11th STD TM & EM Important 5 Marks Question and Answers

$Ljyhd Kf;fpa Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-
1. itu];fspd; ngUf;fKiw my;yJ gh[;fspd; tho;f;ifr; Row;rpia gw;wp tptup.

2. itu];fshy; jhtuq;fs;, tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; kdpju;fSf;F Vw;gLk; Neha;fis vOJf.
3. ghf;Bupa nry;ypd; Ez;zikg;ig tptup.
4. fpuhk; Neu; kw;Wk; fpuhk; vjpu; ghf;Bupaq;fSf;F ,ilNaAs;s NtWghl;il vOJf.
5. ghf;Bupaq;fshy; kdpju;fSf;F cz;lhFk; Neha;fis vOJf.
6. ];Bypd; gy;NtW tiffis glj;Jld; tptup.
7. iyf;nfd;fspd; nghJ gz;Gfis vOJf.
8. [pk;Ndh];ngu;k; jhtuq;fspd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp vOJf.
9. [pk;Ndh];ngu;k;fSf;Fk;, MQ;rpNah];ngu;k;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfis
vOJf.
10. Ntupd; cUkhw;wq;fis gw;wp vOJf.
11. ,iyapd; cUkhw;wq;fis gw;wp vOJf.
12. jz;bd; cUkhw;wj;ij tptup.
13. jiuf;fPo; jz;bd; khw;WUf;fisg; gw;wp vOJf.
14. Ntu;, jz;L, ,iyapd; gz;Gfis vOJf.
15. Ntu;, jz;L, ,iyapd; gzpfis vOJf.
16. nurpNkh]; kQ;rupf;Fk;, irNkh]; kQ;rupf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfis vOJf.
17. nurpNkh]; kQ;rupapd; tiffis vOJf.
18. irNkh]; kQ;rupapd; tiffis vOJf.
19. fyg;G kw;wk; rpwg;G tif kQ;rupapd; tiffis vOJf.
20. ,joiktpd; tiffis tptup.
21. Njhw;wj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; fdpfspd; tifg;ghl;il vOJf.
22. fdpfspd; tiffis tptup.
23. kfue;jj;jhs;fspd; ,izT Kiwfis gw;wp vOJf.
24. gd;dhl;Lj; jhtutpay; ngau; #l;Lr;rl;lk; (ICBN) gw;wp tptup.
25. nù;Ngupak; jahupj;jy; gw;wp vOJf.
26. n`HNghpaj;jpd; gad;fis vOJf?
27. Njrpa cyu;jhtu epiyaq;fis vOJf.
28. tifg;ghl;bd; tiffis gw;wp vOJf.
29. ghuk;gupa kw;Wk; etPd tifg;ghl;bd; NtWghLfis vOJf.
30. /NgNgrp FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf.
31. nrhyhNdrp FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf.
32. ypypNarp FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf.
33. nry;Rtupd; gzpfis vOJf.
34. ikl;Nlhfhz;bupahtpd; mikg;ig tptup.
35. gRq;fzpfj;jpd; mikg;ig gw;wp tptup my;yJ xspr;Nru;f;if eilngWk; ,lk; gw;wp
tptup.
36. cl;fUtpd; mikg;ig tptup.
37. cl;fUtpd; gzpfis vOJf.
38. FNuhNkhNrhkpd; mikg;ig tpthp?
39. FNuhNkhNrhkpd; tiffis vOJf.
40. rpwg;G tif FNuhNkhNrhk;fis tpthp?
41. ikl;lhrp]; my;yJ kiwKf nry;gFg;ig tptup.
42. kpahrp]; my;yJ Fd;wy; gFg;ig gw;wp tptup.
43. iryk; jpRit gw;wp xU fl;Liu tiuf?
44. GNshak; jpRit gw;wp xU fl;Liu tiuf?
45. th];FyhHjpR njhFg;ig gw;wp glj;Jld; tpthp?
46. ghuq;ifkh nry;fspd; tiffis gw;wp tptup.
