ingested and kept in organisms longer than they are decomposed
(metabolized) or eliminated (Kampa & Castanas, 2008)
2.4 Routes of Exposure
Hazardous compounds that are initially released into the air as air pollutants may expose
people through a variety of channels, including ingestion, skin contact, and direct
inhalation. (Thron, 1996)
Each of the common environmental contaminants arsenic, lead, and cadmium is known to
cause chronic kidney illness, and researchers are now better understanding the molecular
pathways causing such harmful events. Because the main route of excretion for these
metals is through the urine, the proximal tubules are particularly vulnerable due to their
high re absorptive activity. This results in nephrotoxicity. (Madden & Fowler, 2000)
2.5 Impact of air pollution on various systems and organs
2.5.1 Respiratory system
Depending on their sizes, particles are deposited in various parts of the respiratory
system. More than 10 micron-sized particles are maintained by cilia of the nose. Particles
between 2 and 10 microns in size can penetrate the upper respiratory system, which
includes the trachea, larynx, nasal cavity, and nasal pharynx. Particles smaller than 2
microns are deposited in the bronchioles, and only a small percentage make it to the
Alveolar ducts, which are located in the bottom section of the respiratory tract. Particles
smaller than 0.25 microns to 1 microns penetrate the lungs' alveoli, decreasing their
capacity and reducing the amount of oxygen that is exchanged from the air to the blood,
harming the lungs. (Khan & Siddiqui, 2014)
According to epidemiological information, using unvented gas cookers in the home

exposes people to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which has been linked to respiratory
problems. NO2 could make people more vulnerable to bacterial and viral infections. The
investigation examines the available data and identifies potential causes for such
exposure, focusing on how NO2 may exacerbate respiratory symptoms in the presence of
coexistent infection. (Chauhan, Krishna, Frew, & Holgate, 1998). Prolonged contact
with ozone reduces lung function. (Rastogi, et al., 1991)
2.5.2 Urinary system
Chronic lead exposure results in kidney damage and decreased fertility in males (Nolan
& Shaikh, 1992) Kidney, bone, and lungs are the primary organs that are damaged by
chromium. It primarily builds up in the kidney and affects the proximal tubules'
and ability to reabsorb nutrients. (Mingard & Diezi, 1992)
A decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can result from heavy metal. damage to the
kidneys, may cause tubular dysfunction characterized by an increase in the excretion of
low-molecular-weight proteins. Additionally, they raise the possibility of developing
stones or nephrocalcinosis (Loghman-Adham, 1997)
2.5.3 Nervous system
Mercury ,arsenic and Lead are the main heavy metals and dioxins that harm the nervous
system. Mercury, Arsenic and lead poisoning have all been linked to neuropathies with
symptoms like fatigue, insomnia, anger, , hand tremors, memory loss ,blurred vision, and
slurred speech. (Ratnaike, 2003)
Some incidences of neurological tumors are also caused by mercury. Dioxins slow down
nerve conduction, which affects children's mental development. (Thömke, et al., 1999)
The glutamate system and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor are crucial for
memory functions are damaged by lead exposure. (Lasley, Green, & Gilbert, 2001)
2.5.4 Cardiovascular system
When carbon monoxide attaches to hemoglobin, it decreases its ability to transport

oxygen. (Badman & Jaffé, 1996) . Angina or even myocardial infraction can result from
blocked (cardiac) blood arteries caused by air pollution, which also affects blood
coagulation and causes lung irritation. (Vermylen, Nemmar, Nemery, & Hoylaerts, 2005)
Dioxin exposure has been linked to an increase in ischemic heart disease mortality, it
has been proven that heavy metals are linked to raise triglyceride levels in mice.
(Dalton, et al., 2001)
2.6 Hematoxicity
In many workplaces, the ambient environment serves as a sink for different pollutants
that come from point and nonpoint sources and expose workers directly. There are
numerous ways that people are exposed to these chemicals, including through regular
unintentional spills , distribution, transportation, incorrect handling and leaching of
petroleum hydrocarbon compounds. (Tang, Eke, Scholz, & Huang, 2009)
The majority of the aromatic organic solvents include xylene, ethyl benzene are
commonly present in petroleum products. In vehicle repair shops and among car painters,
benzene is thought to be one of the possible causes of illness. (Kamal & Malik,
Hematological evidence of occupational exposure to chemicals and other factors among
auto-repair workers in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, 2012). The bone marrow is affected by
benzol, which reduces blood production. A significant risk of hematological illnesses has
been found in Korean businesses as a result of high exposure to benzene. (Kang, Lee,
Kim, Lee, & Ahn, 2005). Thus, occupational exposure to aromatics like benzene
frequently leads to Hematoxicity and some other blood illnesses such aplastic anemia
blood cancer (leukemia), and dysplastic bone marrow problems. (Snyder, 2000)
It is widely recognized that long-term, high-benzene exposure may result in bone marrow
toxicity, which appears as a decline in blood cell counts. (Ward, et al., 1996) Reduced
lymphocyte counts are a common and early sign of benzene toxicity in workers, and there
is evidence that the symptoms go away after the person is no longer exposed to benzene.
(Goldstein, 1988)
Government and the general public are now very concerned about quantifying the
harmful health effects of environmental exposure to xenobiotics. In large cities, one of
the air pollutant that causes the most concern is volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Polycyclic aliphatic, aromatic, alicyclic, and halogenated hydrocarbons of various types
compose VOCs. The main components include hexane, octane, butane, trichloroethylene,
benzene, xylene, pyrene, styrene, toluene, naphthalene, and benzo(a)pyrene. Few VOCs
are known to directly harm plants, materials or animals. (Cooper & Alley, 2010) . There
are many studies that try to determine the connection between a quantitative estimation of
benzene exposure and hematological response. There were contradictions between the
reports of hematological abnormalities in workers who received low level exposure.
Between 1967 and 1994, 105 workers were exposed to benzene in little amounts
conducted an analysis by to determine the connection between exposure and peripheral
blood counts. The annual range of the time-weighted 8 hour average benzene exposure
level was 0.14 to 2.08 ppm. They suggest that while all CBC values, with the exception
of white blood cells (WBC), considerably decrease low levels of benzene may affect
CBC values. (Collins, Ireland, Easterday, Nair, & Braun, 1997)
According to several researchers , workers who were exposed to aromatic hydrocarbons

