Lecture 13

Circular Motion
Rotation of a Rigid Body

• Angular position, Velocity and acceleration

• Angular and translational quantities

Serway and Jewett 6.2, 10.1-10.3

 Example : How fast can the car go without sliding?
Friction of the road on the If the road is icy (no
tires provides the force friction) the car travels in
needed to keep the car a straight line.
traveling in a circle.


v
 
a fs

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McMaster Physics 1D03 – Module 3-Lecture 13
 Example: Car around a Flat curve
• The force of static friction, 𝑓Ԧ𝑠 , between the tires and the
road provides the centripetal force, causing the car to
move in circle.
Vertical : ay = 0, N = mg Horizontal : ƒs = ma
𝑣2
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎𝑟 = 𝑚
𝑟
𝐹 = 𝑓𝑠 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑚𝑔
𝑣2
𝑚𝜇𝑠 𝑔 = 𝑚
𝑟

𝑣 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑟𝑔 𝜇𝑠 = 𝑣 2 Τ𝑟𝑔
So, this is how fast the car can go without sliding.
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McMaster Physics 1D03 – Module 3-Lecture 13
Clicker Quiz
Car driving around a flat curve
• The coefficient of static friction between the tires of your
car and the wet road is 0.4. If you are traveling at 25
km/h, will you be able to drive around a curve (radius =
10 m) without slipping?

(A) Yes
(B) No
(C) More information needed

McMaster Physics 1D03 – Module 3-Lecture 13 6

 Designing a Road
Roads are “banked” – tilted from side to side on curves – to allow
cars to travel at higher speeds without sliding off.
Q: At what speed can the car follow the road with no friction?
Q: What does the free-body diagram look like at other speeds?

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McMaster Physics 1D03 – Module 3-Lecture 13
 Example:

Calculate the speed at which the car can negotiate

the curve without friction. Assume constant speed.

Free-body diagram:

N - Two forces: N and gravity

- a is horizontal, since the
circular path is horizontal.
 - the horizontal component of N
a
is the “centripetal” force


mg

McMaster Physics 1D03 – Module 3-Lecture 13 9

Solution:

N
y
y

 Ny N
a
 
x a
Nx
x
mg 

mg

 v = rg tan 
McMaster Physics 1D03 – Module 3-Lecture 13 10
• Round a banked curve
If a carved road is banked (tilted) at the proper angle, a car can go
around the banked curved road without assistance from frictional
force. At What Angle this happen?
v2
Fr = m ar = m
r
Fr = N sin 
v2
N sin  = m
r
Fy = N cos  − m g = 0
N cos  = m g
Fr N sin  (m v ) r v 2 2 m v2 r v 2
= = = tan  = =
Fy N cos mg rg mg rg

v= rg tan 
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McMaster Physics 1D03 – Module 3-Lecture 13
Quick Quiz
A car rounds a very steep, banked curve moving at low speed. A
frontend view of the car is shown to the right. Which of the directions
shown depicts the net centripetal force acting on the car?

A) A D
C E
B) B B
C) C A
D) D

McMaster Physics 1D03 – Module 3-Lecture 13 12

 Rotation of a Rigid Body about a fixed axis

Each particle of rigid body travels

in a circle.

The speeds of the particles differ,

but each one completes a full
revolution at the same time.

• We describe the rotational motion using angle, angular

velocity, and angular acceleration.
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McMaster Physics 1D03 – Module 3-Lecture 13
 Rotation of a Rigid Body
pure rotational motion describes changes in orientation
using an angle, angular velocity and angular acceleration.
fixed to object

P
r s
 x
r
O
fixed axis

Pure linear motion is described by changes in the

position of an object using a displacement vector,
velocity vector and acceleration vector.
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McMaster Physics 1D03 – Module 3-Lecture 13
 Rotation of a Rigid Body
Pure rotational motion is described by changes in the orientation of
an object using the angle between a line fixed to a non-rotating
reference axis and a line fixed to the rigid object.
fixed to object

0  reference axis (fixed)

angle (“theta”):  (t ) (radians)

angular velocity (“omega”):  (t ) = d  (t ) (rad/s)

dt
d
angular acceleration (“alpha”):  (t ) =  (t ) (rad/s2 )
dt
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McMaster Physics 1D03 – Module 3-Lecture 13
 Units: by convention, angles are measured in radians.

Radian is defined as: arc length

s
s r
 = or s = r
r 
r
2 rad = 360o

Angular velocity has units of rad/s or s-1

Angular acceleration has units of rad/s2 or s-2

Note: The radian is a ratio of two lengths, and not really a unit.
** Some equations will require angles to be in radians.
17 Physics 1D03 – Module 3-Lecture 13
McMaster
 Quiz

The Earth rotates on its axis. How does its angular velocity ω
vary with location?

a) ω is larger at the equator, and smaller near the poles

b) ω is smaller at the equator, and larger near the poles
c) ω is the same at the equator and near the poles

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McMaster Physics 1D03 – Module 3-Lecture 13
 Linear and angular quantities
A particle P travels in a circle of radius r. The velocity is tangential
to the circle and perpendicular to the radius.
v
Distance: s = r
P
Tangential Velocity: r 
s
ds d d 0
vt = = (r ) = r = r
dt dt dt
circular path
Tangential Acceleration: of point P
dvt d d d 2
at = = (r ) = r = r 2 = r
dt dt dt dt
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McMaster Physics 1D03 – Module 3-Lecture 13
 s = r
In simpler notation: vt = r
at = r at
The tangential component at is equal to the rate
P
a
of increase (decrease) of speed, requires
tangential force, 𝐹Ԧt .
ar
𝑑 𝑣Ԧ
𝑎𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡
There is also a radial (centripetal) component,
due to the change in direction of 𝑣,
Ԧ requires
centripetal force, 𝐹c :
v2
ar = = r 2
r
These relations require angular quantities to be measured in
radians (or rad/s, etc.).
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McMaster Physics 1D03 – Module 3-Lecture 13
 Question
Two bugs cling to the surface of a record which is spinning on a
record player. Bug A is closer to the center of the record than
Bug B.

I. Which bug has the greater speed?

a) A b) B c) same d) more info needed

II. Which bug has the greater angular velocity?

a) A b) B c) same d) more info needed

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McMaster Physics 1D03 – Module 3-Lecture 13
 Quiz

Several pennies are placed on a

turntable. As the angular velocity of the
turntable is slowly increased, which
penny slides first?

A) outer
B) inner
C) all at the same time

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McMaster Physics 1D03 – Module 3-Lecture 13
 Constant angular acceleration:

𝜔𝑓 = 𝜔𝑖 + 𝛼𝑡
All for constant  only !
𝜃𝑓 = 𝜃𝑖 + 𝜔𝑖 𝑡 + 1Τ2 𝛼𝑡 2

𝜔𝑓2 = 𝜔𝑖2 + 2𝛼𝜃

These expressions should remind you of relations for constant

linear acceleration:  replaces x,  replaces v,  replaces a.
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 1Τ2 𝑎𝑡 2 All for constant a only !
𝑣𝑓2 = 𝑣𝑖2 + 2𝑎 (𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 )
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McMaster Physics 1D03 – Module 3-Lecture 13