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CEMENTING MATERIALS

LIME

One of the oldest

manufactured
CONCRETE AND building materials
used as a mortar
MASONRY Manufactured by the
and plaster by all the
early civilizations:
JENNY & JAY PEE FERAER, UAP calcination of
limestone (carbonates
of calcium and
magnesium).

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CEMENTING MATERIALS Limestone is abundant

CEMENTING MATERIALS
limestone mud throughout the world, including
LIME LIME
limestone, bonded by the Near East and the
• Egyptians used lime plaster before
geochemical reaction
• Greeks used it extensively for mortars Mediterranean. It has numerous
2600 B.C. and plasters applications as a building
material,

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CEMENTING MATERIALS
• Romans developed a mixture of lime putty and volcanic ash for the first real
LIME
cement.
To make the mortar, ancient Romans — and the modern research
team — started by heating limestone into quicklime, and then added
water and volcanic ash. The key ratio for this mixture is three parts
ash to one part lime.

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Its walls are made of large coral stones on the lower part and bricks at the
upper levels. The mortar used in the church includes sand
and lime with sugarcane juice boiled
with mango leaves, leather and rice straw. Its walls
suggests Javanese architectural styles.
Facade

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Malaysia’s Unichamp opens $24M lime plant in Palawan

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CEMENTING MATERIALS
GYPSUM

Gypsum, like lime, was used

as a plaster by the Egyptians,
Greeks and Romans.
“Plaster” from the Greek
word for both the raw
material and calcined
product. In architectural
terminology the words
“Plaster” and “gypsum” are
often used interchangeably.

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CEMENTING MATERIALS CEMENTING MATERIALS

Gypsum rock is ground fine
GYPSUM and heated (calcined) to GYPSUM
between 325 F. to 340 F.
when it loses about three-
fourths of its combined
water.
The remaining product is
Plaster of Paris if pure
gypsum is used,

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CEMENTING MATERIALS CEMENTING MATERIALS

GYPSUM GYPSUM
or hard wall plaster if 39.5 % impurities are present or added to retard the set Gypsum plaster is rendered more plastic by the
and improve the setting qualities. Hard wall plaster is harder than lime plaster, addition of hydrated lime.
sets more quickly and thoroughly.
Fiber or hair is also sometimes added for
greater cohesiveness. The fiber may be hemp,
sisal or jute; the hair is generally cleaned goat or
cattle hair.

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CEMENTING MATERIALS
CEMENTING MATERIALS
GYPSUM
CEMENT
First developed by the Romans by mixing slaked lime with pozzolana (volcanic
ash) which hardened under water.
With the fall of the Roman Empire the art of cement-making was lost and for
several centuries.

In 1756, Smeaton, an Englishman,

rediscovered hydraulic cement but it
was not until 1824 that Aspdin, an
English bricklayer and mason,
invented and patented Portland
cement.
Today, the word “cement” generally
refers to Portland cement which is the
principal type of cement in use.

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CEMENTING MATERIALS

CEMENT

Portland cement is obtained

by finely pulverizing clinker
produced by calcining a
proportioned mixture of
argillaceous (silica, alumina)
and calcareous (lime)
materials with iron oxide and
small amounts of other
ingredients.

Portland cement is sold in

bags of 40 kilos total weight.

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STORAGE OF CEMENT CONCRETE

Cement should be protected at DEFINITION

the building site from injury
Concrete is:
through contact with dampness.
• a proportioned mixture of cement, aggregate and water.
They should be stored in shed
• a plastic mass which can be cast, molded or formed into predetermined size
with a wood floor raised about
or shape
300mm (12”) from the
ground. • upon hydration, becomes stone-like in strength, hardness and durability. The
hardening of concrete is called setting.
Cement is soft and silky to the touch. If it has lumps that do not • when mixed with water and a fine aggregate of less than 6mm (¼“) is known as
readily break, the cement has already absorbed a damaging mortar, stucco or cement plaster.
amount of moisture.
• when mixed with water, fine aggregate and a large aggregate of more than
Cement should be used as soon as possible after delivery. 6mm (¼”) in size produces concrete.