such benzene, toluene, xylene, and styrene experienced hematological changes.
(Georgieva, Lukanova, Panev, & Popov, 1998) For patients exposed to low amounts of
ethylene oxide, the medical surveillance program uses CBC and WBC difference as
biological markers. The lymphoerythropoietic system and other body organs may be
affected by environmental exposure to VOCs containing low amounts of benzene, and
this effect may be evaluated using CBC with WBC difference (Shaham, Levi, Gurvich,
Shain, & Ribak, 2000)Additionally, it was discovered that in comparison to a control
population, parents who lived close to the landfill, where odor complaints were the most
common, had children who were 5 times more likely to be born underweight. (Lee, Yoo,
Lee, Kim, & Kim, 2002)
2.7 Hepotoxicity
The liver conducts a variety of crucial processes, including digestion, absorption, and
storage of several vital vitamins and minerals, such as iron, copper, and vitamins required
for transporting oxygen throughout the body (Munoz, Garcı́a-Erce, & Remacha, 2011) .
The liver is the major place for processing of drugs and chemicals which enter the blood
stream The liver assists in this process by taking these compounds out of the blood and
converting them into substances that can be easily eliminated through bile or urine.
Sometimes, during this process, unstable hazardous chemicals are created, which might
harm and damage the liver. In addition to their direct toxicity, many VOCs have the
potential to harm the liver chemically (Brautbar & Williams II, 2002) .Several clinical
laboratories regularly measure several biochemical liver tests Aspartate
aminotransferase, glutamyltransferase, and alkaline phosphatase levels in the serum can
all be used as sensitive indications of liver damage According to a recent cohort study
there is a significant association between moderately increased aminotransferase activity
and the risk of developing liver disease (Liu, Drane, Liu, & Wu, 2009)
It has also been demonstrated that inhaling O3 alters the metabolism of various peripheral
organ systems. For instance, after exposure to O3, pentobarbital-induced sleeping periods
increased, indicating changes to hepatic drug metabolism and clearance pathways. Other
organizations have studied the impact of inhaled O3 on the liver since this early research.
Using a microarray method, Last and colleagues examined how O3 (1.0 ppm) affected
the liver transcriptome. They found that O3 inhalation dramatically lowered the mRNA
levels of numerous genes involved in xenobiotic, carbohydrate, and fatty acid
metabolism. Other studies have demonstrated that 3 hours of acute O3 exposure (1.0–2.0
ppm) boosted rates of protein synthesis and nitric oxide generation in isolated
hepatocytes. (Theis, et al., 2014)
2.8 Effects of Noise Pollution
Pollution is the term for any unintentional presence of matter or energy in the
environment. One type of pollution that has a harmful effects on the health of the
existing population is noise pollution. It has been established through study that noise can
impair human hearing and brain cells. High level soung may cause different problems
such as at 90dB headache and suffocation symptoms arise in healthy body and at 100
dB regular exposure of sound cause permanently damage of hearing in humans.

