BS 7883-2019

BS 7883:2019
BSI Standards Publication
Personal fall protection equipment –

Anchor systems – System design,
installation and inspection –
Code of practice
BS 7883:2019 BRITISH STANDARD
Publishing and copyright information
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.
© The British Standards Institution 2019
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2019
ISBN 978 0 580 94933 3
ICS 13.340.60
The following BSI references relate to the work on this document:

Committee reference PH/5
Draft for comment 19/30345056 DC
Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication
Date Text affected
© THE BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION 2019 – ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

BRITISH STANDARD BS 7883:2019
Contents Page
Foreword v
0 Introduction 1
Table 1 — Non-load-limiting anchor system options and codification in accordance with
BS 8610:2017, Table 1 1
Table 2 — Load-limiting anchor system options and codification in accordance with
BS 8610:2017, Table 2 2
Table 3 — Anchor devices in accordance with BS EN 795:2012 and PD CEN/TS 16415:2013 2
Section 1: General 3
1 Scope 3
2 Normative references 4
3 Terms and definitions 4
Figure 1 — Examples of anchor systems 5
Figure 2 — Examples of type A non-load-limiting anchor systems 6
Figure 3 — Examples of type A davit-type anchor systems 7
Figure 4 — Example of a type A load-limiting anchor system 8
Figure 5 — Examples of type B anchor systems 9
Figure 6 — Example of a type C non-load-limiting anchor system 10
Figure 7 — Examples of type C load-limiting anchor systems 10
Figure 8 — Example of a type D anchor system 11
Figure 9 — Examples of type E anchor systems 11
Figure 10 — Example of an accompanied descent type rescue 17
Figure 11 — Example of rescue – remotely or self-operated – direct attachment systems 18
Figure 12 — Example of a remotely operated redirect attachment type rescue 19
Section 2: System design 23
4 Preliminary information 23
4.1 General 23
4.2 PFPS system design 23
4.3 PFPS project details 23
4.4 Risk assessment 24
5 Design considerations 24
5.1 General 24
5.2 Structural suitability 25
Figure 13 — Examples of calculations on loads applied to anchor devices, structural anchors and
the base material 27
Figure 14 — Examples of how loads are applied to a structure in the case of a handrail at
different angles of rigging 30
5.3 Trial tests 30
5.4 Maximum system rating, SRmax 31
5.5 Configuration 31
5.6 Anti-pendulum anchor devices 31
Figure 15 — Example of angles on a rooftop PFPS using an anti-pendulum anchor device where
their use is unavoidable – plan view 32
5.7 Obligations of the system designer 32
5.8 Anchor system modification – system designer responsibilities 33
5.9 Frequency, intensity of use and design life 33
5.10 Accessible and hidden elements 33
5.11 Environmental/climatic considerations and design life 34
5.12 Structural anchor(s) 35
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5.13
Free fall distance, free space 35
5.14
Personal fall protection equipment (PFPE) 36
5.15
Positioning 36
Figure 16 — Examples of type C and type D anchor systems installed on roofs 37
5.16 Rescue and recovery plan 38
5.17 Inspection 39
Figure 17 — Examples of using packers to support reaction loads of test apparatus 39
5.18 Limitations of use 39
6 Design considerations – application 40
6.1 General 40
6.2 Application types 40
Figure 18 — Example of an anchor system using more than one structural anchor 42
Figure 19 — Example of a typical rope access rigging configuration and how the load is applied
to the anchor point(s) of each anchor system 43
Figure 20 — Example of the increase in loadings on a working line or anchor slings caused by an
increase in the angle of the Y hang 44
Figure 21 — Example of using additional anchor points to provide additional protection to the user 45
Figure 22 — Example of loads on deviation anchor devices at different angles 47
Figure 23 — Examples of rigging deviation anchor devices 48
Figure 24 — Examples of rigging of re-anchor devices 49
Figure 25 — Examples of aid climbing anchor devices used for aid climbing under a soffit 50
Figure 26 — Examples of work positioning configurations 51
7 Design considerations – type specific 54
7.1 General 54
7.2 Type A anchor systems 54
Figure 27 — Permitted directions of loading for paired anchor devices 55
7.3 Type B anchor systems 56
7.4 Type C anchor systems 56
7.5 Type D anchor systems 58
7.6 Type E anchor systems 59
8 Positioning 60
8.1 Positioning – general 60
Figure 28 — Illustration of edge distance requirement for anchor devices set in narrow sections 61
8.2 Positioning – application specific 63
8.3 Positioning – Type specific 65
9 System design specification 67
10 Information to be supplied by the system designer to the installer and inspector 67
Section 3: Installation 68
11 Installation 68
11.1 General 68
11.2 Additional installation recommendations for hidden elements 70
11.3 Additional installation recommendations specific to type B and type E anchor devices 70
11.4 Marking, signage and labelling 71
11.5 Information to be provided following installation 74
Section 4: Inspection 77
12 Inspection 77
12.1 General 77
12.2 Inspection and verification 78
Table 4 — Examples of inspection criteria, including categories of inspection results 83
12.3 Inspection report 89
ii © THE BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION 2019 – ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Annex A (normative) Type A anchor systems – service loads and design loads based on BS
8610:2017 anchor types and applications of use 91
Table A.1 — Service loads and design loads of type A non-load-limiting anchor systems 91
Table A.2 — Service loads and design loads of type A load-limiting anchor systems 92
Annex B (normative) Type C anchor systems – service loads and design loads based on BS
Table B.1 — Service loads and design loads of type C non-load-limiting anchor systems 93
Table B.2 — Service loads and design loads of Type C load-limiting anchor systems 93
Annex C (normative) Type D anchor systems – service loads and design loads based on BS
Table C.1 — Service loads and design loads of Type D non-load-limiting anchor systems 94
Annex D (normative) Calculation of trial test loads 96
Figure D.1 — Example of eyebolt-type anchor systems where the service load might be applied in
shear, Fs , tension, Ft , or any angle in between 97
Figure D.2 — Example of the direction of trial test loads, Td , equal to the design load,
perpendicular to the base material, for eyebolt-type anchor devices 98
Figure D.3 — Detail for calculation of trial test load, Tc , for the structural anchors of anchor
devices with base plates 99
Annex E (informative) Calculation and application of proof test loads 100
Table E.1 — Examples of anchor devices/systems to be proof load tested 101
Figure E.1 — Examples of applying proof test loads, Pf , in the direction of the service load 103
Figure E.2 — Examples of applying proof test loads, Pf , equal to the service load, perpendicular to
the base material 104
Figure E.3 — Example of basis of calculation and applying proof test loads, Pc , applied
perpendicular to the base material, in the case of anchor devices with base plates 105
Figure E.4 — Example of applying the calculated proof test load equally between two
anchor points 107
Figure E.5 — Examples of applying calculated proof test loads, Pc , to individual structural
anchors in the case of anchor devices with base plates 108
Figure E.6 — Example of basis of calculation of the calculated proof test load, Pc , applied directly
to each structural anchor perpendicular to the base material, in the case of anchor devices with
base plates 109
Figure E.7 — Examples of applying proof test load, Pf , equivalent to the service load to each
anchor point individually 110
Annex F (informative) Examples of anchor systems and applications showing the range of
movement and working area 111
Figure F.1 — Example of a restraint PFPS comprising central anchor point with a fixed
length lanyard 111
Figure F.2 — Example of a restraint PFPS comprising perimeter anchor system with a fixed
length lanyard 112
Figure F.3 — Example of a restraint PFPS using anti-pendulum anchor devices and
adjustable lanyards 113
Figure F.4 — Example of a fall arrest PFPS comprising central anchor point with a fall
arrest lanyard 114
Annex G (informative) Example of forms to be provided by the system designer to be completed
by the installer or duty holder 115
Annex H (informative) Example of an inspection report form 117
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Table H.1 — Report of inspection of personal fall protection systems (including anchor devices/
anchor systems and personal fall protection equipment) 117
Annex I (normative) Pre-use inspection 118
Annex J (normative) Reverse-engineering design check of hidden elements 120
Annex K (normative) Test apparatus and procedures for trial and proof load testing 121
Figure K.1 — Example of a test apparatus arrangement for load testing structural anchors and/
or anchor systems 122
Figure K.2 — Test apparatus arrangements for various anchor systems with test loads applied
perpendicular to the base material 123
Figure K.3 — Example of test apparatus arrangement for load testing wire rope swage
terminations 125
Figure K.4 — Example of test apparatus arrangement for load testing davit arms 126
Figure K.5 — Example of testing davit arms in full range of movement – plan view 128
Bibliography 129
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, and inside front cover, pages i to vi, pages 1 to 130, an inside back cover
and a back cover.
iv © THE BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION 2019 – ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Foreword
Publishing information
This British Standard is published by BSI Standards Limited, under licence from The British
Standards Institution, and came into effect on 30 November 2019. It was prepared by Technical
Committee PH/5, Personal Fall Protection. A list of organizations represented on this committee can
be obtained on request to its secretary.
Supersession
BS 7883:2019 supersedes BS 7883:2005, which is withdrawn.
Relationship with other publications

This British Standard is intended to complement BS 8610, BS EN 795, PD CEN/TS 16415 by
recommending good practice as followed by competent practitioners for installing and maintaining
products conforming to those standards.
Information about this document

This British Standard provides information relating to anchor systems and recommendations for
installation and use in conjunction with personal fall protection equipment for protection against falls
from a height.
This revision of BS 7883 gives recommendations additional to those in the previous edition for
system design, installation and inspection of anchor systems, including:
a) the role of the system designer is introduced;
b) applications and product types have been introduced, based on BS 8610;
c) recommendations have been introduced for:
1) documentation, including the system technical file;
2) configurations in use, in particular rope access;
3) positioning;
4) proof test loads; and
5) the inspection of previously installed anchor systems.
Use of this document

As a code of practice, this British Standard takes the form of guidance and recommendations. It
should not be quoted as if it were a specification and particular care should be taken to ensure that
claims of compliance are not misleading.
Any user claiming compliance with this British Standard is expected to be able to justify any course of
action that deviates from its recommendations.
It has been assumed in the preparation of this British Standard that the execution of its provisions
will be entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people, for whose use it has
been produced.
© THE BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION 2019 – ALL RIGHTS RESERVED v

Presentational conventions
The provisions of this standard are presented in roman (i.e. upright) type. Its recommendations
are expressed in sentences in which the principal auxiliary verb is “should”. This British Standard
includes examples which are illustrative and not a definitive list.
Commentary, explanation and general informative material is presented in smaller italic type, and does
not constitute a normative element.
Contractual and legal considerations

This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are
responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.
Particular attention is drawn to the following specific regulations:
• The Work at Height Regulations 2005 (as amended) [1].
• The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM) [2].
• The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER) [3].
• The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER) [4].
• The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 [5].
vi © THE BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION 2019 – ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

0 Introduction
The dangers of working at height are not always apparent. Engineered controls have to be devised to
protect persons working at height against the effects of gravity, i.e. falls from a height. Anchor systems
are an essential part of such controls.
This British Standard is intended to guide system designers, installers, inspectors, duty holders,
rescuers and users of anchor systems for fall protection in their safe use and relates primarily to
anchor systems conforming to BS 8610 (see Table 1 and Table 2) and anchor devices conforming to
BS EN 795 and PD CEN/TS 16415 (see Table 3).
For clarification, BS 8610 specifies the type testing of anchor systems comprising the anchor device,
the structural anchor and the base material for the following applications (single and multi-user):
a) restraint;
b) fall arrest;
c) rope access;
d) work positioning;
e) rescue; and
f) evacuation.
The test requirements within BS EN 795 are restricted to single user, fall arrest only and do not
necessarily cover the structural anchor(s) and/or base material.
NOTE PD CEN/TS 16415 specifies requirements for multiple users, fall arrest only.
Table 1 — Non-load-limiting anchor system options and codification in accordance with BS 8610:2017, Table 1
Type Application code Application use

A – e.g. eyeboltA)/post 1 Restraint
2 Fall arrest
3 Rope access and work positioning
4 Rescue – accompanied descent
5 Rescue – remotely or self-operated – direct attachment
6 Rescue – remotely operated – redirect attachment
7 Evacuation
C – e.g. flexible 1 Restraint
horizontal anchor line
2 Fall arrest
D – e.g. rigid horizontal 1 Restraint
anchor line
2 Fall arrest
3 Rope access and work positioning
4 Rescue – accompanied descent
6 Rescue – remotely operated – redirect attachment
7 Evacuation
A)
As an example of codification, an eyebolt for fall arrest – non-load-limiting would be type A2.
NOTE Class A1 anchor devices that conform to BS EN 795:1997 are not the same as type A1 anchor systems
(for restraint) that conform to BS 8610.
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Table 2 — Load-limiting anchor system options and codification in accordance with BS 8610:2017, Table 2
Type Application code Application use Load-limiting

A – e.g. eyeboltA)/post 1 Restraint L
2 Fall arrest L
5 Rescue – remotely or self-operated – L
direct attachment
C – e.g. flexible horizontal 1 Restraint L
anchor line
2 Fall arrest L
5 Rescue – remotely or self-operated – L
direct attachment
A)
As an example of codification, an eyebolt for restraint – load-limiting would be type A1L.
Table 3 — Anchor devices in accordance with BS EN 795:2012 and PD CEN/TS 16415:2013
Type Application code Application use

A – e.g. eyebolt/post — Suitable for multiple applications as specified in the
information supplied by the manufacturer
B – anchor device — Suitable for multiple applications as specified in the
without structural information supplied by the manufacturer
anchor
C – horizontal flexible — Suitable for multiple applications as specified in the
anchor line information supplied by the manufacturer
D – horizontal rigid — Suitable for multiple applications as specified in the
anchor line information supplied by the manufacturer
E – anchor device relying — Suitable for multiple applications as specified in the
on mass and friction information supplied by the manufacturer
NOTE 1 BS EN 795 and PD CEN/TS 16415 do not have a coding system for application and cover non-load-
limiting and load-limiting anchor devices.
NOTE 2 For clarification, BS EN 795 and PD CEN/TS 16415 cover only anchor devices and not the structural
anchor or the base material.
2 © THE BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION 2019 – ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Section 1: General
1 Scope
This British Standard gives recommendations for the system design, installation, use, maintenance
and inspection of anchor systems incorporating anchor devices conforming to BS EN 795, PD CEN/
TS 16415 and/or anchor systems conforming to BS 8610.
This British Standard also gives recommendations for the inspection of anchor systems installed
prior to this edition of the British Standard.
NOTE 1 Anchor systems installed prior to this edition of the British Standard, but which have been inspected in
accordance with Section 4, can only be certified as meeting the inspection recommendations of Section 4. The
inspector can only claim that the anchor system conforms to the British Standard to which it was originally
installed, e.g. “the anchor system was installed in accordance with BS 7883:2005 and the inspection has been
carried out in accordance with BS 7883:2019, Section 4”.
This British Standard is only applicable to anchor systems for the direct attachment of PFPE for use in
the workplace.
This British Standard is not applicable to:
a) the lifting of equipment;
b) anchor points comprising holes formed in the base material for the direct attachment of personal
fall protection equipment (PFPE), e.g. hole drilled through steel girder;
c) anchor points formed by the welded attachment of bars or plates to steel structures for the
direct attachment of the PFPE, e.g. loops of steel bar or flat plates incorporating a hole, welded to
a steel structure, unless:
1) such anchor points form part of a manufactured product which has been successfully tested
in accordance with BS 8610; or
2) the manufacturer, installer or inspector of such anchor points can demonstrate that the
anchor point conforms to all relevant requirements of BS 8610, BS EN 795 or PD CEN/
TS 16415, in which case the documentation certifying conformity to BS 8610, BS EN 795 or
PD CEN/TS 16415 becomes part of the documentation provided to the duty holder;
d) anchor systems for attachment of collective protection systems, e.g. work positioning platforms
and fall arrest nets; and
e) personal fall protection systems (PFPS) and equipment for use in leisure activities or in
professional and private sports activities.
This British Standard is intended for use by system designers, installers, inspectors and users of
anchor systems, including other interested parties, e.g. architects and structural engineers, and those
who are responsible for the design of safe access and egress on buildings and structures.
NOTE 2 Advice on the selection, use and maintenance of PFPS and equipment for use in the workplace is given
in BS 8437 and recommendations and guidance on the use of rope access methods for industrial purposes are
given in BS 7985.

2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies1. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
BS 7985:2013, Code of practice for the use of rope access methods for industrial purposes
BS 8213‑1:2004, Windows, doors and rooflights — Part 1: Design for safety in use and during cleaning
of windows, including door-height windows and roof windows — Code of practice
BS 8437:2005+A1:2012, Code of practice for selection, use and maintenance of personal fall protection
systems and equipment for use in the workplace
BS 8539, Code of practice for the selection and installation of post-installed anchors in
concrete and masonry
BS 8610, Personal fall protection equipment — Anchor systems — Specification
BS EN 795:2012, Personal fall protection equipment — Anchor devices
BS EN 12841, Personal fall protection equipment — Rope access systems — Rope adjustment devices
BS ISO 22846 (all parts), Personal equipment for protection against falls — Rope access systems
PD CEN/TS 16415, Personal fall protection equipment — Anchor devices — Recommendations for
anchor devices for use by more than one person simultaneously
3 Terms and definitions

3.1 anchor device
element or series of elements incorporating an anchor point or anchor points, providing the interface
between the anchor point(s) and the structure or base material
NOTE An anchor device can be a type B or type E anchor system when installed on the structure or part of a
type A, type C or type D anchor system when connected to the base material.
3.2 anchor point

point on an anchor system for the attachment of PFPE
NOTE An anchor point can be fixed or guided to follow the user.
[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.2, modified]
3.3 anchor systems

3.3.1 anchor system
system incorporating an anchor device (which can be load-limiting or non-load-limiting), when
installed on the structure (type B and type E) or connected to the base material by a structural
anchor(s) (type A, type C and type D)
NOTE 1 For examples of anchor systems, see Figure 1.
NOTE 2 BS EN 795 and PD CEN/TS 16415 only cover anchor devices and not the structural anchor or the
base material.
NOTE 3 Type B and type E anchor devices, when combined with the structure, become an anchor system, e.g. wire
strop around steel beam, tripod on concrete floor, deadweight anchor on flat roof [see Figure 1b)].
1 Documents that are referred to solely in an informative manner are listed in the Bibliography.

Figure 1 — Examples of anchor systems
a) Type A anchor device installed into a base material

Key
1 Anchor point
2 Base material
3 Permanent fixing element
4 Structural anchor
5 Anchor device
6 Anchor system
b) Type B anchor device installed on a structure

Key
1 Anchor point
2 Anchor device
3 Structure
4 Anchor system
3.3.2 type A anchor system

anchor system incorporating one or more non-travelling anchor points
NOTE 1 See Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4.
NOTE 2 Anchor points or elements of the anchor device can rotate or swivel when in use where designed to do so.
NOTE 3 Anti-pendulum and deviation anchor devices are considered to be type A anchor systems.
[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.3.2]

Figure 2 — Examples of type A non-load-limiting anchor systems
a) Anchor device bolted to base b) Anchor device cast into base c) Anchor device welded to d) Non-removable anchor
material material base material device resin-bonded to base
material
e) Paired anchor device bolted to structural anchors resin- f) Anchor device through-fixed g) Removable anchor device
bonded to base material to base material with socket resin-bonded to
base material
h) Anchor device fixed to i) Anchor device clamped to j) D ring anchor device k) Post-type anchor device
cantilever socket resin-bonded base material through-fixed to base material with structural anchors resin-
to base material (to allow for bonded to base material
non-load-bearing material)
l) Eyenut anchor device m) Eyenut anchor device n) Eyebolt anchor device o) Cantilever anchor device
through-fixed to base material with locking element fixed to through-fixed to base material resin-bonded to base material
with locking element structural anchor resin-bonded supported by structural spacer
to base material

Figure 2 (continued)
p) Through-fixed eyebolt anchor device with anti-compression q) Through-fixed eyebolt anchor device without anti-
tube in cavity or hollow-type construction compression tube in solid-type construction
Key
1 Anchor point(s)
2 Base material
4 Structural anchor
5 Non-load-bearing material, e.g. insulation, plasterboard, weather proofing materials
6 Anchor device
7 Locking element, e.g. split pin, roll pin, half nut, castellated nut
8 Structural spacer
9 Anti-compression tube
Figure 3 — Examples of type A davit-type anchor systems
a) Anchor device with non-removable b) Anchor device with removable arm, c) Anchor device with removable arm,
arm, bolted to base material with an bolted to base material with anchor bolted to base material with an anchor
anchor point on an arm points on the base point on an arm
Key
1 Anchor point(s)
2 Base material
4 Structural anchor
5 Anchor device
6 Re-direct pulleys

Figure 4 — Example of a type A load-limiting anchor system
Key
1 Anchor point
2 Base material
4 Structural anchor
5 Anchor device
6 Energy-dissipating element
3.3.3 type B anchor system

anchor device with one or more anchor points, which are located on, through or around the structure,
without the need for a structural anchor(s) or fixing element(s)
NOTE 1 See Figure 5.
NOTE 2 Type B anchor devices are not permanently fixed to the structure. They are removable and transportable,
allowing the user to relocate their anchor point.

Figure 5 — Examples of type B anchor systems
a) Beam clamp b) Door frame/window opening anchor
c) Sling d) Tripod
e) Removable anchor device

Key
1 Anchor point
2 Anchor device
3 Structure
3.3.4 type C anchor system

anchor system employing a flexible anchor line deviating from the horizontal by not more than 15°,
when measured between any extremity anchor, intermediate anchor or corner anchor
NOTE 1 See Figure 6 and Figure 7.
NOTE 2 Examples of flexible anchor lines are wire rope, fibre rope and webbing.
[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.3.3]

Figure 6 — Example of a type C non-load-limiting anchor system
Key
1 Anchor point 5 Extremity anchor
2 Base material 6 Intermediate anchor
3 Permanent fixing element 7 Flexible anchor line
4 Structural anchor 8 Traveller
NOTE 1, 5, 6, 7 and 8 comprise the anchor device.
Figure 7 — Examples of type C load-limiting anchor systems
Example a
Example b
Key
1 Anchor point 6 Intermediate anchor
2 Base material 7 Energy dissipating element
3 Permanent fixing element 8 Flexible anchor line
4 Structural anchor 9 Traveller
5 Extremity anchor
NOTE 1, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 comprise the anchor device.
3.3.5 type D anchor system

anchor system employing a rigid anchor line deviating from the horizontal by not more than 15°,
when measured between the extremity and intermediate anchors at any point along its length
NOTE 2 Examples of rigid anchor lines are tubes and rails.
[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.3.4]

Figure 8 — Example of a type D anchor system
Key
1 Anchor point 6 Intermediate bracket
2 Base material 7 Rigid anchor line joiner (joint)
3 Permanent fixing element 8 Rigid anchor line
4 Structural anchor 9 End stop
5 End bracket 10 Traveller
NOTE 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 comprise the anchor device.
3.3.6 type E anchor device

anchor device for use on surfaces up to 5° from the horizontal where the performance relies solely on
mass and friction between itself and the surface
[SOURCE: BS EN 795:2012, 3.2.5]

NOTE 2 Type E anchor devices are removable and transportable, allowing the user to relocate their anchor point.
Figure 9 — Examples of type E anchor systems
a) Deadweight b) Water bag

Key
1 Anchor point
2 Mass
3 Surface
NOTE 1 and 2 comprise the anchor device.
3.4 anti-pendulum anchor device

anchor device used to help maintain a restraint position, or reduce a lateral swing of the user of a fall
arrest system in the event of a fall

3.5 base material

material to which the anchor device is installed
NOTE Examples of base materials are concrete, steel, rock, masonry.
[SOURCE: BS EN 8610:2017, 3.4]
3.6 blockwork
masonry of blocks of concrete or other suitable material
3.7 brickwork
masonry of bricks
3.8 collective fall protection system

system which provides fall protection without the requirement for PFPE
NOTE In some work positioning situations, collective fall protection systems, such as guard rails or air bags, can
be used instead of a safety back-up PFPE, where the risk assessment permits.
3.9 competent person

designated person suitably trained or qualified by knowledge and practical experience to enable the
required task or tasks to be carried out properly
[SOURCE: BS 8437:2005+A1:2012, 3.10]
3.10 design life

predicted lifetime of the anchor system as specified by the system designer
NOTE The predicted lifetime of the anchor system takes into account the design life recommended by the
manufacturer, the materials used, the climatic and other conditions likely to be experienced in service, after which
the anchor system would be removed from service.
3.11 design load

load used in the design, based upon the service load with an appropriate factor of safety to ensure
that neither the anchor device nor the base material fails, and is at least equivalent to the static
strength requirements for the anchor system
NOTE For example, a type A anchor device conforming to BS EN 795:2012 has a service load of 6 kN and a design
load of 12 kN.
3.12 deviation anchor device

anchor device used indirectly to redirect the path of PFPE
NOTE Deviation anchor devices can be used to avoid damage to the PFPE, e.g. abrasion, contact with the
structure, and/or to provide a more preferred/accurate position for the user.
3.13 duty holder

person or organization with the responsibility for the overall standard and quality of the
anchor system
NOTE The duty holder can also be the owner or client.