C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 1
47. xUtpj;jpiy jhtu (kf;fhr;Nrhs) Nthpd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig gw;wp glj;Jld;
tpthp?
48. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu (mtiu) Nthpd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig gw;wp glj;Jld; tpthp?
49. xUtpj;jpiy jhtu (kf;fhr;Nrhs) jz;bd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig gw;wp glj;Jld;
tpthp?
50. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu (#hpafhe;jp) jz;bd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig gw;wp glj;Jld;
tpthp?
51. xUtpj;jpiy jhtu (Gy;) ,iyapd; FWf;F ntl;L Njhw;wij glj;Jld; tpthp?
52. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu (#hpafhe;jp) ,iyapd; FWf;F ntl;L Njhw;wij glj;Jld; tpthp?
53. xUtpj;jpiy jhtu (kf;fhr;Nrhs) Nthpd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig glk; tiue;J
ghfj;ij Fwpf;fTk;.
54. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu (mtiu) Nthpd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig glk; tiue;J ghfj;ij
Fwpf;fTk;.
55. xUtpj;jpiy jhtu (kf;fhr;Nrhs)jz;bd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig glk; tiue;J
ghfj;ij Fwpf;fTk;.
56. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu (#hpafhe;jp)jz;bd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig glk; tiue;J
ghfj;ij Fwpf;fTk;.
57. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;by; eilngWk; mfyg; Nghf;F tsHr;rp my;yJ ,uz;lhk;
epiy tsh;r;rpia gw;wp tpthp.
58. fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfis tifg;gLj;Jf.
59. xspr;NrHf;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf.
60. epwkp mikg;G-I kw;Wk; epwkp mikg;G-IIf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfis vOJf.
61. xsp gh];gupfuzk; (m) Roy; kw;Wk; Royh xsp gh];gupfuzj;ij glj;Jld; tpthp?
62. Roy; kw;Wk; Royh xsp gh];gupfuzk; NtWgLj;Jf.
63. ,Us; tpid my;yJ C3 Row;rp my;yJ capu;k cw;gj;jp epiy my;yJ
xspr;Nru;f;ifapd; fhu;gd; xLf;fr; Row;rpia (PCR) tptup.
64. `hl;r; kw;Wk; ];yhf; topj;jlk; my;yJ C4 Row;rp my;yJ ilfhu;ghf;rpypf; mkpy
topj;jlk; my;yJ ilfhu;ghf;rpNy~d; topj;jlk; gw;wp vOJf. (ghlk;: 13. Nfs;tp
vz;: 8.xspr;Rthrj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; ,og;gpid <Lfl;l Gw;fs; vt;tif jftikg;G
El;gj;jpidg ngw;Ws;sd? ,jd; ngaH kw;Wk; tpsf;fj;jpid $Wf.)
65. C3 kw;Wk; C4 jhtuq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s NtWghl;il vOJf.
66. xspr;Rthrk; kw;Wk; ,Us;Rthrk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghl;il vOJf.
67. xspr;Nru;f;ifia ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; gw;wp vOJf.
68. xspr;Rthrk; my;yJ C2 Row;rp my;yJ xspr;Nru;f;ifapd; fhu;gd; Mf;]p[Ndw;w
Row;rp(PCO) Row;rpia tptup. (ghlk;: 13. Nfs;tp vz;:10.mjpfkhd xspAk;, mjpf
Mf;]p[d; nrwpTk; fhzg;gLk; NghJ vt;tif topj;jlk; jhtuq;fspy; eilngWk;?
fhuzq;fis Muha;f).
69. jhtu xspr;Nru;f;if kw;Wk; ghf;Bupa xspr;Nru;f;ifia NtWgLj;Jf.
70. fhw;W kw;Wk; fhw;wpyhr; Rthrpj;jYf;F ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfis vOJf.
71. fpisf;fhiyrp]; Row;rp my;yJ EMP Row;rpia vOJf.
72. fpug;]; Row;rp my;yJ rpl;upf; mkpyr; Row;rpia vOJf.