(Srivastava, 2012)
Due to exposure to road traffic noise, traffic police are at a significant risk of suffering
from hearing damage. In urban places, noise from transportation is a significant source.
More than other types of noise, it disturbs people and has an adverse effect on them.
Traffic-related noise makes for approximately 55 percent of all noise pollution .
According to the Central Pollution Control Board's 1989–1990 survey, noise levels in all
major Indian cities are higher than allowed. Motors and exhaust systems of cars, light
trucks, buses, and motorbikes are the primary contributors of traffic noise in urban areas.
(Ingle, Pachpande, Wagh, & Attarde, 2005)
Environmental noise has been shown to have negative effects on health and wellbeing by
interfering in routine tasks like sleep, rest, communication, concentration, and cognition.
It can also make people feel generally irritable (Muzet, 2007).More than 30% of
European inhabitants are reportedly exposed to road traffic noise levels above what the
World Health Organization (WHO) considers to be acceptable, and 10% of them
reportedly have serious sleep disturbances as a result of transportation noise at night.
About 1.5 million people in Norway, or one-third of the country's population, are thought
to be exposed to levels of traffic noise that are above the safe limits. The primary source
of environmental noise is traffic noise. (Fyhri & Aasvang, 2010)
2.9 Sound and noise
Any mechanical action can produce sound, which travels through the air or any other
medium as a motion wave. Due to the vast range covered, sound pressure level is
measured in decibel units (dB) on a logarithmic scale compared to sound pressure
is proportional to the square of sound intensity (W/m2), which is expressed in Pascal
units (Pa).The auditory system, which is made up of the ear and auditory pathways, is
activated by sound and sends out physiological signals. However, some sounds do not
elicit those signals because they fall outside of what a human's auditory perception range,
which is thought to be between 20 and 20,000 Hz. Unwanted sound or set of sound is
called noise. noise is an audible acoustic phenomenon that may o have a negative impact
on individuals. Both medically and mentally health can be affected by noise (Muzet,
2007)
2.10 Noise in the Environment
There are numerous noise sources in our environment, but they depend on our activities,
location, and time of day. In large cities and the areas around them, the majority of the
ambient noise is produced by transportation. Road traffic noise is mostly produced by the
engine of the car, but it may be generated by friction between the vehicle and the air.
Additionally, industrial facilities may provide too much noise for the surrounding area.
High noise emissions can be produced during building construction and ground work
(such as when using a crane, hammer, or large trucks) (Muzet, 2007)
2.11 Health Effects of Noise
noise can harm the inner ear and result in other abnormalities, its most prevalent side
effects are non-somatic, like feeling of loudness and disruption of daily tasks.In noise
related health effects we include hearing loss, feeling of discomfort and some
physiological effects, feeling of being bothered (Osada, 1988).Exposure to road traffic
linked to a number of health effects. Noise irritates children, and it is also linked to lower
wellbeing and stress reactions, including elevated levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline.
(Stansfeld & Clark, 2015)
It is generally known that long time exposure to noise level leads to hearing damage can
irritate people and disrupt their sleep, cause cognitive decline, cause physiological stress
reactions, alter their hormone levels, and lead to cardiovascular problems. Some
experimental studies also describe that noise pollution also leads to cardiovascular
diseases On the other hand, industrialized nations have a high prevalence of ischemic
heart disorders, particularly myocardial infarction, which are a leading cause of death.
(Babisch & others, 2011)
Disturbance
in Sleep
Effects
High Blood
High Stress of Noise Pressure
Pollution
Nervousness
Figure 2.1 Effects of Noise Pollution on Human Health
Chapter 3 Research Methodology
CHAPTER 3
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Study area
Rawalpindi is city of Pakistan located in the province of Punjab. Rawalpindi district is in

the north of the Punjab province. Geographically it is located 33° 37' 33.8052'' N, 73° 4'
17.1912'' E. The highest elevation is 9210 feet close to Dunga Gali and in the south is
as low as 1100 feet. It lies on the Potohar Plateau 9 miles (14 km) southwest of
Islamabad, the federal capital of the state. The district has an area of 5,286 km 2 (2,041
sq mi). It is the fourth most populated city in Pakistan. It is also the third most populous
city in Punjab. Rawalpindi is situated close to Pakistan's capital Islamabad.
("Rawalpindi Division," 2023)
Figure 3.1 Rawalpindi district in map of Pakistan
3.2 Material
 Questionnaires
 Survey
 Interviews
3.3 Methods
3.3.1 Surveys
A survey is a method of quantitative study that gathers standardized data from a lot of
individuals. We covered various aspects in this survey such as the frequency of exposure
to vehicular pollutants, health effects experienced, availability and effectiveness of
protective measures, and challenges in enforcing traffic regulations .We conduct surveys
throughout Rawalpindi where ever traffic wardens were operating, we visit almost every
check point, intersections all areas of this city. Most of them cooperate with us and
answer the questions and become part of our study.
3.3.2 Interviews
Interviews are a qualitative research method that involves direct interactions between the
researcher and the participants. we directly interact with the traffic wardens. By taking a
number of interviews from traffic wardens we come to know about the problems faced by
traffic individuals due to vehicular emission and associated pollutants. We recorded with
permission to ensure accurate data capture and allow for later transcription and analysis.
Almost each and every person of the traffic police which are on duty was interviewed.
First we introduced them our topic of study then we request them to answer the questions
and become part of our study. Most of them feel proudly and answer our questions in
efficient way.
3.3.3 Questionnaires
A questionnaire is a research tool composed of a list of questions used for gathering data
from respondents during a survey or statistical analysis. Typically, a research
questionnaire will have both closed-ended and open-ended questions. We collect
information from the traffic wardens on base of their age, nature of occupation, year of
service, working hours, smoking habit, medical history, protection equipment.
Physiological and psychological disturbance of traffic pollution such as throat infection,
eye problem, lung infection, respiratory problems, hearing problems, sleeping
disturbance, headache, aggression, fatigue etc. was collected using a standard
questionnaire. Most of the traffic police work 8 to 12 hours a day and 6 days in a week
throughout the year. There was 55 questionnaires distributed in Rawalpindi city where
traffic wardens perform their duty on roadside. And 40 questionnaires were given to
those traffic individuals who perform their duty in offices. The result of questionnaires
from both groups is shown in Table.
In below Table 3.1 some major questions asked by the respondents.
Table 3.1 Some of the questions asked to traffic wardens in Rawalpindi
Questions Yes No
1. Do you think vehicular emission can harm your
health?
2. Do you use any protective equipment?
3. Do you smoke?
4. Do you feel chest pain during the work or at home?
5.
Do you feel headache?
6. Do you feel pain in muscle or joints?

