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语法笔记

Structure and written expression


(主讲人:王海波)
Jim 2003-7-30

概述

共 40 道题,25 分钟—— 填空:15 道题; 改错:25 道题

structure: 考句子的结构(句法);written expression: 词法

规律:
1. 插入语永远对。
2. 情态动词永远对。
3. first: The first sb. to do sth. ——first 在改错里永远对
waters: water 可当”水域”解。永远对
self:自我。Self 划线永远错
4. 虚拟语气不重要。
5. 搭配词对。another & other 区别:another 后面跟单数名词;other 后面跟复数名词

填空题解题方法:
(1)先找句子的分段点,即连词、介词、分词和标点符号,将句子分为几段,选择要看的那部分句子,
即只关注空格所在的那部分句子。
复合句:Because+句子,句子。When+句子,句子。
并列句:(1)句子;句子。(2)句子,and/or/but/then 句。
步骤实质:将复合句或并列句简化为简单句
(2)简化句子
简化原则:
1.副词、冠词、数词——随时划掉
2.作定语(即修饰名词)的形容词或者分词短语——划掉
3.位于句首或句尾作状语的分词短语——划掉
4.与空格无关的句子——划掉
5.介词短语(主句句首除外),即 prep.+ n.——划掉
步骤实质:进一步简化句子,找到句子的主干即主谓
【句法(三种):复合句=主句+从句;并列句=分句+分句;简单句=主语+谓语
任何句子都归结为简单句,而简单句都归结为主谓,因此抓住主谓即可。】
(3)分析句子结构,判断空格种所缺句子成分。
快捷方式:可直接套用固定句型或固定结构
(4)对四个选项进行区分,结合句意和语感确定答案。

总结:
(1)把句子变为简单句 (2)简化句子 (3)根据依据确定答案

【题形分布:95 年 1 月
简单句:(1)(2)(15)
1
主从句:状语从句(3)(5)(7)(10) ;定语从句(6)(9)(12)
结构: 倒装结构(8);平行结构(4)(13);同位语结构(11)(14)a.主语同位 b.宾语同
位】

改错题做题要点:
(1) 语法与句意并重
(2) 先找句子主干,看句子结构,然后一边看句意,一边看语法知识点正确与否。
(3) 熟悉各种错误类型,对特殊词形成特殊反应;正确取决你对题目的敏感程度和熟练程度。
(4) 选项 A、B、C、D 一定要看全,避免落入考题的陷阱或犯不必要的错误,在四个选项中选一个最
明显的错误,最好有明确的理由。

填空部分
一、插入语结构:完整的定语从句、名词、形容词短语和分词短语。

二、主句专一结构:任何句子只有一个主句;句子间必须有连词连接。

三、谓语专一结构:任何句子只有一个谓语;谓语之间必须有连词连接。

四、平行结构:
1.A and B; 2.A or B; 3. A,B and C(or C)各个元素必须一致
标准的平行结构: 句子,句子。(错误) 句子,句子,and 句子。
谓语专一结构:主语谓语,谓语。(错误) 主语谓语,谓语,and 谓语(平行结构)
不定式的平行问题:to do,to do,and to do.

五、宾语从句结构
以下及物动词后第一反应为宾语从句,即 S+ V.+ that+句子,第一反应找 that。
indicate, state, demonstrate, find, estimate, show, hold, insist, say, tell, believe,
think, learn, mean, know.
但须注意下列及物动词后 that 可以省略:
believe, think, suppose, presume, say, see, know, hear, propose, understand,
be told.

六、WHAT 结构(重点)
1)What=all that=the things that (things 不定代词,由句意决定)。可以做两个成分,既
是主句的宾语,也是从句的主语
eg: During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe whose
territory became what is now Indiana and Ohio.
2)What 在前后句中必须同时都做成分
3)N.+what 一定错。What 自带先行词; prep.+what+SVO 一定错,改为 which
4)what is now 一定对,插入语,可有可无。
5)引导的句子等于一个名词,可以自由地做介词或动词地宾语。What+谓语
6)What 考题 90%以上的出题方式:a) prep. (what) v. ; b) vt. (what) v.
7)what little=the little that, what few=the few that
what little fossil ivory remains comes from Africa.

七、prep+which 结构
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Prep+which: which 后一定是完整句
句子+prep+which+句子: 句子___句子,优先选 prep+which

八、in that 结构(that 前一般不加介词,但一旦出现就是答案)


in that=because 引导原因状语从句,不位于句首,只位于句中。
句子___句子,优先选择 prep+which/in that

九、同位语结构
句子成份:系动成份、主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语和同位语
同位语:主语同位语和宾语同位语(都是名词)
同位语作用:说明主语或宾语的某一方面的属性或内容。
主语同位语的三种位置:
1).主同,主谓宾。 N,SVO。
做题技巧:句首逗号前的孤立名词即为主语同位语,根据主同去确定主语。
2).主语,同位语,谓语+宾语。即 S,N ,VO.
3).主同 主谓宾(没有逗号)
The teacher Franklin has taught TOEFL for two years
宾语同位语的两种位置:
1).主语+谓语+宾语,宾语同位语。 SVO, N.
2).主语+谓语+宾语+宾语同位语。 SVO, N.

十、形容词的并列结构
adj. +adj. +n: 形容词间由明确的先后顺序,形容词间不并列
eg: an old red car(对);a red old car(错)
几个形容词由逗号连接,同时修饰同一个名词,形容词间无明确的先后顺序,形容词间并列。
eg: an old, red car = a red, old car.
eg: The grape is the smooth-skinned, juicy fruit of a woody vine.
( 技巧:只要有合成形容词(带横杠的词)就是答案。)

十一、比较结构
Franklin plays tennis better than ___ .
(A) LQX 省略性 (B)LQX does 对称性 (C)does LQX 倒装性 —— 都对
要求:
1. 比较结构中,比较对象应对等.
比较结构中,优先选择 that, those, the one,而不选择 it, them。因为 that, those, the
one
为泛指,而 it, them 为特指。
2. 比较结构中,相同的谓语结构可以省略,尤其是 be 动词。
He is taller than I. = he is taller than I am.
3. 倒装性
比较结构中,than 后可以倒装,也可以不倒装。
eg: Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than does eastern Nebraska.