3.14 element
part of an anchor system
NOTE Elements of an anchor system can include an anchor device, traveller and extremity anchor.
[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.7]
3.15 energy-dissipating element

element of an anchor system that dissipates the kinetic energy developed during a fall from height
NOTE 1 Wire rope used in type C anchor systems is not considered to be an energy dissipating element.
NOTE 2 Energy-dissipating elements are deliberately designed to absorb energy, e.g. by yielding, deforming
or elongating.
[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.8 modified]
3.16 evacuation
transfer of a person or persons from a place of danger or difficulty to a place of safety
[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.9]
3.17 evacuation system

PFPS by which a person or persons can transfer themselves, or be transferred from, a place of danger
to a place of safety, in such a way that a free fall is prevented
[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.10 modified]
3.18 extremity anchor

element that connects the end of a flexible anchor line or rigid anchor line to the base material
3.19 fall arrest

technique using PFPE which prevents the user from colliding with the ground, structure or any other
obstacle during a free fall
3.20 fall arrest system

PFPS which limits the impact force on the body of the user during fall arrest
[SOURCE: BS EN 363:2018, 3.2.1.4 modified]
3.21 flexible anchor line

flexible line between extremity anchors to which PFPE can be attached either directly by a connector
or through a traveller
NOTE A flexible anchor line can be wire rope, fibre rope or webbing.
[SOURCE: BS EN 795:2012, 3.10 modified]
3.22 free fall distance

total vertical distance through which the user of a fall arrest system could fall, from the start of the fall
to the onset of fall arrest

3.23 free space

total clearance distance that needs to be available below the anchor point to ensure that no part of
the user can strike the ground or a projection from the building or structure during a fall
NOTE 1 The user might strike the building or structure, e.g. by swinging against it.
NOTE 2 For further information on free space, see BS 8437.
3.24 inspection
examination in accordance with the examination scheme, carried out during installation, pre-use
checks, interim inspections, periodic inspections and supplementary inspections, as appropriate, for
safety purposes
NOTE 1 An inspection could include tests, as appropriate.
NOTE 2 Where anchor systems come under the jurisdiction of LOLER [3], periodic inspections are known as
thorough examinations.
3.25 inspector
competent person carrying out the inspection in accordance with the examination scheme, and
recommendations and instructions issued by the manufacturer applicable to the relevant PFPS,
including the anchor system and PFPE
NOTE 1 An inspector might need to be trained by the manufacturer or their authorized representative on specific
PFPE or other equipment, e.g. due to its complexity or innovation, or where safety critical knowledge is needed in
the dismantling, reassembly or assessment of the PFPE or other equipment, and might need to have that training
updated due to modifications and upgrades.
NOTE 2 An inspector could be competent to carry out inspections on one particular model of PFPE or other
equipment or could be competent to inspect several models.
3.26 installation review

process where an inspector assesses an existing PFPS to ensure the anchor system and PFPE provide
the desired level of safety and performance, including recommendations and requirements to the
duty holder for any remedial work to be carried out
3.27 installer
person or company responsible for installing the anchor system in accordance with the system
designer’s specification and information supplied by the manufacturer
NOTE In cases where an installer decides which products to use and where to install them, they are also, for those
aspects of the process, the system designer.
3.28 intermediate anchor

element located between the extremity anchors, connecting a flexible or rigid anchor line to the
base material
NOTE Intermediate supports, e.g. a flexible anchor line guide, which are not intended to withstand the load, are
not intermediate anchors.
[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.13]

3.29 load-limiting anchor device

anchor device with an integral energy-dissipating element intended to limit the dynamic force
applied to the structural anchor
NOTE 1 The energy-dissipating element in a load-limiting anchor device can be integral to different types of anchor
devices, e.g. an anchor device with a single anchor point, intermediate, corner or extremity anchors for a horizontal
flexible anchor line.
NOTE 2 Load-limiting anchor devices include elements that are designed to absorb energy, e.g. by yielding,
deforming or elongating.
[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.14]
3.30 manufacturer
person or company responsible for designing and manufacturing an anchor system and securing any
certification necessary, with a view to placing it on the market on their own behalf
NOTE 1 References to the manufacturer of the anchor system are not intended to include the base material.
NOTE 2 The manufacturer has an obligation to ensure that a product intended to be placed on the market is
designed and manufactured and its conformity assessed to the requirements in accordance with relevant standards.
NOTE 3 The manufacturer can use finished products, ready-made elements or subcontract these tasks. The
manufacturer needs to maintain overall control and have the necessary competence to take responsibility for
the product.
NOTE 4 The manufacturer can elect not to supply specified ancillary elements supplied by third parties as part of
the original certification, e.g. type and specification of resin.
NOTE 5 Where element(s) (e.g. structural anchors, washers, nuts) are manufactured by someone other than the
manufacturer of the anchor system this is clarified, e.g. “manufacturer of other elements”.
3.31 masonry
construction of stone(s), brick(s) or block(s) bonded and solidly put together with mortar
3.32 maximum overhead grip reach capability

height to which 95% of the population can reach
[SOURCE: BS 8213-1:2004, Annex A]
3.33 maximum rated mass (RMmax)

maximum mass of each user, as specified by the manufacturer, including tools and equipment carried,
with which the anchor system can be used
NOTE 1 The maximum rated mass is defined in kg.
NOTE 2 Maximum rated mass, RMmax, was formerly known as maximum rated load, RLmax.
[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.16]
3.34 maximum system rating (SRmax)

maximum number of users and their maximum rated mass (RMmax) that can be attached to the anchor
system at any one time, as specified by the manufacturer
[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.17]
NOTE The maximum system rating is defined in kg.

3.35 non-load-limiting anchor device

anchor device without an integral energy-dissipating element
[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.18]
3.36 permanent fixing element

part of a structural anchor securing the anchor device permanently to the base material and not
intended to be removed by the user
NOTE 1 Examples of a permanent fixing element are a nut, threaded stud, internally-threaded socket, screw, bolt,
expansion anchor, cast-in anchor, rivet, resin bond and weld.
NOTE 2 Some permanent fixing elements, e.g. bolts or nuts, can be removed for inspection purposes.
[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.19]
3.37 personal fall protection equipment (PFPE)

components intended to protect the user against falls from height, including a body-holding device
and an attachment system
NOTE 1 A body-holding device might be, for example, a full body harness, sit harness, work positioning belt, rescue
harness, rescue loop.
NOTE 2 PFPE forms part of the overall personal protective equipment (PPE) that might be required to be worn
by the user.
3.38 personal fall protection system (PFPS)

PFPE and an anchor system
3.39 primary anchor points

initial anchor points to which rope access working lines and safety lines are attached
NOTE Primary anchor points are not deviation or re-anchor devices.
3.40 re-anchor device

rope access anchor device(s), installed offset to the primary anchor point(s), in order to position the
working and safety lines closer to the working location
3.41 recovery
act of retrieving an incapacitated person who is not in suspension, by gaining access to them and
moving them to a place of safety using conventional access routes, such as walkways and stairways
NOTE An example of recovery would be to retrieve a person who has collapsed on a flat roof.
3.42 rescue
act of retrieving an incapacitated person suspended from an anchor system by gaining access to
their position and moving them to a place of safety using equipment designed to raise or lower the
incapacitated person remotely, or in accompanied descent

3.43 rescue – accompanied descent system

PFPS by which a person is rescued and accompanied by another person in such a way that a free fall
is prevented
NOTE 2 An accompanied descent is also known as a pick-off rescue.
[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.21.1]

Figure 10 — Example of an accompanied descent type rescue
3.44 rescue – remotely or self-operated – direct attachment system

PFPS by which a person can rescue themselves or be rescued by another person by direct attachment
to an anchor point in such a way that a free fall is prevented
NOTE 2 An example of a remote rescue is by the use of a reach pole and rescue kit to reach the person
being rescued.
NOTE 3 An example of a self-operated rescue is by the use of a pre-packed rescue kit which the rescuer carries.

Figure 11 — Example of rescue – remotely or self-operated – direct attachment systems
a) Self-operated direct attachment b) Remotely-operated direct attachment
[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.21.2]
3.45 rescue – remotely operated – redirect attachment system

PFPS by which a person is rescued by another person by the use of an indirect attachment to an
anchor point in such a way that a free fall is prevented
NOTE 2 An example of an indirect attachment is a pulley.
NOTE 3 The use of an indirect attachment can potentially double the load on an anchor system.
[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.21.3]

Figure 12 — Example of a remotely operated redirect attachment type rescue
Key
1 Redirect attachment
3.46 rescuer
person who carries out a rescue operation
3.47 restraint
technique using PFPE which prevents the user from reaching zones where the risk of a fall from
height exists
NOTE A restraint system is not a fall arrest system.
3.48 restraint system

PFPS which prevents the user from reaching zones where the risk of a fall from height exists
NOTE A restraint system is not a fall arrest system.
3.49 rigid anchor line

rigid line between extremity anchors to which PFPE can be attached either directly by a connector or
through a traveller
NOTE A rigid anchor line can be a rigid profile, e.g. a rigid tube or rigid rail.
[SOURCE: BS EN 795:2012, 3.11, modified]

3.50 rope access

technique which uses two separately attached PFPS, one as the working line (means of support) and
the other as a safety line, for getting to and from the place of work, and which can be used for work
positioning or rescue
3.51 rope access system

PFPS which enables the user to get to and from the place of work in such a way that a free fall is
prevented or arrested, by using a working line and a safety line connected separately to anchor points
3.52 safety back-up PFPS

component or an assembly of components of PFPE providing a secondary safety system in the event
of a fall occurring
3.53 safety line

safety back-up PFPS comprising a component or an assembly of components of PFPE used for rope
access or work positioning, which provides a secondary safety system in the event of a failure of the
primary system
3.54 service life

lifetime of the anchor system as required by the duty holder
3.55 service load

unfactored maximum load(s) applied to the anchor point of the anchor system, specific to the
application(s) and configuration(s) during use
NOTE During use includes the instance of a fall, e.g. 6 kN service load for a single user in fall arrest. Examples of
service loads for anchor systems conforming to BS 8610 are shown in Annex A, Annex B and Annex C.
3.56 static strength

minimum force an anchor device or anchor system is capable of sustaining without failure
NOTE BS 8610 and BS EN 795 define the static strength requirements of anchor devices and anchor systems.
3.57 stonework
masonry of stone, which might or might not have been worked
[SOURCE: BS ISO 6707-1:2017, 3.3.5.14]
3.58 structural anchor

combination of one or more permanent fixing element(s), not intended to be removed, used to
connect an anchor device to the base material
[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.24]
3.59 structural limitations

minimum installation requirements for structural anchors
NOTE For example, minimum edge distance, minimum thickness of base material, minimum spacing between
structural anchors and minimum strength of base material.

3.60 suitably qualified person

competent person capable of and responsible for assessing whether the specific
requirements are met
NOTE 1 An assessment might include calculations.
NOTE 2 A suitably qualified person could be a chartered structural engineer.
NOTE 3 Specific requirements could include structural suitability, load calculations.
3.61 system designer

person with overall responsibility for the design of the PFPS (including the anchor system and PFPE),
including certification and handover documentation
3.62 system design specification

output documentation resulting from the design process which specifies the anchor system(s)
to be installed, how and where they are to be installed, and any criteria necessary for their safe
access and use
NOTE The system design specification also details the appropriate PFPE to be provided for use with the
anchor system.
3.63 system technical file

documentation supplied to the duty holder on completion of the installation by the system
designer, to be retained for future reference for the life of the PFPS installed, including anchor
system(s) and PFPE
NOTE The system technical file contains information provided by the system designer, installer and inspector.
3.64 traveller
element with an anchor point intended to travel along a flexible or rigid anchor line
NOTE 1 Travellers are also known as shuttles, trolleys, mobile anchor points.
NOTE 2 The definition also includes simple travellers, such as a connector attached directly to a flexible/rigid
anchor line or a textile or wire sling passed over a rigid rail and linked by a connector.
[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.28]
3.65 user
competent person who uses the PFPS for work tasks, inspections or maintenance
NOTE The number of users might include the rescuer, where relevant, e.g. accompanied descent.
3.66 work positioning

technique using PFPE for partial or complete support for getting to and from, or maintaining position
at, the place of work
NOTE When the user is using a work positioning system for partial support, the user is supported in tension, part
of the user's weight being supported by the work positioning system and the remainder by the surface on which the
user is standing. When the user is using a work positioning system for complete support, the user is in suspension
and their weight is fully supported by the work positioning system.

3.67 work positioning system

system used for work positioning which uses a PFPS as the primary means of support and either a
separately connected safety back-up PFPS or a collective fall protection system
NOTE 1 A safety back-up PFPS can include, for example, safety line, fall arrest lanyard, retractable-type
fall arrester.
NOTE 2 In some situations, collective fall protection systems such as guard rails or air bags can be used instead of a
safety back-up PFPS, where the risk assessment permits.

Section 2: System design

COMMENTARY ON SECTION 2
This section provides recommendations for the key aspects to be taken into account by the system
designer in designing a PFPS that fulfils the needs of all interested parties, e.g. duty holder, user.
Further guidance for the design of buildings incorporating safe work at height can be found in BS 8560.
4 Preliminary information
4.1 General
When designing the PFPS the system designer should take into account all the recommendations of
this British Standard in consultation with the duty holder and other interested parties.
The system designer and/or installer should liaise with the principal designer, if appointed under The
Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 [2], or other relevant person(s) involved
with the design of the overall project to ensure that the PFPS is compatible with the applicable
aspects of the overall project design.
NOTE The system designer could also be the principal designer. Attention is drawn to The Construction (Design
and Management) Regulations 2015 [2] for the definition of principal designer.
4.2 PFPS system design

The design of the PFPS should take into account the following, as a minimum:
a) the tasks to be undertaken by the user;
NOTE Rescue and evacuation are considered to be tasks.
b) the likely work method and proximity to work location, e.g. window cleaning by hand
or via a pole;
c) the requirement for the ongoing inspection, testing, repair and maintenance;
d) the frequency, nature and duration of work tasks;
e) the number of simultaneous users; and
f) the level of competence of user(s) in using PFPE.
4.3 PFPS project details

The following should be taken into account in the design of the PFPS, as a minimum:
a) type of workplace/site, e.g. structures, industrial plant, commercial property, mobile
work equipment;
b) location and environmental aspects affecting the workplace, e.g. remote, urban, coastal, offshore;
c) other activities or potential hazards that can affect the use of the PFPS or consequences of the
work tasks and rescue, e.g. public area below, moving vehicles, overhead power lines, over water;
d) duty holder requirement for the service life of the anchor system;
e) base material type and/or specification, e.g. strength, location, dimensions;
f) limitations imposed on the system design, e.g. structure, locations, finishes, planning restrictions,
listed building restrictions, preservation orders; and
g) drawings and other information available, e.g. floor or roof plans, sectional drawings.

4.4 Risk assessment

COMMENTARY ON 4.4
Risk assessments are undertaken at system design stage and modified as the project develops. Attention
is drawn to The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 [6].
Risk assessments should be undertaken at each stage of the project by the:
a) system designer: a design risk assessment, e.g. to help determine the most appropriate type,
configuration and position of the anchor system, taking into account the fall-related risks and the
user-related factors identified in accordance with 4.2; and;
b) installer and inspector: a work task risk assessment for the installation and inspection work to
be undertaken.
Following each risk assessment the person responsible should evaluate the risks identified and
propose appropriate control measures to mitigate the risks.
5 Design considerations
COMMENTARY ON CLAUSE 5
Attention is drawn to The Work at Height Regulations 2005 [1] for the hierarchy of approach to working
at height, summarized in INDG401 (rev 2) [7] as follows:
a) avoid work at height where it is reasonably practicable to do so;
b) where work at height cannot be avoided, prevent falls using either an existing place of work that is
already safe or the correct type of equipment;
c) minimize the distance and consequences of a fall by using the correct type of equipment where the
risk cannot be eliminated.
It also enshrines the principle that collective measures (e.g. guard rails) be given priority over personal
measures (e.g. anchor systems).
The use of PFPE, in conjunction with anchor systems, is towards the lower end of the hierarchy and
whilst suitably selected in the correct environment, they rely on training, information and supervision.
5.1 General
The system designer should select the appropriate anchor system and PFPE in respect to type and
application to minimize the fall risk whilst maintaining the appropriate level of safety without adding
unnecessary complexity.
The system designer should avoid, where possible, anchor systems which require:
a) the user to frequently disconnect and reconnect to the system;
b) the use of adjustable PFPE which might increase the risk of a fall, e.g. from restraint to fall arrest,
greater pendulum fall;
c) anti-pendulum anchor devices (see 5.6); and
d) an increased level of user training, competency and supervision.
NOTE 1 Appropriate training is a necessity for all users on installed PFPS.

The system designer should not introduce features which expose the user to unnecessary risk or
other nuisance factors, e.g. a system where the user has to first disconnect their lanyard to bypass an
obstruction and then reconnect the lanyard which exposes them to a risk of falling.
NOTE 2 If used properly, a twin-legged lanyard can provide secure and continuous attachment to an anchor
system even when bypassing an obstruction, eliminating the risk of an unprotected fall as in the case of the single
leg lanyard.
The system designer should design a PFPS such that the user, where possible, maintains continuous
attachment without the need for repeated disconnection and reconnection which could be the case
with twin-legged lanyards.
The system designer should design the PFPS to reduce, as far as practical, any trip hazards. Where
trip hazards cannot be eliminated, appropriate signage should be provided.
The system designer should, wherever possible, select a PFPS for restraint in preference to a PFPS for
fall arrest, in order to remove the risk of a fall from height and the need for rescue.
The system designer should take into account the types and options of anchor systems available to
provide the most appropriate design for the duty holder.
Anchor systems should conform to or be selected in accordance with the relevant standards, e.g. BS
8610, BS EN 795, PD CEN/TS 16415.
Type A, type C and type D anchor devices, which are dependent for their performance on the base
material, should be qualified for use in the base material of the project concerned by tests in that
base material in order to validate the structural limitations, e.g. minimum base material strength,
minimum structural thickness, minimum edge distance and minimum anchor spacing.
NOTE 3 Type A, type C and type D anchor systems conforming to BS 8610 satisfy this recommendation.
Where anchor systems conforming to BS 8610 are unavailable, anchor devices conforming
to BS EN 795 or PD CEN/TS 16415 should be used. The system designer should contact the
manufacturer of the anchor device to validate the anchor device’s suitability for the base material and
application.
NOTE 4 This might require the manufacturer to undertake further appropriate testing, e.g. to BS 8610, in the
base material with the structural anchors recommended by the manufacturer, taking into account the structural
limitations, e.g.:
a) minimum material strength;
b) minimum structural thickness; and
c) closest edge distance and closest spacing.
The system designer should take into account the appropriate recommendations for marking,
signage and labelling (see 11.4), and ensuring this is provided in the system design specification
(see Clause 9).
5.2 Structural suitability

The system designer should ensure that all anchor devices and structural anchors are only fixed, or
attached to load-bearing structures, i.e. base materials, that have sufficient strength and stability to
sustain all design loads without failure. Where this is beyond the levels of competence of the system
designer, they should consult with a suitably qualified person.
NOTE 1 This could be confirmed by, for example, reference to drawings or on-site investigation.
NOTE 2 Examples where strength and stability of the structure could be of concern include, but are not limited to,
parapet walls, cavity walls, masonry below window openings, masonry in-fill panels on a concrete frame building,
hollow core concrete, pre-stressed concrete.

NOTE 3 Testing, e.g. by trial tests or proof load tests, of the anchor system does not validate structural strength and
stability of the load bearing structure.
Where there is any doubt as to the strength and stability of the structure(s) the system designer
should provide to a suitably qualified person:
a) loads and resulting forces (e.g. compressive, tension, shear) applied to the structural anchor(s)
and base material from applying the following to the anchor point of each anchor system or
anchor device:
1) service load; and
2) design load,
taking into account the maximum rated mass, RMmax, maximum system rating, SRmax, the
configuration and application concerned; and
NOTE 4 The manufacturer of the anchor device(s) typically provides this information to the system designer.
NOTE 5 Examples of design loads for specific applications and configurations of use for type A, type C and
type D anchor systems can be found in Annex A, Annex B and Annex C.
NOTE 6 Examples of static strength requirements for type B and type E anchor devices for fall arrest can be
found in BS EN 795 and PD CEN/TS 16415.
b) details of the anchor device and structural anchors.

The suitably qualified person should, from a) and b), determine and record the suitability of the
structure to withstand the resultant forces applied through the anchor device and structural
anchor(s) and provide this information in writing to the system designer, to form part of the system
technical file (see 11.5.1).
NOTE 7 Figure 13 shows examples of the ways in which the service and design loads can change due to the design
of the elements of the anchor system, between the position of the anchor point and the structural anchors.
NOTE 8 Calculations might be necessary to determine the suitability of the structure, taking into account the
service load, design load and any effects of cantilever, offset or bending moment due to the design of the anchor
system (see Figure 13).
NOTE 9 For type C and type D anchor systems, the resultant loads to the structural anchors from the service load
and design load, when applied to the anchor point change depending on the position of the traveller. The system
designer might need to provide the suitably qualified person with a series of loadings at different positions along the
flexible/rigid anchor line, e.g. mid-span, extremity, intermediate, corner and cantilever.
NOTE 10 Examples of the maximum design loads for anchors conforming to BS 8610 are given in Annex A, Annex B
and Annex C.
NOTE 11 The specification of structural anchors does not need calculation as they are prescribed by the anchor
device manufacturer and have been selected by calculation and proven by testing to, for example, BS 8610 in the
relevant base material.

Figure 13 — Examples of calculations on loads applied to anchor devices, structural anchors and the base material
a) Post-type anchor device fitted to a parapet wall with load applied at an angle
b) Post-type anchor device fitted to a slab with load applied parallel to the base material surface

c) Fixed davit arm fitted to slab, with anchor point extending beyond the base plate
NOTE Calculations for this particular case are only applicable if the davit arm is fixed, i.e. non-rotatable.
d) Cantilever eyebolt with structural spacer

Key
1 Anchor device h Length of lever arm from fulcrum (A) to the line of
application of the service load (F), or length of lever
arm from the rear structural anchors to the line of the
application of the service load (F)
2 Structural anchor(s) l Length of lever arm from fulcrum (A) to the line of action
of the load taken by the restraining structural anchors
(N1)
3 Base material N1 Calculated load for rear structural anchor design and
selection
4 Structural spacer N1a Calculated load for rear structural anchor design and
selection in relation to the number of rear structural
anchors, e.g. N1a = N1b = ½ N1
A Fulcrum N1b Calculated load for rear structural anchor design and
selection in relation to the number of rear structural
anchors
F Service load N2 Calculated load for front structural anchor design and
selection
N Calculated loads for structural ϴ Angle at which the load would be applied in service
anchor design and selection

NOTE 1 For the examples in a), b) and c), the required resistance of the structural anchors can be calculated
using the formula:
F ×h
N1 =
l
Loads N2 are ignored in the calculation, however, for the purpose of fixing selection, are assumed to be equal
to N1.
NOTE 2 For d) the following formula can be used:
F h
N
l
NOTE 3 l and h assume the base material, base plate/structural spacer and cantilever arm are rigid
NOTE 4 For clarity, shear loads are not shown.
NOTE 5 In a), b) and c) only two rows of two structural anchors are shown. In some instances, anchor systems
might include more than two structural anchors in each row.
NOTE 6 These calculations do not cover the design of the anchor device, e.g. size and thickness of the base
material, which needs to have been carried out by the manufacturer prior to the type testing in accordance with
relevant standards, e.g. BS 8610, BS EN 795 or PD CEN/TS 16415.
The system designer should take into account any applied loads to the structure (e.g. working
and safety lines for rope access or fall arrest lanyards passing over parapet walls or handrails and
the weight of a user and any equipment on an inclined or vertical surface, taking into account
environmental conditions).
The system designer should ensure that applied loads are taken into account and provided to the
suitably qualified person to confirm that the structure is capable of sustaining these loads, including
the consequences of failure at the point of applied load, e.g. glass infill panels below handrails, surface
hazard(s), load transferring to non-load-bearing panels.

Figure 14 — Examples of how loads are applied to a structure in the case of a handrail at different angles of rigging
a) R = 0.34 × F b) R = 1.41 × F c) R ≈ 2 × F
Key
1 Handrail
Anchor point
F Service load
R Resultant load applied to the structure, e.g. top of handrail
NOTE Calculations do not take into account friction, or any bending moments applied to the structure whether
applied directly or indirectly.
To calculate the resultant forces (R) applied to the structure, the following formula is to be used:
  φ 
R = 2 × F × sin   
  2 
Where an anchor point is required on metalwork, a suitable anchor device, e.g. eyebolt, D-ring or
eyenut, should be fixed to the metalwork [see Figure 2 j), l) and n)].
5.3 Trial tests

Trial tests should be carried out on the structural anchors to determine whether the structural
anchor(s) used to attach an anchor device to the base material on site can withstand the design load.
Trial tests should be carried out by a competent person, in accordance with the information provided
by the manufacturer, in the same type of base material and as close as possible to the proposed
anchor system but far enough away to ensure the anchor system is not affected.
Three static tensile tests should be carried out in the base material where the strength of that base
material might be weaker than that used in the type tests conducted in accordance with BS 8610 or
BS EN 795 or PD CEN/TS 16415.
NOTE 1 Trial tests are not used to determine suitability in categories, e.g. concrete, brickwork, stonework, of base
material not already validated by type tests in accordance with a recognized product standard, e.g. BS 8610:2017,
to validate edge distances closer than those validated in the type tests, nor to validate the use of a type of structural
anchor other than that used in the type tests.
NOTE 2 Trial tests are only to be carried out on specially installed sample structural anchors and other elements
which are to be removed or decommissioned after the trial tests.
NOTE 3 Concrete structures are usually at least as strong as the nominal design strength of concrete used in type
tests.Ttrial tests are therefore not typically needed in concrete structures, but, there might be conditions where a
concrete structure has deteriorated due to exposure to extreme conditions (e.g. marine, chemical) and needs to be
subjected to trial tests. Such deterioration could be apparent from the visual appearance of the concrete surface but

is usually indicated by the concrete drilling unusually softly. The need for trial tests might therefore be initiated by
installers at the start of a project.
The trial test load, which might need to be calculated (see Annex D), is based on the design load (see
Annex A, Annex B and Annex C) and should be held for a minimum of 3 min without failure for the
anchor system to be deemed to have passed the test. In the case of masonry units, the reaction loads
in the test should be directed into adjacent masonry units in order to ensure that the mortar joint is
also tested.
After completion of the test, and irrespective of the result, demountable elements, e.g. anchor points,
should be removed and the holes filled. If any structural anchors or other elements fail to pass the
trial test, an alternative anchor system type should be selected and tested by means of a new series of
trial tests or the anchor system should be redesigned.
NOTE 4 Trial tests only intend to prove the integrity of the base material in the immediate vicinity of the structural
anchor. They do not prove whether or not the overall structure has sufficient strength and structural stability to
support the design loads.
5.4 Maximum system rating, SRmax

Based on information gathered in accordance with 4.1 to 4.4, the system designer should establish
the system rating required by the duty holder which is not to exceed the maximum system rating,
SRmax, of the chosen anchor system.
NOTE The maximum system rating is based on the maximum number of users to be attached to the anchor
system at any one time, their maximum mass and the configuration of the anchor system.
5.5 Configuration
Based on the information gathered in accordance with 4.1 to 4.4, the system designer should ensure
that the range of movement permitted by the PFPS provides safe access and egress, allowing work
tasks to be carried out safely.
NOTE Other equipment can be incorporated to assist with safe access and egress, e.g. level walkway.
The system designer should take into account any loading direction(s)/orientation(s) of the anchor
point to ensure that the direction of loading is permitted by the manufacturer.
5.6 Anti-pendulum anchor devices

Anchor systems should be designed to avoid the need for anti-pendulum anchor devices. However,
if their use is unavoidable, following a design risk assessment, they should be type A anchor system
conforming to BS 8610 or Type A, B or E anchor device conforming to BS EN 795 or PD CEN/
TS 16415 (see also 6.2.3.1.2 and Annex F).
Where anti-pendulum anchor devices are used as part of a PFPS, the relevant deviation angle should
not exceed 60° (see Figure 15).
NOTE Deviation angles greater than 60° are not recommended as the loads applied to the anti-pendulum anchor
device are greater than the load applied to the anchor system (see 6.2.3.1.2).
Where anti-pendulum anchor devices are required for more than one user, either a multi-user anti-
pendulum anchor device or more than one anti‑pendulum anchor device should be used.
Where the risk of a pendulum fall exists, the system designer should determine any increased ground
clearance required for this fall.

