Iit-Current Electricity - 01

IIT-Current Electricity Prof. R.
Kulkarni
IIT - CURRENT ELECTRICITY

IIT-Current Electricity Prof. R.Kulkarni
Current Electricity
It is a branch of physics which deals with the study of charges in motion
Current – Rate of flow of charge per unit time through

a given cross sectional area.
dQ
I =
dt
SI unit of current is Cs–1 or Ampere(A).
Current is a Scalar quantity.

Q. Find the current through a cross section if 10 C charge flows

through it in 5 sec.
Solution :
Charge flowing through
a cross sectional area
I =
time taken
10 C
I =
5s
I = 2A
Q. Find the current through conductor at t = 2 sec if charge flowing through
it varies with time as
Q = t2 + 5t + 6
Solution :
dQ
I =
dt
d (t2 + 5t + 6)
I =
dt
I = 2t + 5 + 0
At t = 2 sec,
I = 2 (2) + 5
I = 9A
Q. Find the current through a conductor if rod of linear charge density
 Cm–1 is moved with velocity V.
+ + + + + + + + V
Solution :
Cross Section
dx
+ + + + ++ + + + V
dQ
dQ = d x
dQ d x
I = =
dt dt
I = V
Q. Find the current through a cross section if cylinder of surface charge
density  Cm–2 is moved with velocity V.
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + V
+ + + + + + + +
Radius of cylinder is R
Solution :
Cross Section
dx
+ + + ++ + + + +
+ + + ++ + + + + V
+ + + +++ + + +
dQ
dQ =  dA =  (2pR dx)
dQ dx
I = = 2p R
dt dt
I = 2p R V
Q. Find the current produced in a ring of radius R, if a point charge Q
moves with angular velocity 
 R
Solution : Cross Section 2

 =
T
 R T = Time period
Charge flowing through

dQ a cross sectional area
I = =
dt time taken
Q Q Q
I = = =
T 2 2

Q. Find the current produced in a ring of radius R, if a ring having
charge Q rotates with angular velocity 
+
+ +
+  R +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
Solution : Q
Cross Section I = (R)
2R
dx dQ
+ + + Q
+
I = 2
 R +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
Q
Let  = Linear charge density = Cm–1
2R
dQ dx
I = = = v
dt dt
Ohm’s law V2 –Current = Potential

V1 = V always Difference
flows from high of
V2 I R V1 Battery
potential to low potential.
V2 – VIt can also
1 = V
= be written Difference
Potential as
V across
V 2 – V1conductor
I= =
R R
V2 V V1
According to Ohm’s law , the potential
difference (V) across a resistance (R) is directly
proportional to current (I) flowing through it.
VaI
V = IR
R = Resistance of conductor ()
Kirchhoff's 1st law
Total Incoming current at a Junction or Node is Equal to

Total Outgoing current from that Junction or Node.
This is called as
This law is based on principle
Junction or Node
of Conservation of Charges
I2
N
I3
I1 I1 + I 4 = I2 + I 3
I4
Q. Find current x in resistor 10
15 
1A
20  10 
2A x

5
1
3A
5A
Solution : Total incoming current = Total outgoing current

2+3+5= 1+x
10 = 1 + x
15 
x = 9A
1A
20  10 
2A x

5
1
3A
5A
NODAL ANALYSIS
Nodal Analysis x – V1 x – V2
I1 = I2 =
R1 R2
I1 x I3
V1 V3 x – V3
R1 R3 I3 =
I2 R3
R2
V2
I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 0
x – V1 x – V2 x – V3
+ + = 0
R1 R2 R3
Q. Find the current flowing through each resistance.

10V
1
3
2
6V –3V
Solution 10V x – 10 x–6
I1 = I2 =
1 2
1
x – (–3) x+3
I1 I3 = =
x 3 3
I3
I2
3
2
6V –3V
I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 0
x – 10 x–6 x+3
+ + =0
1 2 3
10V
1
x = 72 V 38
A
11 11 I1 35
I11 A
3
x– 10 –38 3I2
I1 = = A
3
2
1 11 A
11
x– 6 3 6V –3V
I2 = = A
2 11
x+3 35
I3 = x – 10 += x – 6A + x + 3 =0
13 11
2 3
NUMERICALS ON NODAL ANALYSIS