十二、定语从句的省略结构:省略连词
1. 在定语从句中,”主+系”经常可以同时省略,即 that+be, which+be, who+be 可同时省略
难题常常与 which+be 的省略相关。
eg: Indigo is a vat color , ---- called because it does not dissolve in water . D
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(A)which it
(B) it is
(C) but
(D) so (so called 所谓的; so=which is so)
2. 定语从句的特殊省略
(1) the way (in which) +句子
(2) the time (when, that) +句子
eg: I do remember the first time I ever heard the sweetest voice in the
world.
By the time + 句子(完成时态)
(3) the reason (why, that) +句子
3. 定语从句中,如果 that 或 which 在从句中作宾语,那么可以省略.
n. +that/which +s +vt.  n. +s +vt.
n.1 +n.2 +vt. 两个名词连不上 : 读题时若发现 n.1 与 n.2 连不上,那么中间一定省略
that,且在及物动词后面作宾语。

十三、状语从句的省略结构
状语从句一般情况下在引导词后面是完整句。
Because+完整句,句子。 ——原因状语从句。
If+句子,句子。 ——条件状语从句。
1. 省略条件:
a) 特定的状语从句引导词:although, though, even though, if, when, while, as
b) 从句为主系表结构
c) 从句主语与主句主语一致
eg: Although+主系表,主谓宾。
2. 省略方式:
同时省略 主+系: 连词+(主+系)+adj./ 分词[名词一般为错],SVO.
Although + 主系表,SVO  Although + 表语,SVO.
eg: All marble is composed of crystals of the minerals calcite or dolomite, ----,
are perfectly white. D
(A) when, pure which
(B) when, which pure
(C) which, pure when
(D) which, when pure

十四、doing 结构
1) Starving troops has/have to surrender. 现在分词:主语为 troops;动名词:主语为
starving
现在分词作定语相当于形容词,现在分词与名词间为修饰关系,因此中心词为名词,现在分词在
句中通常译为”… 的”。
2) Transforming raw materials into useful products is/are called manufacturing.
动名词,是具有动词特征的名词;作为名词,动名词可以在句中作主语或宾语;又因为具有动词
特征,其后可以接名词作逻辑宾语;动名词与名词间为动宾关系,中心词为动名词,因此谓语为单数。
动名词在句子中通常译为”… 的行为”。
eg: ----wooden buildings helps to protect them from damage due to weather.
(A) Painting
(B) Painted (过去分词相当于形容词)
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(C) The paint
(D) By painting
做题技巧:___ +复数名词+单数谓语。空格处缺少单数主语成分:doing;复数名词做
doing 的逻辑宾语;doing 做主语,谓语单数,复合主谓一致原则。

十五、make 结构
make+宾语(n./代词)+宾语补足语(n./adj.)
1)make+ n.1/代词+n.2 eg: make him president
2)make+ n./代词+adj. eg: make the animal unique, make it different
3)make it(形式宾语) possible to do(真正宾语); make it possible that +句子
4)make sth. possible 其中 sth.为短宾语
make possible sth. 其中 sth.为长宾语,即长宾语后置
eg: X-rays are able to pass through objects and thus make----details that are
otherwise impossible to observe . C
(A) it visible
(B) visibly
(C) visible
(D) they are visible

十六、the more… , the more 结构


标准形式:The more S+V. ,the more S+V.
1) 省略性 结构中相同的谓语可以省略,尤其是 be 动词经常省略。
2) 对称性 结构中的名词前必须有限定词
The more the +n. ,the more the +n. (或其他限定词) ——有这种结构即为答案
eg: The stronger the magnet, the greater the number of lines of magnetic
force.
3) 倒装性: the more…, the more… 是复合句: 前面是条件状语从句,后面是主句。
The more S +v.(条件状语从句) , the more v. + S (主句). 只有第二个 the more 可倒装。
eg: The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a
runner, ----to the body. D
(A) the stress it is greater
(B) greater is the stress
(C) greater stress is
(D) the greater the stress

十七、表结果的伴随状语结构
SVO, doing… .
SVO, thus/thereby(表结果的 adv.因此)+doing. Thus 后不一定接 doing,

十八、形容词短语作后置定语结构
形容词短语(adj.+prep.+n.2)作后置定语修饰 n.1 相当语定语从句的省略,即 n.1+(which+
be)+adj.+prep.+n.2; n.1+(-er+than+n.2)

十九、形容词最高级的省略结构
the +adj.最高级+n 单+of+n 复——单数名词必须省略,即:the+adj.最高级+of+n 复词
*. The most elaborate (one/bird nest) of all bird nests
*. The most difficult (gases) of all gases to liquefy
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*. The tallest of (one/birds) the wading birds
the+___+of 答案有两个:n./adj. / the+ adv.+ of 错误
Cows (are said) (to be) the least (intelligently)错误 of (domestic) animals.
the+ v.+ of: 错误 eg: the maintain of  the maintenance of
the+ adj.+ of: the useful/restful of 错误 the rich of 正确 the rich 指一类人
the+分词+of: 错误 the displayed of  the display of
另:a(an)+n./doing+ of 只能是名词或者是动名词

二十、不规则动词的过去式作谓语结构
(1) she set … she sets?
(2) it spread … it spreads?
(3) it cost … it costs?
注意:考试中 s 不能乱加。

二十一、规则动词的过去分词作后置定语结构
Automatons programmed to perform a given task lack the flexibility and adaptability
of human beings.
名词-ed 谓语还是非谓语
区分过去式和过去分词: (以 called 为例)
1)we called him Bush. 过去式、主动、谓语
2)he was called Bush 过去分词、被动、谓语的一部分
3)a boy called Bush 过去分词、被动、后置定语(没有被动词,没有被动词即后置定语,有
被动词就是谓语)
名词-ed 总结
1)先从逻辑上判断 n .和-ed 的主动被动关系
——主动则是谓语、过去式
——被动则是非谓语、过去分词
2)如果为主动,则为过去式,为谓语;如果为被动,则为过去分词
——有 be 动词则为谓语,无 be 动词则为后置定语

二十二、逻辑主语结构
1. Doing … , SVO.
2. Done … , SVO.
状语:作状语的分词短语的逻辑短语与句子主语一致,否则:n.1+doing, n.2+v.
位于句首的分词:1.逻辑主语 2.主被动的问题:句子主语与 doing 间为主动关系,句子主
语与 done 间为被动关系。
3. 作状语的分词短语前可以接状语从句引导词,如:Although + doing, SVO.
现在分词前可加:when, while, although, though, (after, before, as if, whether…
or, even though)
过去分词前可加:when, while, although, though, as, if, even though, (unless)
eg: When traveling in New York, Tom net many interesting people.
4. 不定式也有逻辑主语结构,可以与句子主语一致,也可以不一致。
eg: To make stereo effects, two recording are madding the same performances.
=To make stereo effects, musicians made the two recording the same
performances.
5. 不定式前不加状语从句引导词
when to do, SVO/ SVO+ when to do.(错) when to do 只可作主语/宾语,不可作状语。
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解题技巧:在填空题中,when to be/when to do 不选。

二十三、宾语补足语:补充说明句子让句子完整
eg: a) We appointed him b)We appointed him + LJZ(垃圾长)
c)He was appointed + LJZ
某些及物动词接宾语后句意不完整,必须加一个名词和形容词去补充说明,所加的名词或形容词
即为宾语补足语。
常考的接宾语补足语的及物动词为:call, name, make, consider, appoint, elect.
consider: 主动 主+consider+n1.+(to be)+adj./n2 (优先选择)
被动 n1+be+considered+(to be)+adj./n2 (consider 和 as 无关)
name: 主语 sth/sb. name sb. sth.
被动 sb be named sth.
elect: 主动 主+elect+ sb.+职务
被动 sb+ be elected+职务/+to+机构/+to+ the office of+结构

【W.C.和 W.S.的区别:W.C.就是 Washington, D.C. ; W.S.就是 Washington State】

宾语后置的两个单词:make, bring. (后置原因:宾语过长)


make 的用法:
make sth. Possible 宾语后置(后置原因:宾语过长)
make possible sth. 使 … 成为可能
make it possible to do/that+句子 it 是形式宾语,后必须有真宾语。
bring 的用法:
bring sth. to light 宾语后置(后置原因:宾语过长):使…看得见
bring to light sth.

