CHAPTER 6:

Safety and Injury

Management
 In the previous chapter, we have discussed
the nature of the human muscles and bones
especially with the inclusion of stress from
exercise. It is clear development of bones and
muscle, for their tissues are very adaptable.
Physical stress that are too much and not
controlled hamper the ability of these tissues
to respond, adapt and remodel.
Safety in physical activity is important not just
for present disaster or worst-case scenarios, but
also to ensure the proper development of your
muscles and bones. Physical activity and
exercise give desirable experience to
practitioners and we want it to stay that way,
says the British Lung Foundation.
Domains of Safety
 Safety in the physical activity
setting moves around in three basic
domains: The instructor, the
participant, and the environment.
The instructor:
 In a physical activity session, instructor gives an outside
Perspective of once movement. From the instructors rich
experience the participant is guided to how to execute a
task without putting the body in risk breaking. Instructor's
knowledge of his craft will define not only the outcome of
the program but the safety of the participant
The participant:
 In Chapter 2, we discussed the risk factor that can
lead to an unwanted outcome of the program, and
these factors have something to do with the
readiness of the participant. In this, chapter
readiness does not only talks about physical but
psychological and emotional readiness as well.
 The environment:
 the most complex of all domains are the
factors present in the environment. In this
domain, the facility where the physical
activity takes place and the equipment
involved in the session will fall. The vast
elements present in this domain occupy the
attention in exercise sessions.
 SAFETY IN
FACILITIES AND
EQUIPMENT
 Safety management in physphysical activities often
involves facilities and equipequipment, as well as the
instructor and physio's knowledge of how to manage
these factors.
 Restrictions of the activity place should be
established. Post, iron bars, pillars and walls near the
free playing area must be padded for possible physical
contact. The playing suface as well should be
considered to cater for a variety of shoe materials in
area such as post and iron bars.
 Equipment design must be matched with the nature of the
activity, movement of the participants and the forces
involved especially if it is a sporting implement. It is
recommended that equipment if not ergogencally sound is
at least ergonomic to physique of people participating in
an activity.
 The strength of equipment used in this competition should
not exceed that which would allow it to break if it came
into contact with the body in an extreme about of free
movement, according to the World Para-athletics
Federation (WPA) safety code.
 Emergency Resources and Establishment

 Exercising would be with confidence if

facilities and equipment are assessed,
manage to put safety in optimum level.
Participants should also be aware of the
nearby hospitals, health centers, police
station, fire station or any community
resources that can be relied on in case of
emergency.
 Progression with Resistance
Exercises
 The concept of progressive training forms a good
foundation in resistance exercise. A progressive
program leads to facilitation of the ideal intensity
at the right stage. It also defines the occurrence of
either injuries or adaption among participants,
depending on the stage of the person's
development.
 Injury Management

 Injury Management is the least thing we want to happen is an

exercise program. The occurrence of injuries may reflect
problems in terms of the following:
 Facilities and equipment management
 Expertise and knowledge of the instructor
 Progression of the exercise program
 Appropriateness of physical activity to the participant’s skill and
fitness level
The basic management methods in this chapter are Cold and Hot
Compression.
 Cold Compression
 Cold compression is an injury management method where we use ice in
dealing with inflammation or sweating brought by acute injuries. The
mechanism of cold compress application is that diminish the permeability
of vessels that carry substances to add minutes blood flow to the area. With
this, swelling of the injured but will be manage and controlled.
 Compression of acute injury is usually given 1 to 2 days after getting the
injury. It is recommended that only with the presence of too much swelling
compression must be given. Although cold compression controls and
manage the degree of swelling of the injured part, it also slow down the
healing process.
 Hot Compression
 Hot compression is the opposite of cold compression and promotes
blood flow in the system, allowing healing from torn issues. Too much
swelling is a sign that hot compression is not needed. Increased blood
flow is out of the vasodilation that drives development of circulation in
the injured area.

 Hot compress is usually a treatment for long-term injuries, but can also
be used to treat acute injuries after 3 days or until the absence of
swelling. Hot compress is also considered for acute injuries such as cuts
and bruises that have been on the body for more than 24 hours.