7. Do you feel throat pain?
8. Do you feel difficulty in sleeping?
9. Do you feel disturbance from traffic noise?
10. Do you experience coughing at work or home?
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
CHAPTER 4
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 4.1 show the numbers of respondents against each question from both groups.
Table 4.1 Numbers of respondents against each question from both groups.
Exposed group Control group

Yes No Sometime Yes No Sometime
Smoking Habit 23 21 11 11 26 4
Headache 16 24 15 8 22 10
Coughing 7 30 18 5 27 8
Chest pain 12 33 10 3 31 6
Muscle pain 15 23 17 8 26 6
Throat pain 13 26 12 3 32 5
Eye irritation 16 20 19 9 23 8
Use of ear protection 12 33 10 7 28 5
and mask
Disturbance 27 16 12 12 18 9
Aggression 19 27 9 6 29 5
Fatigue 27 15 13 13 20 7
Hearing problems 29 18 8 2 34 4
Respiratory problem 9 39 7 2 33 5
Sleeping problems 17 24 14 4 28 8
Skin Problems 8 38 11 4 31 5
4.1 Smoking Habit
Smoking is a major health risk and is the leading cause of mortality among people
worldwide. Smoking plays a significant impact in the formation of illnesses like chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease. There are around 4000 distinct compounds that make up
cigarette tobacco. Several chemicals, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons like
benzopyrine, nicotine, ammonia, acrolein, phenols, and acetaldehyde, have been
discovered over the past 30 to 40 years. combustion gases such polonium, radium, and
thorium as well as radioactive elements including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and
hydrogen cyanide. Smoking tobacco cigarettes may include chemicals that cause cancer.
Smoking cigarettes can result in hypertension, lipid problems, and coronary heart disease
(CHD). According to the WHO, tobacco consumption resulted in 5.4 million deaths in
2004 and 100 million deaths over the 20th century. Similarly, as reported by the US
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, tobacco use is the single biggest risk to
human health that can be avoided in developed countries and a significant contributor to
premature death globally.
In our research project after taking several interviews from both groups (exposed and
control group) of traffic police in Rawalpindi .We filled out 55 questionnaire’s from
exposed group and 40 from control group. So we concluded that in exposed group 23
individuals are permanent smokers out of 55 and 21 individuals are non-smokers and 11
individuals smoke sometimes.
In control group we come to know that 11 individuals are permanent smokers out 40
individuals. And 26 persons are non smokers and 4 people smoke sometimes.

yes no sometime yes no sometime
10%
20%
27%
42%
38% 63%
Figure 4.1 Smoking Habits in both groups of Traffic wardens
4.2 Headache
Numerous pollutants produced by vehicles have the potential to be harmful to people's

health. Vehicles' incomplete combustion produces pollutants like carbon monoxide.
Polluted air causes a number of health issues in humans, such as headaches,
disorientation, depression, memory loss, and lightheadedness. Long-term exposure to
carbon monoxide can have serious health effects on the heart and central nervous system
(CNS).People who work in noisy environments, like traffic police officers, often get
headaches due to traffic congestion.

yes no sometime yes no sometime
20%
27% 29% 25%
44% 55%
Figure 4.2 Headache problem in both groups of Traffic wardens
After this study we conclude that some areas of Rawalpindi mainly Raja Bazar ,Saddar
and Murree road have high level of traffic congestion and noise pollution.
We took 55 questionaires from exposed group and 40 from control group.So we

concluded that in exposed group 16 individuals have problem of permanent headache out
of 55 and 24 individuals donot have this problem and 15 individuals face sometimes
headache. In control group we come to know that 8 individuals are suffered from
permanent headache out 40 individuals. And 22 persons have no headache and 4 people
face this problem sometimes.
4.3 Chest Pain
Different pollutants, such as ground-level ozone and SOX, are harmful to humans
regardless of whether they have respiratory illnesses and can damage people for 6 to 8
hours at low levels. Chest pain, coughing, nausea, and pulmonary congestion are just a
few of the symptoms that might accompany it as it impairs lung function and causes
respiratory inflammation in healthy people. According to the report, several of the
traffickers have chest issues.
In this analysis we found that in expose group 9 people are suffered from chest pain out
of 55 and 36 have no chest pain while 10 people have sometimes face this problem
especially in winter season. People who are physically exposed to the pollutants they
inhale are significantly more susceptible to illnesses including asthma, chronic bronchitis,
and emphysema. People who are exposed to poor air quality and breathing toxins from
vehicle emissions can wheeze, cough, and have shortness of breath in their chest.
Emphysema is a disease caused by inflammatory responses in the lungs that can narrow
the airways and destroy lung tissue. People who perform their duties by the roadway have
more respiratory illnesses than the control group does.
This figure illustrates that in control group only 3 persons have chest pain out of 40
while 31 have do not and 6 individuals have sometimes face this problem. We have also
concluded that control group have less number of respiratory disorders due to their little
exposure to hazardous air pollutants.
Exposed group control group

Yes No Sometimes Yes No Sometimes
16% 8%
18% 15%
65% 78%
Figure 4.3 Chest pain problem in both group of Traffic wardens
4.4 Eye Irritation
Air pollutants such as SOx., particulate matters, toxic pollutants like Arsenic, Abestos,
Benzene and dioxins etc. can cause large number of diseases on eye to every exposed
persons. Diseases like oppressive eyelids, Irritation, itching eye, gritty eyes,
burning ,lacrimation (excess tearing), ocular /visual fatigue, eyes smarting etc
The traffic individuals working in the field complained eyes problems and irritations.
Those traffic individuals who work in offices have less eye problems due to less
exposure with pollutants.
Due to high urbanization in Rawalpindi the number of vehicles also increase which
results in more vehicular emission. Due this reason amount of toxic pollutants increases
in atmosphere so people who works more then 8 hours on roadside have more eye
irritation as compared to control group.