二十四、it 结构
eg:it is a book. 错误 ; They have three books. 错误
(it, they 指代不明,不可作主语位于句首)
it 作主语只有两中情况:(I)形式主语/形式宾语(II)强调句型

1. 强调句型的基本形式:
it is/was + 被强调部分+that/who+其他部分
被强调部分+其余部分=一个完整句
强调主语时注意主谓一致
强调句型:
1. 可以强调主语、宾语、状语,不可强调谓语和定语
2. 强调人用 that 或 who 均可,其余只可用 that.
3. 当后面句子为过去时态时,用 was; 其余用 is.
做题技巧:___ that/who … 优先选择 it is/was+被强调部分
做题技巧:___ +n. 优先选择 there be, 不选 it is/they are.(指代不明)
2. 形式主语/形式宾语
形式主语:it +be+ adj./分词+to do sth.
eg: It is easy to pass the TOEFL test. It was one’s believe that…
形式宾语:S+ vt.+ it+ adj./分词+to do sth. S+ vt.+ it+ adj./分词+that+完整句
eg:S+ make+ it+ possible+ to do sth./that+完整句.

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二十五、which 引导定语从句的三种情形
1) which 指代主句中的名词或代词,在从句中做主语或宾语。但 which 并不一定指代最近的名词,
要看后面的动词。
2) 介词+which:which 作介词的宾语,指代前面的某个名词或代词,后面时完整句。
介词+which 作从句的状语;
介词+which+to do 可以作后置定语修饰名词,完全等价于定语从句。
eg: The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which to build its
home.=The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which it
builds its home. (it =beaver 当主句主语和从句主语一致时,可用不定式代替从句。)
I don’t know how I can solve the problem. =I don’t know how to solve the
problem.
3) 句子,名词 of+ which+谓语、宾语。区别:有逗号;句子和 of 之间有名词。
[对于某个东西的部分进行解释]
which 指代主句中的宾语,作 of 的宾语,而 of+which 作从句的定语修饰主语,主语是名词/
数词,而后面的谓语和宾语是谓语。
eg: In blank verse----of ten syllables, five of which are accented. C
(A) line consists of each
(B) consists of each line
(C) each line consists
(D) it consists of each line

二十六、倒装结构
总原则:a.只有主句才可倒装; b.答案的首字母为助动词或系动词
考点:
1).否定副词位于句首,引起倒装。只考两个:not until, not only.
Not until(介词)+时间+主谓倒装;Not until(连词)+句子(正常语序)+主谓倒装
2).Only+状语位于句首,引起倒装。即:only+状语从句;only+ prep.+ n.;only+ adv.
只有 only 不一定倒装.
3).形容词短语/分词短语位于句首,引起倒装。形容词短语作后置定语。
Adj.+ prep.+n.位于句首,只可作表语。(只考两个:typical of+ n. ; characteristical of
n.)
分词短语位于句首, 分词+prep.+ n.
eg: coinciding with the periods +was+主语=主语 was coinciding with the periods
4).so 位于句首引起倒装(so … that)
一般用法:主语+ be+ so+ adj.+ that+ 句子
考点:so+ adj.+ be+ 主语+ that+ 句子
5).表地点和范围的介词短语位于句首(时间不行),且谓语动词为系动词,引起倒装。
(lie 是系动词;倒装句的答案中一般不要出现 there,因为 there be 本身就是倒装)
倒装原因:主语同位语过长。
句子结构:主、系、表 主语同位语(主语同位语过长)
常考介词:at, in, among, between, beneath
常考系动词:be, lie, exist, rest, remain (尤其是前三个)
6).在比较结构中,than 后可以倒装也可以不倒装

二十七、双谓语结构
___ +谓语 1+谓语 2. 两个谓语没有连词连在一起。
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谓 1 和谓 2 分属于两个句子,即:一个从句,一个主句。谓 1 是从句谓语,谓 2 是主句谓语。
1). 第一反应为主语从句(此答案占 90%以上)
主从引导词+主从主语+谓语 1+谓语 2
2). doing+宾从引导词+宾从主语+谓语 1+谓语 2
 doing+(宾从引导词+宾从主语+谓语 1)+谓语 2
3). n.+ of+ what 谓语 1+… +谓语 2.
what 引导句子,作介词 of 的宾语,前面的 n.是主语,后边是宾语从句。

二十八、双宾语结构:主要是指一些特殊的谓语动词。
1) gain, win, earn sth. gain sb. sth. / sth. win sb. sth./ sth. earn sb. sth.
eg: His researches won him many prizes.
2) give, grant(赋予) give sb. sth. /sth. give sth. sth. sb./sth. grant sb./sth. sth.
3) persuade, tell tell sb. sth./ sb. tell sb. that+句子 /sb. persuade sb. that +句子
/ persuade sb. to do
4) 在宾语补足语结构中:谓语动词+n.1+n.2
call, make, consider, name, appoint, elect 不是属于双宾语, 是宾语补足语的动词

二十九、三句子结构: 句子,句子,句子。
1. 必须有两个连词: 一个主句,两个从句
2. 两个连词可以在一起
句子,but when+句子,句子。 句子,but(when+句子,句子)
简单句,并列连词 复合句
*做题技巧:将有连词的句子划掉即可。

eg1: ____bacteria in foods are killed , as they are during baking or stewing ,
decay is slow down . C
(A)what 是连词(引导主语、表语、宾语、同位语)
(B) The 不是连词
(C) If 是连词(条件状语从句)
(D) So 是连词(除了倒装,不能位于句首)

eg2: Sturgeons are prized for their blackish roe , ___ when salted and served as
an appetizer (省略 it is,七个连词 although, when, while, if, even, though, as) is
called caviar . A
(A) which
(B) such
(C) therefore
(D) while

