GE 1- UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

The course deal with the nature of identity, as well as the

factors and forces that affect the development and
maintenance of personal identity. The directive to know
oneself has inspired countless and varied ways to comply.
The course is divided into 3 major parts: The first part seeks to
understand the construct of the self from various disciplinal
perspectives: philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and psychology-as
well as the more traditional division between the East and West -each
seeking to provide answers to the difficult but essential question of
Course "What is the Self?"
And raising among others, the question: "Is there even such a construct
Description
as the self?". The second part explores some of the various aspects that
make the self, such as the biological and material up to and including the
more recent Digital self. The third and final part identifies three areas of
concern for young students: learning, goal setting and managing stress. It
also provides for the more practical application of the concepts
discussed in this course and enables them the hands-on experience of
developing self-help plans for self -regulated learning, goal setting, and
self-care. This course includes the mandatory topics on Family Planning
and population education.

Module 5 THE PHYSICAL SELF: The self as impacted

by the body
Week 7-8

Intended

Learning Contribute ideas to the enrichment of the impact of culture

on body image and self -esteem: importance of beauty.
Outcome
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
Discuss the developmental aspect of the reproductive
Expected system
Describe the erogenous zone
Output
Explain human sexual behavior
Determine sexually transmitted disease
Identify natural and artificial methods of contraception

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 Alata, Caslib Jr., Serafica, and Pawilen (1st Edition)
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF.pp 41-63
Erogenous Zones.2017.University of California, Santa
Barbara.Accessed October 11,2017.
http://www.soc.ucsb.educ/sexinfo/article/erogenouszones.
Gebhard, Paul Henry. 2017. Human Sexual behavior.
Accessed October 11, 2017.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/human-sexualbehaviour.
Marieb, Elaine N.2001. Essentials of Human Anatomy and
Physiology 6th Ed. Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd. Pp 504-
Sources/
507
References Natural and Artificial Methods of Contraception, 2017.
https://nurseslabs.com/family-planning-methods/. Sexually
Transmitted Disease Surveillance.2016. U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats
16/CDC_2016_STDS_Reportfor508WebSep21_2017_1644.pdf.

ROSALINA L. REQUINTOSA
Instructor 09357415955
Roserequintosa60@gmail.com

Class MWF-3:00-4:00/4:00-5:00/5:00-6:00 PM
Schedule
MODULAR/ONLINE
Room

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 It has been believed that the sex chromosomes of humans define the sex (female or
INTRODUCTION/
male) and their secondary sexual characteristics. From childhood, we are controlled by our
RATIONALE genetic makeup. It influences the way we treat ourselves and others. However, there are
individuals who do not accept their innate sexual characteristics and they tend to change
their sexual organs through medications and surgery. Aside from our genes, our society or
the external environment helps shape our selves. This lesson helps us better understand
ourselves through a discussion on the development of our sexual characteristics and
behavior.
PRELIMINARY ACTIVITY :
ACTIVITY I-Defining Beauty
Complete the sentences below.
1.For me, beauty means______________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2.A beautiful person is ______________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3.I am beautiful because ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4.List down 10 names of people you know who are beautiful:
__________________________________________________________________
4.1. Why for you they are beautiful?

II- Fill out the table below by listing the common secondary sexual male and female
characteristics.