Figure 15 — Example of angles on a rooftop PFPS using an anti-pendulum anchor device where their use is unavoid-
able – plan view
NOTE When loading in direction 4α, the relevant deviation angle is α. When loading in direction 4β, the
relevant deviation angle is β
Key
1 Anchor system (e.g. flexible horizontal anchor line)
2 Anti-pendulum anchor device
3 Rooftop edge
4α, 4β Directions of loading
5 PFPE (e.g. restraint lanyard) attached to anchor system
α, β Deviation angles
5.7 Obligations of the system designer

COMMENTARY ON 5.7
Attention is drawn to The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 [8].
The system designer should:
a) ensure that the anchor system is designed, assembled and installed to meet the requirements
of its intended application, and is safe and without risks to health when maintained and used in
accordance with the instructions provided in accordance with f);
b) ensure the compatibility of assembled parts of the anchor system, including carrying out or
arranging for such testing, where appropriate, to ensure compatibility;
c) arrange for verification from a suitably qualified person that the overall structure has sufficient
strength and structural stability to sustain the design loads that could be transferred from the
anchor system (see 5.2);
d) carry out or arrange for the carrying out of such on-site testing, e.g. trial tests (see 5.3), to
confirm the strength of the base material in the immediate vicinity of the structural anchor(s)

to sustain the design loads that could be transferred from the structural anchor(s) where such
strength is in doubt, e.g. in masonry;
e) only attempt to design an anchor system if the PFPE to which it is to be connected is known;
f) take such steps to ensure that the duty holder is provided with information (see 11.5) about the
use for which the anchor system is designed and tested and any conditions necessary to ensure
that it is safe and without risk to health in accordance with a) to e), including when it is being
dismantled or disposed of; and
g) ensure that the duty holder is provided with all such revisions of information provided in
accordance with f) that would otherwise give rise to a risk to health or safety.
Before the system designer selects any PFPE for use with the anchor system, or where the PFPE has
been proposed by another party, the system designer should ensure that the PFPE is suitable for
that anchor system and the intended purpose. A list of any approved and proposed PFPE should be
provided to the duty holder as part of the system technical file (see 11.5.1) and the operation and
maintenance manual (see 11.5.2).
PFPE should be selected in accordance with BS 8437, taking account of:
1) the definition of the characteristics which PFPE needs to have in order to be effective against the
risks, taking into account any risks which the equipment itself might create;
2) comparison of the characteristics of the PFPE available with the characteristics referred
to in 1); and
3) whether the PFPE, when connected, is compatible with other PFPE or anchor system(s) in use.
5.8 Anchor system modification – system designer responsibilities

The system designer should not make any changes or modifications to the anchor system outside of
the manufacturer of the anchor system’s specification and design limitations, e.g. structural anchors;
base material; structural limitations, without the manufacturer’s written approval.
Where elements are added or changes made to the anchor system, the manufacturer should ensure,
either directly or indirectly, that the added elements and/or modified anchor system are retested
to ensure that performance is not adversely affected to the satisfaction of any notified body or
third‑party test laboratory responsible for the original certification.
NOTE The reason for this approach is that additions and modifications to anchor systems invalidate original test
results and certifications and can have liability implications for the manufacturer and system designer, alongside
safety implications for the user.
Where modifications are made to the PFPS design during its lifetime, the system designer should take
into account any effects this might have to all areas of the anchor system design, e.g. rescue provision,
system documentation.
5.9 Frequency, intensity of use and design life

Based on the information gathered in accordance with 4.1 to 4.4, the system designer should
determine the frequency and intensity of use of the PFPS to ensure that it is fully functional for the
design life agreed between the duty holder, manufacturer and/or system designer.
5.10 Accessible and hidden elements

Wherever possible, anchor systems should be designed such that all parts can be accessed for
inspection at the time of periodic inspection.
Where elements of the anchor system are to be hidden after installation and not available for
inspection, additional measures should be taken into account for inspections to enable the inspector

to fulfil their duties in ensuring the installation is safe to use between the date of the periodic
inspection and the specified date of the next periodic inspection, including:
a) using materials with a known lifespan when used in the hidden environment;
b) using elements whose integrity, when hidden, is maintained throughout the lifetime of the
installation or given lifespan;
c) providing information to go within the system technical file, e.g.:
1) a record of the type of materials used in the anchor system, including structural anchors;
2) a record of the base material;
3) a record of the materials used in the covering of the hidden elements;
4) a specification for the means of preventing threaded elements coming loose through-out the
lifespan of the installation;
5) photographic evidence and sign-off documentation confirming that the installation has been
carried out in accordance with the system design specification;
6) confirmation of the life expectancy of the hidden elements of the installation; and
7) any requirements for additional supplementary inspections of the hidden elements of the
anchor system, how often these are to be completed and what they are to involve; and
d) the frequency of supplementary inspections [see 11.5.3 d) and 12.2.4] which might be required
throughout the design life of the anchor system, e.g. to uncover hidden elements of the anchor
system to verify suitability for continued safe use, taking into account other factors, e.g.:
1) environmental;
2) frequency of use;
3) type and specification of materials covering hidden elements; and
4) the need to maintain water tightness.
5.11 Environmental/climatic considerations and design life

Based on the information gathered in accordance with 4.1 to 4.4, the system designer should, in
consultation with the anchor system manufacturer, ensure that the design life of the proposed anchor
system meets or exceeds, if possible, the service life required by the duty holder, taking into account
the materials used in the anchor system and likely climatic and environmental conditions, without
compromising the integrity and operation of the anchor system.
The system designer should also take into account external factors, including:
a) aggressive corrosion environments, e.g. polluted industrial, coastal, marine (splash zone, tidal,
full immersion), high chlorine, reactive chemicals;
b) contaminants;
c) temperature extremes (effect on wire rope systems);
d) snow loading; and
e) wind conditions from, for example, terrain (flat open ground, mountainous, built environment),
prevailing wind direction, oscillation and vibration.
Where PFPS are to be installed externally or, for example, in positions exposed to humidity, corrosive
conditions, they should be manufactured from appropriate materials, e.g. stainless steel, to achieve
the design life.

Where some elements of the anchor system are fixed or located externally while others are within the
structure, the possibility of bimetallic corrosion should be taken into account. This typically means
that all elements in such an assembly should be made from the same material, e.g. stainless steel,
galvanized steel.
NOTE 1 Further information on bimetallic corrosion and its alleviation is given in PD 6484.
NOTE 2 Where the use of dissimilar metals cannot be avoided, the effects of bimetallic corrosion can be minimized
by isolating the two metals (see PD 6484). If isolation is not possible, the system designer might need to introduce
supplementary inspections and/or reduce the lifespan of the anchor system.
5.12 Structural anchor(s)

Where an anchor system conforming to BS 8610 is to be installed, structural anchors used in the type
testing process, as specified by the manufacturer should be used.
Where an anchor device conforming to BS EN 795 and PD CEN/TS 16415 is to be installed,
structural anchors appropriate to the base material, as specified by the anchor device manufacturer,
should be used.
If the manufacturer of the anchor device does not specify a specific structural anchor, the system
designer should select a structural anchor in accordance with the recommendations of the
manufacturer of the anchor device. The system designer should carry out the selection process in
accordance with BS 8539 and the recommendations of the manufacturer of the proposed structural
anchor(s), taking into account the following, as a minimum:
a) type and method of fixing, e.g. resin, mechanical, expansion;
b) material and finish;
c) parameters, e.g. length, diameter, depth; and
d) compatibility with the base material only; structural thickness, edge distance and spacing of
structural anchors (see 5.1 and 5.3).
Alternative structural anchor(s) should not be used without the anchor system manufacturer’s
documented permission to ensure the validity of the product's certification.
The system designer, when selecting structural anchors, should take into account the requirement for
access, e.g. uncovering hidden fixings, proof load testing of davit arms, during inspection prior to first
use, periodic and supplementary inspections.
Where through-fixings are used which include elements that can become detached unintentionally
when the anchor system is inspected, e.g. by the unscrewing of an eyebolt, the system designer
should include suitable means of retention to prevent unintentional detachment.
Where through-fixings are used, backplates should be of sufficient dimensions to cover potential
spalling of the base material due to drilling and be of sufficient strength and size to spread imposed
loads across the base material.
5.13 Free fall distance, free space

The system designer should ensure that any free fall distance is minimized, e.g. by locating the anchor
points as high as possible [see 5.15 and 8.2.2 a), 8.2.3 c) and BS 8437:2005+A1:2012, Clause 9],
recommending the shortest possible lanyard lengths whilst being able to safely attach and detach
from the anchor system.

The system designer should ensure there is sufficient free space so that, in the event of a fall, the
user does not hit any obstacle [see 6.2.2, 7.6.2 1), 8.1.1 g), 8.2.2 b), 8.2.3 d) and BS 8437 for
further guidance].
NOTE Where a fall could involve the user striking or swinging against the structure, additional PPE might be
required, e.g. appropriate working at height helmet.
The system designer should take into account any deflection or deformation, e.g. from a load-limiting
anchor system or horizontal flexible anchor line deflection, which increases the free fall distance and
requires a greater free space [see 8.2.2 f)].
5.14 Personal fall protection equipment (PFPE)

Based on the information gathered in accordance with 4.1 to 4.4, the system designer should specify
the appropriate PFPE in sufficient detail to ensure the PFPS can be used safely and as intended,
e.g. type of harness, type and length of lanyard, compatible connectors, retractable fall arrestors.
PFPE specified should be compatible with the type of anchor system(s) chosen and any potential
hazards, e.g. “ratchet bounce” of retractable fall arresters, falls over edges.
NOTE Attention is drawn to BS 8437.
5.15 Positioning
5.15.1 Anchor system
COMMENTARY ON 5.15.1
It is common to provide restraint protection on a flat or slightly inclined roof by installing a type
C or type D anchor system on a roof [see Figure 16 a) for an example of a preferred configuration
and Figure 16 b) for a configuration not recommended]. The disadvantage of the example shown in
Figure 16 b), with the anchor system in the middle of the roof, is that the user has to conscientiously
adjust their restraint PFPE, e.g. rope grab/adjuster, to ensure that the length of line from the type
C or type D anchor system is minimized to such an extent that a fall over the roof edge is prevented.
This configuration is not recommended as it can expose the user to a fall over the edge if the user does
not carry out correct adjustment of their restraint PFPE. In such a circumstance, the anchor system
might not be able to resist the forces applied and the user could suffer a fall to the ground. If such a
configuration is chosen, at the very least the system designer needs to ensure that:
a) the anchor system(s) are designed for fall arrest and rescue purposes;
b) the PFPE being used is capable of resisting an impact over an edge;
c) the PFPE, e.g. rope grab/adjuster and line being used conform to relevant standards,
e.g. BS EN 353‑1 or BS EN 353‑2; and
d) a rescue and recovery plan and the necessary rescue equipment is in place.

Figure 16 — Examples of type C and type D anchor systems installed on roofs
a) Anchor system layout recommended
b) Anchor system layout not recommended

Key
1 Roof access point, e.g. hatch
2 Type C or type D anchor system
3 Roof ridgeline
4 Roof surface
5 Anti-pendulum anchor device
Based on the information gathered in accordance with 4.1 to 4.4, the system designer should specify
the position of the anchor system to ensure the duty holder's objectives are met while minimizing the
risks to the user, in accordance with this clause.
NOTE 1 For further guidance see also BS 8437.
Anchor points on anchor systems should be positioned such that the user(s) is able to safely attach
and detach from the anchor system.
NOTE 2 The maximum height at which most users can comfortably reach is 1.9 m, derived from maximum
overhead grip reach capability (see 3.32).

Where anchor points on anchor systems cannot be reached by the user, the anchor system design
should allow the user to safely connect to the anchor system, e.g. by retrieval lines on retractable type
fall arrestors conforming to BS EN 360.
5.15.2 Structural anchor

specify the position of the structural anchor(s), taking into account the information on the structural
limitations supplied by the manufacturer of the anchor device(s), e.g. base material strength,
minimum structural thickness, closest edge distance and spacing centres.
5.15.3 Access and egress

The system designer should ensure that the user is able to safely connect to the anchor system
(e.g. by means of a lanyard and connector) before moving into a position where they would be at
risk of a fall. The system designer should locate entry and exit points to ensure the user can access
the system safely, ideally by locating entry and exit points as close as possible to the access point
and avoiding the need for additional fall protection measures. Where additional fall protection
equipment is unavoidable, the system designer should incorporate special measures into their design
(e.g. permanent wire rope strop; self-closing gate on access ladders) to ensure safe access and egress.
The system designer should ensure the anchor system can be inspected safely. If the inspector
requires additional PFPE during an inspection, e.g. if parts of the anchor system have been removed
for inspection purposes, additional PFPE should be detailed in the system design and examination
scheme for inspection.
5.16 Rescue and recovery plan

COMMENTARY ON 5.16
Designing for rescue and/or recovery is an essential part of planning for emergencies at height.
The system designer should ensure the duty holder understands their obligation to have a plan for
emergencies and rescue.
NOTE 1 Attention is drawn to The Work at Height Regulations, Regulation 4 [1].
NOTE 2 A rescue and recovery plan could include a plan for evacuation.
The system designer should carry out a rescue and recovery assessment for the PFPS, taking into
account any existing rescue provision(s), e.g. on-site mobile elevating work platform, ensuring
the design includes rescue and/or recovery from the PFPS (see 4.1 to 4.4). The PFPS rescue and
recovery assessment and design should be incorporated into the duty holder’s overall rescue and
recovery plan.
The process for determining the rescue and recovery plan should include, as a minimum,
the following:
a) assessment of the foreseeable emergency situations and requirements for rescue and/
or recovery;
NOTE 3 In order to mitigate the time-related risks associated with falls and suspension it is fundamental that
a provision for rescue is made in a timely manner. Attention is drawn to BS 8437.
NOTE 4 Where the rescue and recovery assessment shows that the duty holder has suitable rescue and
recovery provision and the duty holder confirms this in writing to the system designer, the system designer is
not required to provide the rescue and recovery design to the duty holder.
b) selection of appropriate rescue and/or recovery options and equipment to create the rescue and
recovery plan;

c) other factors, such as training, competency and standard operating procedures, to be integrated
with the duty holder’s overall rescue and recovery plan;
d) agreement of the duty holder to adopt and introduce agreed procedures; and
e) regular reviews and updates, where necessary, e.g. modifications to the PFPS, building fabric
alterations, method of work.
5.17 Inspection
The system designer should provide an examination scheme for inspection (see 11.5.3), taking into
account the recommendations of the manufacturer/supplier.
The system designer should notify the duty holder of the requirement for inspections of the PFPS
to ensure capability and integrity of the PFPS. The examination scheme for inspection should
recommend the frequency of inspections, e.g. periodic inspections, supplementary inspections.
The system designer should design the system to ensure it can be inspected in accordance with
Section 3 and Section 4. The process(es) for the inspections and details of any test equipment
required should be included in the examination scheme for inspection.
Where installations involve non-load-bearing finishes, e.g. plasterboard, soft plaster, aluminum
cladding, that are incapable of supporting the reaction loads of test apparatus, suitable permanent
packers should be provided during the installation to provide the necessary support (see Figure 17).
As packers are typically hidden following installation, the type, size and location should be
recorded in the system design specification (see Clause 9) and examination scheme for inspection
[see 11.5.3 f)].
Figure 17 — Examples of using packers to support reaction loads of test apparatus
Key
1 Anchor device
2 Base material
3 Non-load-bearing material, e.g. plasterboard
4 Structural spacer
5 Packer for supporting the reaction loads of test apparatus
5.18 Limitations of use

The system designer should be cognizant of limitations and warnings in regard to use and application
of the PFPS, including anchor system and PFPE, in accordance with the information supplied by the
manufacturer.

6 Design considerations – application

Decisions made as a result of the recommendations in this clause might need to be recorded and
provided in the system technical file (see 11.5.1).
6.1 General
The system designer should select the most appropriate PFPS for:
a) the specific application(s);
b) the number of users;
c) the frequency; and
d) type of work task(s) required,
in accordance with BS 8437 (see also Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3).
6.2 Application types

6.2.1 Restraint
COMMENTARY ON 6.2.1
System designers and installers need to be cognizant with restraint equipment, systems and techniques.
NOTE Either load-limiting or non-load-limiting anchor systems can be used for restraint.
The system designer should follow the recommendations of BS 8437:2005+A1:2012, Clause 8.

PFPS designed for restraint should ensure restraint is achievable at all points throughout the range of
movement provided to the user. The system designer should specify, as a minimum:
a) deflection in use, e.g. deflection of horizontal flexible anchor line should the user slip or trip;
b) appropriate PFPE which permits the required work tasks to be carried out in accordance with
the system design;
c) using a combination of specified anchor point/anchor system position and specified PFPE,
e.g. lanyard type/length; and
d) keeping the user at a position such that a fall from height is prevented, e.g. through a roof light,
over an edge, down an access hatch/ladder.
6.2.2 Fall arrest

COMMENTARY ON 6.2.2
It is essential that system designers and installers are cognizant with fall arrest equipment, systems
and techniques.
NOTE Either load-limiting or non-load-limiting anchor systems can be used for fall arrest.
The system designer should follow the recommendations in BS 8437:2005+A1:2012, Clause 9.

Fall arrest anchor systems should be designed to minimize the free fall distance by, for example,
a combination of anchor point position and appropriate PFPE, e.g. harness and specified lanyard
length. Where a specific lanyard length cannot be recommended due to, for example, different heights
of users, a recommendation should be included in the information to be provided to the duty holder
and the user for the minimum lanyard length that allows the task to be completed safely.

The system designer should take into account the maximum height at which an anchor point can be
located in order to minimize the free fall (see 5.13)(see also 5.15.1).
The system designer should take into account the need for a rescue and recovery plan, which is a
fundamental requirement of any fall arrest system (see 5.16 and 6.2.4).
6.2.3 Rope access and work positioning
6.2.3.1 Rope access

COMMENTARY ON 6.2.3.1
It is essential that system designers and installers are cognizant with rope access equipment, systems
and techniques, including BS ISO 22846 (all parts), BS 7985 and the IRATA International Code of
Practice (ICoP) for Industrial Rope Access [9].
For the purposes of rope access, the following anchor system types are not appropriate:
a) type C; and
b) load-limiting types.
6.2.3.1.1 General
The system designer should take into account the recommendations in BS ISO 22846 (all parts)
and BS 7985.
Each installed anchor system should have a minimum static strength of 15 kN. Where the base
material is such that an anchor system with a single structural anchor cannot achieve a static
strength of 15 kN, multiple anchor systems with single structural anchors or an anchor system with
more than one structural anchor (see Figure 18) should be installed to achieve a minimum static
strength of 15 kN.
NOTE 1 Anchor systems for rope access, manufactured in accordance with BS 8610 have been tested to a minimum
static strength of 15 kN.
NOTE 2 Anchor devices manufactured in accordance with BS EN 795 might only have been tested to a minimum
static strength of 10 kN (see BS EN 795:1997) or 12 kN (see BS EN 795:2012).
Type E anchor systems can be used for rope access where no other suitable anchor systems can be
used, and where the manufacturer of the type E anchor device permits use for rope access, the system
designer should take into account any recommendations from the manufacturer of the anchor when
designing a system incorporating type E anchor systems for rope access.

Figure 18 — Example of an anchor system using more than one structural anchor
Key
1 Anchor point
2 Base plate
3 Structural anchor
Typically, anchor devices for rope access should always be installed in pairs.
NOTE 4 Figure 19 shows a typical example of a pair of anchor points and the rigging of the rope access working
and safety lines in a Y hang configuration to the anchor points.

Figure 19 — Example of a typical rope access rigging configuration and how the load is applied to the anchor
point(s) of each anchor system
Key
1 Anchor system(s) (static strength ≥15 kN)
2 Working line
3 Safety line
F Service load
R Resultant force in the working line or safety line
ϴ Y hang angle
NOTE 1 Calculations assume the line of action of the service load bisects the angle of ϴ.
NOTE 2 To calculate the resultant forces applied to each anchor point, the following formula is used:
( F × 0.5)
R =
cos (θ × 0.5 )
NOTE 5 There is a need to take account of the effect on loading of increased Y hang angles, as shown in Figure 20,
which can be caused by wide spacing between the anchor points or having an increased Y hang angle. This effect
can be minimized by increasing the length of the working and safety lines forming the Y hang angle.
Care should be taken that any increase in the length of the working and safety lines does not affect
the user's ability to safely attach to, and detach, from them.

Figure 20 — Example of the increase in loadings on a working line or anchor slings caused by an increase in the
angle of the Y hang
Key
R Resultant force to anchor points
F Service load
ϴ Y hang angle
NOTE The resultant forces, R, assume that the load is applied symmetrically, i.e. if ϴ is bisected by a vertical
line, the angle on each side would be identical. The leg length and anchor point height are irrelevant in the
calculations.
Where an anchor point failure causes a pendulum to occur that might create a hazard for the user,
e.g. sharp edge; hot surface; glass wall; pendulum leading to working and/or safety line abrasion,
twin anchors should be used on one or both sides of the Y hang, where required, to provide additional
protection for the user (see Figure 21).

Figure 21 — Example of using additional anchor points to provide additional protection to the user
Key
1 Anchor points
2 Working line
3 Safety line
NOTE The layout shown is for illustrative purposes and does not purport to show the correct rigging of working
and safety lines and rigging angles.
fundamental requirement of any rope access system (see 5.16 and 6.2.4).
The positioning of anchor systems should be taken into account to ensure the working and safety
lines, when in use, are correctly located to:
a) make the rigging and de-rigging of the working and safety lines as simple as possible whilst the
operatives are in a safe position;
b) avoid working and safety lines and other items of PFPE coming into contact with any hazard(s)
that could damage them, e.g. sharp; hot; abrasive; in the following order:
1) identify any potential hazard(s);
2) remove the hazard(s), e.g. by design or installation;
3) avoid the hazard(s) by rigging working and safety lines and other items of PFPE away from
the hazard(s);
4) protect the working and safety lines and other items of PFPE against the hazard(s), e.g. by
the use of suitable edge protection; and
5) provide protection for individual working and safety lines and other items of PFPE, e.g. by
appropriate rope protectors.

NOTE 6 Further information on recommended actions for the protection of working and safety lines are
given in IRATA ICOP, Part 3, Annex P [9].
c) enable the user to be correctly and accurately positioned;

d) allow for the provision of any rescue and recovery and, where possible, rigging for rescue;
e) keep the loads on the anchor points to a minimum, e.g. by minimizing θ (see Figure 19 and
Figure 20); and
f) avoid the possibility of pendulum falls.
6.2.3.1.2 Deviation anchor devices

Where anchor devices are used for deviations to alter the direction of a working and safety line, they
should be non-load-limiting and positioned such that the deviation angle is minimized.
As the resultant load (R) on the deviation anchor device varies with the deviation angle (ɸ) of
the working and safety line, the deviation angle should have a maximum preferred angle of 60°
(see Figure 22) to ensure the resultant load on the deviation anchor device does not exceed the
service load on the working and safety line. If the deviation angle exceeds 60°, the deviation anchor
device, including its structural anchors and the base material, should be capable of withstanding the
increased resultant design load, e.g. for a 90° deviation, R = 1.41 × 15 = 21.15.
To calculate the resultant load applied to the deviation anchor device, the following formula
should be used:
  φ 
R = 2 × F × sin   
  2 
where:
R is the resultant vector load applied to the deviation anchor point;
F is the service load applied to the working and safety line; and
ɸ is the deviation angle (see Figure 22).
Where users rig deviations with an angle greater than 60°, two separate deviation anchor devices
should be provided, each with a separate attachment around the working and safety lines.

Figure 22 — Example of loads on deviation anchor devices at different angles
a) Example of deviation angles
b) Example of resultant forces based on different deviation angles

Key
1 Anchor point
2 Connection point(s) to deviation anchor device(s) (see Note 2).
F Service load applied to the working or safety line, e.g. single user
R Resultant vector load applied to the anchor point on the deviation anchor device
ɸ Deviation angle
NOTE 1 Only one anchor point and the working line are shown for clarity.
NOTE 2 Once the deviation angle (ɸ) exceeds 60°, the load on the deviation anchor device exceeds the load on
the anchor point (1) and additional or increased strength deviation anchor devices might be required.
Deviation anchor devices should be positioned such that the deviation angle, ɸ, is less than 20° or the
pendulum offset, p, is less than 1.5 m [see Figure 23 a)].
Where a deviation angle, ɸ, is greater than 20° or the pendulum offset, p, is greater than 1.5 m and/
or where a pendulum might occur that could create a hazard for the user, e.g. sharp edge; hot surface;
glass wall; pendulum leading to working and/or safety line abrasion, additional protection measures,

e.g. two deviation anchor devices, should be used to provide additional protection for the user
[see Figure 23 b)].
NOTE The use of deviation anchor devices does not preclude the system designer and/or user from taking into
account the hierarchy of control measures when rigging near hazards [see 6.2.3.1 b)].
Where deviation anchor devices are used with an angle greater than 60°, two separate deviation
anchor devices should be provided, each capable of providing a separate attachment around the
working and safety lines.
Figure 23 — Examples of rigging deviation anchor devices
a) Single deviation anchor device, where ɸ < 20° or p < 1.5 m
b) Two deviation anchor devices, where ɸ ≥ 20° or p ≥ 1.5 m or where there is a hazard (5)
Key
1 Primary anchor points 5 Hazard
2 Working line ɸ Deviation angle
3 Safety line p Pendulum offset
4 Deviation anchor device(s) 6 Connection point(s) to deviation anchor
device(s).

6.2.3.1.3 Re-anchor devices

Where anchor devices are used to re-anchor the position of the working and safety lines (e.g. under
an overhang), they should be positioned in pairs (see Figure 24).
Figure 24 — Examples of rigging of re-anchor devices
Key
1 Primary anchor points 2 Working line
3 Safety line 4 Re-anchor devices

6.2.3.1.4 Aid climbing anchor devices

COMMENTARY ON 6.2.3.1.4
The technique known as aid climbing enables the user to traverse horizontally or vertically between
anchor devices by detaching and re-attaching their PFPE.
Where anchor devices are used for aid climbing, they should be positioned such that user(s) can
easily reach adjacent anchor points to maintain attachment to at least two at all times, e.g. 0.6 m
spacings (see Figure 25).
NOTE Aid climbing techniques can be used along a type D horizontal rigid anchor line, using two or more type B
anchor devices.
Figure 25 — Examples of aid climbing anchor devices used for aid climbing under a soffit
Key
1 Anchor points (aid climbing anchor devices)
2 Lanyards attached to at least two anchor points
3 User’s PFPE, i.e. harness
6.2.3.2 Work positioning

It is essential that system designers and installers are cognizant with work positioning equipment,
systems and techniques.
For the purposes of work positioning, the following anchor system types are not appropriate:
a) type C; and
b) load-limiting types.
Attention is drawn to BS EN 363 with regard to the warnings given in the National Foreword and the
recommendations given in the National Annex.
The system designer should follow the recommendations of BS 8437:2005+A1:2012, Clause 10.
Work positioning systems should include, as a minimum, two independent anchor systems [see
Figure 26 a) to d) for examples of configurations].