Piles should be limited to twelve sacks in height. • when strengthened by embedded steel, is called reinforced concrete.
• when without reinforcement, is called plain or mass concrete.
Warehouse set - when the cement is stored in high piles for long
periods, there is a tendency for the lower layers to harden caused
by the pressure above.

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CONCRETE
QUALITIES OF GOOD CONCRETE
Concrete should be:
• Strong
• Durable
• of uniform quality, and
• thoroughly sound.
Each bag of cement is
equivalent to approximately 1
cu. ft. and weighs 94 lbs.
CONCRETE
MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
Aggregates are:
These are obtained through:
inert mineral fillers used with cement and water
in making concrete, should be particles that
• careful selection of are durable strong, clean, hard and uncoated,
materials and which are free from injurious amount of
• correct proportioning dusts, lumps, soft and flaky particles, shale,
alkali, organic matter loam or other deleterious
• thorough mixing substances.
• careful transporting and
placing • Fine aggregates (aggregates smaller than 6mm (¼”) in size)
• proper curing or consist of sand, stone screenings or other inert materials of
similar characteristics.
protection of the
concrete after it is placed Specs: 80 to 95% shall pass a No. 4 wire cloth sieve and
not more than 30% nor less than 10% shall pass a No. 50
sieve.

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CONCRETE CONCRETE

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE MATERIALS OF CONCRETE

Aggregates Aggregates

• Special aggregates, such as cinders, blast furnace slag, expanded shale or

• Coarse aggregate (aggregate larger than ¼” in size) consists of
clay, perlite, vermiculite, and sawdust, may produce:
crushed stones, gravel or other inert materials of similar
characteristics. - lightweight, nailable concrete
- thermal insulating concrete.

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CONCRETE CONCRETE

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE MATERIALS OF CONCRETE

Water Water

- should be free from oil, acid, alkali, vegetable matter, or other - The water-cement ratio is the amount of water used per bag of cement.
deleterious substances - This usually varies from 5 to 7 gallons, with 6.5 gallons as average for ordinary
- should be reasonably clear and clean. job conditions. The less water used in mixing, the better the quality of
concrete.
- The use of sea or brackish water is not allowed.
- The ideal mix is one that is plastic and workable. It should not be too dry that
- Water combines with the cement to form a paste which coats it becomes too difficult to place in the forms, nor too wet that separation of the
and surrounds the inert particles of aggregates. ingredients result.
- Upon hardening, it binds the entire mass together. WATER – CEMENT RATIO
Assumed 28-day Maximum water-cement ratio Pounds of water
- The strength of the mixture therefore depends directly upon the Compressive strength U.S. gallons of water per sack per 100 lbs. of
strength of the paste. If there be an excess of water the paste (lbs. per sq. inch) Cement of 94 lbs. cement
becomes thin and weak and its holding power is reduced. 2,000 7.00 62.0
2,500 6.50 57.5
3,000 5.75 51.0
3,750 5.00 44.5

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CONCRETE

SLUMP TEST

- used for measuring the consistency of a concrete mix.

- Consistency may be defined as the “state of fluidity of the mix”, and it
includes the entire range of fluidity from the wettest to the driest possible
mixtures.

In this test the tendency of a mix to “slump”, or reduce its height due to
gravity action, is measured. The apparatus consist of metal cone, the bottom
opening being 200mm (8”) in diameter, the top opening being 100mm (4”),
and the height exactly 300mm (12”).

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CONCRETE CONCRETE
SLUMP TEST
SLUMP TEST
In making the test, the slump tester is placed on a A harsh mix is efficient for slabs, pavements, or mass
flat, smooth surface and is filled with newly mixed SLUMP concrete where the lowest possible water-cement ratio is
concrete from mixer. In filling the mold with desirable.
concrete, the latter is tamped in with a 12mm (½”)
The following table gives the permissible slump for various
rod pointed at one end and the top of the concrete
types of concrete in relation to their uses:
is smoothed off exactly level. The mold is then
slowly raised vertically and the height deducted
from the original height of 300mm (12”) represents CONSISTENCY (SLUMP)
the slump. Maximum Minimum

