主语

谓语
宾语
定语
补语：用来说明宾语或主语所处的状态或正在进行的动作
宾语补足语：补充说明宾语
表语：表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如 be 之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或
状态。一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。
状语：修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。
同位语：一个名词对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明

非谓语动词
I.
非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：

非谓语形 构成
特征和作用
式 时态和语态 否定式 复合结构

to do 具有名词，副词和形容词的作
to be done
to be doing for sb. to 用
不定式 to have been
to have do sth. 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状
done
done 语

being done
现在分 doing 在非谓
having been
词 having done 语前加 具有副词和形容词的作用
分词 done
not 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语
过去
done
分词

being done
doing 具有名词的作用
动名词 having been sb’s doing
having done 在句中做主、宾、定和表语
done

英语中五种简单句型
S+V 主+谓
S+V+O 主+谓+宾
S+V+O1+O2 主+谓+双宾 give, buy, show, teach,
S+V+O+OC 主+谓+宾+宾补 we call him green. I saw him coming in.
S+V+P 主+系动词+表语 系动词为 be 动词以及联系动词，seem, appear, taste, feel
系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单
独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性
质、特征等情况。

从句分类：
名词性从句：主语从句。宾语从句。表语从句。同位语从句。

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种类 作用 常用关联词 例句

在复合句中做主语，相当于名 Whether he will come or not

主语从 词，一般置谓语之前，也可用 doesn’t matter much.
句 it 作形式主语，主语从句放主 that, whether, if, Whoever comes here will be
句之后 as if, as though, welcome.

表语从 在复合句中做表语，相当于名 who, whose,

which, how, It looks as if it is going to snow.
句 词，位于系动词之后
when, where,
宾语从 在复合句中做宾语，相当于名 why, what, He asked me which team could
句 词 win the game.
whatever,
放在名词之后(news, problem, whoever, You have no idea how worried we
同位语 idea, suggestion, advice, wherever are.
从句 thought, hope, fact 等) 表明其 The fact that he lied again greatly
具体内容 surprised us.

主语从句：
1. that 放句首引导。 That the earth goes around the sun is the truth we all
admit.
2. whether 引导。Whether he will come (or not) is unclear.
3. 连接代词 who,whom,whose,that,which,whoever. 连接副词：where，when，
how，why。
What he did is not clear to me.
Whoever comes is welcomed
形式主语 it (疑问句式时要将主语从句后置)
It’s + adj +that。。
It’s +n+that。。
It’s +过去分词+that it’s reported that…It’s said…
It +seem/happen+ that…

宾语从句
1. that 引导。He told us that he was ill.
That 一般可以省略。但是表示并列，或者宾语从句作介词宾语（except that），或主
句与 that 中间有插入语时 不省。
2. if、whether 引导
3. 连接代词。连接副词

表语从句：
系动词：（不用于进行时态或被动态）
表示状态：be ; appear ; seem ; keep ; remain ; continue ; stay ; prove; 等
表示感觉：look ; feel ; smell ; sound ; taste 等
表示转变：become ; fall ; get ; go ; grow ; turn 等

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 1. that . the trouble is that I have lost my keys.
2. whether, as, as if. He looked just as he had looked ten years before.
3. 连接代词，连接副词。
The problem is how he did that.
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.
能跟表语从句的系动词为 be, seem, look..

同位语从句：
同位语从句的先行词一般仅限于 idea， plan， fact， theory， question， reply，
report， remar k， promise， hope， news， doubt， truth， information，
su ggestion， question， thought， belief， conclu sion 等少数名 词 。
关联词多用 that：where do you get the idea that I could not come today?
连接代词，连接副词：it is a question how he did it./ We haven’t yet settled the question
where we are going to spend our summer holiday.

同位语与定语从句的区别
同的 that 无意义，在句中不充当成分，不可以省略
定语从句不仅连接作用，还充当成分，可以省略。
E.g.: the news that LI will be our new teacher is true. 同位语
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true.

形容性从句：定语从句
定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引
导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二
是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。
关系词：who（人），whom（人），whose（人或物），that（人或物），which（物），
as（人或物）（this is the same pen as I lost yesterday） whom,which,that 做
宾语时常可以省略，但介词关系提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用 that
关系副词：when（时间/on which），where（地点/in which），why（原因/for which）

类别 语法意义及特征 例句

对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意
限制性定语 The accident happened at the
思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分
从句 time when I left.
密切，写时不用逗号分开。

对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分
非限制性定 密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开， His mother, whom he loved
语从句 相当于一个插入语，不能用 that 引导，关系代 deeply, died ten years ago.
词做宾语时也不能省略。

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 副词性从句：状语从句
时间状语（when，while，as，the moment，the time）。地点状语（where）。原因
（because，as，since）。条件（if, unless, once, in case, as long as）。让步（though,
although, even if, even though）。