73. fhw;W Rthrj;jpd; NghJ xU %yf;$W FSf;Nfh]; cUthf;Fk; epfu %yf;$Wfspd;
msit vOJf. (ghlk;:14 Nfs;tp vz;:10. fhw;W Rthrpj;jypd; NghJ xU %yf;$W
Rf;Nuh]; KOtJkhf Mf;]p[Ndw;wkile;J cUthFk; epfu tpisnghUs;fis
jw;Nghja ghu;itapy; vt;thW fzf;fpLtha;?).
74. My;f`hy; nehjpj;jy; kw;Wk; yhf;bf; mkpy nehjpj;jYf;F ,ilNa cs;s
NtWghLfis vOJf.
75. ngz;l;Nlh]; /gh];Ngl; topj;jlk; my;yJ HMP ~z;l; thopj;jlj;ij vOJf.
(ghlk;:14 Nfs;tp vz;: 9. FSf;Nfh]; cilAk; khw;W topg;ghijapd; ngau; vd;d?
mjpy; eilngWk; tpidfis tptup?)
76. Mf;]pdpd; tho;tpay; tpisTfis vOJf?
77. [pg;uypdpd; tho;tpay; tpisTfis vOJf?
78. irl;Nlhifdpd; tho;tpay; tpisTfis vOJf?
79. vj;jpypdpd; tho;tpay; tpisTfis vOJf?
80. mg;rrpf; mkpyj;jpd; tho;tpay; tpisTfis vOJf?
81. igl;NlhFNuhk; gw;wp vOJf?
82. fpisl;Nlhupah nlu;Nd~pah (/NgNgrp) / lhl;ûh nkl;ly; (nrhyhNdrp) /
my;ypak; rPgh (ypy;ypNarp) jhtuq;fis fiyr;nrhw;fshy; tptup.
*************************************
Additional important five mark questions:-

