Ders 15

Basic of Electrical Circuits
EHB 211E
Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın
Istanbul Technical University

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
mustak.yalcin@itu.edu.tr
Lecture 12
Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın (İTÜ) Basic of Electrical Circuits October, 2020 1 / 14
Contents I
Analysis of Nonlinear Resistive Circuits [Chua, Desoer & Kuh Linear and
Nonlinear Circuits, pp. 83-100]
DC analysis
AC analysis
Analysis of Nonlinear Resistive Circuits
Linear approximation of the nonlinear element at the operating point Q

can be obtained using Taylor series expansion
df (i)
vN (t) = f (iN ) = f (IQ ) + (i − IQ ) + h.o.t
diN Q
The first term VQ = f (IQ ) is obtained from DC analysis. The

solutions to a circuit with dc input are called operating points. The
term dc analysis refers to the determination of operating points.
df (i)
The second term v (t) = diN (i − IQ ) is obtain form ac analysis
Q
(small signal analysis). We assume that the applied signal (which are
ac signal) has a sufficiently small voltage or current (in magnitude).
DC analysis
The nonlinear circuit consists of DC and AC type of independent sources.

An Alternating Current (AC) source provides the alternating current and
Direct Current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge.
The circuit will be analyzed using superposition theorem. First operating
point is obtained when all the sources in the circuit expect DC sources are
set to zero. Then circuit will be analyzed using the known method.
f (VQ , IQ ) = 0
The solutions of the equation are the operating points we are looking for.
DC analysis
How to solve the nonlinear equation which is obtained from DC Analysis ?

Analytic approach :
aVQ2 + bVQ + c = 0
Numerical method : The numerical method is very useful in solving
nonlinear equations. The Newton-Raphson method is the most
commonly used numerical method for finding dc operating points.
Graphic Method (load line): Using Equivalent Circuit of the one-port,
we have
V = iRth + Vth
from KCL: i = −iN and KVL: V = VN we will have
VN = −iN Rth + Vth
This is superimposed with the characteristic of the nonlinear one-port

N, as shown V =−i R +V N N th th
V =f(I )
N N
i i
N
+
+
V V
N
I I I
− Q1 Q2 Q3
−
AC analysis
An operating point specifies a region in the v − i plane in the
neighborhood of which the actual voltage and current in the circuit vary as
a function of time.
v
AC solution
DC solution
RQ
vQ +RQ i(t)
Q
i
i(t)
AC analysis
Amplitude of the AC signal is small compare to the operating point. to

replacing the nonlinear characteristic by its linear approximation about the
operating point Q.
df (i)
v (t) = (i − iQ )
diN Q
df (i)
The term diN Q is the slope of the nonlinear characteristic at the
operating point Q.
df (i)
RQ =
diN Q
is called the ”small-signal” resistance of the nonlinear element at the

operating point Q.
Using RQ in the circuit small-signal equivalent circuit is obtained about
operating point Q.
Analysis of Nonlinear Circuits
The solution
From the superposition
vN (t) = VQ + RQ i(t)
Example:
R
es +
vR
et −
R = 3.5Ω, es = 9V , et (t) = 0.1 sin(10t) and VR = iR3 − 6iR2 + 9iR .
DC analysis:
e = iR R + VR
Substituting the nonlinear element’s definition into above equation
e = iR R + iR3 − 6iR2 + 9iR .
Operating point: IQ = 2A and VQ = 2V . Linear approximation about the

operating point (2V , 2A)
RQ = (3iR2 − 12iR + 9) iR =2
= −3Ω
From the small-signal equivalent circuit
RQ e(t)
vR = = −0.6 sin(10t)
RQ + R
The solution
VR = 2 − 0.6 sin(10t)
Example
ic
+ ib ic
ib
Vce
+
0.4
Rb V Rc i b=0.04
be
0.3 i b=0.03
+ − −
0.2
Vi i b=0.02
Vc 0.1 i b=0.01
Vb Vbe Vce
0.6
Rb = 10Ω, Rc = 1Ω, Vb = 1V , Vc = 1V and ic = 10ib .
DC Analysis, From KVL:
Vbe = Vi − Rb ib Vce = Vc − Rc ic
These are superimposed with (ib , Vbe ) and (ic , Vce ) characteristics
ib ic
CALISMA
NOKTASI
0.4 i b=0.04
0.3 i b=0.03
CALISMA
NOKTASI
0.2 i b=0.02
0.1 i b=0.01
Vbe Vce
0.6
Vce=Vc −Rc ic
Vbe=Vb −Rb bi
Vbe = 0.6, ib = 0.04 ve ic , = 0.4 Vce = 0.6.
Around the operating point small signal conductance between the nodes
b and e
dib
Gi = =∞
dVbe
Linear approximation of ic = g (Vce , ib ) (the terminal between c and e )
dic dic
ic = Vce + ib = 0 + 10ib = 10ib
dVce Q dib Q
the small-signal equivalent circuit
B ib ic C
+ +
R
b
Vbe Vce Rc
+
Vi
E
− −
Analyzing the small signal equivalent circuit, we obtain

vi
ib = = 0.1 sin(wt)
Rb
and
vce = −RC ic = −0.1 sin(wt)
Then we have complete solution
Vce = 0.6 − 0.1 sin(wt)

Ders 15

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Basic of Electrical Circuits

Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın

Istanbul Technical University

Linear approximation of the nonlinear element at the operating point Q

The first term VQ = f (IQ ) is obtained from DC analysis. The

The nonlinear circuit consists of DC and AC type of independent sources.

How to solve the nonlinear equation which is obtained from DC Analysis ?

VN = −iN Rth + Vth

This is superimposed with the characteristic of the nonlinear one-port

Amplitude of the AC signal is small compare to the operating point. to

is called the ”small-signal” resistance of the nonlinear element at the

R = 3.5Ω, es = 9V , et (t) = 0.1 sin(10t) and VR = iR3 − 6iR2 + 9iR .

e = iR R + iR3 − 6iR2 + 9iR .

Operating point: IQ = 2A and VQ = 2V . Linear approximation about the

From the small-signal equivalent circuit

Rb = 10Ω, Rc = 1Ω, Vb = 1V , Vc = 1V and ic = 10ib .

Vbe = 0.6, ib = 0.04 ve ic , = 0.4 Vce = 0.6.

Analyzing the small signal equivalent circuit, we obtain

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