定语后置
在英语中 ，如果定语是由一个单词表示时 ，通常要前置。而由一个词组 或一个句
子表示时，通 常则后置。而以下情况是由单个 单词作定语并后置的几种现象 。
1. 形容词 enough 作定语，而着重 点又是强调它所修 饰的那个名词，或 者它所
修饰的 名词起形容词作用 且前面不加冠词时 ，通常要后置。 例如：
I haven't time enough to d o the work.我没有足够的 时间做那件工作。
He hasn't man enough to admit his mistake.他没有勇于认错的大丈 夫气概。
2. 当定语 是一个形容词，它 所修饰的是由 any-,every-, some-等跟
-body,-one,-thing 构成的复合 代词时，通常后 置。 例如：
There is something important in today's newspaper.今天的 报纸上有条重要
新闻。
He wanted to get someone reliable to help in this work.他想找个可靠的
人帮忙做这项 工作。
3. 它所修 饰的词前面有用以 加强语气的 the one 等 之类的词语时须后 置。定语
由形容 词表示，它所修饰 的词是起名词作用的 anywhere, somewhere 等时，
也须后 置。 例如：
This is the one thing needful.这是唯 一需要的东西。
Can you find anywhere quiet? 你能找 个清静的地方吗？
He has been sent to somewhere particular.他被派到 某个特定的地方去了。
4. 定语由 here,there,in,out,home,above,below,abroad,before,yesterday
等副词 充当时，往往要后 置。 例如：
He is on his way home.他在回家途中。
Can you tell me something about the social system there? 你能 给我讲讲
那里的社会制 度吗？
It had been fine the day before.前一 天的天气很好。
5. 定语为 现在分词或过去分 词时，如果 它强调的不是比较 永久的特点 ，而是分
词本身 的动作，则通常要 后置。 例如：
Most of the people singing are the students.唱歌的人多数是学生 。
Their high standard showed the progress made.他们 的高水平表明了他们取
得的进步。
6. 有些只 具有表语功能的形 容词作定语时，必 须后置。 例如：
He was the only person awake at the moment.他是那时唯一醒着的人。
He is one of the few workers alive today who took part in the strike.
他是参加过这 次罢工还活着的少数工人之一。

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 分词

代词
代词可以分为以下七大类：

人称 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they

1
代词 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them

物主 形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their

2
代词 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs

3 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

4 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some

5 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever

6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as

one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a
7 不定代词 little,

other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either

平行并列结构

1．Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits ，fire
escapes，and fire doors are．

2．The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy，to build homes or to
design cities is culturally influenced．

3．I wanted her to know that my heart was with her，and that I thought England owed her a
great debt and was going to miss her．

4．Keeping your head，instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit，may make the
difference between life and death when fire breaks out．

5．Neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless ，that
thousands of travelers fly safely everyday，and millions of people ride safely in elevators several
times each day．

6．Millions of people travel about the country by rail，by bus，or by automobile，or drive to
and from their places of work and their homes．

7．Here we have a little child，without knowledge or experience; there a grown-up person

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with fully developed mental powers．

8．There are relay races in running and swimming in summer，and relay in skiing in winter．

9．But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered，
that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered．

10．This is not an easy lesson to learn，especially when we are young and think that the world
is ours to command，that whatever we desire with the full force of our passionate being can be
ours．

11．More than three million people live in inner London，and nearly five million people live
in the surrounding suburban area，which is made up of formerly separate villages that have merged
to form what is now called outer London．

12．The journey and the stay are by definition outside the normal places of residence and
work，and are of short-term and temporary nature，and there is a clear intention to return home
within a relatively short period of time．

13．The limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly
focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background
skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies．

14．We have tried to isolate some of the key factors that govern service quality，and offer
examples of organizations that manage service well and of some that manage it poorly．

15．Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals，and in doing so

ensured their survival，by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either
to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs．

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 1．Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits,
fire escapes, and fire doors are．

结构：本句有三个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为 should know，其余两个都是

由 where 引导的并列宾语从句。本句可以拆分为：

1）Everyone should know．

2）Where the nearest fire alarm box is located．

3）Where exits, fire escapes, and fire doors are．

翻译：每个人都应该知道最近的火灾报警箱的位置，以及安全出口、安全梯及防
火门位于何处。

2．The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes
or to design cities is culturally influenced．

结构：本句有 2 个谓语动词，其中第二个 is influenced 是主句的谓语动词，主干是

The way is culturally influenced。第一个 is used 是定语从句的谓语动词，但是该定语从句
省略了引导词。定语从句中三个并列的不定式短语动词 to achieve privacy, to build homes or
to design cities 共同作为 is used 的目的状语。本句可以拆分为：

