der an enclosure consisting of N black surfaces maintained at

mperatures. The net radiation heat transfer from any surface i of

e is determined by adding up the net radiation heat transfers from
Example of heat transfer between two objects
ach of the surfaces of the enclosure:
N N
· ·
Qi ! !
j!1
!
Qi → j ! A F "(Ti4 # Tj4)
j!1
i i→j (W) (12-20)
• Consider the 5-m x 5-m x 5-m cubical
·furnace shown in figure, whose surfaces
ative value for Q indicates that net radiation heat transfer is to
closelyenergy
, surface i gains radiation approximate black
instead of losing). surfaces.
Also, the net The
from a surface to base,
itself istop,
zero,and side ofsurfaces
regardless the shape ofofthe
the furnace
are maintained at uniform temperatures of
800 K, 1500 K, and 500 K, respectively.
Determine the net rate of radiation heat
12–6 transfer
Radiation between
Heat Transfer theFurnace
in a Black base and the top
surface.
e 5-m $ 5-m $ 5-m cubical furnace shown in Figure 12–19, whose 2 T2 = 1500 K
osely approximate black surfaces. The base, top, and side surfaces
ce are maintained at uniform temperatures of 800 K, 1500 K, and
pectively. Determine (a) the net rate of radiation heat transfer be-
3
ase and the side surfaces, (b) the net rate of radiation heat transfer
T3 = 500 K
e base and the top surface, and (c) the net radiation heat transfer
se surface.

The surfaces of a cubical furnace are black and are maintained at 1

mperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the base T1 = 800 K
rfaces, between the base and the top surface, from the base surface
FIGURE 12–19
etermined.
The cubical furnace of black surfaces37
The surfaces are black and isothermal.
considered in Example 12–6.
Example of heat transfer between two objects
Ans:
• The net rate of radiation heat transfer Q1 → 2 from surface
1 to surface 2 is determined by:

therefore, we need to know F12 in order to calculate the

heat transfer amount.
• The F12 can be obtained by the chart in the next page.
!! # !" #
We first calculate = = 1 and = =1
" # " #

from the chart, we get 𝐹$% = 0.2

• Thus, the heat transfer amount is:

38
 CHAPT
1.0
0.9 !
0.8 L2
0.7 10 5
L1 A2 43
0.6
/D 2
0.5 o L 1
D 1.5
A1 a ti
0.4

R
1 0.9
0.3 0.8
0.7
0.6
0.2 10 0.5
!
0.4

F1 → 2 0.3
0.1 0.25
0.09 0.2
0.08 0.18
0.07 0.16
0.06 0.5 0.14
0.12
0.05 0.4
0.1
0.04 0.3
0.03
0.2

0.02

0.1 FIGURE 12–5

0.01 View factor b
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 20 aligned paral
Ratio L 2 / D 39 equal size.
Combined convective and radiative heat transfer
• A body directly exposed to the night sky will be cooled
below ambient temperature because of radiation to outer
space. This effect can be used to freeze water in shallow
trays well insulated from the ground. Estimate the
maximum air temperature for which freezing is possible,
neglecting evaporation. The emissivity of water is 0.95.
The free convection heat transfer coefficient of air can be
estimated by:
ℎ& = 0.2 (𝑇'() − 𝑇*'+,) )$/.

Heat gain by
Heat loss by radiation air convection

L
40
Combined convective and radiative heat transfer
Ans:
• Assume that steady-state is reached and the pan of water is
squre in corss section.
• For water to be freezed, the temperature should reach
𝑇/ = 0℃ or 273 K. The heat loss by the raduation at this
temperature is:
𝑄)'0('+(12 = 𝜀𝐴𝜎𝑇/.
= 0.95𝐿% ×5.67×1034 ×273. = 299𝐿% 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 %

• The water will gain heat from the air by air convection, the
amount of heat is:
𝑄&125,&+(12 = ℎ& 𝐿% 𝑇'() − 𝑇*'+,)

= 0.2(𝑇'() − 𝑇*'+,) )$/. 𝐿% 𝑇'() − 𝑇*'+,)

= 0.2𝐿% (𝑇'() − 𝑇*'+,) )#/. 𝑊 ⁄𝑚 % 41

Combined convective and radiative heat transfer
• At steady-state, 𝑄)'0('+(12 = 𝑄&125,&+(12 ,

299𝐿% = 0.2𝐿% (𝑇'() − 𝑇*'+,) )#/.

𝑇*'+,) = 𝑇/ = 273 𝑘 when the water is freezing, therefore:

299𝐿% = 0.2𝐿% (𝑇'() − 273)#/.

𝑇'() = 80 ℃

However, if in the desert, back radiation and moisture

condensation from the surrounding air greatly lower the
required temperature.

42