20% 23%
29%
35%
36% 57%
Figure 4.4 Eye irritation problem in both group of Traffic wardens
It is concluded that in exposed group 16 people have eye irritation problems out of 55
while 20 do not have this problem and 19 individuals face this problem sometimes.While
in control group only 9 people have eye irritation problem out of 40 individuals and 23 do
not have this problem and 8 have sometimes.
4.5 Skin Problems
Numerous conditions that affect the look, feel, and general health of the skin are referred
to as skin issues. The body's largest organ, the skin, acts as a barrier against
environmental variables, diseases, and the elements. Different symptoms, such as
redness, irritation, swelling, dryness, flakiness, discoloration, and more, may accompany
skin conditions of varying severity. The skin problems which are common in traffic
wardens includes Sun burn , tanning, hyperpigmentation, photoaging, actinic
keratosis ,skin cancer and eye damage. In fact, skin problems can develop in traffic
wardens who spend a lot of time outdoors due to exposure to sunshine and vehicle
pollutants. The sun's UV rays, air pollution, and other environmental variables all
contribute to these problems. Long-term sun exposure without proper protection can
result in sunburn, which is marked by the skin's redness, discomfort, and occasionally
blistering of skin and premature aging.

14% 13% 10%

19%
67% 78%
Figure 4.5 Skin problems in both group of Traffic wardens
After this Analysis we concluded that in Exposed group 8 persons out of 55 suffered
from skin problems due to long exposure with sunlight and long time duty hour. 38
people don’t have skin problem and 11 feel some times this problem. While in control
group only 4 people suffered from this problem out of 40 due to less exposure with sun
light and 31 individuals do not face this problem only 5 people face this problem
sometimes.
4.6 Hearing Problems
A sound which is unpleasant for us is called noise. In general, noise is defined as any
unintentional or random fluctuations, disturbances, or interference that might degrade a
signal, process, or system's quality, accuracy, or clarity. It is often referred to as chaotic
and unpredictable. Long-term exposure to loud noises can make traffic wardens stressed,
exhausted, and even develop mental health problems.
Over time, prolonged exposure might potentially cause hearing loss. It is difficult for
traffic wardens to interact successfully with drivers, pedestrians, and their coworkers
when there is excessive noise. This makes it difficult for them to deliver precise
instructions, cautions, or directions, which could result in misunderstandings and traffic
management problems. Traffic wardens' ability to focus on their work may suffer from
the constant assault of noise. This could lead to mistakes, slow answers, or the inability to
manage challenging traffic circumstances. Noise is that sound that creates irritation on
every human hearing . Different biological functions are damaged by noise at various
decibel (dB) levels. Every person, regardless of age, will experience headaches and
suffocation at 90 dB. At 100 dB, exposure results in irreversible hearing loss, and at 195
dB, lung damage.

15% 10% 5%
53%
33%
85% ’
Figure 4.6 Hearing problem in both group of Traffic wardens
In Exposed group 29 persons out of 55 suffered from hearing problem due vehicular
noise and 18 people don’t have hearing problem and 8 feel some times this problem.
While in control group only 2 people suffered from this problem out of 40 due to less
exposure with vehicular noise and 34 individuals do not face this problem only 4 people
face this problem sometimes.
4.7 Disturbance in sleeping Pattern
There are a number of causes for sleep disturbances in traffic wardens brought on by
exposure to vehicle pollutants. Regulation and management of motor traffic is the
responsibility of traffic wardens, and their work frequently exposes them to high levels of
air pollution, particularly in densely populated urban areas.
Pollutants commonly encountered in places with heavy traffic include nitrogen dioxide
(NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), and volatile organic compounds
(VOCs). Long-term exposure to these pollutants can cause respiratory inflammation and
irritation, which may impair sleep. High levels of noise pollution are another risk faced
by traffic wardens who work at busy intersections or in densely populated regions. Loud
noises can disrupt sleep patterns, resulting in fragmented sleep and worse quality
sleep.Motor vehicles, including cars, trucks, motorbikes, buses, and trains, emit a variety
of loud noises that are referred to as vehicular noise. The inner ear's hair cells can be
harmed by prolonged or repetitive exposure to loud motor vehicles. Tiny hair cells in the
inner ear are in charge of carrying sound information to the brain.
Tinnitus results from these hair cells being destroyed because they may produce
erroneous electrical impulses to the brain, which the brain interprets as sound.

10%
25% 20%
31%
44% 70%
Figure 4.7 Sleeping pattern problem in both group of Traffic wardens
from sleeping problem due vehicular noise and 24 people don ’t have sleeping problem
and 14 feel some times have this problem. While in control group only 4 people suffered
from this problem out of 40 due to less exposure with vehicular noise and 28 individuals
do not face this problem only 8 people face this problem sometimes.
4.8 Aggression
A variety of activities and behaviors that intend to hurt or make oneself or others
uncomfortable are said to as aggressive. It entails the desire to control, subjugate, or
intimidate someone or something.
Traffic wardens frequently put in lengthy shifts in busy places while being constantly
exposed to the sounds of passing cars, horns, and engines. Due to their ongoing exposure
to loud and distressing noises, they may become more stressed and exhausted, which
increases their susceptibility to irritation and aggression.
Any improper, angry, or confrontational behavior exhibited by a traffic warden while

performing their duties is referred to as aggression in this context. This hostility may be
aimed at other coworkers, pedestrians, or even other vehicles. It may also involve
gestures or words that are meant to intimidate, frighten, or hurt someone physically or
emotionally.
The noise itself can not cause the behavioral changes such excess aggression to any
person but can be strong factor that can result the increase of aggression.The traffic
individuals in the city were nice and kind still in noisy areas those who are operating
traffic have much aggression as compared to those who are working in offices or in less
noisy areas. After taking interviews from the traffic wardens we come to know that traffic
wardens become more aggressive when any driver violates the rules like unnecessary
honking , breaking signals , not following Traffic rules and rude behavior of the drivers
and Motorbike riders.