Male Secondary Sexual Characteristics Female Secondary Sexual Characteristics

1.
2.
3.
TEACHING .ABSTRACTION
LEARNING Marieb, E.N. (2001) explain that the gonads (reproductive glands that produces
ACTIVITY the gametes; testis or ovary) begin to form until about the eight week of embryonic
development. During the early stages of human development, the embryonic
(Presentation of the reproductive structures of males and females are alike and are said to be in the
Essential Topic) indifferent stage. When the primary reproductive structures are formed, development
of the accessory structures and external genitalia begins. The formation of the male
and female structures depends on the presence of testosterone. Usually, once formed,
the embryonic testes release testosterone, and the formation of the duct system and
external genitalia follows. In the case of the female embryos that form ovaries, it will
cause the development of the female ducts and external genitalia since testosterone
hormone is not produced.
Any intervention with the normal pattern of sex hormone production in the
embryo results in strange abnormalities. For instance, a genetic male develops the
female accessory structures and external genitalia if the embryonic testes fail to
produce fail to produce testosterone. On the other hand, if a genetic female is
exposed to testosterone (as in the case of a mother with androgen-producing tumor of
her adrenal gland), the embryo has ovaries but may develop male accessory ducts
and glands, as well as a male reproductive organ and an empty scrotum. As a result,
pseudo hermaphrodites are formed who individuals are having accessory
reproductive structures that do not “match” their gonads while true hermaphrodites
are individuals who possess both ovarian and testicular tissues but this condition is
rare in nature. Nowadays, many pseudo hermaphrodites undergo sex change
operations to have their outer selves (external genitalia) fit with inner selves (gonads).
A critical event for the development of reproductive organs takes place about one
month before birth wherein the male testes formed in the abdominal cavity at
approximately the same locations as the female ovaries, descend to enter the scrotum.
If this normal event fails, it may lead to cryptorchidism. This condition usually occurs in
young males and causes sterility (which is also a risk factor for cancer of the testes)
that is why surgery is usually performed during childhood to solve this problem.
Moreover, abnormal separation of chromosomes during meiosis can lead to
congenital defects of the reproductive system. For instance, male who possess extra
female sex chromosome have the normal male accessory structures but atrophy (to
shrink) of their testes causes them to be sterile. Other abnormalities result when a
child has only one sex chromosome. An XO female appears normal but lacks ovaries.
YO males primary such as phimosis, which is due to a narrowing of the foreskin of the
male reproductive structure and misplace urethral openings.

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 PUBERTY is the period of life, generally between the ages of 10 and 15 years old,
when the reproductive organs grow to their adult size and become functional under the
influence of the rising levels of gonadal hormones (testosterone in males and estrogen
in females). After this time, reproductive capability continues until old age in males and
menopause in females.
The changes that occur during puberty is similar in sequence in all individuals but
the age which they occur differs among individual. In males, as they reach the age of
13, puberty is characterized by the increase in the size of the reproductive organs
followed by the appearance of hair in the pubic area, axillary and face. The
reproductive organs continue to grow for two years until sexual maturation
marked by the presence of mature semen in the testes.
In females, the budding of their breasts usually occurring at the age of 11
signals their puberty stage. Menarche is the first menstrual period of females which
happens two years after the start of puberty. Hormones play an important role in the
regulation of ovulation and fertility of females.

Disease Associated with the reproductive System

Infections are the most common problems associated with the reproductive
system in adults Vaginal infections are more common in young and elderly women and
in those whose resistance to diseases is low. The usual infections include those
caused by Escherichia coli which spread through the digestive tract; the sexually
transmitted microorganisms such as syphilis, gonorrhea, and herpes virus; and yeast (
a type of fungus). Vaginal infections that are left untreated may spread throughout the
female reproductive tract and may cause pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility.
Problems that involve painful or abnormal menses may also be due to infection or
hormone imbalance.
In males, the most common inflammatory conditions are prostatitis, urethritis, and
epididymitis, all of which may follow sexual contacts in which sexually transmitted
disease (STD) microorganisms are transmitted. Orchiditis, or inflammation of the
testes, is rather uncommon but is serious because it can cause sterility. Orchiditis
most commonly follows mumps in an adult male.
Neoplasms are a major threat to reproductive organs, Tumors of the breast and
cervix are the most common reproductive cancers in adult females and prostate cancer
(a common sequel to prostatic hypertrophy) is a widespread problem in adult males.
Most women hit the highest point of their reproductive abilities in their late 20s. A
natural decrease of ovarian function usually follows characterized by reduced estrogen
production that causes irregular ovulation and shorter menstrual periods.
Consequently, ovulation and menses stop entirely, ending childbearing ability. This
event is called as menopause, which occurs when females no longer experience
menstruation.
The production of estrogen may still continue after menopause but the ovaries
finally stop functioning as endocrine organs. The reproductive organs and breasts
begin to atrophy or shrink if estrogen is no longer released from the body. The vagina
becomes dry that causes intercourse to become painful (particularly if frequent), and
vaginal infections become increasingly common.
There is no counterpart of menopause in males. Although aging men show a
steady decline in testosterone secretion, their reproductive capability sems unending.
Healthy men are still able to father offspring well into their 80s and beyond.