1）The way is culturally influenced．

2）Space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to

design cities．

翻译：怎样利用空间来获得个人隐私、建造家园以及设计城市都会受到文化的影
响。

3．I wanted her to know that my heart was with her, and that I thought England
owed her a great debt and was going to miss her．

结构：本句有 5 个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为 wanted。was 和 thought 分

别属于两个由 that 引导的并列宾语从句。而 owed 和 was going 为两个并列的谓语动词，共
同主语为 England。England 这句话前面为了避免重复而省略了宾语从句的引导词 that，实
际上是 thought 的宾语从句。本句可以拆分为：

1）I wanted her to know．

2）That my heart was with her．

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 3）That I thought．

4）(That）England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her．

翻译：我想让她知道我的心陪伴着她，而且我认为英国欠了她一大笔债，很快就
会想念她。

4．Keeping your head, (instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit), may
make the difference between life and death when fire breaks out．

结构：本句有两个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为 may make，其主语是动名词

短语 keeping your head。breaks out 是 when 引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词。插入语
(instead of„)中的 crowding 和 pushing 两个动名词是平行并列结构。本句可以拆分为：

1）Keeping your head may make the difference between life and death．

2）When fire breaks out．

翻译：当发生火灾时，保持头脑冷静，而不是向安全出口拥堵，能够带来生与死
的不同结果。

5．Neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are
harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely everyday, and millions of people ride safely in
elevators several times each day．

结构：本句有 4 个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为 can convince，其主语为 Neither

friends nor family。其余三个谓语动词全是 convince 的宾语从句的谓语动词，其中最后一个
从句前面省略了 that。拆分为：

1）Neither friends nor family can convince phobic people ．

2）That most animals are harmless．

3）That thousands of travelers fly safely everyday．

4）(That）millions of people ride „ each day．

翻译：朋友及家庭成员都无法说服恐惧症患者，使其相信大多数动物都无害，无
数旅行者每天安全地飞行，上百万人每天都多次安全地乘坐电梯。

6．Millions of people travel about the country by rail, by bus, or by automobile, or

drive to and from their places of work and their homes．

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 结构：本句有 2 个谓语动词，都是并列的主句谓语动词。三个并列的 by„, by„,
by„作为 travel 的方式状语。本句可以拆分为：

1）Millions of people travel about the country by rail, by bus, or by automobile．

2）Millions of people drive to and from their places of work and their homes．

翻译：上百万人乘坐火车、公交车或者小汽车在周游全国，或者开车往返于工作
地点和家庭处所之间。

7．Here we have a little child, without knowledge or experience; there a grown-up

person with fully developed mental powers．

结构：本句只有一个谓语动词 have。here„there 属于平行并列结构，表示两个事

物的对比状态，相当于 the one „, the other „。

翻译：一方是一个没有任何知识或者经验的小孩，另一方是一个有着健全发展的
智力的成年人。

8．There are relay races in running and swimming in summer, and relay in skiing in
winter．

结构：本句只有一个 there be 句型。relay races 和 relay 并列作为主语。本句可以

拆分为：

1）There are relay races in running „ in summer．

2）There are relay in skiing in winter．

翻译：夏季有赛跑和游泳赛接力赛，冬季有滑雪比赛。

9．But we remember (with far greater pain）that we did not see that beauty when it
flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered．

结构：本句有 5 个谓语动词，其中 remember 是主句的谓语动词，被(with far greater

pain)分隔了两个并列的宾语从句 that we did not see„和 that we failed to„。本句可以拆分
为：

1）But we remember with far greater pain．

2）That we did not see that beauty．

3）When it flowered．

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 4）That we failed to respond with love．

5）When it was tendered．

翻译：但是我们更加痛苦地回忆着，当花儿开放时我们没有看到她的美丽，在别
人给予我们爱的时候也没有用爱来做出回报。

10．This is not an easy lesson to learn, especially when we are young and think that
the world is ours to command, that whatever we desire (with the full force of our passionate
being）can be ours．

结构：本句有 6 个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为 is。think 后面有两个并列的

由 that 引导的宾语从句，而第二个宾语从句里面有一个由 whatever 引导的主语从句。(with
the full force of our passionate being)分隔了主语从句和其谓语 can be。being 是动名词。本
句可以拆分为：

1）This is not an easy lesson to learn．

2）Especially when we are young and think．

3）That the world is ours to command．

4）That whatever we desire can be ours．

翻译：这不是容易学会的一课，尤其是当我们还年轻，认为这个世界是由我们掌
控，而且认为无论我们渴望得到什么，只要充满激情、全力以赴，就能实现。

11．More than three million people live in inner London, and nearly five million
people live in the surrounding suburban area, which is made up of formerly separate villages
that have merged to form what is now called outer London．

结构：本句有 5 个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为两个并列的 live。which 引导