三十、such… as 结构
such … as 的用法:such+复数名词+as+例子(极少有单数名词); 复数名词+such as+例子

三十一、定语从句结构
做题技巧:若空格前是一个完整句, 空格前最后一个字母为名词, 则空格中答案 90%为定语从句。

改错部分
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改错的出题方向; 熟悉各种错误类型

一、名词
(一)名词作定语的单复数问题
1. 名词作定语,即名词修饰名词。
要求: n1 修饰 n2 时,n1 必须是单数,n2 没有要求。
eg: employment agencies; tree trunks; sentence form; tomato crop
例外: a greetings card, a savings bank, a communications satellite, a sports car,
sports car, a sales girl, a systems engineering.
2. man 或 woman 作定语时,其单复数应随所修饰的名词变。
a woman boxer  women boxers; women nurses;
3. 表示某一学科的教授、学生或教科书等与教学相关的名词时,应用学科名本身去修饰名词。
the highest science award; a biology textbook; a mathematics professor;
a physics student;
(二)名词的单复数与限定词的关系
1.many 与 much
many+复数可数 n. ; much+不可数 n.
many 可以是代词: by many/many are
2.some 与 any
some 与 any 二者都可加单/复数,二者都可加可数和不可数
some kind (某一种);some kinds(一些种);some money, some time
some of, any of, any of the books(some/any 都可作代词)
【总结: little, a little, few, a few, many, much, some, any 都可作代词】
eg: For thousands of years, people (have used) (some kind) of refrigeration
cool beverages and preserve (edibles) .
3.否定: few/ little ; 肯定: a few/ a little
a few/few+复数名词(即 ns); a little/ little + 不可数 n
eg: little equipment; too little extent(程度)
a few/few/a little/little 都可作代词
eg: a few of the boys
4.every 与 each
every 强调的是整体,each 强调的是个体,后面跟单数可数名词
eg: each main styles (错误,styles 去掉 s)
each ten boys (正确,each 修饰 ten)
every four years
5.数词
several, five/three
twelve years, five aircraft, several settings (several 后面的词一定加 s)
6.one of +复可. eg: one of the philosophers(看到 one of, 就往后找复数名词)
among +复可. eg: among the schools
7.first/only/single 三个即可加单数又可加复数
the first school 第一所学校 the first schools 第一批学校
single:a single+单数名词
no single+单数名词(复数不常见,two single rooms 两个单人间)
the only friend , the only friends
8.数量词 (hundred, thousand, million, billion)
区分数词和量词:five thousand, thousands of
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数词+量词+复数名词
量词 s+of+复数名词
hundred million books.(hundred 数词,million 量词)
9.another 与 other
another+ 单 数 可 数 名 词 ( 可 以 间 接 加 复 数 名 词 , another two boys 类 似 于 each ten
boys)
other+复数 【other part 除外】; any other+单可
考试中 another other 互改
10.a number of + 复数名词+ 复数谓语
the number of + 复数名词+ 单数谓语
(三)重要的名词。
1.常考的不可数名词:
equipment, information, wealth, evidence, news, poetry, machinery, research,
advice, weather, pressure, extent, foliage, furniture, merchandise, photography,
advertising, (advertisement 可数)
其他: A:流体 air, smoke, coffee, oil
B:自然现象 weather, light, darkness, thunder, sunlight
(a heavy rain, rain drop 可数)
C:微粒 salt, rice, powder, sugar
D:抽象名词 intelligence(情报), evidence, wisdom, advice
E:学科 economics, statistics, politics, mathematics.
【statistics:统计学学科(不可数);统计数据(复数)】
F:医学疾病 measles 麻疹, mumps 腮腺炎, diabetes 糖尿病
G:总称名词 poetry, machinery, weaponry, scenery
2.常考的可数名词
discovery, cloud, mineral, metal, material, substance, population,
effort(make
great efforts to do), animal, plant, mammal, insect, tree, herb(香草), shrub(灌木),

element, function, feature, picture, result, clue(线索), star, reason, audience,


device, structure, human, human being(不加 s 泛指人类;加 s 指许多人),system,
fashion, resource, source, origin, pioneer, automobile, purpose, style, response,
number, amount, variety, quantity, type, emotion, influence
3.常见的不规则单复数:
man/men, woman/women, tooth/teeth, foot/feet(指步兵是复数不变), goose/geese,
analysis/analyses, crisis/crises, hypothesis/hypotheses, axis/axes, alga/algae,
larva/larvae, fungus/fungi, stimulus/stimuli, datum/data, bacterium/bacteria,
medium/media, spectrum/spectra, mouse/mice, child/children, basis/bases,
phenomenon/phenomena
4.常见的单复数同形的名词
sheep, aircraft, spacecraft, series, species( 品 种 ), means, deer, starfish, fish/
fish, fishes【salmon, trout, carp,(鱼类在考试中通常是复数)】,
5.单形与复形意义有差异的名词
air-airs(气派), sky-skies(气候), water-waters(水域,考题中永不错),
good(好处、利益)-goods(货物), part-parts(部分,才能),
mean(中庸)-means(手段,财富), arm-arms(武器),
custom-customs(习俗,海关), letter(字母)-letters(文学),
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spectacle(光景)-spectacles(眼睛), force(力量)-forces(武装部队)
6.即可数又不可数的名词(很多)
room(空间)-rooms(房间)
work(工作,作品)-works(工厂、工程、工事、著作)
time(时间)-times(倍数、次数、时代)
paper(纸)-papers(报告、文件)
area(面积)-areas(区域、领域)
collection(由不同种收藏品组成的集子)-collections(由同种收藏品组成的集子)
life:生命 the meaning of life(不可数)、their lives(可数)
rock(砂岩不可数,块岩可数)
【当不可数名词与”种类”相关时可转化为可数名词
newspaper: eighteen pieces of newspaper 十八张报
eighteen newspapers 十八种报纸
food: 食物, foods 各种各样食物
art: 泛指艺术不可数,指一种或各种艺术(艺术形式)可数。
study: 泛指研究不可数,具题就可数】
即可数又不可数名词的判断标准:
a.有无数的概念
the meaning of life(能否说是 1 个/2 个生命的意义)
in art(能否说在 1 个/2 个艺术中)
b.是抽象还是具体
life 具体指生命是可数的,抽象就不可数。
study 泛指研究就不可数,具体就可数。

二、冠词
(一)不定冠词(只要有 a, an 划线,80%错)
1.a/an 的混用 (a/an 的区别在于发音而非字母:发元音用 an,发辅音用 a)
an honest/undergraduate/understanding/herb/hour/oyster
a unique/university/unit/yawn
2.a 与复数名词的混用
a/an+(adj.)+n.s  the+(adj.)+n.s
a/an+(adj.)+n.s  a +(adj.)+n.
an outstanding students  the outstanding students/an outstanding student
3.不定冠词的遗漏
1) 固定短语中 a 的遗漏
a series of/ a set of/ a piece of/ a group of
a wide range of/ a variety of/ a collection of/ a wealth of/(大量的,许多的)
eg: something consists of core group of boys.
 something consists of a core group of boys.
2) 强调可数名词的单数概念,且名词前无其他限定词,应该使用不定冠词修辞名词。
eg: The hardness of mineral often gives a clue to its identity.
of mineral  of a mineral
【限定词:指示代词,人称代词,不定代词,冠词,所有格】
*换句话说,单数可数名词前必须有限定词, 复数可有可无.
规律:
1. prep.+单数可数名词 (错)
the hardness of mineral  the hardness of a mineral
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the manufacture of automobile  the manufacture of automobiles
2. v.+单数可数名词 (错)
operated sewing machine  operated sewing machines
form grid  form a grid/form grids
cover area of  cover an area of
例外:
1.part of = a part of *part 永远不错
each category of shoe = each category of shoes
2.表”种类”的名词后所接名词可单独使用:a kind of, a sort of, a type of
eg: each category of shoe = each category of shoes; a kind of car
3.固定词组中的单数可数名词例外:in honor of, in danger of
4.in+单词名词,可以表示在某一方面,某一行业,或者某一领域
in color, in shape, in size, in stage(on stage 在舞台上), in medical science
all cells differ widely in function.(function 可数 n,在此是不可数 n, ”功能方
面”)
5.表示身份、职称、亲属的名词可单独使用 chief/founder/president
(二)定冠词
1.表示”独一无二”,要加 the.
the Great Lakes(五大湖), the Sun, the Moon, the (our’s) Earth.
【Venus 等其他星球不加 the】
2.序数词作定语修饰名词时,前面必须加 the。(不作定语,不一定加 the)
1)Utah ranks first among … rank first among 是一个词组。
2)A is second only to B A be second only to B 词组:A 仅次于 B.
考点: 年代:in nineteenth century 改为:in the nineteenth century.
排序:the four constitution 改为:the fourth constitution.
3.形容词最高级做前置定语修饰名词,前面要加 the.
陷阱: most 的最高级用法一定不加 the,只有作前置定语时,必须加 the;
别的成分作前置定语修饰名词,前面不加 the.
Eg: Pandas are most plentiful in China.
Proteins form (the most) of the (structure of) the (body) and also (act as)
enzymes.
4.表示开始与结束时,必须加 the.
the beginning(s), the end, the beginning of sth.(特指)
5.河流、海洋、湖泊前必须加 the
winds from the Atlantic Ocean. the Pacific Ocean 太平洋
6.城市名、州名、国家名前不加 the
in Beijing, in the city of Beijing, 但 the United States 对
例外:当一个国家名称以联合名词表达时例外,它本身固定。
A united States’ delegate 对的(united States’ 是 adj.)
7. nature: 1)在自然界,in nature 不加 the.
2)… of nature,不加 the:本质上,发自内心的。faith of nature 发自内心的信仰
8.在历史上:history: 1)泛指”历史上” in history [美音: /’histri/]
2)特指某种历史 in the history of New Oriental school
9.学科,气体,元素前不加 the. eg: the iron 错; the metal iron 对
10.表示”人体”,the human body; 表示”普通人”,the average/ common person
11.most 的用法:
1)adj. 大多数的 most+ n.(泛指) most mammals:不加 the
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2) pron. 大多数 most of +n.(特指:单复数均可), 不加 the eg: most of the mammals
3)adv,修饰 adv.或 adj., 表最高级, 加 the
4)adv. 极其, 非常 a most beautiful girl, 不加 the
5) most 与 mostly 的区别:
most 作为形容词和副词只修饰名词、形容词或副词
mostly 作为副词只修饰动词和介词
eg: the most intense of sth. ; be composed mostly of water
12.乐器: 鬼子的乐器加 the,我们的乐器不加 the
play the piano ; play erhu (二胡)