Q. Find the current through each resistance.
2W 1W
3W
10 V 20 V
Solution 10 V 2 W I1 x I2 1 W
20 V I = x – 10 I2 =
x – 20
1
I3 2 1
3W x–0
I3 =
3
10 V 20 V
10 V 0 V 20 V
I1 + I2 + I 3 = 0
x – 10 x – 20 x–0
+ + =0
2 1 3
3(x – 10) + 6(x – 20) + 2x
=0
6
20 70
A A
11I 11
I2 1 W
2W 1
3x – 30 + 6x – 120 + 2x = 0
150 50 I
x = V A3
11 11
150 3W
– 10
x – 10 11 20
I1 = = = A
2 2 11
150 10 V 20 V
– 20
x – 20 11 –70
I2 = = = A
1 1 11
150
3(x – 10) + 6(x – 20) + –2x0
x–0 11 = 0 50
I3 = 6 = = A
3 3 11
2W 1W
3W
30 V
10 V 20 V
Solution x – 10
2 W I1 x I2 1 W I1 =
2
10 V – 20 V
I3 x – (– 20) x + 20
I2 = =
3W 1 1
–30 V x – (– 30) x + 30
30 V I3 = =
3 3
10 V – 20 V
10 V 0 V 20 V
I1 + I2 + I 3 = 0
x – 10 x + 20 x + 30
+ + =0
2 1 3
3(x – 10) + 6(x + 20) + 2(x + 30)
=0
6
130 70
A A
I
2 W 111 I
112 1 W
3x – 30 + 6x + 120 + 2x + 60 = 0
–150 I3 60
x = V A
11 3W 11
–150
– 10
x – 10 11 –130 30 V
I1 = = = A
2 2 11
–150 10 V 20 V
+ 20
(x + 20) 11 70
I2 = = = A
1 1 11
–150
+ 30
3(x – 10)x +– 6(x
30 + 20)11+ 2(x + 30) 60
I3 = = = =0A
3 6 3 11
KIRCHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW

Kirchhoff's Voltage law

Algebra summation of total potential difference across a loop is
equal to zero.
Battery
To understand this law,

Potential Drop = +
–V
+we will
– write potential
difference, across
V Low i.e.
Resistortwo elements,
High
potential
potential battery & resistance
I R Potential Drop = +
– IR
High potential Low potential

V1
I1 R1 R2
R5 A B
R3
I4
V3 I2
D C
R4 V2 I3
–I1R1 + V1 – I1R2 + I2R3 + V2 – I3R4 – V3 + I4R5 = 0

NUMERICALS ON KIRCHOFF’S LAW I

Q. Find the current in circuit. Also find the potential difference between
points P and Q, P and R, P and S.
50V
5 10
P Q
25
15
300V
S R
20 100V
50V
Solution I 5 I 10
P Q
I
25 A B
15
I
300V I
D C
S R
20 I 400V I
–5I + 50 – 10I – 15I + 400 – 20I – 300 – 25I = 0

75I = 150
I = 2A
50V
2A 5 2A 10 VP –(25) + 50 –(210) – (215) = VR
P Q
2A VP – VR = 10 V
A B
25
15 VP + (225) + 300 = VS
2A VP – VS = –350 V
300V 2A
D C
S R
20 2A 400V 2A
VP –(2  5) + 50 –(2 10) = VQ
VP – VQ = –20 V
NUMERICALS ON KIRCHOFF’S LAW II

Q. What is the potential difference between point P and Q ?
2V 6V
2A
P Q
1 2 3
Solution
2V 6V
2A 2A 2A
P Q
1 2 3
A B
VP – ( 2  1 ) – 2 – ( 2  2 ) + 6 – ( 2  3 ) = VQ
VP – VQ = 8V
Q. If the potential at point Q is 60V, then find the potential at point P?

5V 10V 20V
3A
P Q
2 4 6 8
Solution
VQ = 60 V
5V 10V 20V
3A 3A 3A 3A
P Q
2 4 6 8
A B
VP – ( 3  2 ) – 5 – ( 3  4 ) + 10 – ( 3  6 ) + 20 – ( 3  8 ) = VQ
VP – 35 = 60
VP = 85V
2W 1W
3W
10 V 20 V
Solution
I W
2 I I – I1 1 W
 I – I1
A B E F
I1
3W
D C I1 H G
I 10 V I I – I1 I – I1
20 V
–2I – 3I1 + 10 = 0 – {1(I – I1)} – 20 + 3I1 = 0
2I + 3I1 = 10 …(A) –I + 4I1 = 20 …(B)