非限定性定语从句修 suburban area；that 引导定语从句修饰 villages，而 what 引导 form
的宾语从句。可以拆分为：

1）More than „ people live in inner London．

2）And nearly five million people live in „area．

3）The area is made up of „ villages．

4）The villages have merged to form．

5）What is now called outer London．

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 翻译：三百多万人住在伦敦市区，将近五百多万人住在周边郊区——该地区由以
前分散的村庄组成，后来逐渐合并形成今天所谓的外部伦敦。

12．The journey and the stay are (by definition）outside the normal places of
residence and work and are of short-term and temporary nature, and there is a clear
intention to return home within a relatively short period of time．

结构：本句有三个并列的主句谓语动词。两个 are 的共同主语是 the journey and the

stay。(by definition)分割了 are 和表语 outside the normal places。nature 在这里表示“本质、
性质”的意思。本句可以拆分为：

1）The journey and the stay are outside the normal places of residence and work．

2）The journey and the stay are of short-term and temporary nature．

3）There is a clear intention to return home „

翻译：（旅游中的）旅程和停留从定义上讲是在通常的居住和工作处所之外的，而
且有一种短暂的性质。在短期之内，还要有一个明确的回家的意图。

13．The limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more
narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic
background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies．

结构：本句有 3个谓语动词，其中第二个 are focused是主句的谓语动词。rather than

意思是“而非”，其前后并列两个 on 引导的介词短语。拆分为：

1）The limited investments are „ focused on the specific skills necessary to do the
next job rather than on the basic background skills．

2）The investments are made in training workers．

3）The skills make it possible to absorb new technologies．

翻译：用于培训工人的有限投资也被集中用在训练完成下一个工作的必要技能上，
而非用在可以吸收新技术的基本技能培训上。

14．We have tried to isolate some of the key factors that govern service quality, and
offer examples of organizations that manage service well and of some that manage it poorly．

结构：本句有 4 个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为 have tried，不定式 to 后面并

列两个动词 isolate 和 offer。两个 of并列作为 examples 的后置定语。of some 指代的是 of some
organizations。本句可以拆分为：

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 1） We have tried to isolate some of the key factors． and offer examples of
organizations and of some．

2）Factors govern service quality．

3）Organizations manage service well．

4）Organizations manage it poorly．

翻译：我们力图挑选出一些控制服务质量的关键因素，并且提供一些例子来说明
某些机构把服务管理得很好，而有些却很差。

15．Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing
so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and
then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs．

结构：本句只有 2 个谓语动词 have distinguished 和 have ensured。主干是 Human

beings have distinguished themselves „ and „ ensured their survival。by 引导的方式状
语后面并列了多个动词不定式 to observe and understand„/to adapt to„/to control and
adapt it to„，作为 ability 的修饰成分。

翻译：人类已经将自己与其他动物区分开来，并且通过这样做来确保自己的生存，
所依靠的就是通过观察和理解周围的环境，然后适应，控制并且改造该环境，使其适合自
己需要的能力。

12
 插入语
1． A child hears it spoken from morning till night and, what is more important, always in its
genuine form, with the right pronunciation, right intonation, right use of words and right structure.

2．Work, for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under, involves responsibility for
a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well.

3．Still, he could not help thinking that if anything should happen, the nearest person he could
contact by radio, unless there was a ship nearby, would be on an island 885 miles away.

4．Yet this other life has its interests, its enjoyments, its satisfaction, and, at certain rare
intervals, a peaceful glow or a sudden excitement.

5．Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate,
is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries.

6．However, self-fulfillment is important to morality because unfulfilled citizens, no matter how

virtuous, can not perform the duties morality assigns them.

7．Information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it,
whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth.

8．What I was being blamed for, it turned out, was a newspaper strike which made it necessary
to hand-deliver the advertising inserts that normally are included with the Sunday paper.

9．While we were waiting for the coffee, the head waiter, with an ingratiating smile on his false
face, came up to us bearing a large basket full of huge apples.

10．But a great book, rich in ideas and beauty, a book that rises and tries to answer great
fundamental questions, demands the most active reading of which you are capable.

11．You found upon that a general law that all hard and green apples are sour; and that, so far as
it goes, is a perfect induction.

12．It is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the
fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation.

13．Computer crime, a phrase denoting illegal and surreptitious attempts to invade data banks in
order to steal or modify records, or to release over computer networks software called a virus that
corrupts data and programs, has grown at an alarming rate since the development of computer
communications.

14．Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of

13
building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in
high blocks of flats.

1．A child hears it spoken from morning till night and, (what is more important), always in its
genuine form, with the right pronunciation, right intonation, right use of words and right
structure.