Figure 26 — Examples of work positioning configurations
a) Work positioning using two loaded PFPS for b) Work positioning using one loaded PFPS for
support support and a safety back-up PFPS
c) Work positioning using one loaded PFPS for d) Work positioning using one loaded PFPS for
support and a safety back-up PFPS suspension and a safety back-up PFPS
e) Work positioning using one loaded PFPS for support with a collective fall protection system
Key
1 Work positioning anchor system

2 Fall arrest anchor system

3 Work positioning PFPE
4 Safety back-up PFPE
5 Body supporting device, e.g. work seat, bosun's chair
6 Collective fall protection system, e.g. guard rail
NOTE 1 The user’s body holding device (e.g. full body harness) is not shown for clarity.
NOTE 2 In e), the collective fall protection system eliminates the need for a second work positioning PFPS or a
safety back-up PFPS.
Anchor systems should have a minimum static strength suitable for work positioning applications.
Where necessary, multiple anchor systems should be installed to achieve the minimum static strength
requirement for work positioning applications.
NOTE 1 Anchor devices manufactured in accordance with BS EN 795 might only have been tested to a minimum
static strength of 10 kN (see BS EN 795:1997) or 12 kN (see BS EN 795:2012).
NOTE 2 A minimum static strength of 15 kN might be insufficient in rescue situations (see BS 8610).
Where the manufacturer permits and where no other suitable anchor systems can be used,
type E anchor systems can be used for work positioning; the system designer should take into
account any recommendations from the manufacturer of the anchor device when designing a system
incorporating type E anchor devices for work positioning.
Anchor systems for safety back-up PFPS can be either non-load-limiting or load-limiting. However,
where they are load-limiting, they should not be used for suspension.
fundamental requirement of any work positioning system (see 5.16 and 6.2.4).
The positioning of anchor systems should be determined to ensure PFPE, when in use, is correctly
located, for example, to:
a) make the rigging and de-rigging of the PFPE as simple as possible, ensuring the operatives are in
a safe position;
b) avoid PFPE coming into contact with any hazard(s) that could damage it, e.g. sharp; hot; abrasive,
in the following order:
1) identify any potential hazard(s);
2) remove the hazard(s), e.g. by design or installation;
3) avoid the hazard(s) by rigging PFPE away from the hazard(s);
4) protect the PFPE against the hazard(s), e.g. by the use of suitable edge protection; and
5) provide appropriate protection for each item of PFPE, e.g. by lanyard protectors;
c) enable the user to be accurately positioned;
d) take into account the provision of any rescue and recovery and, where possible, to rig
for rescue; and
e) avoid the possibility of pendulum falls.

6.2.4 Rescue
COMMENTARY ON 6.2.4
It is essential that system designers and installers are cognizant with rescue equipment, systems
and techniques.
The system designer should follow the recommendations in BS 8437:2005+A1:2012, Clause 11
and Annex D.
The system designer should take into account the requirements for rescue alongside other
application requirements, for example:
a) provision of a rescue and recovery plan (see 5.16);
b) method of rescue (e.g. self, assisted, pre-rigged);
c) type of rescue equipment (e.g. separate rescue kit, integral to PFPE);
d) suitable anchor systems for rescue;
NOTE 1 Anchor devices conforming to BS EN 795 and PD CEN/TS 16415 are not qualified for rescue, but
they might be appropriate if due consideration is given to the recommendations in this British Standard
and BS 8610.
e) position and placement of rescue anchor systems;

f) strength and suitability of anchor systems for different types of rescue, taking into account the
number and maximum rated mass, RMmax, of simultaneous users;
g) time considerations, e.g. for prevention of suspension intolerance;
NOTE 2 For further information on suspension intolerance, refer to HSE documentation research
report RR708 [10]
h) comfort of PFPE post-fall;

i) knowledge and experience of rescuer(s);
j) number of rescuers needed;
k) complexity of rescue and whether more straightforward rescues can be undertaken, e.g. by
modification to the design of a proposed fall arrest anchor system which could reduce the rescue
implications;
l) methods of communications, e.g. summoning help, contact with the casualty;
m) free and unhindered path for the rescue to be undertaken, e.g. lowering or raising passed
obstacles or dangers; and
n) ongoing training, e.g. practising rescues, where appropriate.
6.2.5 Evacuation
COMMENTARY ON 6.2.5
It is essential that system designers and installers are cognizant with evacuation equipment, systems
and techniques.
The system designer should follow the recommendations in BS 8437:2005+A1:2012, Clause 11.
The system designer should take into account the requirements for rescue alongside other
application requirements, e.g.:
a) provision of an evacuation plan;
b) method of evacuation (e.g. self-assisted);

c) type of evacuation equipment (e.g. separate evacuation kit, integral to PFPE);

d) position and placement of anchor systems for evacuation;
e) strength and suitability of anchor systems for different types of evacuation, taking into account
the number and maximum rated mass, RMmax, of simultaneous users;
f) time considerations, e.g. to evacuate from a particular location in a specified time;
g) comfort of worn evacuation PFPE;
h) free and unhindered path for the evacuation to be undertaken, e.g. lowering or raising passed
obstacles or dangers; and
i) ongoing training, e.g. practicing evacuations, where appropriate.
7 Design considerations – type specific

7.1 General
determine the type(s) of PFPS most appropriate for the project (see Table 1, Table 2 and
Table 3), taking into account the hierarchy of protective measures for people working at height
(see also BS 8437).
NOTE 1 Attention is drawn to The Work at Height Regulations 2005, Regulation 6 [1], with regard to avoidance of
risks from work at height.
The system designer should take into account BS EN 795:2012, Clause 1, which states that anchor
devices are suitable for the connection of personal fall protection systems in accordance with
BS EN 363, i.e. restraint, fall arrest, rope access, work positioning, and rescue, however the test
requirements within BS EN 795 are restricted to single user, fall arrest only and do not necessarily
cover the structural anchor(s) and/or base material (see 5.3 and 5.12).
NOTE 2 PD CEN/TS 16415 specifies requirements for multiple users, fall arrest only.
7.2 Type A anchor systems

7.2.1 Suitable applications
Type A anchor systems should be used for restraint, fall arrest, rope access, work positioning, rescue
or evacuation, where permitted by the manufacturer.
7.2.2 Capability
Type A anchor systems can be either load-limiting or non-load-limiting; the system designer should
select the appropriate anchor system.
NOTE Non-load-limiting anchor systems do not include an energy-dissipating element. Load-limiting anchor
systems include an energy-dissipating element which is designed to limit the load applied to the base material and/
or reduce the height of the applied load during a fall arrest event, e.g. by deformation (see Figure 4). As a direct
consequence of the deformation of the anchor system, this might serve as an indicator that a fall has occurred.

7.2.3 Configuration
Type A anchor systems should be positioned such that, where relevant, the anchor point is orientated
in the most advantageous manner, e.g. with the loop of an eyebolt pointing generally in the direction
of the lanyard in the event of a fall so as to minimize the bending moment on the eyebolt.
7.2.4 Paired anchor devices for rope access

COMMENTARY ON 7.2.4
A paired anchor device consists of two anchor points mounted on a single base, e.g. post, box, and
includes multiple structural anchors used to fix the paired anchor device to the base material.
When designing an anchor system with paired anchor devices, the system designer should take into
account any proof load test and inspection requirements which can limit the design (see Annex D,
Annex E and Annex K), e.g. proof load test requirements might exceed the service load or design load
of anchor points or elements of the anchor system.
Paired anchor devices should only be designed for load directions in accordance with Figure 27.
Paired anchor devices should only be used in configurations for rope access where the load is shared
equally between each anchor point (see Figure 19).
Paired anchor devices should have a minimum of four structural anchors, of which not fewer than
two should be on the opposite side to the fulcrum (see Annex D, Figure D.3).
Figure 27 — Permitted directions of loading for paired anchor devices
Key
1 Direction parallel to the base material and perpendicular to a line joining the two anchor points
2 Direction perpendicular to base material
7.2.5 Anchor systems with cantilever

COMMENTARY ON 7.2.5
An anchor system with a cantilever is an anchor device where the anchor point is at a distance from the
base material, creating a lever arm, e.g. davit arm, post, eyebolt supported by structural spacer.
When designing an anchor system with a cantilever, the system designer should take into account any
proof load test and inspection requirements which can limit the design (see Annex D, Annex E, and
Annex K), e.g. proof load test requirements might exceed the service load or design load of anchor
points or elements of the anchor system.

7.3 Type B anchor systems

Type B anchor systems should be used for restraint, fall arrest, rope access, work positioning, rescue
7.3.2 Capability
For type B anchor devices, dependent on an attachment or located on, around, or through a structure,
the system designer should ensure compatibility with the structure, taking into account any
limitations identified in the information supplied by the manufacturer.
The system designer should take the following into account, as a minimum, when selecting type B
anchor systems:
a) static strength of the anchor device;
b) position of the anchor point and their loading direction;
c) suitability of the structure onto which an anchor device is to be located, e.g. strength,
friction, angle; and
d) skill of the user in placing it.
NOTE Type B anchor systems tend to align with any applied force and could move if the load is not applied in the
directions permitted by the manufacturer.
Where the manufacturer permits more than one user simultaneously, this should be in accordance
with PD CEN/TS 16415.
7.3.3 Configuration
The system designer should take into account the configurations permitted by the manufacturer, e.g. a
sling or wire anchor strop can be used:
a) end-to-end (with one end to an anchor point and the other end used for attaching other elements
in the PFPS);
b) looped over a structure;
c) choking (also known as lark's footing); and/or
d) wrapped around a structure.
NOTE The static strength of type B anchor systems can vary depending upon the configuration used.
7.4 Type C anchor systems

Type C anchor systems should be used for restraint, fall arrest and rescue (remotely or self-operated).
7.4.2 Capability
Type C anchor systems can be either load-limiting or non-load-limiting; the system designer should
select the appropriate anchor system.
NOTE Load-limiting systems include energy dissipating elements that are designed to permanently deform under
load and therefore have the advantage of limiting the forces applied to the system, including the base material,
e.g. roof deck.
The system designer should take into account that arrest distances could be higher than those of a
non-load-limiting system.

The system designer should take into account the following:

a) load-limiting anchor systems might include an energy-dissipating element(s) at the extremity of
the flexible anchor line only, or integral to the extremity, intermediate and/or corner anchors;
b) non-load-limiting anchor systems do not include an energy-dissipating element(s) and rely
on the performance properties of the flexible anchor line to dissipate the energy created by a
fall(s); and
c) type C anchor systems for fall arrest should only be used with remotely or self-operated
rescue techniques.
7.4.3 Configuration
The system designer should ensure that the flexible anchor line for type C anchor systems does not
deviate from the horizontal by more than the maximum angle permitted by the manufacturer.
NOTE 1 BS 8610 and BS EN 795 limit this angle to 15°.
The system designer should take into account the following when designing the layout of the system:
a) the user, once connected, can safely access all areas required by the duty holder without the need
for additional PFPE, e.g. a perimeter system rather than a ridge only system (see Figure 16);
b) a perimeter system reduces the need for additional equipment, e.g. anti-pendulum posts and
adjustable rope devices/lanyards, which might increase the risks to the user;
c) extremity, intermediate and corner anchors are positioned in such a way as to prevent a fall
(i.e. restraint) or, where this is not possible, minimize the consequences of a fall (i.e. fall arrest);
NOTE 2 A correctly designed restraint system eliminates the need for rescue (but not recovery) and
eliminates the requirements for rescue training.
d) anchor systems are positioned to ensure that all areas can be safely accessed or egressed, as
required by the duty holder;
e) intermediate anchors are positioned so that the deflection of the flexible anchor line under a
restraint load prevents a fall;
f) loads and deflection in the flexible anchor line can be reduced by decreasing the span between
extremity, intermediate and corner anchors;
NOTE 3 Reduced span lengths might assist with the rescue process as the deflection of the flexible anchor
line is reduced and the user is closer to the rescuer’s position.
g) spans between extremity, intermediate and corner anchors do not exceed the maximum
permitted by the manufacturer;
h) the fall arrest performance has been determined, i.e. the maximum line tension, deflection of the
flexible anchor line, the loads on intermediate and the corner anchors and fall distance, using
information supplied by the manufacturer, e.g. using fall simulation software;
i) for a fall arrest system, provision for rescue;
j) limits of the structure which could influence the anchor system configuration or layout,
e.g. spacing of intermediate anchors on structural purlins;
k) appropriate intermediate brackets/guides (e.g. fixed, adjustable, flexible) are selected to support
the flexible anchor line;
l) the manufacturer’s limits for corner anchors, including radius, included-angle and number of
corner anchors;

m) the manufacturer’s limits regarding entry and exit angles of lines to and from intermediate,
extremity and corner anchors; and
n) the advantages and disadvantages of permanently attached or removable travellers.
7.5 Type D anchor systems

COMMENTARY ON 7.5
Type D anchor systems do not necessarily require a traveller for user attachment; a type B anchor
device could be used to connect to the type D anchor system, e.g. sling, strop, where permitted by the
manufacturer.

Type D anchor systems should be used for restraint, fall arrest, rope access, work positioning, rescue
7.5.2 Capability
The system designer should take the following into account, as a minimum:
a) type D anchor systems are non-load-limiting and do not include energy-dissipating elements, so
the forces applied to the system are transferred directly to the base material; and
b) the permitted direction of loading, including the traveller(s).
7.5.3 Configuration
The system designer should ensure that the rigid anchor line for type D anchor systems does not
deviate from the horizontal by more than the maximum angle permitted by the manufacturer.
NOTE 1 BS 8610 and BS EN 795 limit this angle to 15°.
The system designer should take into account the following points when designing the layout
of the system:
a) the user, once connected, can safely access all areas required by the duty holder without the need
for additional PFPE, e.g. a perimeter system rather than a ridge only system;
b) a perimeter system reduces the need for additional equipment, e.g. anti-pendulum posts and
adjustable rope devices/lanyard, which might increase the risks to the user;
c) the anchor system is positioned in such a way as to prevent a fall (i.e. restraint) or, where this is
not possible, minimize the consequences of a fall (i.e. fall arrest);
NOTE 2 A correctly designed restraint system eliminates the need for rescue (but not recovery) and
eliminates the requirements for rescue training.
d) anchor systems for other applications, e.g. work positioning, rope access, rescue, evacuation,
are positioned to ensure that all areas can be safely accessed or egressed, as required by the
duty holder;
e) deflection in the rigid anchor line can be reduced by decreasing the span between extremity,
intermediate and corner anchors or increasing the size of the rigid anchor line;
NOTE 3 Flexing of the track between intermediate support brackets caused by bouncing movements
when the user ascends and descends on the working line might be undesirable as it could cause loosening of
fasteners, accelerated wear or fatigue issues.
f) spans between extremity, intermediate and corner anchors do not exceed the maximum
permitted by the manufacturer;
g) provision for rescue, where appropriate;

h) limits of the structure which could influence the anchor system configuration or layout,
e.g. spacing of extremity, intermediate and corner anchors on structural members;
i) the manufacturer’s limits for corner anchors, including radius, included-angle and number of
corner anchors; and
j) the advantages and disadvantages of permanently attached or removable travellers.
7.6 Type E anchor systems

Type E anchor systems should be used for restraint, fall arrest, rope access, work positioning, rescue
7.6.2 Capability
For type E anchor devices, dependent on:
a) the strength of the structure;
b) the coefficient of friction between the anchor device and the surface of the base material; and
c) the weight of the anchor device.
NOTE 1 Insufficient weight could cause excessive sliding.
The system designer should contact the manufacturer of the anchor device to validate its suitability
for the base material and application.
NOTE 2 This might require the manufacturer to undertake further appropriate testing on the base material to
validate the performance of the anchor device (see BS EN 795:2012, 4.4.5 and 5.7).
NOTE 3 Type E anchor devices are generally non-load-limiting, but might include an energy dissipating element.
The system designer should take the following into account, as a minimum, when selecting type E
anchor systems:
1) displacement of the anchor device, e.g. movement during a fall arrest event, which could result in
reduced free space;
2) coefficient of friction between the base material surface, including:
i) risk of frost or freezing conditions;
ii) contamination of base material surface by, for example, oil, grease or by growth of algae; and
iii) avoidance of areas where water accumulates;
3) guidance on the type and surface on which the anchor device can be installed; and
4) whether the supporting structure is capable of withstanding the loads imposed by the mass of
the anchor device and its use, which should be verified by a suitably qualified person.
Where appropriate, layout drawings should be provided in the operation and maintenance (O&M)
manual [see 11.5.2 o)] to ensure the user locates the anchor device(s) in approved positions only.
Where manufacturers permit more than one user simultaneously, this should be in accordance with
PD CEN/TS 16415.
Where the manufacturers of a type E anchor device allows it to be used in more than one
configuration, e.g. joining multiple units together with a proprietary type C anchor device, the static
strength and compatibility should be verified by testing on the surface on which they are to be used
to ensure the performance of the complete anchor device. The manufacturer(s) of the type E and type
C anchor devices should approve the anchor devices for combined use.

7.6.3 Configuration
The system designer should ensure that type E anchor devices are located on a surface with a
maximum angle of inclination limited to 5° or the maximum angle permitted by the manufacturer.
The system designer, as a minimum, should take into account the following points when designing the
layout of the system:
a) anchor device(s) are located in accordance with the minimum edge distance; and
b) loose stone chippings are removed before assembly and installation of the anchor device.
8 Positioning
8.1 Positioning – general

8.1.1 System design
The positioning of anchor systems should be determined by a competent person, e.g. system
designer, taking the information supplied by the manufacturer into account, and, where necessary, in
consultation with a suitably qualified person, e.g. in the case of rope access, someone with a thorough
knowledge of rope access.
The system designer should ensure, as far as possible, that PFPE, e.g. lanyards, ropes, cannot pass
across an edge which could damage (e.g. sharp, abrasive, hot) the PFPE during a fall event (e.g. fall
arrest) or when loaded (e.g. rope access, work positioning). If this is unavoidable, advice should
be passed to the duty holder and user in the O&M manual (see 11.5.2) to the effect that protection
measures should be employed to avoid the risk of the PFPE being cut, e.g. by a suitable protector
located on the structure or protection sheath fitted to the PFPE.
The system designer should take into account, as a minimum, the following:
a) the task(s) to be carried out;
b) the user’s ability to safely attach and detach from the anchor system at the access point,
e.g. roof hatch;
c) the need to prevent the user being exposed to hazards unnecessarily, such as openings (e.g. roof
lights), fragile surfaces, opening or closing of any window which could interfere with the anchor
system or lanyard (e.g. crushing; cutting; redirecting a fall; presenting a projection in the
path of a fall);
d) the need to avoid pendulum falls (see BS 8437:2005+A1:2012, 16.6.2);
e) the selection of suitable PFPE appropriate to the task to be carried out;
f) length and type of PFPE (fixed and adjustable) to minimize the free fall distance while allowing
the task to be carried out;
g) the minimum free space required; and
h) the need to provide continuity of protection between different fall protection systems.
Anchor systems should be installed in positions where forces are applied only in the direction
approved by the manufacturer and proven in type tests, e.g. if anchor systems are installed in floors.
Where the load might be applied in tension, this direction of loading should have been proven in
the type test.

8.1.2 Structural limitations – thickness of base material, edge distances and centre spacings
8.1.2.1 General
The system designer should ensure that anchor devices and structural anchors are positioned
such that all structural limitations (e.g. minimum edge distance, minimum structural thickness and
minimum anchor spacing) are maintained or exceeded.
NOTE 1 The distance from the anchor device to the edge of the structural element to which it is attached is critical
to avoid the possibility of failure of the base material or the anchor device.
The spacing between structural anchors should not be reduced below the minimum recommended
by the manufacturer as this could effectively overload the base material in the area of the fixings,
leading to failure.
Structural limitations are determined for all anchor systems conforming to BS 8610 for each relevant
base material and should be provided by the manufacturer.
All edge distances should be appropriately increased to take into account non-structural finishes,
e.g. plaster, render, intumescent coatings.
In narrow sections (e.g. beams, columns or reveals) of any base material, there should be an
appropriate minimum edge distance towards each edge, irrespective of the direction of pull, in order
to avoid breakout due to lack of structural strength (see Figure 28).
Anchor devices should not be set at edge distances less than those recommended and tested by
the anchor device manufacturer for the type of base material and structural anchor(s) without the
written approval of the anchor device manufacturer or a suitably qualified person.
NOTE 2 The minimum thickness of the base material is also important to ensure the base material has sufficient
strength and stability to sustain all design loads without failure and, in the case of concrete and masonry, to ensure
that the back of the base material is not broken out by the drilling process.
NOTE 3 Anchor systems in accordance with BS 8610 have been tested in conjunction with the base material and
any structural limitations are to be detailed in the information to be provided by the anchor device manufacturer.
Anchor devices conforming to BS EN 795 and PD CEN/TS 16415 might not have been tested in conjunction with the
base material and any structural limitations.
Where details of structural limitations are not supplied by the manufacturer, the system designer
should arrange for type tests to be carried out in accordance with BS 8610 in order to validate the
structural limitations found on site.
Figure 28 — Illustration of edge distance requirement for anchor devices set in narrow sections
Key
E1 and E2 Edge distances
NOTE It is essential that both E1 and E2 are greater than or equal to the minimum edge distance.
8.1.2.2 Structural concrete

For a concrete base material with a minimum compressive strength of C20/25, a minimum edge
distance of 150 mm should be maintained for all directions of loading unless a different minimum

edge distance has been recommended by the manufacturer as a result of testing in accordance
with BS 8610.
8.1.2.3 Structural metalwork

For a structural metal base material, the minimum grade and minimum edge distance of the
metal section(s) should be in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer of the
anchor device.
8.1.2.4 Structural masonry

In view of the wide variations and configurations of masonry materials, the recommendations
regarding minimum structural limitations supplied by the manufacturer should be followed.
When positioning anchor devices in structural masonry, the following should be taken into account:
a) installing anchor devices into a masonry unit located in the vertical edge of a wall should be
avoided, particularly if the loading is across the edge;
b) where anchor devices are to be installed beneath window cills and in parapet walls constructed
of masonry, a full structural survey should be carried out to determine the minimum edge
distance, taking into account the structural strength and any weakness introduced by damp
proof membranes let into the masonry; and
NOTE 1 Edge distances across horizontal edges in masonry are likely to be significantly larger than across
vertical edges as there is less mass of masonry above the anchor device.
NOTE 2 Coping stones, e.g. on parapet walls, do not provide a suitable structure into which anchor devices
can be installed.
c) for structures of masonry, such as stonework, the minimum edge distance might need to be
adjusted to take account of larger dimensions of masonry units.
8.1.2.5 Roofing systems

There are a number of distinct types of roofing system on to which anchor devices can be fitted.
The type, design and installation details of the roofing system should be established to ensure that
the appropriate anchor device(s) are selected.
Each roofing system has its own particular structural limitations, so the system designer should
ensure that the anchor device(s) are installed in accordance with the anchor device manufacturer’s
recommendations. Where the manufacturer of the anchor device cannot provide information on
structural limitations for the anchor device on a specific roofing system, the system designer/
manufacturer of the anchor device should arrange for additional tests on the complete roofing system
to be carried out in accordance with BS 8610.
The system designer should, as a minimum:
a) avoid fitting more than one anchor device to a single panel of the roofing system;
b) ensure the roof has sufficient strength;
c) ensure the anchor devices are set at an edge distance that meets or exceeds the minimum, as
specified by the manufacturer;
d) determine the position of the anchor device relative to any roof fixings;
e) confirm the minimum roof panel size;
f) confirm the minimum number, type and compatibility of structural anchors for the roof panel,
e.g. screws, clips; and

g) ensure compatibility of the structural anchor(s) with the roofing system.
8.1.2.6 Other structural base materials

There are other types and methods of construction of base materials, e.g. timber, plastics, composites.
Each base material has its own particular structural limitations, so the system designer should refer
to information supplied by the manufacturer of the anchor device to ensure that the anchor device(s)
are installed correctly. Where the manufacturer of the anchor device cannot provide information
on structural limitations for the anchor device on a specific base material, the system designer
should arrange for structural calculations and, where possible, carry out additional tests on the base
material, in accordance with BS 8610.
8.1.3 Positioning information for installation

The system designer should provide the installer with appropriate information to ensure the anchor
system is installed in the correct location, including as a minimum:
a) positional dimensions;
b) type and location of specific anchor devices;
c) permitted directions of loading(s);
d) an edge distance that meets or exceeds the minimum specified by the manufacturer;
e) structural anchor spacing;
f) anchor device spacing; and
g) alternative fixing positions, if applicable.
8.2 Positioning – application specific

8.2.1 Restraint
When designing the position of restraint PFPS, the system designer should take into account the
following, as a minimum:
a) the fundamental need to ensure a fall is prevented by the correct positioning of an anchor
device and appropriate PFPE connecting the user to the anchor system. The locus described by
the connecting lanyard when it is pulled taut from the anchor point, including any deflection
of a flexible anchor line, where applicable, should not be of such a length that the user could
be subject to a risk of a fall from height (see BS 8437:2005+A1:2012, Figure 1 to Figure 4).
For type C and type D anchor systems, this should be taken into account at any point along the
flexible or rigid anchor line;
b) ergonomics of the work task, e.g. standing, kneeling;
c) deflection of the flexible anchor line; and
d) restraint is achievable at all points on an anchor system, throughout the range of movement
provided to the user, taking into account parameters such as:
1) lanyard length;
2) access and egress routes;
3) building features;
4) roof lights and openings (see BS 8437:2005+A1:2012, Figure 5); and
5) edges, e.g. roof edges (see BS 8437:2005+A1:2012, Figure 6).

