10/9/2023

Concrete Structures Design (1)

CIV211
3 Cr. Hrs. ( 3 Lect. , 1 Tut./Lab )

Lecture 2
Dr. Amr Galal Abdelhamid Abdellah
Lecturer Galala University
amr.galal@gu.edu.eg

Lecture 2

• Design philosophy and concepts,

• Codes

• Reinforced concrete material

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Course Grades
• 3 Cr. Hrs. ( 3 Lect. , 1 Tut./Lab)

Attendance Assignments Project Midterm Final Total

CIV 211

10 20 10 20 40 100

• Schedule
• Sunday : 14:00 - 16-30 Lec.
• Tuesday : 14:50 - 15:40 lab.

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Codes of Practice
• Codes of practice are specifications to guide the designer to ensure minimum
requirements for structural safety
• Codes specify :
• Design loads
• Allowable stresses
• Requirements for building construction

• Egyptian code for design and construction of concrete structures (ECP-203)

• ACI code (American concrete Institute)
• IBC (international building code)
• ASTM ( American society for testing and materials
• European Code (EC)
• UBC (unified building code)

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Design

• Dimensions of structural member

• Thickness of slab
• Depth of beam
• Cross-section of column

• Required reinforcement in concrete

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Deflection

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Cracks and crack propagation

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Concrete material Properties

• Strength
• Compression 25 - 40 N/mm2
• Tension 2.5 - 4 N/mm2

• Ductility

• Shrinkage creep Table 1 : Grades of reinforced and prestressed concrete [N/mm2]

RC 18 20 25 30 35 40 45
• Grades of concrete Prestressed
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Conc.
• Rft. bar sizes

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Concrete in compression
• Prism compression
• 70 x 70 x 350 mm
• 100 X 100 x 500 mm

• fc

• Used in France, Russia

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Concrete in compression
• Compressive strength of cube after 28 day
• Cube 150 x 150 x 150 mm (used in Egypt)
• fcu
• Mode of failure in cube shear

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Concrete in compression
• Cylinder compressive strength

• D = 150 mm
• L= 300 mm

• Used in the US and Canada

•  fc ’

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• Strength of cylinders with

different sizes

• The ratio of the compressive

strength of the cylinders (fc) in size
100 x 200 mm to the cylinder (fc)
in size 150 x 300 mm
• fc (100* 200)/ fc (150*300)
• The ratio in average is 1.15

• See attached paper

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Design values
• fc’ = 0.8 fcu
fc”
• fc” = 0.85 fc’
• Sustained load
• Size effect
• Compacting and curing in cube higher

•  fc” = 0.85 * 0.8 fcu

 Design value fc” = 0.67 fcu / c ; c --strength reduction factor

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Stress strain curve

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Modulus of Elasticity

• Ec = stress / strain
• Ec = 4400 𝒇𝒄𝒖 ; Egyptian Code
• Initial tangent modulus  through first crack

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Concrete in tension
• The tensile strength of concrete, fctr varies from 8 - 15 % of its
compressive strength.

• ft = 1/10 f cu
• fctr = 0.6 𝑓 MPa …
• Egyptian code

• The actual value depends on the test and crack propagation

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Concrete in tension contd.

1. Flexural strength test
b x t x L  150x150x600

Modulus of Rupture (max. tensile stress)

𝑀
𝑓 = 𝑦
𝐼
𝑀
𝑓 = 𝑦
𝑏𝑡
12

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Concrete in tension contd.

• Split cylinder test
• Brazilian test- indirect tensile test

• The splitting tensile strength

•𝑓 =

• fctr = 0.85 fsp

• fctr = 0.6fr

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Poisson's ratio
• Poisson's ratio  is the ratio of transverse lateral strain to the longitudinal
strains ( h / v ) under axial load in the elastic range

•𝜈= ⁄

• Poisson's ratio is used in structural analysis

of flat slabs, tunnels arches and other
indeterminate structures
• Code recommends
•  = 0.2 concrete
•  = 0.3 steel

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Modular ratio
• The modular ratio ,n , is the ratio of the modulus of elasticity of steel
the modulus of elasticity of concrete

• n = Es / Ec
• Modulus of elasticity of steel is constant Es = 2*10 MPa
• 𝐸 = 4400 𝑓 (Egyptian code)

• Egyptian code suggests n = 10 for linear stage (uncracked section)

n = 15 for nonlinear stage ( cracked section)

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Volume change of concrete

• Shrinkage
• Shrinkage is the decrease in volume of concrete during hardening under
constant temperature

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Volume change of concrete contd.

• Expansion due to rise of temperature
• Concrete expands with increasing temperature and contracts with decreasing
temperatures.

• Shrinkage and expansion of concrete in the structure causes cracking when the
structure are restrained.

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Expansion Joint

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Expansion joint
• In Long structures, to avoid the effects of structural restraints, the
Egyptian code suggests

• Providing an expansion joint every 30 - 35 m in hot climate

and every 40 -45 m moderate

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Volume change of concrete

• Creep : Under constant compressive load, the deformation of concrete
increases with time.

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Unit weight of concrete, c

• According to the Egyptian code the unit weight of reinforced concrete

may be taken 25 KN /m3

• Unit weight of plain concrete may be taken 22 KN /m3

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Fire resistance
• Fire resistance depends on
• Thickness
• Type of construction
• Type and size of aggregates
• Cement content

• Concrete has a low thermal conductivity

• The effects of temperatures below 250°C are small, loss in strength
and deterioration of concrete are expected in higher temperature.

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Types of concrete
• High strength concrete: Concrete with compressive stresses exceeding
40 Mpa
• High rise budlings above 15 floors
• Reduce concrete dimensions
• High performance concrete:
• Properties : strength , toughness energy absorption , durability
stiffness, ductility

 High strength concrete is only one type of the high-performance concrete

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Types of concrete contd.

• Light weight concrete
• Lower density 14 . 22 kN / m3
• Requires inclusion of air (voids) in concrete composition
• Compressive strength 18 - 35 Mpa
•  used in roofing
• Fiber reinforced concrete
• Concrete reinforced with steel or glass fibers to improve
• Ductility
• Toughness
• Shear and flexural strength
• Impact resistance , crack control

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References
• S. Pillai, D. Menon, “Reinforced Concrete Design”; 2nd Edition ; McGraw-Hill
Publishing
• J. K. Wight, J.G. MacGregor; “Reinforced Concrete: mechanics and design”;
6th Edition, Pearson, 2012

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