20 20 70 70
AI – IA A
I11 A 2 W I 11 1 1 W I11– I1
11
I = 4I1 – 20 (From B) I = 4I1 – 20 50 I1

A
11 3W
2(4I1 – 20) + 3I1 = 10 50
I =4 – 20
11
8I1 – 40 + 3I1 = 10 20I 10 V 20 I120 V I70
I A I70– A – I1
11
A 11 11 11 A
200 – 220
I =
11I1 = 50 11
50 – 20
I1 = A I = A
11 11
–20 50 –70
2I + I3I–1 I=
1 =
10 …(A) – = + 4I1 =A20 …(B)
–I
11 11 11
DRIFT VELOCITY
DRIFT VELOCITY Hence in the absence of electric

It is the average velocity withfield
which(battery) totalisnumber of charges
an electron
enteringof
drifted towards the positive terminal a cross section is equal to total
battery.
number of charges living a cross section.
\ The effective current in
CROSS SECTION conductor is Zero
DRIFT VELOCITY V1 – V2 = V
V1 = u1 + a t 1
E V2 = u2 + a t 2 F (–e)E
V1 V1 u V2 V a = m = m
2 .
a
.
V. n = un + a tn
V1 V2
V
u1 = Initial thermal 0
V1 + V2 + . . .velocity
. Vn = ( of
u1 electron
+ u 2 + . . . u n ) + a ( t 1 + t 2 + . . . t n)
relaxation time
t1 =
V1 + V2 + . . . for
. Vnfirst
= a (electron
t 1 + t 2 + . . . t n)
V1 – V2 = V
V1 + V2 + . . . . V n a ( t 1 + t 2 + . . . t n) F (–e)E
= a = m = m
N N
– e
VD = m
E
VD = Drift velocity
e = Charge on electron
m = Mass of electron
 = Average relaxation time
V 1 + V 2 + . . . . V n = a ( t 1 + t 2 + . . . t n)
E = Electric Field
DRIFT VELOCITY – e
VD = m
E
It is the average velocity with which an electron is
drifted towards the positive terminal of battery.
VD = Drift velocity
e = Charge on electron
m = Mass of electron
 = Average relaxation time
E = Electric Field
DRIFT VELOCITY n = number of electrons – e

per unit volume VD = m
E
A
J is called as
I I current density
I dx I
dQ V
I dt
=
I
dQ = (n dV) e I = (nAe) dx A
= ne Vd
dt
dQ = (n Adx)e I = neA Vd J = ne Vd
DRIFT VELOCITY n = number of electrons – e

per unit volume VD = m
E
e E
J = ne m
ne2
J= m E J=E
ne2
 = Conductivity of material = m
J = Current density
E = Electric field
J = ne Vd
IMPORTANT POINTS
 J =  E is also called as Microscopic form of OHM’s law.
 Current is scalar quantity but current density is vector quantity.
 SI units of current density is Am–2
 Mathematically the current is also defined as

 

I = J  dA

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IIT-Current Electricity Prof. R.

IIT - CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Current – Rate of flow of charge per unit time through

SI unit of current is Cs–1 or Ampere(A).

Current is a Scalar quantity.

Q. Find the current through a cross section if 10 C charge flows

Solution : Cross Section 2

Charge flowing through

Ohm’s law V2 –Current = Potential

Kirchhoff's 1st law

Total Incoming current at a Junction or Node is Equal to

Solution : Total incoming current = Total outgoing current

Q. Find the current flowing through each resistance.

NUMERICALS ON NODAL ANALYSIS

KIRCHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW

Kirchhoff's Voltage law

To understand this law,

High potential Low potential

–I1R1 + V1 – I1R2 + I2R3 + V2 – I3R4 – V3 + I4R5 = 0

NUMERICALS ON KIRCHOFF’S LAW I

–5I + 50 – 10I – 15I + 400 – 20I – 300 – 25I = 0

VP –(2  5) + 50 –(2 10) = VQ

NUMERICALS ON KIRCHOFF’S LAW II

Q. What is the potential difference between point P and Q ?

Q. If the potential at point Q is 60V, then find the potential at point P?

2I + 3I1 = 10 …(A) –I + 4I1 = 20 …(B)

I = 4I1 – 20 (From B) I = 4I1 – 20 50 I1

DRIFT VELOCITY Hence in the absence of electric

DRIFT VELOCITY n = number of electrons – e

DRIFT VELOCITY n = number of electrons – e

 Current is scalar quantity but current density is vector quantity.

 SI units of current density is Am–2

 Mathematically the current is also defined as

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