三、代词(95%错)
1.代词的五种形式间的混用:
主格(he)宾格(him)所有格(his)反身代词(himself)名词(self)
1) 主格与宾格的混用
2) 宾格与所有格之间的混用
3) 主格、宾格、所有格三者之间的混用
考点:
1) 名词前应使用所有格: bears his name / whose style / make her debut
例外:双宾语结构(sth. win sb. sth.)
eg: His studies in genetics won him the Nobile prize. 对
2) 反身代词:必须与所在句子的主语一致
he killed him. 他杀
He killed himself. 自杀
3) self 在改错中永远错, self 是名词,不是反身代词。
4) 考试中反身代词无一例外改宾格
2.代词单复数的混用
its/their, it/they, he/they, it/those, that/those, one/those, himself/themselves.
3.代词性别的混用
his/her, himself/herself 划线即可能与性别有关。
4.them 与 those 的区别:them 特指, those 泛指
eg: The (sounds) of jazz are not (similar to) (them) of (traditional orchestra).
them=sounds of Jazz; those=sounds
5.代词人与物的混用(it/he)
6.关系代词间的混用
who 指代人
which 指动物、食物均可
that 指人、动物、事物均可
主要考 who/which 的混用

who 主格 指代人
whom 宾格 指代人
whose 所有格 指代人、物均可
主要考 who/whose

that 与 which
1) that 的用法:
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a) 关系代词,用于引导定语从句,在句中做主语或者宾语,后接不完整句。
b) 连接副词,用于引导主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句,在句中不作任何成分,其后接完
整句。
2) which 的用法:只可用于定语从句,是关系代词,在句中一定做成分,其后接不完整句。
共同点:在定语从句做关系代词。
区别:
1)that 不可引导非限定性定从,which 则可。(有时看上去是非限定性,而其实是限定性
的)
eg:The term “dinosaur” refers to those animals, real or imaginary(做插入语),
that existed millions of years ago.(that 前面如果有插入语,可以允许逗号存在)
2)定语从句中,that 前不可有 prep. ,which 则可。
3)先行词中有 only、序数词、最高级、或不定代词时只可用 that,不可用 which 引导。
7.从句引导词:who/which/whom/what/whose/when/where
1)一般意义区别:从句引导词,最根本的作用是标明从句的位置。
a) 从句=从句引导词+句子。
b) 从句是主句的一个句子成分。
下列结构一定错:Who+ n./prep+完整句;n. +what/prep.+ what+完整句
whose+ v.; when+ n.(应该加句子) ;where+ v.
2)what/which/who/whom/that(定从)在从句中必作一主要成分(S./O.)
3) although/if/until/why/(as)/since/even
though/how/when /where/while/after/because /as soon as/prep.+ which/that
(名词从句或同位语从句)等从句中 SVO 结构完整。
4)从句内不可有与引导词重复者。
5)定从 that, who(m),which 前必有名词,无则错。
6)从句内部语序正常。

四、介词
be credited with/for/to doing: 对; be credited about doing : 错
1. in/for/since(与时态相关)
in:
in+时刻点 in1979 用于一般过去时
in+一段时间 in recent years/in the past few years 用于完成时态
in two days 用于将来时态
for: prep./conj.
for+一段时间 for three years 用于完成时态、过去时。
句子,for+句子 并列连词:只可位于句中, 是”因为”的意思=because
since:
介词: ”自从”+时刻点,用于完成时态
连词: ”因为”,引导原因状语从句
副词:1).与完成时态连用:表示从过去的某个时间、某个事件至今
2).与过去时连用:Tom died many years since.此时 since=ago.
2. between 和 among: between 是二者之间,among 是三者以上
the distance between the stars. between 强调”两两之间”
among the two separate realms.错:among 后面一定是三者以上, among 和 two 是一种矛

rank first among:在… 排名第一(固定词组)
【serve as:担任某职务,用主动不用被动】
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3. through 和 through out
through:穿过(某一具体物体)、通过(某一具体方式)
eg: through the earth(不能说 through the world); through X-ray analysis
through out: 1.through out+时间:”贯穿”
eg: through out his lifetime; through their existence.
2.through out+地点”遍布”
eg: through out the world=all over the world=all across the world.
4. in、inside 和 into
in 和 inside 表示静态(强调状态),into 表示动态(强调动作和过程)
air into a house 错  air inside a house.
shot the arrows in the sky 错  shot the arrows into the sky.
在某个行业、领域应该用 in: in commerce
5. of
1.of 的遗漏
2.of 的多余
3.of 的误用:a common use with gold 错误  a common use of gold.
(with 强调工具的使用,of 强调所有关系)
6. by:
1).be done by (除了固定搭配/词组外,只要是 be done,后面一定是 by)
2).by doing: 通过某种方式 (只要不是固定词组,一般都是 by+ doing)
3).作品 by 作者,研究 by 研究人员
7. 固定词组
be known as(作为… 人而著名) 和 be known for(因为… 东西而著名)
together with: 和… 一起=with
be responsible for: 对 … 负责

五、动词:(英语以动词为中心,汉语以名词为中心)

