Engineering

Measurements
2 ND YEAR – 3RD SEMESTER
2023 - 2024

Lecturer: Mr. Mohammed A. Sulaiman

ERBIL POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

ERBIL TECHNICAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE
MECHANICAL AND ENERGY ENGINEERING TECHNIQUE DEPARTMENT
COURSE CONTENTS

UNIT - 1 Measurement Characteristics

UNIT - 2 Mechanical Variables Measurement — Thermal

UNIT - 3 Mechanical Variables Measurement — Solid

UNIT - 4 Mechanical Variables Measurement — Fluid

UNIT - 5 Electromagnetic Variables Measurement

UNIT - 6 Radiation Measurement

UNIT - 7 Control and Display

Mechanical & Energy Eng. Department M.A. Sulaiman

 TOPICS TO BE COVERED 1 LECTURE FIVE
Definition- Basic Principles Unit 3 - Mechanical Variables
of Measurments Measurement — Solid
▪ Definition of Mass and Weight
▪ Measuring Instruments of Mass/Weight
▪ Density Explanation
▪ Density Measuring Instruments
▪ Related Examples
 Mass and Weight Relation
Mass: is a quantitative measure of inertia of a body at rest. As a physical quantity, mass is the
product of density and volume.
Weight: or weight force is the force with which a body is attracted toward the Earth. Weight
force is determined by the product of the mass and the acceleration of gravity.

Mechanical & Energy Eng. Department M.A. Sulaiman

Types of Mass/Weight Measuring Instruments
1. Common Scales:
This type of scale is most often found in grocery shopping centers, such as markets or
grocery stores. The way to use it is by placing the object to be measured on the scale. The
scale or size of the sitting scale ranges from 1 kg to 500 kg.

Common Scales Common Scales

Mechanical & Energy Eng. Department M.A. Sulaiman

Types of Mass/Weight Measuring Instruments
2. Manual Scales:
Manual require weights to measure them. The way to use this scale is by placing the object
of the scale into the weighing container and then balancing it with the weights that are
packaged with this scale. The load usually present in the weight of 50 grams, 100 grams, 200
grams, 500 grams and 1000 grams (1 kg).

3. Body Scales:
These scales are often found in health centers and sometimes it is also owned by ordinary
people to control their weight. These scales are used to measure a person’s weight by just
standing on the scale and the needle will show the weight.

Manual Scales Body Scales Body Scales

Mechanical & Energy Eng. Department M.A. Sulaiman

Types of Mass/Weight Measuring Instruments
4. Ohaus Scales:
In general it is also called the analytical balance. It is given this name, because this balance
can measure the weight of an object with an accuracy of 0.01 grams and even up to 0.001
grams, depending on the brand of the scale. These high-accuracy scales are widely used in
laboratory or pharmaceutical environments.

5. Quartz Micro Scales:

Just like Ohaus scales, quartz micro balances are also used in laboratory and science
environments. This scale only has a measurement limit of 1 gram, but with very high
accuracy, so it can measure very little gas weight.

Ohaus Scales (Digital) Ohaus Scales (Manual) Quartz Micro Scales

Mechanical & Energy Eng. Department M.A. Sulaiman

Types of Mass/Weight Measuring Instruments
6. Hanging Scales:
these scales are used by hanging the object to be weighed on a hook that has been
connected to the scale.

7. Digital Scales:
Digital scales display measurement results on the display screen. At first glance, the form of
this scale is similar to a digital Ohaus balance, it’s just that the digital scales can be used
conventionally.

Digital Scales
Hanging Scales
Mechanical & Energy Eng. Department M.A. Sulaiman
Types of Mass/Weight Measuring Instruments
8. Hybrid Scales:
It is called a hydrid scale because it combines several types of scales into 1 type of balance.
Hybrid scales are a combination of a sitting scale (manual) and a digital scale.

9. Weigh Bridge:
The weighbridge is literally a measuring tool for weight, because it measures the weight of
the vehicle passing on it with the measurement components on this bridge.

Hybrid Scales Weigh Bridge

Mechanical & Energy Eng. Department M.A. Sulaiman

 Density Measurement
Solid Density: If the uniformity is maintained, the determination of density of solids is a simple
task. Once the volume of the solid and its mass are known, the density can be found using the
basic ratio:
density = mass/volume (kg/m3)

However, in many applications, solids have different constituents and are made up from
different materials having different ratios. Their volumes can also change often. In these cases,
dynamic methods are employed, such as radioactive absorption types, ultrasonic, and other
techniques.

Fluid Density: The measurement of densities of fluids is much more complex than for solids.
For fluid densities, many different techniques are available. Fluids can be divided to liquids and
gases. Fluid densities can be measured both in static and dynamic forms.

Mechanical & Energy Eng. Department M.A. Sulaiman

 Density Triangle
The Density T-Triangle can be used to write 3 different formulas:

Formula for density: D = m/V

Formula for mass: m=DxV

m
Formula for volume: V = M/D

D V
m = mass V = volume D = density

Mechanical & Energy Eng. Department M.A. Sulaiman

 Calculating Density
To find density: 1) Find the mass of the object
2) Find the volume of the object
3) Divide : Density = Mass / Volume

Ex. If the mass of an object is 35 grams and it takes up 7 cm3 of space, calculate
the density

Set up your density problems like this:

Given: Mass = 35 grams Volume = 7 cm3
Unknown: Density (g/cm3 cm3)
Formula: D = M / V

Solution: D = 35g/7 cm3

D = 5 g/cm3

Mechanical & Energy Eng. Department M.A. Sulaiman

 Calculating Density
Ex. Frank also has an book. It has a mass of 12g. The book has a length of 3cm, and
width of 2cm, and a height of 2cm. What is its density?

Given: m = 9 g V = (3x2x2) cm3

Unknown: D=?

Solution:
D = m/V
D = 35g/7 cm3
D = 5 g/cm3

Ex. A book has a density of 10 g/cm3. What would be the mass of the book if the
volume is 5 cm3

Mechanical & Energy Eng. Department M.A. Sulaiman

 Density Measurement
modern density measuring devices include:

1. Pycnometric densitometers
2. Buoyancy-type densitometers
3. Hydrometers
4. Hydrostatic weighing densitometers
5. Balance-type densitometers
6. Column-type densitometers
7. Vibrating element densitometers
8. Radioactive densitometers
9. Refractometer and index of reflection densitometers
10. Coriolis densitometers
11. Absorption-type densitometers

Mechanical & Energy Eng. Department M.A. Sulaiman

Density Examples
• If you pour together liquids that don’t mix and have different densities, they will
form liquid layers.
• The liquid with the highest density will be on the bottom.
• The liquid with the lowest density will be on the top.
• Objects or substances with MORE density will sink below objects or substances
with LESS density

Example: (Water, Oil, and a Superball)

The oil is less dense than the water, so it’s
on top. The superball is less dense than
water, but more dense than oil, so it sinks
to the bottom of the oil layer, yet floats on
the top of the water layer.

Mechanical & Energy Eng. Department M.A. Sulaiman