Human Sexual Behavior

Human sexual behavior is defined as any activity----solitary, between two
persons, or in a group-----that induces sexual arousal (Gebhard, P.H. 2017). There are
two major factors that determine human sexual behavior:
1. Inherited sexual response patterns that have evolved as a means of ensuring
reproduction and that become part of each individual’s genetic inheritance.
2.Degree of restraint –the other type of influence exerted on the individual by society in
the expression of his sexuality

Types of Behavior
The various types of human sexual behavior are usually classified according to the
gender and number of participants.
1.Solitary Behavior
Self-gratification means self-stimulation that leads to sexual arousal and
generally, sexual climax.
2.Sociosexual Behavior
Heterosexual behavior is the greatest amount of socio sexually behavior that
occurs between only one male and one female.

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Physiology of Human Sexual response
Sexual response follows a pattern of sequential stages or phrases when sexual
activity is continued.
1.Excitement Phase- it is caused by increase in pulse and blood pressure.
2. Plateau phase-it is generally of brief duration.
3.Sexual climax- it is marked by a feeling of abrupt, intense pleasure, a rapid increase
in pulse rate and blood pressure.
4.Resolution phase- it is the last stage that refers to the return to a normal or subnormal
physiologic state.

Nervous System Factors

The entire nervous system plays a significant role during sexual response.
The autonomic system is involved in controlling the involuntary responses.
The efferent cerebrospinal nerves transmit the sensory messages to the brain. The
brain will interpret the sensory messages and dictate what will be the immediate and
appropriate response of the body.
The spinal cord serves as a great transmission cable.

The muscles contract in response to the signal coming from the motor nerve fibers
while glands secret their respective products.
The hypothalamus and the limbic system are the parts of the brain believed to be
responsible for regulating sexual response, but there is no specialized “sex center”
that has been located in the human brain.

Sexual Problems
Sexual problems may be classified as : Physiological, Psychological, and social in
Origin.

Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)

Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) are infections transmitted from an infected
person to an uninfected person through sexual contact. STD can be caused by
bacteria, viruses and parasites.
Aside from HIV and AIDS, there are other sexually transmitted disease in humans.
1. Chlamydia –rates of reported cases among men are generally lower than rates
among women.
2.Gonorrhea – During 2012-2016, rates increased among all racial and ethnic
groups. Antimicrobial resistance remains an important consideration in the treatment
of Gonorrhea.
3.Syphilis- In 2016, 27,814 Primary and Secondary syphilis cases were reported,
representing a national rate of 8.7 per 100,000opulation and a 17.6 % increase from
2015.
4.Chacroid- is caused by infection with the bacterium Haemophilus ducreyl.
5.Human Papillomavirus – Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually
transmitted infection in the United states.
6. Herpes Simplex Virus – is among the most prevalent of sexually transmitted
infections. Although most infections are subclinical, clinical manifestations are
characterized by recurrent, painful genital and /or anal lesions.
7.Trichomonas Vaginalis- is a common sexually transmitted protozoal infection
associated with adverse health outcomes such as preterm birth and symptomatic
vaginitis.

Natural and Artificial Methods of Contraception

I-Natural Method
Natural family planning methods do not involve any chemical or foreign body
introduction into the human body. a.Abstinence
This natural method involves refraining from sexual intercourse and is the most
effective natural birth control method with ideally 0% fail rate. b. Calendar Method
This method is also called the rhythm method. It entails withholding from coitus
during the days that the woman is fertile. C Basal Body Temperature
The Basal Body temperature (BBT) indicates the woman’s temperature at rest.
The woman must record her temperature every morning before any activity. A slight
decrease in the basal body temperature can be a sign that a woman has ovulated.
d. Cervical Mucus Method
The change in the cervical mucus during ovulation is the basis for this method.
The woman is said to be fertile as long as the cervical mucus is copious and watery.

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e. Symptothermal Method
This methods is basically a combination of the BBT method and the cervical
mucus method. The woman records her temperature every morning and also takes
note of changes in her cervical mucus. f.Ovulation Detection
This method uses an over-the counter kit that requires the urine sample of the
woman. The kit can predict ovulation through the surge of Luteinizing hormone (LH)
that happens 12-24 hours before the ovulation. g.Coitus Interruptus
It is one of oldest methods that prevent conception. A couple still goes on with
coitus but the man withdraws the moment he ejaculates to emit the spermatozoa
outside of the female reproductive organ.