10%
25% 20%
31%
44% 70%
Figure 4.8 Aggression problem in both group of Traffic wardens
from Aggression due vehicular noise and behavioral conditions. 27 people don ’t have
Aggression problem and 9 feel some times this problem. While in control group only 6
people suffered from this problem out of 40 due to less exposure with vehicular noise and
29 individuals do not face this problem only 5 people face this problem sometimes.
4.9 Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of tiredness or exhaustion that happens without being sleepy and can
happen after intense physical or mental exertion. It is also referred to as listlessness,
lethargy , tiredness, weariness or exhaustion. It is a disorder marked by a dearth of
physical and mental vitality. Standing and working for long time hours can create much
fatigue and tiredness to every one most of the traffic individuals working in the streets
and remaining stands most of their working hours. Most of them work around 10 to 12
hours.
For those who are operating in crowded areas with much noisy environment complained
much about all and every problem created by noise pollution. They have also stated that
they experience fatigue and tiredness throughout the year .Traffic wardens have fatigue
and tiredness more than other groups of people have.

18%
24%
33%
49%
27%
50%
Figure 4.9 Fatigue problem on both group of Traffic problem
from Fatigue due vehicular noise and long time duty hour. 15 people don ’t have Fatigue
problem and 13 feel some times this problem. While in control group only 13 people
suffered from this problem out of 40 due to less exposure with vehicular noise and 20
individuals do not face this problem only 7 people face this problem sometimes.
4.10 Respiratory Problems
The term "respiratory problems" refers to a set of medical ailments that affect the organs
and tissues involved in breathing. Respiratory problems are often referred to as
respiratory disorders or respiratory disease such as bronchitis, emphysema, asthma and
pneumonia. The lungs, windpipe (trachea), nose, throat, and a number of breathing-
related muscles make up the respiratory system. These ailments, which can range in
severity from mild to severe, can impair a person's capacity to breathe adequately,
making it more difficult for the body to absorb oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.
Due to the detrimental effects of air pollution and noise pollution on the respiratory
systems of traffic wardens who are exposed to automobile exhaust and noise may
experience respiratory problems. Traffic wardens are more likely to experience
respiratory issues than the average population because of how frequently they are around
busy roads and crossings. Due to the presence of different pollutants which are produced
as a result of vehicular emission includes Carbon monoxide, particulate matter,nitrogen
oxides and Sulphur oxides. All these pollutants significantly causes chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma in traffic wardens who perform their duties on
road side.

13% 16%
13% 5%
71% 83%
Figure 4.10 Respiratory problems in both group of Traffic wardens
After this Analysis and filling questionnaire form from both group (Control and Exposed)
of traffic individuals we concluded that in Exposed group 9 persons out of 55 suffered
from respiratory problems due to long time exposure with vehicular emission. 18 people
don’t have Respiratory problem and 8 feel some times this problem. While in control
group only 2 people suffered from this problem out of 40 due to less exposure with
vehicular emission and 33 individuals do not face this problem only 5 people face this
problem sometimes.
4.11 Coughing
It is the process in which body naturally attempts to remove any irritants, mucus, or
foreign particles from the airways as a reflex movement. The respiratory system has a
defense mechanism to stop the accumulation of potentially dangerous chemicals in the

lungs and airways. Traffic wardens frequently spend a lot of time around major
intersections and roadways. A cough can result from breathing in automobile pollution,
such as exhaust fumes and particulate matter. Dust and other airborne contaminants,
particularly in crowded metropolitan environments, can irritate the respiratory system and
make one cough. Extreme weather conditions can exacerbate respiratory symptoms and
increase the likelihood of coughing in traffic wardens, such as cold, dry air or high
humidity.

13% 13%
20%
33%
55%
68%
Figure 4.11 Coughing problem in both group of Traffic wardens
from coughing problems due to long time exposure with vehicular emission. 30 people
don’t have coughing problem and 18 feel some times this problem. While in control
problem sometimes.
4.12 Throat Pain
The medical ailment of throat pain, commonly known as a sore throat also known as
pharyngitis is defined by discomfort, pain, or irritation in the throat.. Due to the negative
effects that air pollution and vehicle emissions have on both human health and air quality,
throat pain may be linked to these factors. In metropolitan areas, a large source of air
pollution comes from vehicular emissions, which comprise gases and particles that come
from moving cars.Throat pain can be common among traffic wardens due to their
prolonged exposure to vehicular emissions and other environmental factors associated
with their job.Traffic wardens perform their duties close to busy roadways with lots of
traffic. Despite wearing uniforms or bright vests, traffic wardens may not be sufficiently
protected against the small contaminants found in vehicle exhaust. As a result, they are
exposed to increased concentrations of particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and other
hazardous chemicals that are released into the air by moving automobiles. Over time, the
throat and respiratory system may get irritated from prolonged contact to these
contaminants. Traffic police can readily breathe in airborne particulate matter (PM) from
vehicle exhaust. Small particles known as PM2.5, which have a diameter of 2.5
micrometers or less, can enter the respiratory system deeply and cause throat irritation
and inflammation.