结构：共有 2 个谓语动词，其中主句的是 hears。(what is more)是插入语，而插入语并不

重要。所以要先理解插入语两端的内容，再理解插入语。因此，对于插入语，我们的处理方
法是：“先读两端，再读中间”。with 后面的 right„right„and right„是并列结构。

翻译：儿童从早到晚都能听到别人在讲（母语），而且更重要的是，听到的总是一种正确
的发音、语调、用词以及语法结构的纯正语言。

2． Work, (for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under), involves
responsibility for a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well.

结构：只有一个谓语动词：involves。(for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and

under) 是 插 入 语 。 本 句 的 主干 为 ： Work involves responsibility。 for 后 面 的 内 容 修 饰
responsibility，而 a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well 为并列结
构。

翻译：对于大多数美国和中国的 55 岁或者以下的妇女而言，工作的全部职责包括了负责
家务、照顾孩子以及在家务之外还要上班。

3．Still, he could not help thinking that if anything should happen, the nearest person he
could contact by radio, (unless there was a ship nearby), would be on an island 885 miles away.

结构：共有 5 个谓语动词，主句谓语动词为 could not help。that 引导 think 的宾语从句。

could contact 属于定于从句，省略了引导词，修饰 person。unless 引导条件状语从句，为插
入语。拆分为：

1) Still, he could not help thinking.

2) That if anything should happen.

3) The nearest person would be on „ away.

4) he could contact the person.

5) Unless there was a ship nearby.

翻译：他仍然忍不住想到，如果发生了什么意外，那么除非附近有条船，否则他能用电
台联系到的最近的人也 885 英里之外的岛屿上。

14
 4．Yet this other life has its interests, its enjoyments, its satisfaction, and, (at certain rare
intervals), a peaceful glow or a sudden excitement.

结构：只有 1 个谓语动词：has。its„, its„, its„, and a„or a„是并列结构，作为 has

的宾语。(at certain rare intervals)是插入语。

翻译：然而，这另一种生活也有其情趣、快乐、满足，而且也偶尔伴随着平静的喜悦或
者突如其来的激动。

5．Our knowledge of social systems, (therefore), (while it is in many ways extremely

inaccurate), is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries.

结构：共有 2 个谓语动词，其中 is not 是主句的谓语动词。while 引导的让步状语从句，

作为插入语，分隔了主语和系动词。拆分为：

1) Our knowledge of social systems is not likely to be seriously overturned by new

discoveries.

2) While it is in many ways extremely inaccurate.

翻译：因此，虽然在很多方面，我们对社会体制的认识极度不准确，但是这些认识并不
能够被新的发现所正式推翻。

6．However, self-fulfillment is important to morality because unfulfilled citizens, (no

matter how virtuous), can not perform the duties morality assigns them.

结构：共有 2 个谓语动词，其中 is 是主句的谓语动词。because 引导原因状语从句。(no

matter how virtuous)是插入语，分隔了从句的主语和谓语。拆分为：

1) Self-fulfillment is important to morality.

2) Because unfulfilled citizens can not perform the duties morality assigns them.

翻译：然而，自我实现对于道德而言至关重要，因为没有自我实现的公民，无论多么有
道德，都无法履行道德赋予他们的义务。

7．Information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it,
(whether they work in manufacturing or services), will have the advantage and produce the
wealth.

结构：共有 4 组谓语动词，其中主句谓语动词为 will become 和 will have and produce。

whether 引导让步状语从句为插入语。拆分：

15
 1) Information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people will have the
advantages and produce the wealth.

2) People possess it.

3) Whether they work in manufacturing or services.

翻译：信息和知识将会变得更加重要，而且掌握它们的人们，不论是在制造业还是服务
业，都将会拥有优势，创造财富。

16
种类 倒装条件 例句

here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away 等副

Out rushed the children.
词开头的句子表示强调
完全
Under the tree stood two tables and four
倒装 表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首
chairs.

强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡 Present at the meeting were 1,000 students.

never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not

Hardly did I know what had happened.
until, not 等表示否定意义的副词放于句首

Only then did he realized the importance

only 和修饰的状语放于句首
of English.

not only…but also 连接并列的句子，前倒后 Not only does he know French, but also he
不倒 is expert at it.
neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装 Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.
部分
倒装 so…that, such…that 中的 so 或 such 及修饰的 So busy is he that he can not go on a
成分放于句首时前倒后不倒 holiday.

as 引导的让步状语 Child as he is, he has learned a lot.

so, neither 或 nor 表示前句内容也适用于另

He can play the piano. So can i.
外的人或事。

用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 May you be in good health!

省略 if 的虚拟条件 Were I you, I would not do it in this way.