一、谓语动词:
(一)主谓一致——谓语由它的发出者决定
1. 主谓的分割原则:主谓之间可以用定语从句/省略的定语从句分割。主谓一致与插入语无关。
eg: The Hopi, the westernmost tribe of Pueblo Indians, have traditionally lived
large multilevel structures clustered in towns.生活在某地应该用 live in,而不是 live.
当主语是复数时,主语和表语可以一致也可以不一致:
They are doctors. They are a group.
2. 定语从句中的主谓一致:an apple that is… ; apples that are … that, which 本身并不代
表单复数,由先行词决定谓语。
One of+复数名词+that: 通常谓语是复数
The only one of+复数名词+that:谓语是单数,由 one 决定谓语。
3. 随前一致:n.1 together with n.2+谓语动词:由 n.1 决定谓语动词
类似: along with, with, of, as well as, including, accompanied by(with)
4. 就近一致问题:
“or”: he or we: 如果是陈述句,谓语则为:are;如果是疑问句,谓语则为:is。
类似: either…or, neither…nor
5. 关于 and 的问题
the structure and behavior are… 可数名词 and 可数名词,谓语是复数。
不可数名词 and 不可数名词,谓语是复数。
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例外:
表示同一个整体概念的两个名词例外: war and peace is…
类似: bread and butter/black and white/law and order/to love and to be loved
表示同一人或物: a lawyer and teacher is…
6. 随后一致
两个词组:not… but… ; not only… but also…
not 单数名词 but 复数名词,谓语一定是复数,与后面一致.
7. 百分比结构:当表示为数量或百分比的时候,应该由名词决定。
most/rest/majority/some/percent/half…+of+名词+谓语动词:由名词决定谓语。
8. 倒装句的主谓一致:
1) there be 句型:there be+名词 ——(表系主)由名词决定 be 动词
there is a book on the desk.—— a book is there on the desk.
2) 由 between 和 among 等介词为句首引起的倒装句由主(名词)决定系动词。
between 的介词短语+be 动词+名词。由主(名词)决定系动词。
among 介词短语+be 动词+名词。由主(名词)决定系动词。
9. the+adj.
1)表示一类人时,谓语为复数。如:the rich
2)表示抽象名词时,谓语为单数。如:the good
10. 零碎的东西
one of+复数名词+单 v
不定式/动名词/主语从句+单 v
more than one +单 n+单 v
more +a +单 n +单 v
a day or two+单 v
11. 应注意特殊名词
表面复数,实际单数:news/economics/means(根据上下文,means 单复数一样)
(二)谓语动词的时态和语态
时态:一般现在时:经常发生的动作或客观事实、真理和规律
一般过去时:过去发生的行为或过去存在的状态
现在完成时:过去的行为对现在造成的结果,影响或延续至今
*介词—>时间—>时态—>动词形式:主要考介词与动词形式间的矛盾
(in general/often 本身不反应时态,现在和过去时均可。)
语态: 情态动词永远不错
 虚拟语气不考,但会在无意中涉及表要求、命令及建议的动词或形容词。
(只涉及过 should 的省略)
S +insist/require + that +S +(should) +v
S +make it imperative +that +S +(should) +v
语态只考主被动,从句意和 by 去把握。
(三)重要的谓语动词
1) prove“证明”
vt:prove + sth
vi:prove to be sth/adj. 几乎每次考的都是不及物
prove 经常主动表示被动,改错时通常主动表被动。 My advice proved to be wrong
hatch,feed(feed on=be fed on)主被动相同;
facing = be faced with.
2) locate“位于”
主动 定位,确定…的位置:vt. Bats can locate the obstacles.
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被动 位于 be located: my schools is located near a river.
locate 通常只考被动,如考主动其后应该带宾语。
3) “情感”动词:please, move, annoy, surprise
please 使…高兴:be pleasing 令他人高兴;be pleased (主语)高兴
move: the story is so moving ; I’m so moved by the story.
4) need, want, require 主动=被动
My bicycle needed to be repaired. = My bicycle needed repairing.
need+ doing 主动表示被动。

二、非谓语动词
1.”现在分词” 与 ”过去分词” 的区别:
现在分词: 过去分词:
主动 被动 90% 后定/状语
进行 完成 10% 前定
强调动作 强调状态

前置定语:the boiling point 沸点 the boiled water 开水


a retired general 一个退休的将军
a falling fruit 一个正在下落的水果 a fallen fruit 一个掉在地上的水果
2.”现在分词”与”过去分词”的用法
1)用于名词后做后置定语,本质上都等同于定从,正确与否只考虑主被动。
“过去分词”表被动 n.+ done: reports+ received=reports which were received.
“现在分词”表主动 n.+ doing: people+ claiming=people who claimed.
2)用于句首或句尾做状语,正确与否只考虑主被动
SVO, doing…
SVO, done…
Doing…, SVO.
Done…, SVO.
3)常考的接 V-ing 的动词
enjoysuggestforgivefinishadvocatetoleratecelebrateavoid
delaymindescapequitspend+(in) doing
have trouble(difficulty/a hard time/a problem) (in) doing
4)动词不定式的省略用法:
a. help to do => help do ; help sb. to do sth. => help sb. do
b. 使役动词:let make have bid (吩咐)
let the musicians to know; let sb do
make sb do
have sb do/ have sth done
bit sb. do
c. 感官动词:see hear watch notice feel (感官动词后面的不定式必须省略 to)
see sb doing 看见某人正在做某事 sb be seen doing.
see sb do 看见某人做某事的整个过程 sb be seen to do.(被动还原 to)
5)动词不定式的固定用法:
a. 第一(“人”) the first (sb) to do
the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean…
b. 表”允许”、”迫使”的动词。
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allow, permit, enable, cause, force + sb to do sth.
(eg. allow geologists to speculate)
*. allow/ permit +sth. eg. allow/ permit the ripening of the fruit.
c. 表”倾向”的动词/形容词
be (more) likely to do/ that +句子; tend to do; attempt to do;
be inclined to do; be liable to do(易于…); be apt to do(易于…)
d. 表”目的”的名词后面不定式做表语
the purpose, objective, aim, goal,
reason, function, intention+ of +sth+is to do sth.
e. 与接不定式的动词或形容词同根的名词后也接不定式
be able to do => ability of sth to do; enable sb to do
attempt to do => attempt(n.) to do
decide to do => decision to do
be ambitious to do => ambition to do
try to do => make great efforts to do
f. 动词不定式的其它形式
1)动词不定式的将来式:主动:be to do;被动:be to be done
表示已安排好或预计要发生的事情,属于将来时态的范畴。
eg. China is to be one of the most important countries in the world.
与过去分词的区别:
eg. The surfaces to be glued 将要被粘结的表面 to be done 表将来
the surfaces glued 已被粘结的表面 done 表完成
2)动词不定式的完成式:主动:to have done;被动:to have been done
表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生
eg. …claiming to have seen 先 seen 后 claim
eg: I am glad to see you
I am glad to have seen your lovely son yesterday.
3)在 easy, difficult, simple, hard 后不定式主动表被动
eg: This plan is difficult to carry out.(执行)
The problem is easy to solve.