13% 8%
24% 25%
51% 80%
Figure 4.12 Throat pain problem in both group of Traffic wardens.
from throat pain problems due to long time exposure with vehicular emission. 26 people
don’t have throat pain problem and 12 feel some times this problem. While in control
problem sometimes.
4.13 Muscle Pain
Myalgia, another name for muscle pain, describes discomfort or soreness felt in one or
more bodily muscles. It might range in intensity from a slight ache to a harsh,
uncomfortable sensation. A certain region of the body may have localized muscle
discomfort, or the pain may be felt throughout. Traffic wardens' muscle soreness may or
may not be caused by vehicle emissions, depending on a number of circumstances.
Inflammation of the airways and respiratory system can arise from poor air quality
caused by vehicle emissions. Inflammation has the ability to disrupt muscular function,
resulting in tiredness and general aches and pains. Due to long hours duty of traffic
wardens. They monitor traffic flow while standing for extended periods of time due to
the nature of their job. Muscle strain and discomfort can be brought on by prolonged
standing, as well as exposure to external stressors such traffic noise and pollution. While
in control group of traffic wardens after various interviews we concluded that sitting on
chair or working on computer for long time can lead to pain in back bone ,shoulder
muscles and pelvic floor muscles.

13% 8%
24% 25%
51% 80%
Figure 4.13 Muscle pain problem in both group of Traffic wardens
from muscle pain problems due to long time exposure with vehicular emission. 23
people don’t have muscle pain problem and 17 feel some times this problem. While in
control group only 8 people suffered from this problem out of 40 due to less exposure
with vehicular emission and 26 individuals do not face this problem only 6 people face
this problem sometimes.
4.14 Use of Ear Protection and Mask
Individuals who work in traffic are frequently located at congested crossroads or along
roadways, where they are subjected to loud, constant traffic noise. Long-term exposure to
this loud noise levels can cause hearing damage and hearing loss. Ear muffs act as a
shield against these loud noises, preventing potential damage to the ears.People who
work in traffic are frequently positioned at major junctions or along roadways, where
they are subjected to loud, constant traffic noise. Long-term exposure to such noise levels
can cause hearing loss and damage to the ears. The ears are shielded from these loud
noises by ear muffs, preventing possible damage.
People who work along roadsides may be exposed to air pollution and vehicle emissions,
which may be harmful to their respiratory health. Masks serve as a barrier that minimizes
exposure to harmful contaminants, maintaining better air quality in the breathing zone of
the mask user.

18% 13%
22% 18%
60% 70%
Figure 4.14 Use of Ear protection and mask in both group of Traffic wardens
of traffic individuals we concluded that in Exposed group 12 persons out of 55 uses the
ear protection and mask. 33 people don’t use these protections and 10 uses some times
these equipments. While in control group only 7 people uses ear protection and mask out
of 40 due to working in offices they less adopt these protective equipment and 28
individuals do not use and only 5 people uses sometimes.
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendations
CHAPTER 5
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusions
The study aimed to examine the numerous issues that Rawalpindi's traffic wardens faced
as a result of exposure to automobile exhaust and loud noises over an extended period of
time. Specifically focused on concerns like smoking habits, headaches, coughing, muscle
discomfort, throat pain, eye irritation, hostility, exhaustion, hearing problems, respiratory
problems, and sleeping problems, the research approach involved using interviews and
questionnaires to collect data. The answers were grouped into "yes," "no," and
"sometimes." The following conclusions can be obtained after gathering and examining
the data from both the exposed group (traffic wardens working on the road) and the
control group( who are working in offices). The outcomes of the study show a strong
correlation between traffic wardens' prolonged exposure to noise and exhaust from
moving vehicles and their likelihood of developing health issues. Compared to the
control group, people in the exposed group experienced more headaches, coughing,
muscle discomfort, throat pain, eye irritation, exhaustion, hearing problems, respiratory
problems, and sleeping problems. Also this study showed that the problems such as
aggression, hearing loss, disturbance in sleeping pattern and fatigue are caused by noise
pollution and we analyze that the ratio of these problems is higher in exposed group as
compared to control group because traffic wardens who perform duty on road side have
more exposure with noise pollution and also they use rarely ear protections like ear muffs
during their working hours.
5.2 Recommendations
 Promote strict enforcement of pollution laws, higher vehicle emission standards,

and the development of cleaner transportation technology.
 Make recommendations to reduce traffic congestion, such as increasing the use of
bicycles, promoting public transportation, and developing carpooling initiatives.
 Suggest implementing noise barriers, banning the use of horns in particular
places, and enforcing noise restrictions for motor vehicles as measures to mitigate
noise pollution.
 To reduce extended exposure, suggest regulations for traffic wardens' frequent
health examinations, required breaks, and rotation of job sites.
 In order to limit the amount of pollution and particle matter that traffic wardens
breathe in, support the provision of N95 masks or respirators.
 Encourage the use of earplugs or noise-canceling earmuffs to mitigate the
damaging effects of noise pollution on hearing health.
 To reduce the detrimental effects of noise pollution on hearing health, promote
the use of earplugs or noise-cancelling earmuffs.
 To avoid dehydration and sunburn while on duty, promote the installation of
water stations and sun protection measures.
 Encourage the use of uniforms made of breathable and cozy materials to reduce
discomfort during extended shifts.
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Annexure I
Questionnaires taken by the both groups (exposed and control) of traffic
police in Rawalpindi
QUESTIONNAIRE
(PERSONAL INFORMATION)
Name ______________________ Age _______________________