Reinforced foundation walls and 125mm (5”) 50mm (2”)

footings
No Plain footings, caissons, and 100mm (4”) 25mm (1”)
SLUMP slump
Collapsed substructure walls
slump
Slabs, beams, thin reinforced walls & 150mm (6”) 75mm (3”)
building columns
Pavements and floor laid on ground 75mm (3”) 25mm (1”)
Heavy mass construction 75mm (3”) 25mm (1”)
Bucket TOO WET SUITABLE TOO DRY

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CONCRETE CONCRETE
1 foot
PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
a. Proportioning by arbitrary proportions Common mixes expressed in proportions by volumes of cement to fine
aggregate to coarse aggregate are as follows:
Proportioning concrete by
CONCRETE PROPORTIONS
the arbitrary selection of
the proportions is the Class “AA” 1 : 1.5 : 3 For concrete under water, retaining walls

oldest, the most Class “A” 1: 2 :4 For suspended slabs, beams, columns, arches,
commonly used, the most stairs, walls of 100mm (4”) thickness
convenient and the least Class “B” 1 : 2.5 : 5 For walls thicker than 100mm (4”), footings,
steps, reinforced concrete slabs on fill.
scientific method.
1 foot

Class “C” 1: 3 :6 For concrete plant boxes, and any non-critical

In this method, the concrete structures.
aggregates are measured Class “D” 1 : 3.5 : 7 For mass concrete works.
by loose volume, that is,
its volume as it is thrown The proportion is to be read:
1 foot
into a measuring box. Class A : 1 part cement is to 2 parts sand is to 4 parts gravel.

One sack of cement is taken as 1 cu. ft. Each ‘part’ is equivalent to one cubic foot which is the measure of the box
constructed to be 1 foot (12 inches) on each of the three sides.
Enough water is used to give the desired consistency. Each bag of cement is equivalent to approximately one cubic foot.

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CONCRETE CONCRETE
PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
MIXING OF CONCRETE
b. Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump test a. MACHINE MIXING

There are two steps to be observed: In machine-mixing, the mixing of each batch should continue not less than
one minute after all the materials are in the mixer and whenever practicable,
- Select the amount of water to be added to the cement the length of the mixing time should be increased to 1.5 or 2 minutes. The
to give the desired strength (see Table) entire contents of the drum should be discharged before recharging the
mixer. The mixer should be cleaned at frequent intervals while in use.
- Add just enough mixed aggregate to the water and
cement to give a concrete mix the desired consistency. Concrete mixers may be divided into two general classes:
It is customary to specify
Batch mixers -
- the cement in sacks
into which sufficient
- the water in gallons per sack of cement and
materials are placed at one
- the mixed aggregate in cu. ft. per sack of cement.
time to make a convenient
Proportions of cement to fine aggregate to coarse size batch of concrete, the
aggregate may be given if desired. whole amount being
discharged in one mass
after it is mixed.

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CONCRETE
MIXING OF CONCRETE
a. MACHINE MIXING
Continuous mixers -
into which the materials are fed
constantly and from which the
concrete is discharged in a
steady stream.

Concrete mixers may also be

classified as:

- drum mixers
- trough mixers
- gravity mixers, and
- pneumatic mixers.

The drum mixers are the most

common type.

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CONCRETE CONCRETE

MIXING OF CONCRETE TRANSPORTING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE

b. HAND MIXING • Fresh concrete should be transported from the

mixer as rapidly as practicable by methods that will
- hand-mixing must be done on permit the placing of the concrete in the forms
a water-tight platform. before initial set occurs and without loss or
- cement and fine aggregate separation of materials.
shall first be mixed dry until
the whole is a uniform color. • The delivery of the
- water and coarse aggregate concrete from the mixer
shall then be added and the to the forms should be
entire mass turned at least fairly continuous and
three times, or until a uninterrupted.
homogeneous mixture of the • The time of
required consistency is transportation should
obtained. not exceed 30 minutes.