六、比较级和最高级
1.比较级与最高级形式上的重复
eg: more greater  greater; most easiest  easiest; lesser  less
plentifulest  most plentiful
2.比较级与最高级之间的混用
若句中含有 of, in, among 等表范围的介词短语,应用最高级。
more+… of all +复数名词(错) the most of all
more+… in the world(错)  the most… in the world
more+… among +复数名词(错)  the most… among+复数名词
或:most… than  more… than
3.比较级与原级之间的混用
great… than  greater… than
as… -er as …, not so… -er… as…(错)
less… -er than…(错)
adj.原级… than…(错)
far greater: far 比较级标志词
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4.常考的修饰比较级的词
a tiny longer(错); a minimum larger(错)
表示多一点:much, much more, far more, a lot
表示一点:a little, a bit, slightly
eg: be much abundant in  be very abundant in
so much close to  so close to
very 修饰原级;much 修饰比较级;much 可修饰不可数名词和过去分词
eg: much time, be much attracted by.
5.无 than 的比较结构
superior to 优于; inferior to 劣于; senior to 年长于; junior to 年轻于
6.绝对形容词无最高级与比较级
有 perfect, absolute, vertical, correct, unique, empty 等
the most often(错) most often= very often 经常
more perfect(错); more vertical(错)
例外:the most perfect (对);the most 表示程度;极其完美
7.”倍数”表达法
1)倍数+as+ adj.原级+ as
Peter is three times as old as I am
2)倍数+more than
He is twice older than I.
3)倍数+n.+ of
…more than(=over) twice the size of…
This house is three times the size of that one.
4)倍数+ that of
His weight is three times that of mine. that of = as much as.
8.定冠词 the 与比较级之间的关系
eg: Alaska has the cooler temperature than Texas. (错)the  a
比较结构中比较对象应该泛指
比较级可加 the,修饰后面的名词,但通常有对照。
The newer… the older…
The taller boy is much more attractive than the shorter one.
*. The+比较级+of the two 此处比较级相当于名词。
Jones is the fatter of the two girlfriends of Bill’s.
9.定冠词 the 与最高级之间的关系
1)副词最高级前通常无 the
eg:Flies live longest in cold temperature.(对)
2)形容词最高级作前置定语时,必须加 the
eg:the largest city, formed the largest group
3)形容词最高级作后置定语时,不加 the
eg:Those electrons most close to the nucleus are held there… 离原子核最近的电子
4)形容词最高级作表语,the 可加可不加
eg:This is where the river is deepest.
eg : The consumers consider the best fruit to be that which is the most
attractive.
5)earliest 的三种用法:
a. earliest 作为名词,”早期”.
eg: from the earliest of Tang dynasty 从唐朝的早期开始
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b. earliest 作为 adj.原级,意为”很早的”
eg: from earliest times 从远古时代;from earliest ages 从远古年代
earliest 在 times, ages 前绝对不能加 the,习惯用法
c. earliest 为 adj.最高级,加 the
eg: the earliest language(s) 最早的语言
6)所有格可代替 the 修饰最高级
eg: Utah’s capital and largest
eg: 35 years of age or be older(错) 去掉 be.
10.… or more 结构
eg: 1800 miles or more
1800 miles or (be) more; 1800 miles or more (than)

七、平行结构
平行结构:由平衡连接词连接的两个或两个以上的对等对象构成
eg: … extensive musical and theatrical backgrounds as well as familiar with…(错)
familiar  familiarity.
(一) 平衡连接词
1) 单一式: and, or, but
2) 短语式: as well as, …rather than… , …other than… , instead of… , would rather…
than…
3) 相关式: from…to… , from… until… , both…and… , between…and… ,
as…as… , such…as… , the same…as… ,
not…but… , not only…but also… ,
either…or… , neither…or… , whether…or…(引导从句)
eg: since…to…  from…to…
eg: I don’t know whether he or she should attend the meeting.
(二)平行结构出题形式
1) X and Y
not X but Y; not only X but also Y; between X and Y; X other than Y; X as well as
Y
2) X, Y, and Z; X, Y, as well as Z.
3) X, Y and Z (不常考)
(三)平行的性质
1.单复数的平行
eg: a cell, organ, and tissues. (错) tissues  tissue
a heart, veins, and arteries.(对)
平行结构中单复数可以一致也可以不一致,一致与否取决于客观事实及上下文
2.时态的平行:
平行结构中时态可以不一致,但是不同的时态必须有相应的不同时间。
eg: Because the papaya grows readily from seed , it spread from its home in
Central America and now grows throughout the tropics.
3.词性的平行:
平行结构中词性必须一致,但无相应形容词的名词例外。
eg: city and regional planning (对) (Beijing city commercial bank)
4.结构形式的平行:
adj.+ n. , v.+宾 , doing, to do, done
eg: a rocky coast, a moist climate, and probably the best cod-fishing areas.
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eg: doing, doing and doing; v.+宾, v.+宾, and v.+宾; to do, do and do;
be done, done and done
5.语意的平行:
eg: Dallas, Texas, has become a national hub of bank, fashion, manufacturing
and transportation. (错) bank  banking.(银行业)
eg: from fishing to banking
6.排列位置的平行:
以 not only…but also…为例
主+not only+谓+but also - 谓. (对)
not only 主谓(倒装)+but also 谓. (错)
not only 主谓(倒装)+but also 主谓. (对)
(四)关于 not only…but also…的省略
1.…not only …but(also)… (可省 also)
2.Not only 主谓倒装 but+主谓 (可省 also)
3.Not only 主谓倒装,(;)主+also+谓 (可省 but)
4.…not only…but…as well (无 also)

八、词性的混用
1.作表语:名词、形容词、分词及副词间的混用。
be+ adv.  be+ adj. 副词永远不能作表语
be+ n.  be+adj. 单独一个名词不能作表语,抽象名词不能作表语
eg: The books are no use. (错)  the books are not useful.
 the books had no use.  the books are of no use.(be of no use=be not
useful)
eg: Those animals are benefit. beneficial
be+ n.+ prep  be +adj.+ prep.
eg: be fame for  be famous for; be value for be valuable for
be+表语(adj./分词/n.)+表语(adj./分词/n.)  be+副词+表语:表语唯一原则
eg: typical more concerned with  typically more concerned with
be completed enclosed  be completely enclosed
be original a poem  be originally a poem
be financial successful  be financially successful
2.作宾语,名词和动名词的混用
原则: 同义名词比动名词优先
puzzling  puzzle, supplying  supply, demanding  demand.
但是不同义的名词无优先性
jump(一跳)/jumping(跳跃-运动方式),
gamble(冒险的事业/投资的行为)/gambling(赌博/赌钱)
名词作宾语时其后不可以接宾语,而动名词作宾语时其后可以接宾语。
动名词前可接 the,但接 the 后成为一个纯粹的名词,因此其后不可再有宾语
eg: the depicting the experience (错)  depicting/ the depicting of sth
3.状语从句引导词与近义介词或近义副词的混用
1) when, while(conj.)/ during, in(prep.)
eg: while  in; while  in/during; during  when/while
2) although, though(conj.) / despite, in spite of(prep.)
eg: despite  though/although
【although+句子,句子。= despite the fact that+句子,句子。】
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3) even though(conj.) / even(adv.)
4.平衡连接词与近义副词的混用
1) and(conj.)/ also(adv.)
eg: v+ also+ v (错);n+ also+ n(错);
2) or(conj.)/ else(adv.)
3) but(conj.)/ instead(adv.)
5.表示人的名词与表示物的同根名词之间的混用
composer  composition architect  architecture
inventor  invention musician  music
sculptor  sculpture poet  poem/poetry
engineer  engineering novelist  novel
educator  education settler  settlement
composer  composition editor(编辑)  editorial(社论)
manager  management
6.作定语,形容词和名词的混用
原则:同义的形容词比名词优先
1) 当 n1 修饰 n2,表示 n2 的内在属性、品质或种类时,使用名词作定语,不改为形容词
eg: a steel frame, a stone table, intelligence test, wildlife conservation
organization.
eg: corrosion resistance(抗腐蚀的能力)
2) 当 n1+n2 有特定含义时,使用名词作定语,不改为形容词
exhibition flights( 飞 行 表 演 ), color monitor, beauty saloon ( 美 容 院 ) , safety
glass,
safety standard
3) 当名词没有同义的形容词时,使用名词作定语
city planning, the state government, a boy friend, the student union(学生会)
总结: a). n1+n2 最后考虑
b). n1 有无同义形容词,如果无,则对;如果有,则再看是否符合例外,如符合例外则
对,否则不对。
c). 最后结合句意进行判断: conservation organization(保护组织);
conservative organization(保守组织)
7.作修饰语,形容词和副词间的混用。
原则:形容词修饰名词,副词修饰其他词
1) adv.+ n.  adj.+ n. eg: up upper
陷阱 1:adv.+同位语 (对)
eg: The common cold, normally a minor illness, can threaten the health of
patients.
eg: Once a teacher, Franklin…
eg: Essentially a theory,…
陷阱 2: be+ adv.+ n. 副词修饰名词时错,而修饰 be 时对
2) adj.+ adj.+ n. 可正确也可能错
an old red bicycle 正确; a frequent beautiful girl 错误  frequently
正确与否取决于形容词能否修饰名词
3) adv.+ adj.+n.
正确: adv.修饰 adj. ,且 adj.修饰 n.
eg: a frequently melodramatic girl
错误: adv.不能修饰 adj. ,但 adj.能修饰 n.
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eg: importantly underwater landmarks  important
4) adv.+数词+n. 对 ; 数词+adv.+ n. 错
adj.+数词+n. 错 ; 数词+adj.+ n. 对
eg: about six thousand students; two intelligent boys
5) adj. 不能修饰 adj./adv./v./prep./分词/数词,只能修饰名词。