Area _______________________
Number of working hours _________________________
Do you stand all time during duty ___________________
Duration of your service __________________________
Part 1
Impacts of Air Pollutants
1.Do you think vehicle emission can harm your health?
a. Yes b. No
2. Have you ever made any checkup after becoming a traffic warden?
a. Yes b. No
3. Do you use any protective equipment or masks during duty?
a. Yes b. No c. Sometimes
If yes then which type of equipment or mask you use?
____________________________________________________
4. Do you feel chest pain during work or at home?
5. Do you have any disease of lung?
6. Do you experience coughing at work or home?
a. Yes b. No c . Sometimes
7. Do you feel difficulty in breathing or shortness of breath?
8. Do you feel wheezing in the respiratory airways during breathing?
a.Yes b. No c. Sometimes
9. Do feel excess headache at work or after the work?
a, Yes b. No c . Sometimes
10. Do you feel muscle or joint pain during or after work?
11. Do you feel throat pain?
12. Do you suffer Anemia ?
a. Yes b. no c. Sometimes
13 . Do you feel difficulty in performing complex tasks?
14. Do you think you face poor learning ability after being traffic police?
a. Yes b. No
15. Do you feel eye irritation?
16. Do you have any eye problem before this job?
a. Yes b. No
17. Do you have any allergic problems?
a. Yes b. No
If yes then which type of allergy you have ?
_____________________________________________
18. Do you have any digestive problem?
PART (B)
Noise pollution Effect
1.Do you use any protective equipments to protect your ears ?
a. Yes b . No c. Some times
2.Do you feel disturbance from the noise of traffic vehicles
3.Do you feel aggression at work or home?
4.Do you experience difficulty in sleeping?
a.Yes b. No c. sometimes
5.Do you feel annoyance about the traffic vehicles?
a.Yes b. No c. Sometime
6.Do you have any hearing problem?
7.Do you have any cardiovascular problem?
8.Do you feel Fatigue?
a.Yes b. No c.Sometime

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ANALYSIS

AMONG TRAFFIC INDIVIDUALS

DUE TO LONG TERM EXPOSURE

TO VEHICULAR EMISSION AND NOISE POLLUTION

Muzammil Ahmed Khan

Abdul Rafay Ahmad

Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Naseer

Department of Environmental Science

Abdul Rafay Ahmad

Final Year Project Report submitted to the Department of Environmental

Abdul Rafay Ahmad

1.1 General Information of Rawalpindi......................................................................1

1.2 Important Places in Rawalpindi............................................................................1

1.3 Population Census of Rawalpindi in 2017............................................................2

1.4 Administrative System of Rawalpindi..................................................................3

1.4.1 Rawalpindi District Statistics.......................................................................3

1.5 Health Statistics of Rawalpindi District................................................................3

1.6 Agricultural Diversity in Rawalpindi....................................................................4

1.7 Climatic Conditions in Rawalpindi.......................................................................4

1.8 General information about Traffic Wardens Rawalpindi.....................................5

1.8.1 Organogram of Traffic Police........................................................................5

1.11 Urbanization and the Surge in Automobiles and Air Pollution in

1.12 Examining the Health Problems Faced by Traffic Wardens in Rawalpindi.....8

1.13 Noise Pollution's Effects on Hearing and Overall Health.................................9

1.14 Assessing Psychological Health Effects on Traffic Wardens in

1.15 Problem statement.............................................................................................9

1.16 Objectives of the study....................................................................................10

1.17 Significance of the study.................................................................................10

2.1 Vehicular Traffic Effect on Megacity Air Quality..............................................12

2.2 Health Risk on Occupationally Exposed Traffic Wardens.................................12

2.3 Pollutant categories.............................................................................................13

2.4 Routes of Exposure.............................................................................................14

2.5 Impact of air pollution on various systems and organs.......................................15

2.5.1 Respiratory system.......................................................................................15

2.5.2 Urinary system.............................................................................................15

2.5.3 Nervous system............................................................................................16

2.5.4 Cardiovascular system.................................................................................16

2.8 Effects of Noise Pollution...................................................................................19

2.9 Sound and noise..................................................................................................20

2.10 Noise in the Environment................................................................................21

2.11 Health Effects of Noise...................................................................................21

3.1 Study area............................................................................................................23

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION................................................................................27

4.1 Smoking Habit....................................................................................................28

4.3 Chest Pain...........................................................................................................30

4.4 Eye Irritation.......................................................................................................31

4.5 Skin Problems.....................................................................................................32

4.6 Hearing Problems................................................................................................33

4.10 Respiratory Problems......................................................................................38

4.12 Throat Pain......................................................................................................41

4.13 Muscle Pain.....................................................................................................42

4.14 Use of Ear Protection and Mask......................................................................43

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................45

Figure 1.1 Pakistan Army Museum Rawalpindi............................................................2

Figure 1.2 Ayub National Park Rawalpindi....................................................................2

Figure 1.3 Population Census of Rawalpindi by language...........................................3

Figure 1.4 Organogram of Punjab Traffic Police.........................................................5

Figure 2.1 Effects of Noise Pollution on Human Health..............................................22

Figure 3.1 Rawalpindi district in map of Pakistan.......................................................23

Figure 4.1 Smoking Habits in both groups of Traffic wardens..................................29

Figure 4.2 Headache problem in both groups of Traffic wardens..............................29

Figure 4.3 Chest pain problem in both group of Traffic wardens.............................31