8.2.2 Fall arrest

When designing the position of fall arrest PFPS, the system designer should take into account,
as a minimum:
a) the need to minimize the free fall distance (see 5.13);
b) the need to provide adequate free space to enable a fall to be arrested before the user hits the
ground or other object in the fall path, e.g. a part of the building; the free space requirement
should be calculated in accordance with:
1) the information supplied by the manufacturer of the anchor system;
2) the information supplied by the manufacturer of the PFPE to be used; and
3) BS 8437:2005+A1:2012, 9.7;
c) the provision for rescue at any position on the PFPS;
d) whether additional anchor systems for rescue provision might be required;
e) the ergonomics of the work task, e.g. standing, kneeling;
f) the deflection of flexible anchor line;
g) ensure fall arrest is achievable at all points on the PFPS throughout the range of movement
provided to the user; and
h) anchor systems should be positioned such that any attached PFPE is prevented from being
loaded over an edge and where this is not possible, other measures to reduce or mitigate the
consequences of loading PFPE over an edge should be taken into account, e.g. suitable edge
protection, selecting appropriately rated PFPE.
8.2.3 Rope access and work positioning

COMMENTARY ON 8.2.3
For further information on positioning for rope access, see BS 7985, BS ISO 22846‑1, BS 1SO 22846‑2
and IRATA ICOP Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Annex F and Annex P [9].
When designing the position of rope access and work positioning PFPS, the system designer should
take into account, as a minimum:
a) advice from suitable person(s) with sufficient knowledge of rope access and work positioning
practices to ensure the anchor system is appropriate for its intended use;
b) the spacing between anchor systems should ensure that, in the event of a failure of an anchor
system, the pendulum effect is minimized;
c) the need to minimize the free fall distance (see 5.13);
d) the need to provide adequate free space to enable a fall to be arrested before the user hits the
ground or other object in the fall path, e.g. a part of the building. The free space requirement
should be calculated in accordance with:
1) the information supplied by the manufacturer of the anchor system;
2) the information supplied by the manufacturer of the PFPE to be used; and
3) BS 8437:2005+A1:2012, 9.7.
e) the provision for rescue at any position on the PFPS;
f) whether additional anchor systems for rescue provision might be required;
g) the ergonomics of the work task, e.g. sitting, leaning;

h) working and safety line stretch; and

i) anchor systems should be positioned such that any attached PFPE is prevented from being
loaded over an edge and, where this is not possible, other measures to reduce or mitigate the
consequences of loading PFPE over an edge should be taken into account, e.g. suitable edge
protection, selecting appropriately rated PFPE.
8.2.4 Rescue
When designing the position of rescue PFPS, the system designer should take into account,
as a minimum:
a) the different types of rescue:
1) remotely or self-operated direct attachment; and
2) remotely-operated redirect attachment;
b) whether the rescue involves raising or lowering;
c) whether load-limiting anchor devices are deployed;
d) the need for a clear route for rescue;
e) the place of safety or position to recover the casualty, e.g. the ground; and
f) where site rescue training is intended, provision to ensure rescue training can be
carried out safely.
8.2.5 Evacuation
When designing the position of evacuation PFPS, the system designer should take into account,
as a minimum:
a) the different types of evacuation system;
b) whether the evacuation involves raising or lowering;
c) the need for a clear route for evacuation;
d) the place of safety or position to evacuate, e.g. the ground; and
e) where site evacuation training is intended, provision to ensure evacuation training can be
carried out safely.
8.3 Positioning – Type specific

8.3.1 Type A anchor systems
Type A load-limiting anchor systems for fall arrest should be installed in a position to ensure there
is sufficient free space beneath a user so that in a fall situation, the user can be arrested before
impacting the ground or other object in the fall trajectory, taking into account the deployment of the
energy-dissipating element(s).
Type A non-load-limiting anchor systems should be installed in a position to ensure there is sufficient
free space beneath a user so that in a fall situation, the user can be arrested before impacting the
ground or other object in the fall trajectory.
8.3.2 Type B anchor systems

The system designer should ensure type B anchor devices are installed in a secure and stable
position, e.g. to prevent collapse, overturning, sliding, lifting.

The position of type B anchor systems should be such that:

a) no external factors, e.g. moving vehicles, persons or objects, can interfere with their operation;
b) they do not interfere with external factors, e.g. evacuation routes, vehicular or pedestrian routes,
and where this is not possible, suitable control measures are put in place; and
c) they are correctly positioned in accordance with the information supplied by the manufacturer,
e.g. to reduce the effects of pendulum falls, ensure correct alignment of the connecting system.
Type B anchor systems should be installed in a position to ensure there is sufficient free space
beneath a user so that in a fall situation, the user can be arrested before impacting the ground or
other object in the fall trajectory.
8.3.3 Type C anchor systems

Type C anchor systems for fall arrest should be installed in such a position to ensure there is sufficient
free space beneath a user so that in a fall situation, the user can be arrested before impacting the
ground or other object in the fall trajectory, taking into account the deflection of the flexible anchor
line (see BS 8437:2005+A1:2012, Figure 31).
NOTE Type C load-limiting anchor systems might have an increased deflection due to the deployment of the load-
limiting element(s), potentially increasing free fall distance.
Type C anchor systems for restraint should be installed in such a position to ensure that any
deflection of the flexible anchor line and the specified lanyard length does not allow the user(s) to get
into a position in which they could fall.
8.3.4 Type D anchor systems

Type D anchor systems should be positioned, where possible, to allow inspection and maintenance
without the user being attached to the anchor system. Where this is not possible, additional controls
should be designed into the anchor system to ensure the user is not exposed to a risk, e.g. by the use
of a secondary anchor system for inspection.
Type D anchor systems should be installed in a position to ensure there is sufficient free space
beneath a user so that in a fall situation, the user can be arrested before impacting the ground or
other object in the fall trajectory.
8.3.5 Type E anchor systems

Type E anchor devices which could move and/or incorporate an element which could cause the
position of the anchor point to move, e.g. sliding of a deadweight anchor, during a fall arrest situation,
should be installed in such a position to ensure there is sufficient free space beneath a user so that
in a fall situation, the user can be arrested before impacting the ground or other object in the fall
trajectory, taking into account the movement of the anchor device and/or anchor point.
Type E anchor devices which could move, e.g. sliding of a deadweight anchor, should be installed in
such a position that:
a) there is sufficient distance between the anchor system and the edge, in accordance with the
information supplied by the manufacturer;
b) it avoids fragile surfaces and other hazards, e.g. roof vents, obstructions; and
c) it allows safe installation.
Type E anchor devices should be located on appropriate surfaces and positions, in accordance with
the information supplied by the manufacturer.

The structure on which type E anchor devices are located should have suitable structural integrity to
support the mass of the anchor device(s).
9 System design specification

The system design specification is determined by the system designer’s decisions, considerations and
justifications, as well as the selection of product and structural anchor(s), based on information
gathered in accordance with Section 2.
The system design specification, prepared in accordance with Clause 4 to Clause 8, should be
included in the system technical file. The system design specification should include, as a minimum:
a) administrative details, e.g. duty holder name, site address, site contact;
b) system layout and assembly drawings, which specify numbers, types and positions of
anchor systems;
c) selection of PFPE to be used with the anchor system(s);
d) a bill of materials which includes quantity of materials and products, specification, including
model and code number, material and finish, and their respective manufacturer and/or
supplier details;
e) access strategy – insert the details of all access strategies developed in conjunction with the
design of the proposed PFPS;
f) fixing details, e.g. structural anchor to the base material;
g) details of the surface on which type E anchor devices are to be located;
h) details of marking, signage and labelling (see 11.4);
i) method statement(s) for the installation and inspection of the anchor systems; and
j) the examination scheme for inspection (see 11.5.3).
10 Information to be supplied by the system designer to the installer and inspector

The system designer should provide the installer or inspector with the following;
a) system design specification (see Clause 9);
b) a document for the installer to sign to confirm that the installation has been installed in
accordance with the system design specification and information supplied by the system
designer and manufacturer(s) (see G.1);
c) a document for the inspector completing the inspection prior to first use, to confirm the
inspection has been carried out in accordance with the system design specification and
information supplied by the system designer and manufacturer(s) (see Annex H); and
NOTE The inspector can be employed by the same organization as the installer.
d) a document for the duty holder to acknowledge receipt of the handover documentation (see G.2).
The inspector should be sufficiently independent and impartial to the installer to make impartial
comments and decisions; and
The completed documents in b), c) and d) should be returned to the system designer for inclusion
within the system technical file.

Section 3: Installation
COMMENTARY ON Section 3
This section covers key aspects to be considered by the installer in installing an anchor system in
accordance with the system design specification and information supplied by the manufacturer for
installation.
It is advisable that all installations of type A, type C and type D are carried out by manufacturer-
approved installers.
11 Installation
11.1 General
The installer should ensure that the anchor system is not installed in such a way that risks
health or safety.
The installer should:
a) provide a risk assessment and method statement to the duty holder and other relevant parties,
demonstrating that the installation can be carried out safely;
b) ensure that all items listed on the bill of materials are in accordance with the delivery notes,
declarations of conformity and the supplier list;
c) only carry out the installation if the base material and structure are in accordance with the
system design;
d) where the strength of the base material is in doubt, carry out trial tests (see Annex D) in
accordance with 5.3, in consultation with the system designer, and record the results;
e) before commencing the installation, ensure that all relevant information is available as specified
by the system designer in accordance with Section 2;
f) carry out the installation in accordance with the system design and not change or modify any
elements of the system design, e.g. specification of structural anchor(s), without prior approval
in writing from the system designer, as the system designer has the responsibility for the design
of the anchor system (see 5.8) which should be held in the system technical file (see 11.5.1);
NOTE 1 If the installer changes or modifies any elements of the anchor system without prior approval from
the system designer, this could invalidate the anchor system certification and/or compromise the safety of the
anchor system.
g) follow the installation instructions provided by the system designer, e.g. brand of structural
anchor(s), type, hole depth and diameter, method of cleaning holes; and
h) ensure anchor systems are installed in locations as specified by the system designer, such that
the required direction of loading is as permitted by the manufacturer (see 8.1.3).
A safe means of access and a safe place of work should be provided for persons carrying out the
installation of anchor devices.
Structural anchors should be installed in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer of
either the anchor device if the structural anchor is an inherent part of the system, or the structural
anchor if proprietary anchors are specified for this purpose, in accordance with BS 8539.
Where elements are installed which cannot be removed for inspection, the installer should obtain
information on the life expectancy of the elements from the manufacturer and pass it on to the duty

holder (see 5.9, 5.11 and 11.5.2), together with instructions to take the elements out of service as
soon as the life expectancy period has expired.
Where anchor devices are fixed to the base material using welds, the welds should be in accordance
with the manufacturer’s specification and design calculation, and carried out by a competent welder.
Following installation, each weld should be inspected in accordance with the specification for
dimensions, location and quality, and where required, appropriate non-destructive testing, e.g. dye
penetration, magnetic particle inspection, should be carried out. The results of this inspection
should be recorded and passed to the system designer for inclusion in the system technical file
[see 11.5.1 g)].
Where the anchor system requires the assembly of threaded elements e.g. eyebolt or threaded
studding into a threaded coupler, care should be taken to ensure the thread engagement of each
element is at least that recommended by the manufacturer. Where no such recommendation is made,
a minimum six full turns of thread engagement should be achieved.
Where an anchor device is fixed through a structure that is likely to spall as a result of a through
drilling operation, e.g. concrete or masonry, the installer should take steps to minimize spalling by, for
example, drilling initially with a pilot drill and, as the drill approaches the rear face of the structure,
by slowing the drilling rate and, if possible, drilling on rotary only. The installer should ensure that a
back plate large enough to cover any spalling is used.
Where a through-fixed type structural anchor is to be made through a cavity or hollow construction
and the anchor system relies upon the correct length of an anti-compression tube to prevent
weakening the construction when the system is tightened, either at the time of installation or at the
time of inspection, care should be taken to ensure that the system is installed such that the system is
tightened against both surfaces and then immediately against the anti-compression tube.
Where a through-fixed type structural anchor is to be made through a solid, cavity or hollow
construction and the anchor system does not rely upon the correct length of an anti-compression
tube, the installer should ensure the tightening torque does not weaken the construction, e.g. by
crushing or collapsing, when the system is tightened.
After installation of a through-fixed structural anchor, the structure should be carefully examined
for cracking or other signs of failure. The cause of any failure should be investigated before further
anchor devices are installed.
Threaded fixing elements should be installed to the correct torque setting recommended in the
information supplied by the manufacturer. After installation of a threaded fixing element, all
elements of the anchor system, including the base material should be carefully examined for damage,
e.g. stripped threads; cracking; deformation. The cause of any damage should be investigated before
further fixing elements are installed.
When using eyebolts with a threaded fixed shank, flexible washers should be used when orientating
the eyebolt to the required direction of loading to prevent overstressing the thread and other fixing
elements, e.g. resin bond.
The installer should carry out the necessary testing as the installation proceeds, e.g. proof load
testing of resin-bonded structural anchors, particularly where structural anchors could be hidden
following installation.
NOTE 2 Through-fixed structural anchors rely upon the integrity of the base material structure rather than using
a permanent fixing element, e.g. resin, weld, so a static load test is not usually required as this risks collapsing the
construction.
The document(s) provided by the system designer for completion by the installer and inspector
carrying out the installation and testing prior to first use, should be completed and signed following

the installation and testing (see Annex G and Annex H). The signed document(s) should be returned
to the system designer.
11.2 Additional installation recommendations for hidden elements

Where elements of the anchor system are hidden and not available for inspection, following
installation, the installer should provide a record to be included in the system technical file
confirming that all hidden elements are in accordance with the system design, including
the following:
a) a record of the materials used in the anchor system, including structural anchors;
b) a record of the base material;
c) a record of the materials used in the covering of the hidden elements;
d) a record of the means of preventing threaded elements coming loose throughout the lifespan of
the installation;
e) a record of any inspections and tests carried out during installation; and
f) signing off and witnessing sheets that the installation has been carried out in accordance with
the specification (see Annex G).
Photographic evidence should be provided during installation of all elements that are to be hidden
once installation is complete.
NOTE 1 Photographic evidence can include video recording, which can be used for independent witnessing,
where necessary.
NOTE 2 The purpose of this information is to enable the inspector carrying out the periodic inspection to fulfil their
duties and provide sufficient evidence that they do not necessarily need to inspect the hidden elements on all the
periodic inspections, only on the supplementary inspections specified.
The requirements for supplementary inspection should be specified within the examination scheme
for inspection (see 11.5.3).
11.3 Additional installation recommendations specific to type B and type E anchor devices
The installer should ensure that type B and type E anchor devices are positioned in such a way that
they cannot accidentally become dislodged during use. Due regard should be given to the static
strength and stability of the anchor device, the structure and the surface, e.g. tripods should only be
erected on stable surfaces.
NOTE For type B and type E anchor devices which are not necessarily permanently installed, the installer could
be the user, in which case the supplier of the anchor device(s) takes on the installer’s responsibility to provide
appropriate information to the user for safe installation.
As the effective performance of type B and type E anchor systems depend on the strength of the
anchor device and the structure or surface on which they are located, the installer should ensure the
anchor device and structure or surface has sufficient strength for the intended application.
The installer should provide information in the O&M manual for the user for safe installation to:
a) position the anchor device correctly, e.g. avoiding sharp edges for type B webbing anchor strops,
the correct distance from the leading edge for type E anchor devices;
b) assemble the anchor device correctly, e.g. for a type B tripod-type anchor device, parts are fitted
correctly together, and for type E anchor devices, the correct mass has been located for the type
of roof surface and wet/dry surface conditions;
c) ensure there is sufficient free fall distance;

d) ensure there is sufficient free space;

e) avoid potential fall arrest hazards (e.g. roof lights) when used in restraint; and
f) select the correct combination of PFPE and rescue provision.
As the effective performance of type E anchor systems depends on the co-efficient of friction between
the anchor device and the surface upon which the anchor device is located, the installer should
ensure the anchor device is only located on surfaces approved by the manufacturer.
The installer should, when positioning the anchor device(s), take into account the information
provided by the system designer and manufacturer.
11.4 Marking, signage and labelling

COMMENTARY ON 11.4
The marking requirements of anchor devices and anchor systems are in accordance with British
Standards, European Standards, the PPE Directive 89/686/EEC [11] or PPE Regulation 2016/425 [12]
which were or are in force at the time of manufacture. Legacy marking requirements are
summarized below:
a) between 1980 and 1997, BS 5845 required a reference to the “manufacturer’s statement”
and to BS 5845;
b) from 1997 onward, BS EN 795 required marking to conform to BS EN 365:1993;
c) from 1992 to 2004, BS EN 365:1993 required: last two digits of year of manufacture,
manufacturer’s identification and batch number;
d) from 2004 onward, BS EN 365:2004 additionally required BS EN 795:1997 or BS EN 795:2012 to
be shown; and
e) from 1992 onward, the PPE Directive 89/686/EEC [11] or PPE Regulation 2016/425 [12] also
require CE marking for class/type B and E.
11.4.1 General
Information, including marking (see 11.4.2) specified by product standards should be accessible
to the user and other interested parties, e.g. duty holder and inspectors, at the point of use, which
identifies the key safety aspects and limitations of use of the fall protection system. Additional key
information specific to the use of a particular installation (e.g. the date of next inspection, specific
application(s) of use) should be provided by the installer on a label attached to or adjacent to each
anchor point, in the case of type A, type B or type E anchor systems, or at the point of entry to the
system in the case of flexible anchor line (type C systems) or rigid anchor line (type D systems).
Labels should be replaced with updated versions at the time of inspections (see 11.4.4).
More detailed information, and any marking information not supplied by the manufacturer, should be
provided by signage located at the entry point of all systems (see 11.4.3).
All information contained on marking, signage and labelling should be retained throughout the life of
the installation and only modified due to, for example, a change of use or if original marking, signage
or labelling is deemed to be inadequate.
Information provided on labels that are renewed at the time of inspection should be transferred to
new labels when the date of next inspection is changed.
All signage and marking should be clear, legible and indelible for the lifetime of the installation.
All labels should be clear, legible and indelible for the length of time between periodic inspections.

11.4.2 Marking
The system designer should select anchor systems which conform, as a minimum, to the relevant
marking requirements of BS EN 365, BS EN 795 and BS 8610, and be clearly and permanently marked
on the anchor system by the manufacturer. The marking should include as a minimum:
a) means of identification, e.g. manufacturer’s name or trademark;
b) means of traceability, e.g. unique serial number, batch number or date of manufacture;
c) number and year of the document to which the anchor system conforms, e.g. BS 8610:2017;
d) pictogram to indicate the necessity for users to read the instructions for use; and
e) anchor system identifier, e.g. part number (if more than one anchor system is marked by the
manufacturer).
Where additional marking is required (e.g. BS 8610:2017, 6.3), the installer should place this
marking adjacent to the anchor system following installation.
11.4.3 Signage
COMMENTARY ON 11.4.3
Signage is provided by the installer for the user, identifying the key safety aspects and limitations of use
of the fall protection system.
The following signage should be placed on or adjacent to the access point(s) of each type of
installation and include the following, as a minimum, unless any of these points are already shown on
the marking or labelling of the product (additional information should be provided if it helps clarify
the use of the PFPS):
a) installer’s name and contact details;
b) date of installation;
c) category of use, stated in words (e.g. “for restraint only”; “for fall arrest and rescue only”; “for
rope access, work positioning and rescue only”);
d) maximum system rating (SRmax) in kilograms;
e) maximum rated mass (RMmax) in kilograms;
f) permitted direction(s) of loading unless shown on the product or different to that which is
shown on the product, or where clarification is required;
g) for restraint: “Use with restraint lanyard of maximum length X m”;
NOTE 1 Where X is the maximum length of the lanyard permitted.
h) for fall arrest: “Use only with a lanyard of maximum length X m, including an energy absorber
conforming to BS EN 355”;
NOTE 3 Good practice is to use the shortest lanyard practicable for the work being carried out.
i) for fall arrest: “Minimum free space required, X m”;

NOTE 4 Where X is the minimum free space required.
j) for rope access: a statement of conformity, if necessary, e.g. “Compliant with the loading
recommendations of BS 7985:2013, IRATA ICOP:2014”);
k) for rope access: clarification of rigging requirements which can include, for example, information
on permitted maximum Y hang angles;

l) any specific requirements necessary for the correct use of the PFPS;
m) the following warning: “WARNING: Before use, check that this personal fall protection system is
appropriate for your intended use”;
n) pictogram or other method to indicate the necessity for users to read instructions for use;
o) standards to which the anchor system(s) conforms, e.g. BS EN 795:2012, BS 8610:2017;
p) standard to which the design and installation conforms, i.e. BS 7883:2019; and
q) emergency procedures, e.g. emergency contact number.
11.4.4 Labelling
The information on each label should include:
a) anchor system identification number of each anchor system or subsystem;
NOTE 1 This ensures traceability back to test certificates, photographic evidence and layout drawings, as
appropriate.
b) category of use, stated in words (e.g. “for restraint only”; “for fall arrest and rescue only”; “for
rope access, work positioning and rescue only”);
c) the maximum system rating (SRmax) in kilograms;
d) maximum rated mass (RMmax) in kilograms if the maximum rated mass varies throughout the
installation;
e) for fall arrest: “Use only with a lanyard of maximum length X m, including an energy absorber
conforming to BS EN 355”;
NOTE 2 Where X is the maximum lanyard length.
f) for fall arrest “Minimum free space required X m”;

NOTE 3 Where X is the minimum free space required.
g) for restraint: “Use with restraint lanyard of maximum length X m”;

h) date of next inspection;

i) pictogram or other method to indicate the necessity for users to read instructions for use;
j) for type E anchor systems which rely on mass and/or friction, which could be solid, fluid
or granular:
1) confirmation that the correct mass is in place for the given roof surface, e.g. number of
weights required, minimum water level;
2) confirmation that any surface on the underside of the mass, acting to increase the coefficient
of friction, is present, secured and in good condition; and
3) specific information regarding the restriction of use in certain conditions, e.g. type of
surface, ice, grease, wet.

11.5 Information to be provided following installation

11.5.1 System technical file
The system technical file should be compiled by the system designer and passed to the duty holder
for the use of all interested parties, including those responsible for inspection and maintenance.
The system technical file is a record of the design, installation and inspection and should be retained
by the duty holder for the design life of the installed anchor system and include, as a minimum:
a) preliminary information in accordance with Clause 4;
b) companies involved, setting out the relationship between duty holders, system designers,
manufacturers and installers;
NOTE The contractual relationship for the system designer and installer might only be with the principal
contractor on certain jobs.
c) design considerations in accordance with Clause 5;

d) a record of decisions made in accordance with Clause 6, Clause 7 and Clause 8;
e) system design specification in accordance with Clause 9;
f) documentation for traceability of products and items, including:
1) declarations of conformity;
2) delivery notes;
3) serial numbers and batch numbers; and
4) date of manufacture;
g) “as built” drawings showing the assembly that cross-references with the documents to be
provided in accordance with Clause 10;
h) document(s) to be provided in accordance with Clause 10, b), c) and d), signed by the installer,
inspector and duty holder;
i) where the fixing detail has been changed from that normally specified by the manufacturer and
they have approved an alternative, a document confirming this (see 11.1);
j) where elements of the anchor system are hidden, e.g. by roof coverings, cladding, details
of all hidden elements, and the method of fixing, documentation confirming this, including
photographs (see 11.2); and
k) details and reports of any inspection(s) and tests carried out, in accordance with Section 4.
11.5.2 Operation and maintenance (O&M) manual

The O&M manual should be compiled by the system designer and passed to the duty holder for the
use of all interested parties, including those responsible for the use, inspection and maintenance
of the PFPS.
The O&M manual should be retained by the duty holder for the design life of the installed PFPS and
should include the following information, as a minimum:
a) application(s) of use, e.g. fall arrest, rope access (see Clause 6);
b) limitations of use (see 5.18);
c) a warning against misuse of the PFPS;
d) maximum system rating (SRmax) (see 5.4);
e) design life (see 5.9 and 5.11);

f) free space (see 5.13);

g) PFPE required (see 5.14);
h) method statement for use of the PFPS, including;
1) access and egress (see 5.15.3);
2) pre-use inspection [see j)] and Annex I;
3) methods of attachment to and detachment from the anchor system;
4) rigging configurations, e.g. for rope access, work positioning;
5) provision for protection of third parties;
6) requirements of permit(s) to work; and
7) risk assessment;
i) rescue and recovery plan (see 5.16);
j) pre-use and other inspections (see 5.17, 11.5.3, Section 4 and Annex I);
k) maintenance requirements for the user and inspector, e.g. lubrication, replaceable items of PFPE,
elements that are required to be replaced throughout the design life of the PFPS (see 11.5.3);
l) required competency of users, including appropriate training (see 5.1);
m) method statement for inspections (see 12.1);
n) risk assessment for inspections [see 4.4 b) and 12.1];
o) relevant layout drawings; and
p) specific information relating to type B and type E anchor systems (see 11.3).
11.5.3 Examination scheme for inspection

The examination scheme for inspection should be drawn up by the system designer and passed
to the duty holder for the use of all interested parties, including those responsible for the periodic
inspection and maintenance of the PFPS.
The examination scheme for inspection should be retained by the duty holder for the design life of the
installed anchor system and include the following information, as a minimum:
a) recommendations for inspection supplied by the manufacturer(s)/supplier(s) of the PFPS;
NOTE 1 Load-limiting anchor devices could have specific test methods and criteria.
b) frequency of periodic inspections, taking into account statutory requirements and other factors,
such as environmental, frequency of use;
c) parameters for interim inspections between periodic inspections, e.g. in the case of a fall,
extreme weather conditions, system installed in a corrosive or aggressive environment;
d) frequency of supplementary inspections which might be required through the design life of the
anchor system, e.g. to uncover hidden elements of the anchor system to verify suitability for
continued safe use, taking into account other factors, such as environmental, frequency of use;
NOTE 2 Supplementary inspections are in addition to periodic inspections, e.g. anchor systems with
structural anchors below a roof covering. Periodic inspections on accessible elements of the anchor system
are undertaken at 12-monthly/six monthly intervals and supplementary inspection of the hidden elements
might be specified by the system designer on a less frequent basis (e.g. five years/10 years) as specified in the
examination scheme for inspection.

e) the elements to be inspected, how and why, e.g.:

1) visual to ensure correct configuration in accordance with the system design, and to detect
defects and/or damage to the PFPS, including the base material and the surrounding
structure, e.g. wear, corrosion, deformation, cracking, weaknesses of the base material,
correct number of structural anchors;
2) tactile and functional to ensure elements of the PFPS are not damaged and operate correctly,
which can include disassembly of elements as specified and intended by the manufacturer,
e.g. is the traveller removable, are the entry/exit gates operational, davit arms can be
installed into sockets, tactile check for wear and sharp edges;
3) proof load testing (see Annex E), e.g. tensile testing of wire rope swaged terminations,
axial pull tests;
NOTE 3 Type B and type E anchor devices do not require proof load testing.
4) verification of structural anchors, e.g. tightening threaded fixing element(s) to the correct
torque as specified by the manufacturer; and
5) measuring and dimensional checks, e.g. correct spacing between extremity, intermediate
and corner anchors, elements subject to wear and tear are within tolerance, as specified by
the manufacturer.
f) detailed requirements for test procedures and test equipment required to complete the
tests, where necessary, e.g. proof load testing for eyebolts; structural anchors; swaged wire
terminations, details of size, type and location of any hidden packers to support the test
apparatus (see 5.17);
g) requirements for uncovering, inspecting and testing hidden elements, including
structural anchors;
h) configuration of structural anchors and how they are to be inspected, e.g. through-fixed or non-
through-fixed;
i) recommendations for inspection, maintenance and repair supplied by the
manufacturer/supplier;
j) recommendations for safety improvements to the existing PFPS, taking into account any changes
in product development;
k) review of installation documentation, i.e. system technical file, O&M manual, examination
scheme for inspection, report of inspection prior to first use (see 12.2.1);
l) recommendation to check for manufacturer product recalls and whether they have
been actioned;
m) check for correct and legible marking and signage (see 11.4 and Clause 12);
n) check the suitability of the structure, dependent on application (see 5.2); and
o) additional or specific PFPE required to safely carry out the inspection, taking into account any
additional hazards introduced due to removal of elements of PFPS for inspection.