主语在 谓语之后则称为倒 装语序（ Inverted Order）。

完全倒装 （Full Inversion）和部分倒装 （Partial Inversion）

1.完全倒 装（Full Inversion）：又称 "全部倒装 ",是指将句子 中的谓语全部置
于主语之前。 此结构通常只用于一般现在时和 一般过去时。
2.部分倒 装（Partial Inversion）：指将谓语的一部分 如助动词或情态动词倒
装至主语之前 ,而谓语动词无变 化。如果句中的谓语没有助动 词或情态动词，则需添
加助动词 do, does 或 did，并将其置于主语之前。
英语句子 的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要 而进行的倒装，二是由 于修辞的需要而
进行的倒装。
表示 强调 倒装句最突 出、最常见的修 辞效果就是强调， 其表现形式如下：
1.only +状语或状语从句置于句首，句子 用部分倒装 。
例子：
Only in this way can you solve this problem.

17
 只有用这 种方法，你才可以解决这个问题 。
Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big
mistake.
只有当他 已经说出那个字后才意识到自己 犯了个大错误。
2. hardly,in no way,little,scarcely,seldom,never,no more,no
longer,not,not only,no sooner,not only „ (but also),not until„ 等具有否
定意义的词或 词组位于句首，句子用部分倒装 。
例子：
No sooner had I got home then it began to rain.
我刚到家 就下起了雨。
Seldom do I go to work by bus.
我很少乘 公共汽车上班。
Not until twelve o'clock did she go to bed last night .
她昨晚十 二点才上床睡觉。
3. so / such...that 结构中的 so 或 such 位于 句首可以构成部分倒装句 ,表示强
调 so /such 和 that 之间的部分。
例子：
So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled.
他的要价 太离谱，令每个人都瞠目结舌。
To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out.
她的彩排 进行得那么长，以致于那两个演 员都走出去了。
以上各例 都用倒装语序突出了句首成分 ，其语气较自然语序强烈 ，因而具有极佳
的修辞效果。

18
倒装句型难句列表
1. Halfway across the room, a small pistol in his hand stood a man.
2. They do not seem to like one another very much, neither are they too keen on conventional
people.
3. Down came the “white only” notices in buses, hotels, trains, restaurants, sporting events,
rest rooms and on park benches that once could be found everywhere throughout the South.
4. Quite different is the outcome of successful insurrections like those of July 1830 and
February 1848.
5. Splendid is the architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its hundred and more
skyscrapers.
6. Especially popular were his Sunday evening dinners, usually followed by musical
performances.
7. Only in recent years have women begun to catch up with men in this area.
8. Worse perhaps was the idea of Saturday afternoon cricket; most of my friends would be
enjoying leisure at that time.
9. But unpopular as red has been in the past, at the moment it is a favorite hair dye.
10. Only when he has lost his way does he realize that he wasn’t careful enough to make sure
that he really did understand.
11. Only by becoming wealthier can countries correct these conditions.
12. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or
newspapers without government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.
13. Out of our emotional experience with objects and events comes a social feeling of
agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”.
14. Among the most promising and most thoroughly researched probiotics is the GG strain of
Lactobacillus, discovered by Dr. Sherwood Gorbach and biochemist Barry Goldin, both at Tufts
University School of Medicine.
15. Only when total production expands faster than the rate of labor force growth plus the rate
of productivity increase and minus the rate at which average annual hours fall does the
unemployment rate fall.

1.Halfway across the room, a small pistol in his hand, stood a man.
结构
全句只有 1 个谓语动词：stood。本句是完全倒装结构，按正常语序应该是：A small pistol
in his hand, a man stood halfway across the room. 其中，a small pistol in his hand 是一个独立
主格结构，修饰主语 a man.
翻译
一名男子站在屋子中间，手里拿着一支手枪。
2.They do not seem to like one another very much, neither are they too keen on
conventional people.
结构
全句有 2 个谓语动词：do 和 are。本句的后半部分是一个主谓倒装的单句，按正常语序
应该是：They are neither too keen on conventional people. 注意 neither 指的是“(两个中的)
一个都不”。

19
 翻译
他们看起来不太喜欢彼此。他们也都不怎么喜欢传统的人(普通人)。
3.Down came the “white only” notices in buses, hotels, trains, restaurants, sporting
events, rest rooms and on park benches that once could be found everywhere throughout the
South.
结构
全句有 2 个谓语动词：came，could be。其中主句的是：came。按照正常语序句子主干
应该是：The “white only” notices „ came down. Notices 后面的介词短语，作为后置定语
修饰 notices。介词短语后面还有一个 that 引导的定语从句修饰 notices。为了避免主语部分过
于冗长，因而将主谓倒装。
翻译
曾经一度在南部的公车上，旅馆里，火车上，饭店里，在体育赛事中，在公共卫生间里，
在公园长椅上到处可见的“白人专用”的牌子已经取下。
4.Quite different is the outcome of successful insurrections like those of July 1830 and
February 1848.
结构
全句只有 1 个谓语动词：is。本句是一个完全倒装句，按照正常语序应该是：The outcome
of successful insurrections like those of July 1830 and February 1848, is quite different.介词短
语 like those of„作为后置定语修饰 insurrections，其中为了省略而使用 those 代替 the
insurrections。
翻译
像 1830 年 7 月起义和 1848 年 2 月起义这样的成功起义的结果是大不相同的。
5.Splendid is the architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its hundred and
more skyscrapers.
结构
全句只有 1 个谓语动词： is。本句是一个完全倒装句。按照正常语 序应该是： The
architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its hundred and more skyscrapers, is
splendid.
翻译
作为这座城市的中心，曼哈顿的摩天大厦有百余幢之多，其建筑十分壮观。