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CONCRETE CONCRETE

TRANSPORTING AND PLACING OF

TRANSPORTING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE
CONCRETE
• The concrete may be transported by means of barrows, • Before placing concrete, the
buggies, buckets, cableways, hoists, chutes, belts and forms shall be cleaned and
pipes. inspected, surfaces wetted or
• When chutes are used, the slope should not be more than 1 oiled, and reinforcement
vertical to 2 horizontal or less than 1 vertical to 3 horizontal. properly secured.
The delivery end of the chutes shall be as close as possible • Concrete should be deposited in
to the point of deposit. approximately horizontal layers
in wall, column and footing
forms. They should not be piled
up in the forms which may result
in the separation of the cement
mortar from the coarse
aggregate.
• Concrete should never be
allowed to drop freely over 5 ft.
for unexposed work and over 3
ft. for exposed work.

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CONCRETE

CURING OF CONCRETE

• Concrete must be allowed to “cure” or harden after it is placed.

• Hardening is a rather slow process in which the cement and water unite to
form compounds that give strength and durability to the concrete. It
continues as long as the temperatures are favorable and moisture is
present.
• Three main factors that affect hardening are:

- age or time
- temperature, and
- moisture.

PUMPCRETE

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CONCRETE
CONCRETE
CURING OF CONCRETE CURING OF CONCRETE

• In order that the hardening may proceed favorably, the fresh concrete, for about 7 • The increase in strength is rapid during the early ages and
days after placing, should be protected from excessive vibration, loads, extreme continues more slowly as time goes on. The compressive
heat or cold, too rapid drying, and contact with impurities which may interfere with strength reaches about 60% of its own maximum value at an age
the chemical action. of 28 days and about 80% at an age of 3 months.

• The strength of the concrete increases with age when the curing conditions
remain favorable.

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CONCRETE CONCRETE

CURING OF CONCRETE CURING OF CONCRETE

Curing consists primarily in keeping the concrete from drying out too rapidly.
This may be done by:

a. Covering the concrete. Floors shall be covered with

paper sacking wetted down at the edges or with burlap,
sand or earth that is kept moist, after the concrete is
hard enough to walk on.
b. Removal of forms at prescribed time. Forms shall not
be removed until after the time specified.
c. Sprinkling with water. Beams, columns and walls are
sprinkled or sprayed with water as soon as the forms are
removed.
d. Using curing compounds (see ADMIXTURES).

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CONCRETE CONCRETE

CURING OF CONCRETE ADMIXTURES

Concrete admixtures include:
a. Accelerators - to speed up setting time, to develop earlier
strength, and to reduce length of time for protection. Principal
ingredients are calcium chloride. Maximum amount added is 2 lbs.
per bag of cement.
Disadvantages: they increase the expansion and contraction of
concrete, reduce resistance to sulfate attack, and increases
efflorescence and corrosion of high tension steels.
b. Retarders - to slow down the hydration of the cement during very
hot weather. Principal ingredients include zinc oxide, calcium
lignosulfonate, derivatives of adipic acid.
Disadvantages: may cause some loss of early strength and will
therefore require careful control and more frequent slump tests,
also reduces the expansion and contraction of concrete.

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STAMPED CONCRETE
CONCRETE PAVERS

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BRICK MASONRY
Brick is the most popular
form of masonry requested
today. Bricks are known to
be durable and good
looking, lasting many
generations and still
remaining in style. Bricks
also come in a wide variety,
from more traditional
blocks to modern textures
and colors.
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CONCRETE MASONRY
Concrete is laid
similarly to brick, with
one cinderblock
being pressed atop
the other in a
staggered formation.
Since concrete blocks
are much larger than
bricks, it takes far less
time to lay them.
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MORTAR
Mortar is a mixture of sand and cements that is most often
used to build brick or block walls
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STONE MASONRY
Two types of stones can be
used to create stone
masonry, either dressed or
undressed. Dressed stone is
going to come in more fluid
sizes and patterns.
Undressed stone, also
known as rough stone, is
laid as ‘rubble masonry,’
which provides a less clean
look
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BRUTALIST ARCHITECTURE

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Church of the Holy Sacrifice, UP Diliman

Church of Saint Andrew, Bel-Air Village, Makati

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Solomon R. Guggenheim
Museum

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