Section 4: Inspection
12 Inspection
COMMENTARY ON Section 4
It is advisable that inspection of type A, type C and type D are carried out by manufacturer-
approved installers.
The recommendations for inspection during installation, where appropriate, and after installation prior
to first use are dependent upon the type of anchor system.
12.1 General
Inspections should be undertaken by an inspector:
a) during installation, where relevant, e.g. where elements, including structural anchors, are to be
hidden by roof coverings (see 11.2);
b) after installation i.e. prior to first use (see 12.2.1);
c) after major repairs and remedial work, as appropriate;
d) during periodic inspections (see 12.2.2);
e) at other intervals, if required (interim inspections) (see 12.2.3);
f) during supplementary inspections (see 12.2.4); and
g) on any PFPE, e.g. harnesses and lanyards, provided for users.
The inspector should provide a risk assessment and method statement to the duty holder and other
relevant parties, demonstrating that the inspection can be carried out safely.
The inspection should be undertaken in accordance with the examination scheme for inspection
supplied by the system designer (see Clause 9). If no such examination scheme exists, it should be
written and provided to the duty holder (see 11.5.3).
The inspector should be sufficiently independent and impartial to allow objective decisions to be
made, i.e. has appropriate and genuine authority to discard or withdraw equipment from service.
NOTE 1 This does not mean that the person carrying out the inspection is necessarily employed by an
external company.
If the inspector has any queries about the installation and/or any documentation, they should contact
the duty holder to seek clarification from the original installer. Where the original installer is not
able to provide clarification, alternative methods should be used to satisfy the queries, e.g. structural
verification, calculations, revealing hidden elements.
Where over the lifetime of the PFPS, modifications or repairs have been carried out or a change of use
or exceptional circumstances have occurred, e.g. a fall, adverse weather conditions, these should be
recorded in the system technical file.
If the anchor system passes the inspection, labels should be updated in accordance with 11.4.4. The
date for the next periodic inspection should be in accordance with 12.2.2 and 12.3.

If the anchor system does not pass the inspection, i.e. CONDITIONAL FAIL or FAIL (see 12.2.6.2 and
12.2.6.3) the anchor system should be labelled as taken out of service, e.g. DO NOT USE, and, where
possible, decommissioned to prevent use.
NOTE 2 If the anchor system has failed the inspection, recommendations for alternative solutions can be made to
the duty holder.
Following inspections of PFPE in accordance with 12.2.2 and 12.3, the results should be recorded in
the inspection report held by the duty holder. Any failed PFPE should be removed from service and
quarantined for disposal by the duty holder.
NOTE 3 It is the duty holder’s responsibility to provide replacement PFPE.
NOTE 4 For further information on inspection, care and maintenance of equipment, see
BS 8437:2005+A1:2012, Clause 13.
12.2 Inspection and verification

12.2.1 Inspection prior to first use
An inspector should carry out an inspection on the PFPS, including the anchor system and PFPE, prior
to first use to verify the:
a) installation has been completed in accordance with the system design specification;
b) installation instructions have been provided by the system designer and the manufacturer(s)’
instructions;
c) PFPS is safe to use; and
d) PFPS functions correctly and satisfies the duty holder’s requirements.
During the inspection prior to first use, the inspector should review the system technical file (see
11.5.1), the O&M manual (see 11.5.2) and the examination scheme for inspection (see 11.5.3). If the
inspector has any queries about these documents, they should contact the system designer to seek
clarification. Where these documents are unavailable or inadequate, an installation review should be
carried out in accordance with 12.2.5.
NOTE 1 Information on hidden elements (see 11.2) needs to have been recorded in the system technical file to
enable the inspector to have sufficient information and evidence to be confident that the hidden elements of the
installation are safe to use for the period from the inspection prior to first use to the date of the next scheduled
periodic inspection.
Where information and evidence on hidden elements is not sufficient for the inspector to confirm
that the installation is safe to use, the inspector should request the information and evidence from the
installer and/or system designer. Where this information and evidence is unavailable or inadequate,
an installation review should be carried out in accordance with 12.2.5.
On satisfactory completion of the inspection prior to first use, the inspector should provide an
inspection report (see 12.3), which can be supported by other referenced documents, to the system
designer to be incorporated in the system technical file which confirms conformity to a), b) and c).
NOTE 2 For an example of a report of inspection, see Annex H.
NOTE 3 In the case of a LOLER-applicable PFPS, attention is given to The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment
Regulations 1998, Regulation 9(2) [3].

12.2.2 Periodic inspections

An inspector should carry out a periodic inspection on the PFPS, including the anchor system and
PFPE, at least once every 12 months. Where the PFPS is used for suspension, e.g. rope access, work
positioning, the periodic inspection should be carried out at least every six months.
NOTE 1 Attention is drawn to LOLER [3] with regard to periodic inspections of PFPS used for suspension (not fall
arrest or restraint).
PFPS should not be used unless inspected within the previous 12 months (or six months for PFPS
used for suspension). Where the PFPS has not been inspected in the previous 12 months/six
months, a control system should be in place to prevent use of the PFPS until such time that the PFPS
satisfactorily passes a periodic inspection, e.g. for the PFPS that is used infrequently.
During the periodic inspection, the inspector should review the system technical file (see 11.5.1),
O&M manual (see 11.5.2) and the examination scheme for inspection (see 11.5.3). If the inspector
has any queries about these documents, they should contact the duty holder to seek clarification from
the system designer. Where these documents are unavailable or inadequate, an installation review
should be carried out in accordance with 12.2.5.
NOTE 2 Information on hidden elements (see 11.2) needs to have been recorded in the system technical file to
enable the inspector to have sufficient information and evidence to be confident that the hidden elements of the
installation are safe to use for the period from the inspection to the date of the next scheduled periodic inspection.
Where information and evidence on hidden elements is not sufficient for the inspector to confirm
that the installation is safe to use, the inspector should:
a) request the information and evidence from the duty holder; and
b) where information and evidence is not available from the duty holder, carry out suitable
investigative works and/or reverse-engineering (see Annex J) to obtain the required information
and evidence to confirm the installation is safe to use.
12.2.3 Interim inspections

An inspector should carry out interim inspections at suitable intervals between periodic inspections
where a risk assessment has identified risks which could be addressed by interim inspections,
e.g. in the case of items subject to high levels of wear and tear, such as textiles, or where exceptional
circumstances occur, e.g. a fall onto the PFPS, that could jeopardize the safety of the PFPS.
12.2.4 Supplementary inspections

An inspector should carry out supplementary inspections at intervals set out in the examination
scheme for inspection to verify suitability for continued safe use, e.g. uncover hidden elements of the
anchor system; disassemble elements of the anchor system; undertake non-destructive testing or
more intrusive inspections.
Where different types and designs of anchor system are installed, the inspector should ensure that a
suitable number of each type are inspected.
NOTE Typically, 5% with a minimum of three of each type is considered a suitable sample number.
Following supplementary inspections, the inspector can revise the requirements for future
supplementary inspections and/or periodic inspections and this should be recorded in the
examination scheme for inspection. The findings of the supplementary inspection should be recorded
in the same format as a periodic inspection (see 12.3).

12.2.5 Installation review/supplementary inspection of anchor systems installed prior to

BS 7883:2019
Anchor systems installed prior to this edition of the British Standard, or where information and
evidence during inspections is not available, should be subject to an installation review during the
periodic inspection. The installation review should be undertaken by a competent person who should
be knowledgeable of relevant editions of appropriate standards and the implications for product
performance.
NOTE An installation review can be requested by the duty holder at any time.
An installation review should involve:

a) review of the method of installation (e.g. fixing method, base material, edge distance);
b) review of the anchor system and any additional PFPE intended to be attached – identification
and specific features;
c) a risk assessment of the PFPS to determine if the configuration mitigates the risk or worsens it;
d) review of documentation (e.g. certification, inspection and test report(s), examination scheme
for inspection, system technical file, O&M manual);
e) review of signage, labelling and marking;
f) research product recalls;
g) confirmation of anchor system rating [e.g. number of users permitted to be attached, maximum
rated mass (RMmax) and maximum system rating (SRmax)];
h) identification of the particular edition of the standard(s) to which the anchor system and any
additional PFPE intended to be attached conform;
i) recommendations to the duty holder where the findings from the installation review
demonstrate that a new or modified installation or alternative access methods (e.g. water‑fed
pole, MEWP) would be beneficial (e.g. increase the safety of the user, improved access); and
j) recommendations to the duty holder where documentation is not available, e.g. details of hidden
elements of the installation.
Details of any aspect of the installation that, in the opinion of the inspector, is not in accordance with
this British Standard or appear to be unsafe, should be drawn to the attention of the duty holder for
further investigation.
The inspector should visually inspect the PFPE, where provided for users, for defects and/or damage,
e.g. wear, corrosion, deformation, abrasion, beyond their lifetime, see BS 8437:2005+A1:2012,
Clause 13 and Annex C.
12.2.6 Inspection criteria
12.2.6.1 General
The inspector should be able to detect defects or weaknesses, assess their importance and
recommend corrective actions in relation to the safety and continued use of the PFPS.
The inspector should visually inspect the PFPS, including the base material, for defects and/or
damage, e.g. wear, corrosion, deformation, cracking, and weaknesses of the base material. The
inspector should also inspect the anchor system and base material during any testing.

Where elements are not intended to be removed, e.g. structural anchors, the visible parts should be
inspected for defects and/or damage. Hidden parts of the element should be verified [see 11.2 and
11.5.1 f)] as being suitable for continued use.
NOTE 1 In the case of through-fixed installations, for example as shown in Figure 2 p) and q), elements need not
be disassembled where it is known that they are all stainless steel, and are all within the manufacturer's stated
life expectancy.
Where it is necessary to disassemble a sample of the installed through-fixed structural anchors

that have not previously been inspected by the inspector concerned, to determine whether they are
manufactured from stainless steel and have been correctly assembled the sample should comprise
at least 5% of the installed through-fixed structural anchors, with a minimum of three through-fixed
structural anchors. If any of the through-fixed structural anchors in the sample are found not to be
satisfactory, all the through-fixed structural anchors should be removed and inspected.
The inspector should also carry out checks on the documentation held by the duty holder to ensure
that all the information is available and correct.
NOTE 2 Examples of inspection criteria are shown in Table 4.
Where anchor devices and/or structural anchors are replaced or relocated (see Table 4), all post-
installation checks should be carried out in accordance with this British Standard.
12.2.6.2 Categories of inspection results on anchor systems conforming to BS 7883:2019

Where the inspection is carried out on anchor systems conforming to this British Standard, including
PFPE, the results of inspections should be categorized as follows.
a) PASS: satisfies all relevant recommendations and therefore can remain in service and be labelled
as remaining in service.
b) CONDITIONAL PASS: does not represent an immediate safety concern and should be labelled
as remaining in service. An inspection report should be issued to the duty holder as soon as
possible with recommendations for remedial works to be carried out to improve the anchor
system and/or documentation within an appropriate timescale.
c) CONDITIONAL FAIL: represents an immediate safety concern which is capable of improvement.
The anchor system and/or PFPE should be labelled as taken out of service, e.g. “DO NOT USE”,
and, where possible, decommissioned to prevent use. An inspection report should be issued to
the duty holder as soon as possible with requirements for remedial works that are to be carried
out before the anchor system is re-inspected and returned to service; or
d) FAIL: represents an immediate safety concern which is beyond repair/improvement and should
be labelled as taken out of service, e.g. DO NOT USE, and, where possible, decommissioned to
prevent use.
NOTE Examples of categories of inspection results in relation to inspection criteria are shown in Table 4.
Authority to physically remove an anchor device/anchor system should be sought from the
duty holder.
12.2.6.3 Categories of inspection results on anchor systems not conforming to BS 7883:2019

Where the inspection is carried out on anchor systems not conforming to this edition of the British
Standard, including PFPE, the results of inspections should be categorized as follows:
a) PASS: satisfies all relevant recommendations and therefore can remain in service and should be
labelled as remaining in service.
b) CONDITIONAL PASS: satisfies the recommendations of a previous standard or code of practice
but does not meet all current recommendations in accordance with this British Standard

but does not represent an immediate safety concern and should be labelled as remaining in
service. An inspection report should be issued to the duty holder as soon as possible with
recommendations for remedial works to be carried out to improve the anchor system and/or
documentation within an appropriate timescale.
c) CONDITIONAL FAIL: satisfies the recommendations of a previous standard or code of practice
but does not meet all current recommendations in accordance with this British Standard but
does not represent an immediate safety concern which is capable of improvement. The anchor
system and/or PFPE should be labelled as taken out of service, e.g. DO NOT USE, and, where
possible, decommissioned to prevent use. An inspection report should be issued to the duty
holder as soon as possible with requirements for remedial works that are to be carried out
before the anchor system is re-inspected and returned to service.
d) FAIL: does not satisfy the recommendations of a previous standard or code of practice and does
not meet the recommendations in accordance with this British Standard and represents an
immediate safety concern which is beyond repair/improvement and should be labelled as taken
out of service, e.g. “DO NOT USE”, and, where possible, decommissioned to prevent use.
NOTE Examples of categories of inspection results in relation to inspection criteria are shown in Table 4.
Authority to physically remove an anchor device/anchor system should be sought from the
duty holder.

Table 4 — Examples of inspection criteria, including categories of inspection results
Inspection criteria (where applicable) Category of inspection result Comment and recommendation, where relevant Applicable to:
Conditional Conditional Fail Inspection Inspections Inspections
Pass fail prior to first on anchor on anchor
use systems systems not
installed in installed in
BRITISH STANDARD
accordance accordance
with with
BS 7883:2019 BS 7883:2019
Strength
Anchor system does not hold the proof test load. n/a n/a Yes Remove the anchor device/structural anchor. Determine, Yes1) Yes1) Yes
if possible, the cause of the failure and, depending on the
cause, review the fixing specification, reinstall if feasible,
or relocate. Fill any holes.
Base material or elements of the anchor system show visible n/a n/a Yes Remove the anchor device/system, replace damaged Yes Yes Yes
damage, e.g. cracks (including welds), deformation, during test elements or reinstall/relocate, as appropriate, fill any
Base material and structure

or inspection process. holes, repair welds.
For an anchor system conforming to BS 8610, set in a base n/a n/a Yes Remove the anchor device/system, fill any holes and install Yes1) Yes1) Yes
material not approved by the manufacturer, e.g. anchor set in a new anchor device/system in an alternative location in a
lightweight roof sheet or lightweight blockwork. base material that has been approved by the manufacturer.
For an anchor device conforming to BS EN 795, set in a base n/a Yes n/a Seek verification from the manufacturer. If verification is Yes1) Yes1) Yes
material not verified as suitable by the manufacturer, e.g. anchor provided, the anchor system can be returned to service.
set in lightweight roof sheet or lightweight blockwork. Otherwise, remove the anchor device/system, fill any holes
and install a new anchor device/system in an alternative
location in a base material that has been verified as
suitable for use by the manufacturer.
Anchor system set in a base material where suitability cannot be n/a Yes n/a Seek verification by the manufacturer and/or a suitably Yes1) Yes1) Yes
verified, e.g. anchor system known to be suitable for brickwork qualified person. If verification is given, the anchor system
but found in stonework. can be brought back into service. Otherwise, remove the
anchor device/system, fill any holes and install a new
anchor system known to be suitable for the base material
concerned.
Anchor system set in a structure that is non-load-bearing or has n/a n/a Yes Remove the anchor device/system, fill any holes and install Yes1) Yes1) Yes

insufficient strength, e.g. parapet wall, single-leaf brick wall. a compliant anchor system in an alternative location in a
83
BS 7883:2019
load-bearing structure that has been verified for use.

84
Table 4 (continued)
BS 7883:2019

with with
BS 7883:2019 BS 7883:2019
Anchor system installed in a base material that is thinner n/a n/a Yes Remove the anchor device/system, fill any holes, replace, Yes1) Yes1) Yes
than the minimum structural thickness recommended by the if possible, in an alternative location with an anchor
manufacturer. device/system approved for use in the structural thickness
available.
Uncertainty of the load-bearing nature of the structure, n/a Yes n/a Seek verification by a suitably qualified person. Otherwise, Yes1) Yes1) Yes
e.g. parapet wall or structure below a window. install an approved anchor device/system in an alternative
location in a load-bearing structure that has been verified
for use.
NOTE Testing does not provide suitable verification.

For type E anchor devices, the mass is not sufficient, in n/a Yes n/a Add required additional mass; relocate the anchor device Yes Yes Yes

accordance with the information supplied by the manufacturer, to an approved surface; delay work until environmental
Marking, signage and labelling

e.g. for the surface, environmental conditions. conditions are acceptable.
Anchor system without appropriate marking, signage and/ n/a n/a Yes Remove the anchor system, fill any holes and install an Yes1) Yes1) Yes
or labelling, e.g. where the manufacturer of the anchor device approved anchor system in an alternative location.
cannot be determined; application of use and configuration are
not compatible.
Anchor system without appropriate marking, signage and/ n/a Yes n/a Provide appropriate marking and/or signage. Issues such Yes1) Yes1) Yes
or labelling, e.g. incorrect restraint lanyard length requires as conformity to relevant standards can be verified by
signage to be updated, marking does not identify the relevant contacting the manufacturer.
standard(s).
Anchor system without appropriate marking, signage and/or Yes n/a n/a Provide appropriate marking and/or signage. Yes Yes Yes
labelling, e.g. missing information, illegible signage.
For type E anchor system without labelling showing required n/a Yes n/a Provide appropriate labelling. Yes Yes Yes
mass.
BRITISH STANDARD
Table 4 (continued)
BRITISH STANDARD
with with
BS 7883:2019 BS 7883:2019
Elements of anchor systems
Defects and/or damage to the anchor system, including the base n/a n/a Yes Remove the anchor device/system, fill any holes and Yes Yes Yes
material and the surrounding structure which are safety-critical, reinstall/replace with an approved anchor device/system
e.g. excessive wear, excessive corrosion, deformation, cracking, in a suitable alternative location.
weaknesses of the base material.
Defects and/or damage to element(s) of the anchor system n/a Yes n/a Replace the defective element(s) of the anchor system with Yes Yes Yes
that can be replaced, which are likely to become safety-critical elements approved by the manufacturer.
prior to next inspection, e.g. excessive wear, excessive corrosion,
deformation, cracking.
Defects and/or damage to elements of the anchor system, Yes n/a n/a Record the findings in the examination scheme for Yes Yes Yes
including the base material and the surrounding structure inspection. Monitor the defects. Recommend replacement
which are currently not safety-critical, e.g. acceptable wear, light of defective element(s).
corrosion.
Elements that are formed of materials which can reduce design Yes n/a n/a Record the findings in the examination scheme Yes1) Yes1) Yes
life for the locations in which they are installed, e.g. galvanized for inspection. Monitor the condition and make
structural anchors used externally in a coastal location, stainless recommendations to the duty holder, as applicable.
steel structural anchors in a high chlorine environment.
Elements standing proud of the surface, i.e. not bearing firmly n/a Yes n/a Re-secure or re-install, as applicable Yes1) Yes1) Yes
Structural anchors (including fixing elements)

against the base material.
Non-compliant fixing methods, e.g. incorrect structural anchor n/a n/a Yes Remove the anchor device/system, fill any holes and Yes1) Yes1) Yes
(such as expansion anchor used in place of resin socket); thread replace with a compliant anchor device/system in a
engagement less than that recommended by the manufacturer suitable alternative location.
(such as threaded eyebolt into an internally threaded socket;
threaded bar into a coupler; nut on a bolt; welding of a cast metal

element to a beam); poor quality/dimensions of welds.
85
BS 7883:2019
86
Table 4 (continued)
BS 7883:2019

with with
BS 7883:2019 BS 7883:2019
Non-compliant fixing methods, e.g. thread engagement less than n/a Yes n/a Replace non-compliant fixing elements of the anchor Yes1) Yes1) Yes
that recommended by the manufacturer requiring modifications system with fixing elements approved by the manufacturer,
to the fixing elements. or remove the anchor device/system.
Fixing elements installed closer than the manufacturer’s n/a n/a Yes Remove fixings and replace at fixing spacings Yes1) Yes1) Yes
recommended fixing spacings. recommended by the manufacturer.
Structural anchors installed closer to the edge of the base n/a n/a Yes Remove the anchor device/system, fill any holes and Yes1) Yes1) Yes
material than the manufacturer’s recommended edge distance. reinstall/replace with a compliant anchor device/system
Access and egress

in a suitable alternative location.
Anchor point cannot be accessed without the user being at risk n/a n/a Yes Remove the anchor device, fill any holes and reinstall/ Yes1) Yes1) Yes
(e.g. anchor point located outside when windows are accessed replace with a compliant anchor device in a suitable

from inside). alternative location.
Anchor point cannot be accessed without the user being at risk, n/a Yes n/a Provide additional PFPE as appropriate, or remove the Yes1) Yes1) Yes
e.g. anchor point located outside when windows are accessed anchor device/system, fill any holes and replace with a
from inside. compliant anchor device/system in a suitable alternative
Free space/free-fall distance

location.
Free space which is inadequate and cannot be corrected. n/a n/a Yes Remove the anchor device/system, fill any holes and Yes1) Yes1) Yes
replace with a compliant anchor device/system in a
suitable alternative location with adequate free space.
Free space temporarily obstructed, e.g. temporary structure n/a Yes n/a Prevent the anchor system being used until the obstruction Yes Yes Yes
below the work area. reducing the free space is removed.
Free fall distance is excessive and could be minimized or Yes n/a n/a Eliminate or minimize free fall distance by relocation of the Yes Yes Yes
eliminated. anchor system and/or recommend alternative PFPE.
BRITISH STANDARD
Table 4 (continued)
BRITISH STANDARD
with with
BS 7883:2019 BS 7883:2019
Removal for inspection
Elements intended to be removed for inspection but cannot be, n/a n/a Yes Remove the anchor device/system or, if this is not possible, Yes1) Yes Yes
e.g. removable eyebolt fully bonded into place. prevent any future use of the anchor device/system. Fill
any holes and replace with a compliant anchor device/
system in a suitable alternative location.
Elements intended to be removed for inspection but cannot n/a Yes n/a Carry out work to enable removable elements to be Yes Yes Yes
be, e.g. seized entry/exit gate on a horizontal rigid anchor line removed for inspection.
Replaceable elements
system which prevents thorough inspection of the traveller.
Replaceable items of PFPE/elements that have been damaged n/a Yes n/a Replace damaged items of PFPE/elements approved by the n/a Yes Yes
and which cannot be replaced at the time of inspection, manufacturer.
e.g. energy absorber deployed at the end of a horizontal flexible
anchor line.
Replaceable items of PFPE/elements that are to be replaced as Yes n/a n/a Recommend replacement of items of PFPE/elements prior n/a Yes Yes
part of a maintenance schedule as specified in the examination to their obsolescence.
Functional requirements
scheme, e.g. textile component with a limited lifespan.
Anchor system does not fulfil the functional requirements for n/a n/a Yes Add additional compliant anchor system or remove Yes1) Yes1) Yes
the intended purpose, e.g. when only one anchor device has been existing anchor device/system, fill any holes and install/
provided for rope access or work positioning, anchor device/ replace with a compliant anchor device/system in a
system is located in a position such that it cannot be used for the suitable alternative location.
intended purpose.