九、词序的颠倒
1.形容词与名词间的词序:
一般:n.+ adj.  adj.+ n. eg: award military  military award
例外:1) 以 a-开头的形容词,只作后置定语和表语,不可作前置定语 alike, alive, alone
be alive; alive matter(错)living matter; any land mammals alive;
green plants alone
2) 以-ble, -ible, -able,或-ful 结尾的形容词可作后置定语
Are there any tickets available? available 只能作后置定语
Could you please tell me the solution possible? possible 前后均可,后更好
the lowest temperature possible(possible temperature)
a woman successful(successful woman) in medical science
3) 如果形容词在词组中,通常放在名词后
any boy clever at games 对 ; any clever boy at games 错
a desk close to the window
4) n.+ adj.可为独立主格结构
Her brushes were always clean, her colors fresh and bright.
 (and) her colors (were always) fresh and bright.
5) 不定代词+adj. eg: something strange
2.副词与形容词/介词/分词间的词序
1)副词与形容词间的词序
adj.+ adv.  adv.+ adj. 通常 adv.放在 adj.前修饰 adj.
its powerful immensely arms  its immensely powerful arms
例外:enough,只可后置修饰形容词和副词
2)副词与介词的词序
prep.+ adv.+ n.  adv.+ prep.+ n.
opposite directly the Sun  directly opposite the Sun
3)副词与分词间的词序
分 词 +adv.+ n.  adv.+ 分 词 +n. eg: controlled precisely  precisely
controlled
3.主+系+表 结构
主系表-对; 表系主-对; 主表系-错
remained associated with 对;became known as 对;
stay warm 对;rest motionless 对
remain/become/stay/rest = be
总结常考的系动词:
1) 保持状态:remain, maintain, stay, rest, lie, exist, be
2) 转变:become, grow, turn, get
3) 感官动词:look, appear, seem, sound, feel, taste, smell
appear, seem 还可以是实意动词,根不定式:appear/seem to do.
4.各种修饰成分排列次序:限定词+数词+形容词+名词
限定词:冠词、指示代词、人称代词、不定代词
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数词:序数词、基数词
形容词:描述性、形状、大小、长短、新旧、老少、颜色、国籍、材料、内容、质地
eg: The man has the first two beautiful long old red French sports cars.
5.以分词为中心的合成词,将分词置于词尾
eating-plant animals plant-eating animals
cup-shaped, warm-blooded, long-bladed, smooth-skinned, bridge-building,
shout-handed
6.当 more 修饰形容词和副词时,应该将其置于所修饰词的前面。
more still(仍然) abundant  still more abundant
only, more than, less than 等修饰”数量”名词时,应紧接在该名词前。
eg: The bridge only is three feet long  the bridge is only three feet long
(不容许”第三者插足”)
more than eighty thousands = over eighty thousands
7.动词短语和副词的位置
has not reached yet(错)  has not yet reached.
depend on+ largely 或 depend largely on 均可
当动词短语为完成式或被动式时,修饰动词短语的副词通常夹在动词短语中
eg: have already done/ be well done.
若这些动词短语中有 prep.,副词放在 prep.前为佳
has come (chiefly) from;be made (originally) from
8.常考的最长语序:the+ 最高级+ adv.+ 分词+ adj.+ n.
eg: the oldest continuously occupied permanent settlement
the most widely praised writer; the highly respected zoologist;
the most widely grown plant
此语序中分词和形容词的位置可以颠倒,它们离名词的远近取决于与名词的亲近程度。
eg: motorized, original, airplane  original motorized airplane
eg: the longest continuous marked footpath.
 the longest continuously marked footpath. (两者均可,意思略有不同)

十、句子的结构(句子成分的残缺与重复)
1.主语的重复:
1) 名词+代词+谓语 eg: he was was 两个主语去掉一个
2) S1,插入语,S2VO. 划掉 S2
3) 定语从句中的主语重复:名词+which+主谓宾:划掉主语 eg: which it still  which still
2.主语的缺失:
1) prep.+ which+ VO. eg: …in which tends to occur  in which it tends to occur
2) 状语从句引导词+VO.
eg: Until was surpassed by…  Until it was surpassed by…
eg: Because was associated with…  Because it was associated with…
3.谓语的重复:
1) 主谓…谓。
改法:将其中一个谓语改为非谓语或改为从句谓语。
consists of  consisting of / which consists of
2) 主谓…,谓。
改法:将第二个谓语改为 doing/done,或者加引导词
4.谓语的缺失:
1) 句中无动词:
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eg: …they dark to brown…  …they darken to brown…
people election delegates…  people elect delegates…
2) 句中有动词,但全为非谓语:n.+ doing…; n.+ done…; n.+ to do…
改法: 将非谓语改为谓语即可。
5.宾语的缺失: …n.+ that+ vt.
eg: …particles that make up  …particles that make it up
6.主句的重复:
单句,单句。——缺连词。
单句+prep+单句。——词性混用。 (despite+句子  although/though)
adv.+单句,单句。 ——词性错。 (even  even though)
7.主句的缺失:
连词+单句,连词+单句。 ——连词多余。去掉一个连词。
eg: when…, but…  when…, …
eg: since+单句, therefore+单句。(去掉一个即可)

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