6.Especially popular were his Sunday evening dinners, usually followed by musical
performances.
结构
全句只有 1 个谓语动词：were。本句是一个完全倒装句，按照正常语序应该是：His Sunday
evening dinners, usually followed by musical performances, were especially popular. 过去分词
短语 followed by musical performances 作为后置定语修饰 dinners。
翻译
他的周日晚餐尤其受欢迎，晚餐结束后通常还有音乐演出。
7.Only in recent years have women begun to catch up with men in this area.
结构
全句只有 1 个谓语动词：begun。本句是一个以 only 开头的主谓倒装句，按照正常语序
应该是：Women have begun to catch up with men in this area only in recent years. Only 在句
中起强调作用，所强调的是 in recent years.

20
 翻译
仅仅是近几年来，妇女才开始在这个领域赶上男子。
8.Worse perhaps was the idea of Saturday afternoon cricket; most of my friends would be
enjoying leisure at that time.
结构
全句有 2 个谓语动词：was 和 would be。整句话由两个简单句构成，其中第一个简单句
是一个完全倒装句，按照正常语序应该是：The idea of Saturday afternoon cricket was perhaps
worse。
翻译
星期六下午去打板球这主意也许更糟糕；那个时候我的朋友通常都会自在享受悠闲时光。
9.But unpopular as red has been in the past, at the moment it is a favorite hair dye.
结构
全句有 2 个谓语动词：has been 和 is。其中，as 引导的让步状语从句是一个部分倒装句，
按照正常语序应该是：Although red has been unpopular in the past。句子可被拆分为：
1. Red has been unpopular in the past.
2. But at the moment it is a favorite hair dye.
翻译
尽管过去红色不怎么流行，现在却是一种备受欢迎的染发颜色。
10.Only when he has lost his way does he realize that he was n’t careful enough to make
sure that he really did understand.
结构
全句有 4 个谓语动词：has，does realize，wasn’t 和 did understand.。其中主句的是：
does realize。本句话是以 only 开头的强调句，其所强调的是 when 引导的条件状语从句。第
一个 that 引导的是 realize 的宾语从句。第一个 that 引导的是 make sure 的宾语从句。
翻译
只有当他迷了路，他才明白到当时自己不够谨慎，没有确定自己是否真的懂了。
11.Only by becoming wealthier can countries correct these conditions.
结构
全句只有 1 个谓语动词：can correct。本句话是以 only 开头的强调句，其所强调的是方
式状语 by becoming wealthier。按照正常语序应该是：Countries can correct these conditions
only by becoming wealthier。
翻译
一个国家只有通过变得富强才能纠正这些问题。
12.Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers
or newspapers without government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.
结构
全句有 3 个谓语动词：were，should have 和 should hesitate。其中主句的是：should
hesitate。本句是一个条件式虚拟倒装句。前半部分是一个 if 引导的条件状语从句，按照正常
语序为：If it were left to me to decide„。whether 引导的是 decide 的宾语从句。
翻译
如果由我来决定是有政府无报纸还是有报纸无政府，我会毫不犹豫选择后者。
13.Out of our emotional experience with objects and events comes a social feeling of
agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”.
结构

21
 全句有 3 个谓语动词：comes，are 和 are。其中主句的是：comes，两个 are 是 that 引导
的主语 feeling 的同位语从句中的两个并列谓语。为了避免造成头重脚轻的感觉，主句是一个
完全倒装句，按照正常语序句子主干应该为：A social feeling of agreement „ comes out of our
emotional experience with objects and events.
翻译
从我们对于客观物体和事件的情感经验中产生了一种共同的社会情绪：某些东西和行为
是“好的”而其他的是“坏的”。
14.Among the most promising and most thoroughly researched probiotics is the GG strain
of Lactobacillus, discovered by Dr. Sherwood Gorbach and biochemist Barry Goldin, both at
Tufts University School of Medicine.
结构
全句只有 1 个谓语动词：is。整个句子是一个完全倒装句，按照正常语序句子主干应该是：
The GG strain of Lactobacillus „ is among the most promising and most thoroughly
researched probiotics。过去分词短语 discovered by„作为后置定语修饰 the GG strain of
Lactobacillus，后面的短语 both at„则是两个人名的定语。
翻译
由塔夫茨大学医学院舍伍德·哥尔巴赫教授和生化学家巴利·格尔丁发现的鼠李糖乳杆
菌是最有前途并且研究得最充分的益生菌之一。
15.Only when total production expands faster than the rate of labor force growth plus the
rate of productivity increase and minus the rate at which average annual hours fall does the
unemployment rate fall.
结构
全句有 4 个谓语动词：expands，fall 和 does fall。其中主句的是：does fall。这是一个由
only 开头 的条 件式 强 调句 ，主 句采 用倒 装句 式 。按 照正 常语 序句 子主 干 应该 为： the
unemployment rate does fall。在 when 引导的条件状语从句中 which 引导的是第三个 rate 的
定语从句。
翻译
只有当总产量增长率大于劳动力增长速率加上生产力增长率并减去平均年劳动时间下降
的速率时，失业率才会下降。