87
BS 7883:2019
88
Table 4 (continued)
BS 7883:2019

with with
BS 7883:2019 BS 7883:2019
Uncertainty about conformity of the anchor system, n/a Yes n/a Re-evaluate PFPE selection, anchor system configuration Yes1) Yes1) Yes
e.g. perimeter roof system classed as a restraint but is used for and structural capability. If re-evaluation proves
fall arrest. satisfactory, the anchor system/device can be brought back
into service.
If re-evaluation proves unsatisfactory, remove the anchor

device/system, fill any holes and replace with a new
anchor device/system in an alternative location that fully
Personal fall protection equipment (PFPE)

conforms with the recommendations.
(e.g. harnesses and lanyards)

Items of PFPE are not safe for continued use, e.g. too old, n/a n/a Yes Replace with new PFPE suitable for the intended use and Yes1) Yes1) Yes
Documentation
damaged. inspect before issuing to the duty holder.
(e.g. system technical file, examination scheme for periodic inspection, O&M manual, previous inspection reports)
Missing, inaccurate or incomplete O&M manual, system technical n/a Yes n/a Request duty holder to obtain a copy. If this is not available, Yes1) Yes1) Yes
file and/or examination scheme for inspection. the documentation needs to be completed, corrected or
compiled and issued to the duty holder and retained.
Missing certificate or report of first use. n/a Yes n/a Request duty holder to obtain a copy. If this is not available n/a Yes Yes
carry out a verification process, including any necessary
inspections and/or tests. The missing documentation is to
be issued to the duty holder and retained.
Missing or incomplete maintenance records. Yes n/a n/a Request duty holder to obtain a copy. The duty holder is to n/a Yes Yes
be advised that, in future, maintenance records are to be
issued to the duty holder and retained.
1)
If the anchor system is failed, carry out a review of the applicable parts of the system design and documentation as there might be doubt as to its safety and/or integrity.
BRITISH STANDARD
12.3 Inspection report

The inspector carrying out the inspection should:
a) record the results in a report and, where required, provide recommendations for improvement
to verify that the anchor system:
1) has been installed correctly and is safe to use;
2) requires remedial actions; or
3) is to be taken out of service;
b) include within the report the condition of the PFPS at the time of the inspection, including any
identified defect(s), confirming that the inspection has been carried out in accordance with
11.5.3 and Section 4 (see also Annex H); and
c) issue the report to the duty holder.
NOTE 1 Attention is drawn to The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998, (LOLER) [3],
Schedule 1, for a list of the information to be contained in a report.
NOTE 2 With a regime of pre-use checks and interim inspections, it is anticipated that the user typically identifies
equipment that is or could become a danger to people, prior to periodic inspections.
The inspection report should act as a record for future inspections and include, as appropriate:
1) for remedial works, where appropriate, and new installations:
a) the document supplied by the system designer, signed by the installer to confirm that the
anchor system is installed in compliance with the system design specification;
b) photographic/video evidence/documentation:
i) of a representative sample of the installation and visible elements;
ii) all of the elements, including structural anchors and base material, which would no
longer be visible following installation; and
iii) each type of on-site test arrangement;
2) details of the inspection and any tests carried out, and the outcome of these (see 11.5.3) which
could include results of testing, e.g. tensile, wire termination swage testing;
3) details of test equipment used on site (see Annex K) including traceability back to calibration
certificates;
4) details of any defects or observations that require rectification or repair and appropriate
timescales for action;
5) details of function checks completed, e.g. opening and closing mechanisms, operation of entry
exit gates, traveller operation;
6) records of any third-party witnessing of tests;
7) the name and address of the duty holder for whom the inspection has been carried out;
8) the address of the premises at which the inspection was made;
9) identify each anchor system, including, where known, date of manufacture/installation, as
appropriate;
10) the document supplied by the system designer, signed by the installer confirming that the anchor
system installed conforms to the system design specification (see Clause 9);
11) confirmation that this inspection is the anchor system’s first use;

12) the date of:

a) the first inspection prior to first use;
b) the last inspection;
c) the current inspection; and
d) the next inspection due.
13) the maximum system rating (SRmax) of the anchor system;
NOTE 3 Maximum system rating could be known as safe working load for PFPS that are subject to The Lifting
Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 [3].
14) the period for which the inspection report remains valid, i.e. up to the date of next inspection,
subject to no repairs, modifications or exceptional circumstances occurring to the PFPS;
15) identification of any part found to have a defect which renders the PFPS unsafe, and a description
of the defect, including a list of any anchor systems found not to be in accordance with the
recommendations of this British Standard and which, in the opinion of the inspector, need to be
brought to the attention of the duty holder for further consideration (see Annex H for an example
of an inspection report) which in their opinion is or could become unsafe. Until such time as the
status of these PFPS can be decided, the PFPS should be withdrawn from service and be tagged
to that effect;
16) in the case of a defect which is not yet but could become unsafe:
a) the time by which it could become unsafe; and
b) particulars of any repair, renewal or alteration required to remedy it;
NOTE 4 Where the PFPS is subject to The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998,
(LOLER) [3], and there is an imminent risk of serious personal injury, attention is drawn to Regulation 10 with
regard to reports and defects.
17) the name, address and job title of the person making the report, and the name and address of his
employer, if different;
18) the name and company address of the person signing or authenticating the report on behalf of
its author; and
19) the date of the report.
Anchor systems installed prior to this edition of the British Standard, but which have been inspected
in accordance with 11.5.3 and Section 4, should only be certified as having been inspected in
accordance with 11.5.3 and Section 4.
NOTE 5 The inspector can only claim that the anchor system conforms to the British Standard to which it was
originally installed, e.g. “the anchor system was installed in accordance with BS 7883:2005 and the inspection has
been carried out in accordance with BS 7883:2019, Section 4”.

Annex A (normative)
Type A anchor systems – service loads and design
loads based on BS 8610:2017 anchor types and
applications of use
COMMENTARY ON ANNEX A
For the purposes of type testing in accordance with BS 8610:2017, 4.2.8, the maximum rated load
(RMmax) is expressed in kN as an equivalence to the mass of the user in kg, e.g. a 120 kg user ≡ 1.2 kN,
125 kg user ≡ 1.3 kN.
Table A.1 should be used to determine the service load and design load during the design, installation
and inspection process.
Table A.2 provides guidance to determine the service load and design load; the system designer,
installer and inspector should refer to the manufacturer for these loads.
Table A.1 — Service loads and design loads of type A non-load-limiting anchor systems
Type Application Service load (un-factored) Design load
Single-user
A1 Restraint 1 × RMmax, minimum 1 kN 3 × RMmax, minimum 3 kN
A2 Fall arrest 6 kN 15 kN
Rope access and work
A3 6 kNA) 15 kN A)
positioning
Rescue (accompanied
A4 Single user case n/a (by default the number of users will be two)
descent)
Rescue (remotely or self-
A5 operated) 6 kN 15 kN
Direct attachment
Rescue (remotely
operated)
A6 Via re-direct pulley 2 × 3 × RMmax, minimum 2 × 3 kN = 6 kN 2 × 10 × RMmax, minimum 21 kN
(i.e. overhead = 2 × load),
see Figure 12
A7 Evacuation 3 × RMmax, minimum 3 kN 15 kN
Two-user
A1 Restraint 2 × RMmax, minimum 2 kN 2 × 3 × RMmax, minimum 6 kN
A2 Fall arrest 2 × 6 kN = 12 kN 21 kN
A3 2 × 6 kN = 12 kN A) 21 kN A)
positioning
Rescue (accompanied
descent), using a
A4 BS EN 12841 type A 2 × 3 × RMmax, minimum 2 × 3 kN = 6 kN 21 kN
device suitable for the
rescue load
A5 operated) 2 × 6 kN = 12 kN 21 kN
Direct attachment

Table A.1 (continued)

Rescue (remotely
operated)
A6 Via re-direct pulley Not applicable for two users
see Figure 12
A7 Evacuation 2 × 3 × RMmax, minimum 6 kN 21 kN
A)
These loads are not to be doubled for paired anchor devices.
Table A.2 — Service loads and design loads of type A load-limiting anchor systems

Single-user
A1L Restraint
A2L Fall arrest Refer to manufacturer Refer to manufacturer
A5L Rescue (remotely or
self-operated)
Direct attachment
Two-user
A1L Restraint
A2L Fall arrest Refer to manufacturer Refer to manufacturer
A5L Rescue (remotely or
self-operated)
Direct attachment
NOTE Service and design loads for load-limiting type A anchor systems vary dependent on the design and
layout of the engineered system. Due to this, it is not possible to provide fixed service and design loads.

Annex B (normative)
Type C anchor systems – service loads and design
applications of use
Table B.1 and Table B.2 provide guidance to determine the service load and design load; the system
designer, installer and inspector should refer to the manufacturer for these loads.
Table B.1 — Service loads and design loads of type C non-load-limiting anchor systems

Single-user
C1 Restraint
C2 Fall arrest Refer to manufacturer Refer to manufacturer
C5 Rescue (remotely or
self-operated)
Direct attachment
Two-user
C1 Restraint
self-operated)
Direct attachment
Three-user
C1 Restraint
self-operated)
Direct attachment
NOTE Service and design loads for non-load-limiting type C anchor systems vary dependent on the design and
Table B.2 — Service loads and design loads of Type C load-limiting anchor systems

Single-user
C1L Restraint
C2L Fall arrest Refer to manufacturer Refer to manufacturer
C5L Rescue (remotely or
self-operated)
Direct attachment
Two-user
C1L Restraint
self-operated)
Direct attachment

Table B.2 (continued)

Three-user
C1L Restraint
self-operated)
Direct attachment
NOTE Service and design loads for load-limiting type C anchor systems vary dependent on the design and
Annex C (normative)
Type D anchor systems – service loads and design
applications of use
COMMENTARY ON ANNEX C
For the purposes of type testing in accordance with BS 8610:2017, 4.2.8, the maximum rated load
(RMmax) is expressed in kN as an equivalence to the mass of the user in kg, e.g. a 120 kg user ≡ 1.2 kN,
125 kg user ≡ 1.3 kN.
Table C.1 should be used to determine the service load and design load during the design, installation
and inspection process.
Table C.1 — Service loads and design loads of Type D non-load-limiting anchor systems
Single-user
D1 Restraint 1 × RMmax, minimum 1 kN 3 × RMmax, minimum 3 kN
D2 Fall arrest 6 kN 15 kN
D3 6 kN 15 kN
positioning
Rescue (accompanied
D4 Single user case n/a (by default the number of users will be two)
descent)
D5 operated) 6 kN 15 kN
Direct attachment
Rescue (remotely
operated)
D6 Via re-direct pulley 2 × 3 × RMmax, minimum 2 × 3 kN = 6 kN 2 × 10 × RMmax, minimum 21 kN
see Figure 12
D7 Evacuation 3 × RMmax, minimum 3 kN 15 kN
Two-user
D1 Restraint 2 × RMmax, minimum 2 kN 2 × 3 × RMmax, minimum 6 kN
D2 Fall arrest 2 × 6 kN = 12 kN 21 kN

Table C.1 (continued)

D3 2 × 6 kN = 12 kN 21 kN
positioning
Rescue (accompanied
descent), using a
D4 BS EN 12841 type A 2 × 3 × RMmax, minimum 2 × 3 kN = 6 kN 21 kN
device suitable for the
rescue load
D5 operated) 2 × 6 kN = 12 kN 21 kN
Direct attachment
Rescue (remotely
operated)
Via re-direct
pulley for one user [(2 × 10) + 6] × RMmax, minimum
D6 [(2 × 3) + 6] × RMmax, minimum 12 kN
(i.e. overhead = 2 × load), 27 kN
see Figure 12 second
user on separate
traveller
D7 Evacuation 2 × 3 × RMmax, minimum 6 kN 21 kN
Three-user
D1 Restraint 3 × RMmax, minimum 3 kN 3 × 3 × RMmax, minimum 9 kN
D2 Fall arrest [2 × 6 (+1)] kN = 13 kN 27 kN
D3 [2 × 6 (+1)] kN = 13 kN 27 kN
positioning
Rescue (accompanied
descent), using an
D4 EN 12841 type A device 3 × 3 × RMmax, minimum 3 × 3 kN = 9 kN 27 kN
suitable for the rescue
load
D5 operated) [2 × 6 (+1)] kN = 13 kN 27 kN
Direct attachment
Rescue (remotely
operated)
D6 Via re-direct pulley Not applicable for three users
see Figure 12
D7 Evacuation 3 × 3 × RMmax, minimum 9 kN 27 kN

Annex D (normative)
Calculation of trial test loads
COMMENTARY ON ANNEX D
Trial tests are carried out on the structural anchors to determine whether or not the structural
anchor(s) used to attach an anchor device to the base material on site can satisfactorily withstand the
design load. Trial tests only prove the integrity of the base material in the immediate vicinity of the
structural anchor. They do not prove whether or not the overall structure has sufficient strength and
structural stability to support the design loads.
D.1 Trial test load – general

Depending on the configuration of the anchor device, the design load can be applied by either loading
the anchor point directly with a trial test load (Td) equal to the design load (D), see D.2, or by loading
the structural anchors themselves with a calculated trial test load (Tc), see D.3.
Any element of an anchor system used in a trial test should be removed from site to prevent use.
NOTE 1 Examples of test rig arrangements and procedures for carrying out trial tests can be found in Annex K.
NOTE 2 Examples of inspection criteria can be found in Table 4.
NOTE 3 Design loads that can be used in determining Td , or calculating Tc , can be found in Annex A, Annex B
and Annex C.
D.2 Trial test loads for eyebolt-type anchor systems with a single
structural anchor
Figure D.1 gives examples of three complete anchor systems comprising an eyebolt installed in:
a) masonry via a resin socket-type structural anchor without a cantilever;
b) a resin socket with a limited cantilever (e.g. up to 25 mm of stand-off) and supported by a
structural spacer; and
c) a thick-walled “cantilever” resin socket to support the service load at a significant cantilever,
e.g. up to 100 mm in masonry.
These anchor systems are most frequently loaded in the shear direction (Fs) but may be loaded in
the tensile direction (Ft) or any direction in between if approved for use in that direction by the
manufacturer.
As it is not typically feasible to carry out trial tests in the shear direction it is accepted that trial tests
carried out in the tensile direction provide a suitable indication of the strength of the structural
anchor in the particular base material when loaded in shear.
NOTE Typically, if a structural anchor installed in a base material sustains a certain tensile load it will, provided
there is a sufficient edge distance, sustain at least that load in the shear direction. The relevant minimum edge
distance is that recommended by the manufacturer for the type of base material for the project.
Therefore for these trial tests, trial test load (Td), equal to the design load (D), should be applied to the
anchor point in tension, i.e. perpendicular to the base material (see Figure D.2).

Figure D.1 — Example of eyebolt-type anchor systems where the service load might be applied in shear, Fs , tension,
Ft , or any angle in between
a) Eyebolt installed in a resin socket – no cantilever
b) Eyebolt installed in a resin socket with a limited cantilever and supported by a structural spacer
c) Eyebolt installed in a thick-walled “cantilever” resin socket to support the load of a significant cantilever
Key
1 Packer for supporting reaction load of test Ft Service load applied in tension
apparatus in proof load tests
2 Structural spacer Fs Service load applied in shear
3 Thick-walled “cantilever” socket

Figure D.2 — Example of the direction of trial test loads, Td , equal to the design load, perpendicular to the base ma-
terial, for eyebolt-type anchor devices
a) Eyebolt installed in sample resin socket for trial tests of anchor systems shown in Figure D.1. a)
b) Eyebolt installed in a resin socket with a limited cantilever and supported by a structural spacer for trial
tests of anchor systems shown in Figure D.1 b)
c) Eyebolt installed in a thick-walled “cantilever” resin socket for trial tests of the anchor systems shown in
Figure D.1.c)
Key
1 Packer for supporting reaction load of test apparatus in proof load tests
2 Structural spacer
3 Thick-walled “cantilever” socket
Td Trial test load equal to the design load
NOTE It is inappropriate to use this approach (test loads perpendicular to the base material) for other anchor
systems e.g. those using base plates such as paired anchor devices and posts because the test load that would
be needed to replicate the load experienced by the structural anchors, due to the design load being applied
in the direction of the service load, could be significantly higher than would be allowed to be applied to the
anchor point.

D.3 Trial test loads for anchor systems with a baseplate and more than one
structural anchor
In the case of an anchor system with a base plate, e.g. paired anchor devices, posts and davit arms, the
trial test load should be applied directly to the structural anchors themselves and not to the anchor
point of the anchor device.
NOTE The reason for applying the calculated trial test load to each individual structural anchor is that trying
to apply the same calculated trial test load simultaneously to each structural anchor through the anchor point(s)
would possibly be far greater than the capacity of the anchor point(s), e.g. if the calculated trial test load on a
structural anchor was 18 kN and there were four structural anchors, this would require a combined load of 72 kN
being applied to the anchor point(s), which could be in excess of the anchor point capacity.
The structural anchors should be installed at the spacings defined by the fixing hole centres in the
baseplate at the applicable minimum structural limitations (see 3.59 and 5.1).
To calculate the resultant load (N1) applied to structural anchors in the row opposite fulcrum A (see
Figure D.3), the following are required:
a) the length (l) from fulcrum A to the centreline of the row of rear fixings;
b) the height (h) from fulcrum A to the centreline of the anchor point; and
c) the design load (D) acting in the direction of the service load (F),
the following formula is used:
D×h
N1 =
l
The resultant load (N1) should be the largest value calculated, taking into account the
directions of loading.
Figure D.3 — Detail for calculation of trial test load, Tc , for the structural anchors of anchor devices with base plates
a) Paired anchor device b) Post-type anchor device

Key
F Direction of the service load l Length of lever arm for N1 from fulcrum, A
h Length of lever arm for service load from N1 Calculated combined load acting on all structural
fulcrum, A anchors in the row furthest from fulcrum, A
A Fulcrum

To calculate the trial test load that should be applied to the individual structural anchors (Tc), the
following are required:
1) N1; and
2) number of fixings (Q) in a row,
the following formula is used:
N1
Tc =
Q
EXAMPLE
If the design load, D, is 15 kN, h is 200 mm and l is 250 mm, N1 = 12 kN
If there are two structural anchors on the rear row, i.e. Q = 2, the trial test load to be applied to
the individual structural anchors, Tc , = 6 kN.
Annex E (informative)
Calculation and application of proof test loads
COMMENTARY ON ANNEX E
Proof load tests are used during and/or after first installation to check if the structural anchors are
installed correctly in the base material, and as far as possible that the anchor system has been correctly
assembled to sustain the service load adequately.
At subsequent inspections, proof load tests serve to check that anchor devices, structural anchors
and base material have not deteriorated or been damaged since the last inspection and are still
capable of sustaining the service load. Proof load tests need to be carried out in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions.
Proof load tests do not provide, for example:
a) verification as to whether the overall structure has sufficient strength and structural stability to
support the design loads (see 5.2);
b) verification of structural limitations (see 8.1.2).
c) suitable factors of safety for the design load (see 3.11).
Proof load tests that are based on a calculated load might require special consideration to ensure
that the correct proof test load is applied and that no elements of the anchor device are overloaded in
the process.
E.1 Proof test load – General

COMMENTARY ON Annex E.1
The examination scheme for inspection defines what, if any, proof load tests are to be carried out
on an anchor system. The system designer needs to take into account any recommendations of the
manufacturer for carrying out proof load testing.
Where a proof load test on the anchor system is required (see Table E.1), the proof test load (Pf) equal
to the service load (F), where possible, is applied to the anchor point of the anchor system, preferably
in the direction of the service load (see E.2).

Table E.1 — Examples of anchor devices/systems to be proof load tested
Anchor type Examples of anchor systems to Proof load test Comments

be proof load tested
Type A Eyebolt or socket with single Yes
structural anchor, resin/
expansion/weld-fixed
Type A Eyebolt or socket through-fixed, No Torque check to be carried out
fixings accessible
Type A Eyebolt or socket through-fixed, Yes See 5.10 and 11.5.3
fixings not accessible
Type A Paired anchor device with more Yes
than one structural anchor, resin/
expansion/weld-fixed
Type A Paired anchor device with more No Torque check to be carried out
than one structural anchor,
through-fixed, fixings accessible
Type A Paired anchor device with more Yes See 5.10 and 11.5.3
than one structural anchor,
through-fixed, fixings not
accessible
Type A Rigid anchor post with resin/ Yes
expansion/weld-fixed structural
anchors
Type A Rigid anchor post clamped/ No Torque check to be carried out
Type A Rigid anchor post clamped/ Yes See 5.10 and 11.5.3
accessible
Type A Load-limiting anchor devices Refer to See 5.10 and 11.5.3
manufacturer
Type A Davit arm/davit base with resin/ Yes
expansion/weld-fixed structural
anchors
Type A Davit arm/davit base clamped/ Yes
Type A Davit arm/davit base clamped/ Yes See 5.10 and 11.5.3
accessible
Type B Type B anchor devices, e.g. beam No
clamp, sling, tripods, removable
anchor devices
Type C Load-limiting anchor devices as Refer to See 5.10 and 11.5.3
part of a horizontal flexible anchor manufacturer
line
Type D Horizontal rigid anchor line with Yes Refer to manufacturer.
resin/expansion/weld-fixed
structural anchors
Type D Horizontal rigid anchor line Yes Refer to manufacturer.
clamped/through-fixed, fixings
accessible

Table E.1 (continued)
Anchor type Examples of anchor systems to Proof load test Comments

be proof load tested
Type D Horizontal rigid anchor line Yes See 5.10 and 11.5.3 and refer to
clamped/through-fixed, fixings not manufacturer.
accessible
Type E Type E anchor devices, No
e.g. deadweight anchor device
Other elements Swage termination, e.g. hex, roll Refer to
manufacturer
Other elements Swageless termination Refer to
manufacturer
In some cases, it is not practicable to apply proof test loads in the direction of service and in
these cases there are, depending on the configuration of the anchor system, three possible
approaches available.
a) Apply a proof test load (Pf) equal to the service load (F) in the tensile direction, i.e. perpendicular
to the base material (see E.3.2).
b) Apply a calculated proof test load (Pc) to the anchor point in the tensile direction,
i.e. perpendicular to the base material (see E.3.3).
c) Apply a calculated proof test load (Pc) to the structural anchors in the tensile direction,
i.e. perpendicular to the base material (see E.4).
In the case of anchor systems involving hidden fixings, the inspection scheme might call for the
exposure of such fixings, e.g. in the case of base plates covered by roofing materials, in which case the
proof test loads need to be applied directly to the structural anchors as detailed in E.4.
NOTE Service loads that can be used in determining Pf , or calculating Pc , can be found in Annex A, Annex B
and Annex C.
E.2 Proof test loads applied to the anchor point in the direction of the
service load
COMMENTARY ON E.2
Applying a proof load to the anchor point in the direction(s) of service load tests the whole anchor
system, checks that the anchor system has been correctly assembled and the structural anchor(s) are
capable of sustaining the service load.
In certain circumstances, it might not be possible to apply the proof test load in the direction(s) of
service and alternative approaches are required, see E.3.1, E.3.2, E.3.3.2, E.4 and E.5.
Proof loads need to be applied in the direction of the service load, where practicable (see Figure E.1).

Figure E.1 — Examples of applying proof test loads, Pf , in the direction of the service load
a) Davit arm-type anchor system
b) Post-type anchor system
c) Eyebolt-type anchor systemA)

Key
Pf Proof test load, equal to the service load applied in that direction.
A)
In many instances, the true direction of the service load is in shear (see Annex D, Figure D.1).
Figure E.1 shows examples of three systems to which the proof test load (Pf) equal to the service load
might be applied to the anchor point.
E.3 Proof test loads applied to the anchor point in the direction
perpendicular to the base material
E.3.1 General
For an eyebolt-type anchor system with a single structural anchor, apply a proof test load (Pf) equal to
the service load in the tensile direction, i.e. perpendicular to the base material (see E.3.2).
For anchor systems with more than one structural anchor and where the proof test load can be
applied in the direction of the service load, see E.3.3.1.
For anchor systems with more than one structural anchor and where the proof test load cannot be
applied in the direction of the service load, see E.3.3.2.

E.3.2 Proof test loads equal to the service load applied to the anchor point of an anchor
system with a single structural anchor, in the direction perpendicular to the
base material
Regardless of the direction of the service load, apply a proof test load (Pf) equal to the service load in
the tensile direction, i.e. perpendicular to the base material (see Figure E.2).
Figure E.2 — Examples of applying proof test loads, Pf , equal to the service load, perpendicular to the base material
a) Eyebolt installed in a resin socket – no cantilever
b) Eyebolt installed in a resin socket with a limited cantilever and supported by structural spacer
c) Eyebolt installed in a thick-walled “cantilever” resin socket to support the load of an increased cantilever
Key
1 Packer for supporting the reaction loads 3 Cantilever socket
of test apparatus
2 Structural spacer Pf Proof test load equal to the service load
This test method is useful because:

a) it can be applied with standard test equipment (see Annex K); and
b) there is no need to calculate proof test loads.

E.3.3 Proof test loads on anchor systems with more than one structural anchor
E.3.3.1 Proof test loads equal to the service load applied to the anchor point in the
direction of service
Apply a proof test load (Pf) equal to the service load to the anchor point in the direction of service
[see E.2 and Figure E.1 a) and b)].
E.3.3.2 Proof test loads based on the calculation and applied to the anchor point in the direction
perpendicular to the base material
Apply a calculated proof test load (Pc) to the anchor point perpendicular to the base material.
NOTE This test method is used for anchor systems with multiple structural anchors and/or cantilever where it is
not possible to apply the proof test load in the direction of service (see Figure E.3).
Figure E.3 — Example of basis of calculation and applying proof test loads, Pc , applied perpendicular to the base
material, in the case of anchor devices with base plates
a) Basis of calculating the proof test load b) Applying the calculated proof test load
Key
F Direction and magnitude of service load N1 Calculated combined load acting on all structural
anchors in the row furthest from fulcrum, A
h Length of lever arm for service load (F) Pc Calculated proof test load
from fulcrum, A
l Length of lever arm for N1 from fulcrum, A Fulcrum
A
NOTE Anchor devices with baseplates might have two or more structural anchors in each row.
The calculated proof test load replicates the load acting on the structural anchors, opposite to the
fulcrum at A, when the service load (F) is applied in the direction of use [see Figure E.3 a)].
Pc = 2 × N1 (E.1)
Where N1 is the combined tensile load applied to all the structural anchors in the row opposite to
fulcrum A as a result of the service load (F) being applied in the direction shown, and:
F ×h
N1 = (E.2)
l
therefore:
 F ×h 
Pc = 2 × N1 = 2 ×   (E.3)
 l 

This test method might be useful because:

a) it can be applied easily with standard test equipment, see Annex K; and
b) there is no need to disturb roof coverings as may be necessary in the case of tests applied to the
structural anchors as outlined in E.4.
WARNING. In some circumstances, the calculated proof test load to be applied to the anchor point might
exceed the maximum proof test load permitted by the manufacturer of the anchor point and/or anchor
device.
NOTE In considering the forces acting on the base plate those acting on the structural anchors closest to the
fulcrum are ignored as these structural anchors contribute little to resisting those forces. The structural anchors
opposite the fulcrum are those on which the stability of the base plate depends.
In all cases where the proof test load is to be applied directly to the anchor point, check to ensure that
the calculated proof test load, Pc , does not exceed the permissible load which could be applied to any
part of the anchor system as confirmed by the manufacturer and system designer.
EXAMPLE 1 – Paired anchor devices
If a paired anchor device has two anchor points, e.g. eyebolts, rated for a service load
of F = 6 kN, and has h = 250 mm and l = 275 mm then, from equation (E.2), N1 = 5.5 kN
and, from equation (E.3), Pc = 11 kN and as long as this is applied evenly between both
eyebolts (see Figure E.4), i.e. 5.5 kN per eyebolt (i.e. which, in this case, is less than the
permissible load on the eyebolt) then this test method is acceptable.
EXAMPLE 2 – Paired anchor devices
If a paired anchor device has two anchor points, e.g. eyebolts, rated for a service load of
F = 6 kN, and has h = 500 mm and l = 275 mm then, from equation (E.2), N1 = 11 kN and,
from equation (E.3), Pc = 22 kN. If 22 kN was applied equally between both eyebolts (see
Figure E.4), i.e. 11 kN per eyebolt. In this case, if this exceeds the permissible load on the
eyebolt, this test method is not acceptable and the test method of E.4 is used.
NOTE An example of applying the calculated proof test load equally between two anchor
points is shown in Figure E.4.
EXAMPLE 3 – Post-type anchor devices
If a post-type anchor device has a single anchor point, e.g. eyebolt, rated for a service load
of F = 6 kN, and has h = 500 mm and l = 275 mm then, from equation (E.2), N1 = 11 kN
and, from equation (E.3), Pc = 22 kN. If 22 kN was applied to the eyebolt and this exceeds
the permissible load on the eyebolt, this test method is not acceptable and the test
method of E.4 is used.