II-Artificial Method
a.Oral Contraceptives
Also known as the pill, oral contraceptives contain synthetic estrogen and
progesterone.
b.Transdermal patch
The Transdermal Patch contains both estrogen and progesterone. c.Vaginal
Ring
The vaginal ring releases a combination of estrogen and progesterone and it
surrounds the cervix.
d.Subdermal Implants
Subdermal implants are two rod-like implants inserted under the skin of the female
during her menses or on the 7th day of her menstruation to make sure that she will not
get pregnant.
e.Hormonal Injections
A hormonal injection contains medroxyprogesterone, a progesterone, and is
usually given once every 12 weeks intramuscularly. f. Intrauterine Device
An Intrauterine Device (IUD) is a small, T-shaped object containing progesterone
that is inserted into the uterus via the female’s reproductive organ. g. Chemical
barriers
Chemical barriers such as spermicides, vaginal gels and creams, and glycerin
films are used to cause the death of sperms before they can enter the cervix.
h.Diaphragm
It is a circular, rubber disk that fits the cervix and should be placed before coitus. i.
Cervical cap
It is made of soft rubber and fitted on the rim of the cervix. j.Male
Condoms
It is a latex or synthetic rubber sheath that is placed on the erect male reproductive
organ
k.Female Condoms
Female condoms are made up of latex rubber sheath that are pre-lubricated with
spermicide.
l. Surgical method In
Male:
During vasectomy, a small incision is made on each side of the scrotum.
In Women:
Tubal ligation is performed after menstruation and before ovulation.

( Alata, Caslib Jr., Serafica, and Pawilen (1st Edition) UNDERSTANDING THE SELF. Pp 35-39

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 ACTIVITY 1. Draw the concept map and enter the following words found below to
ACTIVITY complete it.
ENHANCEMENT

Oral contraceptive BBT Abstinence Diaphragm

Ovulation detection Hormonal Injection Pill Calendar Method
Rhythm method Combination of BBT Natural Method Artificial Method
Methods of Contraception Surgical Method Tubal Ligation
STUDENT
Draw and fill in the circles with the Different Sexually Transmitted Diseases.
TASKS(Engaging
Activity)

STD

ASSESSMENT Direction: Read and answer the questions carefully. Refer only to your module for
AND your answers and not on to your friend Google.
1. An author who explains that the gonads begin to form until about the 8th week
EVALUATION of embryonic development
2. The formation of male or female structures depends on the presence of
___________.
3. Abnormal separation of chromosomes during meiosis can lead to congenital
defects of the ____ ___________.
4. It is the period of life, generally between the ages of 10 and 15 years old, when
the reproductive organs grow to their adult size and become functional under the
influence of rising levels of gonadal hormones.
5-7. Disease associated with the reproductive system. (Answers found in the module
are the only accepted).
8-9. Two types of Human Sexual Behavior.
10.It is the last stage on the Physiology of Human Sexual response that refers to the
return to a normal or subnormal physiological state.

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 11.It is the greatest amount of sociosexual behavior that occurs between only one
male and one female.
12.A system which is involved in controlling the involuntary responses.
13.The ______ will interpret the sensory messages and dictate what will be the
immediate and appropriate response of the body.
14.lThe ________ and the 15. _________ are the parts of the brain believed to be
responsible for regulating sexual response, but there is no specialized “sex center”
that has been located in the human brain.
16-18. Three classification of sexual problems.
19.These are infections from an infected person to an uninfected person through
sexual contact. (Complete it. Don’t use acronyms).
20.It is caused by infection with the bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi.
21.It is a common sexually transmitted protozoan infection associated with adverse
health outcomes such as preterm birth and symptomatic vaginitis.
22. A family planning methods that do not involve any chemical or foreign body
introduction into the human body.
23. It is a Natural family planning method which is also called as the rhythm
method.
24. This artificial method contains both estrogen and progesterone.
25. Another artificial method which is made of soft rubber and fitted on the rim of the
cervix.
SUPPLEMENTAL -To buy or not to buy? That is the question!
( Alata, Caslib Jr., Serafica, and Pawilen (1st Edition) UNDERSTANDING THE SELF. Pp. 64-70.
READINGS