22
段落结构
一、总分段落

说明文的段落中，大部分为总分结构，即段落的第一句或前两句为中心句，其后的内容就是
一些细节、例子或者数据分析，这些内容目的是为了支持开头的主题。这些段落的中心句通
常是一个具有概括性语气的陈述句，而后的内容包含细节描述、数据和例子，也比较容易被
识别出来。

例如剑桥五-2 BAKELITE 文章倒数第三段：The original patent outlined a three-stage process, in

which phenol and formaldehyde (from wood or coal) were initially combined under vacuum inside a
large egg-shaped kettle„„

这个段落中，由于我们看到文章的第一句提到 three-stage process，我们就可以断定段落的内容

为制造 BAKELITE 的三个步骤以及细节。这个段落的专有名词较多，如果识别出此段的句间
关系，就节省了逐句分析句子的时间，在解决后面的 LABLE 题时也可以迅速定位到这一段。

再比如，剑五-1 NATURE OR NURT URE 的 E 段：What were the actual results? Well, over 60 per
cent of the teacher-subjects continued to„„

这个段落结构也比较明显，内容为实验的结果及分析。

当然，也有一些段落没有如此明显的总分特点，需要我们分析和理解段中的每一句，但是在
skimming 的过程中，段落的开头一至两句的内容还是十分重要的。

二、因果段落

因果段落具有明显的连接词来表示其中的关系，例如 therefore, as a result, because, thus, hence

等。对于这样的段落，通常会考查 T/F/NG 判断题、多选题或填空题。例如剑五-4 THE EFFECTS
OF LIGHT ON PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIES 第三段：Breeding seasons in animals such as
birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest
chances……Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths……

三、转折段落

转折段落中的考点是雅思阅读考试中的一类经典考点，提醒考生们应该对其保持高度的警觉。
一旦在 skimming 过程中，或者做题找答案的过程中看到 however/but 等表示转折的连接词，
就要清楚转折的地方一定会设置考点，通常为 T/F/NG、多选题、HEADING。遇到转折段落，
那么该段的中心会体现在 however/but 的后面，因此句子间的意思就比较明显了：however/but
前的句子内容为前提条件、之前的预测或研究结果等；而连接词后面的则是与前文不一致的
地方，或者说是更有价值的地方。在转折段中重要的信息都存在于转折词后面的内容。

例如，剑六-2 第三段：Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances.

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But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter
of the twentieth century, for example, gave today’s elderly people a better start in life than their
predecessors.

看这段的前两句，意思为：“显然这些疾病在医疗发展面前退却下来。但是很有可能还有其他
一些因素”。看了这个转折关系的内容，我们就可以得知本段旨在讲其他的因素。

再例如，剑七-2 THE TRUE COST OF FOOD 第二段：First mechanization, then mass use of
chemical fertilizers and pesticides,„„But the damage it has caused has been colossal„„

这一段 but 前的内容为农业发展迅速，高强度农耕带来了巨大的产量；之后的内容则是讲农业

的迅速发展所带来的巨大损害。当我们看到这个转折以后，就会明白这个段落旨在讨论损害
而不是提高产量。因此转折无疑是在提示我们：转折词后的内容是主旨，也是考点所在。

四、递进段落

递进段落也常伴随表示递进关系的连接词，如 moreover/furthermore 等，也有的段中没有连

接词，但是通过意思能判断出段落后半部分的内容更加重要。递进的内容通常是对之前提到
内容的补充，也就是说，递进前后的内容属于一个大类，是并列的内容。看下面的两个例子：

剑七-3 ANT INTELLIGENCE 第四段：Or have they? The farming methods of ants are at least
sustainable. They do not ruin environments or use enormous amounts of energy. Moreover, recent
evidence suggests that the crop farming of ants may be more sophisticated and adaptable than was
thought.

这个段落中，由于出现递进关系，因此我们可以判断整个段落讲的都是蚂蚁的 farming methods

是很高效和科学的。第三句和第四句的内容就可以归为一类，或者说，想表达的意思是一致
的。

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