Figure E.4 — Example of applying the calculated proof test load equally between two anchor points
Key
Pc Calculated proof test load
E.4 Proof loads based on calculation and applied directly to the structural
anchor(s) in the direction perpendicular to the base material
Where it is not possible to carry out tests in accordance with E.2, E.3.2 or E.3.3, a calculated proof
test load needs to be applied directly to the structural anchors in the direction perpendicular to the
base material (see Figure E.5).
Testing of individual structural anchors might be difficult if it involves the uncovering of the
structural anchors, e.g. by the removal of roofing membrane, bitumen, gravel, soil.
This method does not confirm the continuing integrity of any connections between the anchor point,
the anchor device and structural anchors which needs to be checked by other means, including visual
inspection and/or testing (see E.5).
Figure E.5 shows examples of anchor devices where the calculated proof test load, Pc , is to be applied
directly to the structural anchors. The proof test load might be applied to the structural anchors with
the anchor device in place, as shown in Figure E.5, or with the anchor device removed.
The calculated proof test load to be applied to each structural anchor is based upon the following
calculations (see also Figure E.6):
The calculated proof test load Pc is the test load to be applied to each structural anchor:

Figure E.5 — Examples of applying calculated proof test loads, Pc , to individual structural anchors in the case of
anchor devices with base plates
a) Post-type anchor device b) Paired anchor device
c) Davit arm-type anchor device

Key
Pc Calculated proof test load applied to each individual structural anchor
NOTE Anchor devices with base plates have at least two structural anchors in each row, the second behind
the one shown.
N1
Pc = (E.4)
Q
Where N1 is the combined tensile load applied to all the structural anchors in the row opposite to
fulcrum A as a result of the service load (F) being applied in the direction shown, and Q is the number
of structural anchors in each row (see Figure E.6), and:
F ×h
N1 = (E.5)
l
therefore:
F ×h
Pc = (E.6)
Q×l
NOTE Although the strength required for structural anchors in the row adjacent to the fulcrum A might be small,
these structural anchors need to have the same capability as those in the row furthest from the fulcrum so these
need to be tested to the same proof test load, (Pc ).

Figure E.6 — Example of basis of calculation of the calculated proof test load, Pc , applied directly to each structural
anchor perpendicular to the base material, in the case of anchor devices with base plates
a) Post-type anchor device
b) Paired anchor device
c) Davit arm-type anchor device

Key
F Direction and magnitude of service load N1 Calculated combined load acting on all structural
anchors in the row furthest from the fulcrum, A
h Length of lever arm for service load A Fulcrum
(F) from fulcrum, A, or length of lever
arm for service load (F) from the rear
structural anchors
l Length of lever arm for N1 from fulcrum, A

E.5 Additional proof load tests

Additional proof load tests are required:
a) when only the structural anchors have been proof load tested (see E.4), or
b) where the calculated proof test load applied to the anchor point was less than the service load of
the anchor system (see E.3.3.2).
The additional proof load test is applied to each anchor point individually and is equivalent to the
service load (see Figure E.7).
The additional proof load tests confirm the continued integrity of any connections between the
anchor point, the anchor device and structural anchors and that they have not suffered damage or
deterioration since the original installation or the last inspection.
Examples where additional proof load tests are required include:
1) paired anchor devices;
2) post-type anchor devices;
3) davit arm-type anchor devices; and
4) horizontal rigid anchor lines.
These additional tests do not confirm the integrity and strength of the structural anchor in the
base material.
Figure E.7 — Examples of applying proof test load, Pf , equivalent to the service load to each anchor point individually
Key
Pf Proof test load equivalent to the service load

Annex F (informative)
Examples of anchor systems and applications showing the
range of movement and working area
F.1 Figure F.1 shows the arrangement whereby an anchor point is installed in the centre of a roof. The
length of the user's lanyard and the position of the anchor point is such that a fall over the edge is not
possible, whilst, at the same time, allowing the user access to most of the roof area (shown as white).
However access cannot be gained to the corner regions (shown as shaded). This is a restraint PFPS.
There is no risk of a fall, but there are some inaccessible areas.
F.2 Figure F.2 shows the arrangement whereby an anchor system is installed set back from the perimeter
of a roof. The length of the user's lanyard and the position of the traveller is such that a fall over the
edge is not possible, whilst, at the same time, allowing the user access to most of the roof area (shown
as white). However access cannot be gained to the corner regions (shown as shaded). This is a restraint
PFPS. There is no risk of a fall and the inaccessible areas are smaller than that shown in Figure F.1.
Figure F.1 — Example of a restraint PFPS comprising central anchor point with a fixed length lanyard
Key
1 User
2 Fixed length lanyard
3 Anchor point
4 Inaccessible zones
5 Roof access point

Figure F.2 — Example of a restraint PFPS comprising perimeter anchor system with a fixed length lanyard
Key
1 User
3 Anchor system
5 Roof access point
F.3 Figure F.3 is an example of a means of providing access to the corner areas of a roof by using anti-
pendulum anchor devices, however, it introduces an increased level of complexity for the user, e.g. use
of adjustable lanyards, which in turn, could increase risk. By using an adjustable lanyard, the user
can attach to the anti-pendulum post without detaching from their anchor point to provide additional
protected access to the corners, as shown. This is a restraint PFPS. There is no risk of a fall if the PFPE
is used correctly. The inaccessible areas are smaller than that shown in Figure F.1.

Figure F.3 — Example of a restraint PFPS using anti-pendulum anchor devices and adjustable lanyards
Key
1 User
2 Adjustable lanyard
3 Anchor point
5 Roof access point
6 Anti-pendulum anchor devices
F.4 Figure F.4 shows the arrangement whereby an anchor point is installed in the centre of a roof. The
length of the user's fall arrest lanyard and the position of the anchor point is such that a fall over the
edge is possible, whilst, at the same time, allowing the user access to virtually all the roof area (shown
as white). However, a pendulum-type fall over the edge then becomes possible. This could injure the
user or cause equipment failure, resulting in a fall to the ground. This is no longer a situation in which
it is safe to use a restraint PFPS; it is now a fall arrest PFPS.

Figure F.4 — Example of a fall arrest PFPS comprising central anchor point with a fall arrest lanyard
Key
1 User
3 Anchor point
5 Roof access point
6 Zone of potential pendulum fall

Annex G (informative)
Example of forms to be provided by the system designer to
be completed by the installer or duty holder
COMMENTARY ON ANNEX G
G.1 and G.2 provides examples of documents provided by the system designer for the installer and duty
holder to verify correct anchor system installation and receipt of appropriate handover documentation.
G.1 Example document provided by the system designer for the installer
to sign to confirm that the installation is in accordance with the system
design specification and information supplied by the manufacturer(s)
[Installation company address and contact details]
[Site address, installation location, project reference number]

I [Name of installer] of [Installation company] confirm that the installation detailed below is in accordance
with the system design specification [System design specification and drawing references] produced by
[Name of system designer] of [System design company] and information supplied by the manufacturer(s).
Any changes to the system design specification have been agreed with the system designer and are
recorded in the attached documentation.
Signed
[Signature of installer]
Dated
[Date]
[Attach documents detailing any agreed changes to the system design specification]

G.2 Example document provided by the system designer for the duty holder
to acknowledge receipt of appropriate handover documentation
[Duty holder company address and contact details]
[Site address, installation location, project reference number]
I [Name of duty holder] of [Duty holder company] acknowledge receipt of the system technical file, operation
and maintenance manual, examination scheme for inspection and inspection report and certification issued
by the inspector, supplied by [Name of system designer] of [System design company], the system designer and
understand my responsibilities to ensure these documents are available for use by users of the personal
fall protection system, installers, inspectors and other interested parties for the lifetime of the personal fall
protection systems installed.
The installation has been carried out by [Installation company].
The inspection has been inspected by [Inspection company].
Any changes to the system design specification have been agreed with the system designer and are
recorded in the attached documentation.
[Include details of the personal fall protection systems installed and inspected.]
Signed
[Signature of duty holder]
Dated
[Date]
[Attach documents detailing any agreed changes to the system design specification]
[Attach documents detailing any agreed changes to the examination scheme for inspection]

Annex H (informative)
Example of an inspection report form
On satisfactory completion of the inspection prior to first use, the inspector needs to provide an
inspection report (See Table H.1), which is supported by other referenced documents (see 12.3), to
the system designer to be incorporated in the system technical file.
Table H.1 — Report of inspection of personal fall protection systems (including anchor devices/anchor systems and
personal fall protection equipment)
y p p q p )
We hereby certify that the following equipment has been inspected in accordance with BS 7883:2019, Section 4, and where
applicable, the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER).
This inspection report remains valid until _ _ / _ _ / _ _ _ _ subject to no repairs, modifications or exceptional circumstances
occurring to the personal fall protection systems.
Name and address of the duty holder
Name and address of the company Address of premises at which the
for whom the inspection was carried
undertaking the inspection: inspection was carried out:
out:
Identification of the anchor system, Date of manufacture (where known):

including any personal fall protection __/__/____
equipment (PFPE):
Site ID number: Project number:
Maximum system rating (SRmax) / WLL / Is this the inspection prior to first
SWL / maximum rated mass (RMmax): use? (i.e. first inspection after Yes / No
installation)
Description of the anchor system (and any PFPE supplied for If Yes, has the anchor system been
use with the anchor system): installed or assembled correctly? Yes / No
(See Note 1)
Date of last inspection: __/__/____
Is this inspection carried out within
Yes / No
an interval of 6 months?
Is this inspection carried out within
Yes / No
an interval of 12 months?
Is this inspection carried out in
accordance with the examination Yes / No
scheme for periodic inspection?
Project location: Has the anchor system been
installed in accordance with the Yes / No
recommendations in BS 7883:2019?
Is this a supplementary inspection? If Yes, provide details of the reason
Yes / No why a supplementary inspection has
been carried out:
Is this inspection carried out after the If Yes, provide details of the reason
occurrence of an exceptional event? Yes / No why an interim inspection has been
carried out:
Has any defect been found that renders If Yes, provide details of the defect
the personal fall protection system Yes / No that renders the personal fall
unsafe? protection system unsafe:
Has any defect been found that could If Yes, provide details of the defect
render the personal fall protection system that could render the personal fall
unsafe? Yes / No protection system unsafe, and the
timescale by which it could become
unsafe:
If YES then state the date by which it should be repaired or re-inspected: __/__/____
Provide details of any repair, renewal or alteration required to
remedy the defect above:
Provide details of the inspection carried out:
Provide details of any test carried out as part of the inspection
(include e.g. any photographic evidence of elements that have
defects or that been uncovered, details of test equipment used,
details of third party witnessing, details of function checks ). List
all supporting documentation.
N.B Attach copies of any calibration certificates for test
equipment used.
Is the anchor system safe to operate? Yes / No
Detail any other comments or recommendations regarding the
condition or use of the anchor system (and PFPE):
The anchor system/device conforms to: BS 7883:1997 , BS 7883:2005 , BS 7883:2019

Table H.1 (continued)
Date of this inspection __/__/____

Name and job title of person carrying out
the inspection: Date of first inspection prior to first
(Company Approved __/__/____
Inspector) use
The name and company address of the
Next inspection due by: __/__/____
person signing this report :
I hereby confirm the inspection has been carried out in accordance with the system design specification and information supplied
by the system designer and manufacturer(s).
Signature of person signing this report: Date of report: __/__/____
inspector needs to complete the document provided by the system designer to confirm the inspection
has been carried out in accordance with the system design specification for the personal fall protection system and
information supplied by the manufacturer(s).
cases where there are multiple inspection results, a further report of test results is required with the
results classified in accordance with 12.2.6 and Table 4. Where further reports are required, these should be
combined into this report of inspection.
Annex I (normative)
Pre-use inspection
I.1 General
The regime for pre-use inspections should be included in the O&M manual by the system designer
(see 11.5.2) which is provided to the duty holder and should be readily available for all users. The
pre-use inspections should include all manufacturers’ requirements and any further site-specific
requirements.
Before each occasion of use, anchor devices, anchor systems, and the surrounding base material
should be subject to a visual and tactile inspection by the user who should have sufficient knowledge
and experience to carry this out.
NOTE 1 Recommendations for inspection, care and maintenance of equipment can be found in BS 8437.
Pre-use checks should include the following, as appropriate:

a) there are no signs of damage or defects, e.g. cracks, spalling, corrosion;
b) function checks, e.g. elements are not loose, such as eyebolts; opening and closing of entry/exit
gates; locking mechanisms;
c) the free space is adequate;
d) any items intended to be removed are secure and properly engaged;
e) the label shows the approved category of use and is correct for the intended use; and
f) the date of next inspection has not expired.
Where PFPE is provided to the user for use with the anchor system:
1) the equipment should be compatible and as specified in the O&M manual (see 5.14 and
11.5.2); and
2) visual and tactile pre-use checks should be carried out by the user who should have sufficient
knowledge and experience to carry out pre-use checks.
NOTE 2 For further information on pre-use inspection, see HSE publication, INDG 367 [13].

The user should request evidence from the duty holder that all inspection requirements have been
completed, passed and are in date.
NOTE 3 Attention is drawn to The Work at Height Regulations 2005, Schedule 12 [1] regarding inspection of
work equipment.
I.2 Additional pre-use inspection specific to type B anchor systems

Examples of additional pre-use inspection requirements that users should be made aware of include,
as appropriate:
a) the locations that have been determined as being suitable and not suitable for type B
anchor devices;
b) for anchor devices such as tripods and quadpods:
1) the need to ensure the stability of the anchor device and how to achieve it; and
2) whether the manufacturer permits differential adjustments of the anchor device;
c) permitted environmental conditions which could affect the performance of the anchor system,
e.g. presence of water, ice or contamination, such as grease or oil, algae;
d) the condition of the supporting structure to ensure the supporting structure does not
compromise the strength of the anchor system, e.g. webbing sling used over a sharp edge; and
e) where the anchor system relies on an assembly of elements, the anchor device has been
assembled correctly.
I.3 Additional pre-use inspection specific to type E anchor systems

Examples of additional pre-use inspection recommendations that users should be made aware of
include, as appropriate:
a) the locations that have been determined as being suitable and not suitable for type E
anchor devices;
b) that type E anchor devices should be used only in conjunction with the types of surface approved
by the manufacturer;
c) permitted environmental conditions which could affect the performance of the anchor system,
e.g. presence of water, ice or contamination, such as grease or oil, algae;
d) the condition of the supporting structure to ensure the supporting structure does not
compromise the strength of the anchor system, e.g. sharp edges that could pierce water bags;
e) where the anchor system relies on an assembly of elements and mass, the anchor device has
been assembled correctly and the correct mass has been applied for the surface on which the
anchor device is used; and
f) the anchor system should be positioned at no less than the minimum recommended safe
distance from an edge, opening or other fall hazard, as specified by the manufacturer.

Annex J (normative)
Reverse-engineering design check of hidden elements
A reverse-engineering design check should take into account relevant standard(s) at the time
of installation and any known subsequent information supplied by the manufacturer and
industry guidance.
Reverse-engineering design checks should include, where appropriate:
a) an investigation of a sample, which might only be one of each different type of hidden element of
the installation, including:
1) opening/lifting the roof substrate to gain access to the anchor system;
2) removing the anchor device from the structural anchors; and
3) removal of part(s) of the roof substrate and/or base material to reveal the structural
anchors to verify the fixing method;
b) recording the hidden elements which are now exposed, including:
1) materials used and their compatibility;
2) manufacturer of the elements, where possible;
3) sizes, types and dimensions of all elements of the anchor system, including fixing methods
and base material, as appropriate; and
4) the means of preventing elements coming loose throughout the lifespan of the installation;
c) where applicable, upon completion of a) and b), a design verification by a person with sufficient
technical and engineering knowledge to verify the design in accordance with Clause 4, Clause 5,
Clause 6, Clause 7 and Clause 8;
d) assuming each sample passes a) to c), uncover further samples (typically 5% with a minimum
of three) to check for consistency with the first sample(s) inspected; if there are any
inconsistencies, the system should be failed until appropriate corrective actions are completed
or the system is replaced; and
e) assuming a) to d) is passed, supply suitable documentation to enable the inspector to carry out
subsequent periodic inspections; this documentation should provide sufficient evidence so that
the inspector does not need to inspect the hidden items on subsequent periodic inspections, only
on any supplementary inspections as specified in the examination scheme for inspection; this
information should, as a minimum, include:
1) a system technical file for the installed anchor system, including all dimensions,
specifications, records structural verifications and information on the installation;
2) an examination scheme for inspection;
3) the expected life of the installed system; and
4) a handover certification for the installation as though the system is being brought into use
for the first time.
NOTE In the case of a LOLER-applicable PFPS, attention is given to The Lifting Operations and Lifting
Equipment Regulations 1998, Regulation 9(2) [3].
This documentation should be kept by the duty holder, with the equipment, for the life of the
installation and made available to those completing subsequent inspections.

Annex K (normative)
Test apparatus and procedures for trial and proof
load testing
COMMENTARY ON ANNEX K
This annex provides recommendations on trial and proof load testing using typical test apparatus
and procedures. Other test apparatus and procedures could be employed to carry out trial and
proof load tests.
K.1 General
The installer and/or inspector should follow any information supplied by the manufacturer on how
load testing is to be carried out.
NOTE 1 The manufacturer could specify that some elements and/or anchor devices are not to be load tested,
e.g. elements with a fall indicator, load-limiting anchor elements, where the base material could be weakened or
damaged (e.g. composite roof system, through-fixings in cavity walls).
The inspector should use propriety test apparatus, calibrated within the last 12 months.
Test apparatus should be designed and positioned such that reaction loads are applied outside any
cone of failure and at least 50 mm from the centre line of the structural anchor and, in the case of
masonry, the reaction load should be applied on different masonry units to those where the structural
anchor is installed (see Figure K.1).
Trial test loads should be applied for a minimum of 3 min, following any initial settling period,
without failure of the anchor device or structural anchor or cracking of the surrounding base
material, e.g. masonry units or mortar joints, in the case of masonry.
Proof test loads should be applied for a minimum of 60 s, following any initial settling period, without
failure or deflection or any signs of cracking or any other form of failure of the surrounding base
material, including mortar joints in the case of masonry.
There should be no damage to the base material and any coverings during testing, e.g. plastered
finish, roofing felt, caused by the test apparatus and its reaction forces, by using appropriate packers
or spreaders. Suitable precautions should be employed to prevent damage to people or property in
the event of a failure during the testing process.
NOTE 2 All structural anchors when loaded, either indirectly via the anchor point or directly, will exhibit the
phenomenon known as load relaxation caused by the dissipation of the stresses introduced into the base material by
the test load. This shows as a slight reduction in the load recorded on the test meter.
In order to be sure that such a reduction is only load relaxation and not failure of the fixing, the load
should be allowed to settle for a period of 30 s and then reapplied and observed for 60 s. If the load
continues to reduce on reapplication, the anchor system is failing and should be recorded as such.
Digital gauges may have a pass/fail feature which, if load relaxation occurs, could cause the test to be
recorded as a fail almost immediately; to avoid this, the following procedure should be followed:
a) apply the required proof test load for 30 s and allow load relaxation to take place; and
b) reapply the proof test load to no more than 5% above the required proof test load for 60 s.
If the measured proof test load is held at or above the required proof test load, the proof load test on
the structural anchor should be recorded as a pass.

If the measured proof test load drops below the required proof test load, the proof load test on the
structural anchor should be recorded as a fail.
Figure K.1 — Example of a test apparatus arrangement for load testing structural anchors and/or anchor systems
a) Example of reaction loads applied to adjacent masonry units
b) Example of reaction loads applied outside cone of failure

Key
1 Feet positioned to take reaction loads away from the structural anchor(s)
2 Anchor device
3 Test apparatus
4 Load spreading bridge
C Area of cone of failure
d 50 mm minimum
R Direction of reaction load(s)
T Direction of applied test load

Figure K.1 (continued)
NOTE 1 In the case of masonry units, position the feet on different masonry units to that where the structural
anchor is installed.
NOTE 2 Test apparatus are usually available with different fittings to test a variety of elements,
e.g. eyebolts, studs.
Test apparatus should be suitable for testing the anchor system.

NOTE 3 Examples of different types of test arrangements are shown in Figure K.2.
NOTE 4 An example of testing wire rope swage terminations is shown in Figure K.3.
Figure K.2 — Test apparatus arrangements for various anchor systems with test loads applied perpendicular to the
base material
a) Post-type anchor device
b) Paired anchor device

c) Structural anchor with projecting threaded stud
d) Cantilever socket
Key
1 Adjustable bridge 4 Threaded stud anchor
2 Clevis adaptor 5 Threaded stud adaptor
3 Packer for spreading the reaction loads on 6 Cantilever socket
soft coverings

Figure K.3 — Example of test apparatus arrangement for load testing wire rope swage terminations
Key
1 Swage fitting 2 Test meter
3 Wire rope 4 Swage
T Direction of applied test load R Direction of reaction load
K.2 Proof load testing of davit arms

COMMENTARY ON K.2
For information on calculation and application of proof test loads, see Annex E.
NOTE Examples of testing Davit arms are shown in Figure K.4.
Where appropriate, for the full range of movement of the davit arm (see Figure K.5) a static test load
should be either applied:
a) equivalent to the service load, directly to the end of the davit arm [see Figure K.4 a)];
b) using a test arm in uplift to replicate a load to the structural anchor(s) equivalent to the load
on the structural anchor(s) when the service load is applied to the end of the davit arm, e.g. if a
short test arm, a proportionately increased test load would be required [see Figure K.4 b)];
c) using a load-spreading bridge to the anchor point(s) on the davit base to replicate a load to the
structural anchors equivalent to the load on the structural anchor(s) when the service load is
applied to the end of the davit arm [see Figure K.4 c)]; or
d) using a test apparatus to test individual structural anchors to replicate the maximum load to
each individual structural anchor when the service load is applied to the end of the davit arm.

Figure K.4 — Example of test apparatus arrangement for load testing davit arms
a) Example using test mass and winch
b) Example using a test arm in the opposite direction

c) Example using a load-spreading bridge

Key
1 Davit arm 5 Thrust block
2 Test mass 6 David arms base/socket
3 Winch/test apparatus 7 Test spreader beam
4 Test arm T Direction of applied test load
R Direction of reaction load(s)

Figure K.5 — Example of testing davit arms in full range of movement – plan view
Key
1 Davit arm shown in positions of rotation
2 Davit arm base
TP1 Test position 1
TP2 Test position 2 at full range of movement

Bibliography
Standards publications
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
BS 6100‑1:2004, Building and civil engineering — Vocabulary — Part 1: General terms
BS 8560, Code of practice for the design of buildings incorporating safe work at height
BS EN 341:2011, Personal fall protection equipment — Descender devices for rescue
BS EN 353‑1:2017, Personal fall protection equipment — Guided type fall arresters including an anchor
line — Guided type fall arresters including a rigid anchor line
BS EN 353‑2:2002, Personal protective equipment against falls from a height — Part 2: Guided type fall
arresters including a flexible anchor line
BS EN 354:2010, Personal protective equipment against falls from a height — Lanyards
BS EN 355:2002, Personal protective equipment against falls from a height — Energy absorbers
BS EN 358:2018, Personal protective equipment for work positioning and prevention of falls from a
height — Belts and lanyards for work positioning and restraint
BS EN 360, Personal protective equipment against falls from a height — Retractable type fall arresters
BS EN 361:2002, Personal protective equipment against falls from a height — Full body harnesses
BS EN 362:2004, Personal protective equipment against falls from a height — Connectors
BS EN 363:2018, Personal protective equipment against falls from a height — Fall arrest systems
BS EN 365:2004, Personal protective equipment against falls from a height — General requirements for
instructions for use and for maintenance, periodic examination, repair, marking and packaging
BS ISO 6707‑1:2017, Buildings and civil engineering works — Vocabulary — Part 1: General terms
PD 6484:1979, Commentary on bimetallic corrosion and its alleviation
Other publications
[1] GREAT BRITAIN. The Work at Height Regulations 2005, SI 2005/735.
London: The Stationery Office.
[2] GREAT BRITAIN. The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM)
SI 2015/51. London: The Stationery Office.
[3] GREAT BRITAIN. The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER)
[4] GREAT BRITAIN. The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER)
[5] GREAT BRITAIN. The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 SI 1992/3004.
London: The Stationery Office.
[6] GREAT BRITAIN. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999
[7] HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE. Working At Height – A Brief Guide. INDG401. 2014.
[8] GREAT BRITAIN. The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 SI 1974/37. London: The
Stationery Office.

[9] INDUSTRIAL ROPE ACCESS TRADE ASSOCIATION. International Code of Practice for Industrial
Rope Access. 2014.
[10] HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE. Evidence-based review of the current guidance on first aid
measures for suspension trauma. HSE Research report RR708. 2009.
[11] COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. Council Directive 89/686/EEC of 21 December 1989 on
the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to personal protective equipment.
EEC OJ L 399, 30.12.1989, p. 18–38.
[12] COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. Regulation (EU) 2016/425 of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on personal protective equipment and repealing Council
Directive 89/686/EEC. OJ L 81, 31.3.2016, p. 51–98.
[13] HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE. Inspecting fall arrest equipment made from webbing or rope.
2002. INDG367. 2002.

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Type Application code Application use

© THE BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION 2019 – ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1

Type Application code Application use Load-limiting

Table 3 — Anchor devices in accordance with BS EN 795:2012 and PD CEN/TS 16415:2013

Type Application code Application use

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3 Terms and definitions

3.2 anchor point

[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.2, modified]

3.3 anchor systems

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Figure 1 — Examples of anchor systems

a) Type A anchor device installed into a base material

b) Type B anchor device installed on a structure

3.3.2 type A anchor system

[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.3.2]

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Figure 2 — Examples of type A non-load-limiting anchor systems

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Figure 3 — Examples of type A davit-type anchor systems

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Figure 4 — Example of a type A load-limiting anchor system

3.3.3 type B anchor system

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Figure 5 — Examples of type B anchor systems

a) Beam clamp b) Door frame/window opening anchor

e) Removable anchor device

3.3.4 type C anchor system

[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.3.3]

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Figure 6 — Example of a type C non-load-limiting anchor system

Figure 7 — Examples of type C load-limiting anchor systems

3.3.5 type D anchor system

NOTE 2 Examples of rigid anchor lines are tubes and rails.

[SOURCE: BS 8610:2017, 3.3.4]

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Figure 8 — Example of a type D anchor system

3.3.6 type E anchor device

[SOURCE: BS EN 795:2012, 3.2.5]

Figure 9 — Examples of type E anchor systems

a) Deadweight b) Water bag

3.4 anti-pendulum anchor device