1. Explain – Multiplication or Life cycle of phages.
2. Write the Plant, Animal, Human diseases caused by virus.
3. Explain the ultrastructure of a Bacterial cell.
4. Write the difference between Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria.
5. Write the human diseases caused by Bacteria.
6. Describe the different types of stele seen in plants with neat sketches.
7. Write the general characteristics of lichens.
8. Write the economic importance of Gymnosperms
9. Write the difference between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
10. Write the types of Root modification.
11. Write about leaf modification.
12. Write the types of stem modification.
13. Describe the underground stem modification.
14. Write the characteristic features of Root, Stem, Leaf.
15. Write the functions of Root, Stem, Leaf.
16. Write the difference between Racemose and Cymose inflorescence.
17. Write the types of Racemose inflorescence.
18. Write the types of Cymose inflorescence.
19. Write the types of Mixed and special inflorescence.
20. Describe about types of Aestivation.
21. Write about classification of fruits based on formation.
22. Write about types of fruits.
23. Explain about fusion of stamens.
24. Describe about International code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN).
25. Write about Herbarium preparation.
26. Write about uses of Herbarium.
27. Write about national Herbarium.
28. Describe - types of Classification.
29. Write the different between classical and modern taxonomy.
30. Write the economic importance of Fabaceae.
31. Write the economic importance of Solanaceae.
32. Write the economic importance of Liliaceae.
33. Write the functions of Cell wall.
34. Describe about Mitochondria.
35. Explain the structure of Chloroplast.
36. Describe the structure of Nucleus.
37. Write the functions of the nucleus.
38. Describe the structure of Chromosomes.
39. Write the types of Chromosomes.
40. Explain about special types of chromosomes.
41. Explain about Mitosis.
42. Given an account of Meiosis.
43. Describe the Xylem tissue.
44. Describe the Phloem tissue.
45. Describe - Vascular Tissue System.
46. Explain the types of Parenchyma tissue.
47. Describe the primary structure of Monocot root – Maize root.
48. Describe the primary structure of Dicot root – Bean root.
49. Explain the primary structure of monocot stem – Maize stem.
50. Explain the primary structure of dicot stem – Sunflower stem.
51. Describe the anatomy of monocot leaf – Grass leaf.
52. Describe the anatomy of dicot leaf – Sunflower leaf.
53. Draw and label the parts of transverse section of monocot root – Maize root.
54. Draw and label the parts of transverse section of dicot root – Bean root.
55. Draw and label the parts of transverse section of monocot stem – Maize stem.
56. Draw and label the parts of transverse section of dicot stem – Sunflower stem.
57. Describe the secondary growth in dicot stem
58. Describe carbohydrates.
59. Write the significance of Photosynthesis.
60. Write the difference between photosystem-I and photosystem-II.
61. Draw the outline diagram of cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
62. Differentiate Cyclic and Non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
63. Describe Dark reaction or C3 Cycle or Biosynthetic phase or Phtosynthetic Carbon Reduction
(PCR) Cycle or Melvin Calvin cycle.
64. Hatch & Slack Pathway or C4 Cycle or Dicarboxylic Acid Pathway or Dicarboxylation
Pathway (Chapter: 14 Question No: 8. Grasses have an adaptive mechanism to compensate
photorespiratory losses- Name and describe the mechanism).
65. Differentiate C3 and C4 platns.
66. Differentiate Photorespiration and Dark respiration.
67. What are the factors affecting Photosynthesis.
68. Explain Photorespiration or C2 Cycle or Photosynthetic Carbon Oxidation (PCO) Cycle.
(Chapter:13 Question no:10. When there is plenty of light and higher concentration of O2,
what kind of pathway does the plant undergo? Analyse the reasons.
69. Write the difference between photosynthesis in Plants and photosynthesis in Bacteria.
70. Differentiate aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
71. Describe about Glycolysis or EMP pathway.
72. Explain – Kerbs cycle or Citric acid cycle or TCA cycle.
73. Tabulate the net product of aerobic respiration. (Chapter:14 Question no:10.How will you
calculate net products of one sucrose molecule upon complete oxidation during aerobic
respiration as per recent view?)
74. Differentiate alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
75. Describe about Pentose phosphate pathway or Phospho gluconate pathway. (Chapter:14
Question no:9. What is the name of alternate way of glucose breakdown? Explain the process
involved in it?).
76. Write the physiological effects of Auxin.
77. Write the physiological effects of Gibberellin.
78. Write the physiological effects of Cytokinin.
79. Write the physiological effects of Ethylene.
80. Write the physiological effects of Abscisic acid.
81. Describe about Phytochrome.
82. Explain the Botanical description of Clitoria ternatea (Sangu Pushpam) – Fabaceae (Pea
family), Datura metal (Oomatham Poo) – Solanaceae, Allium cepa (Onion) – Liliaceae.
*************************************
$Ljyhd Kf;fpa Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;:
1.itu];fspd; ngUf;fKiw my;yJ gh[;fspd; tho;f;ifr; Row;rpia gw;wp tptup.
itu];fs; fPo;fz;l ,uz;L Kiwfs; %yk; ngUf;fkilfpd;wd.
(m)rpijT my;yJ tPupaKs;s Row;rp.
(M)cwf;fepiy my;yJ tPupakw;w Row;rp.
(m)rpijT my;yJ tPupaKs;s Row;rp:
1.xl;bf;nfhs;Sjy;:
1.Kjypy; itu]; Jfs;fs; ghf;Bupa nry;Yld; xU njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;wd.
2.T4 itu]pd; mbj;jl;L kw;Wk; Kl;fspd; %yk; ghf;Bupa nry;ypd; Nkw;Gwj;jpy; ed;F
xl;bf;nfhs;fpd;wd. ,jw;F Fj;Jjy; vd;W ngau;.
2.CLUTjy;:
1.,aq;FKiw kw;Wk; nehjpiag; gad;gLj;jp xk;Gapup nry;Rtu; fiuf;fg;gl;L CLUTjy;
eilngWfpwJ.
2.ghf;BupahtpDs; DNA Jfs; jd;dpr;irahfr; nrYj;jg;gLtJ CLUTjy; vdg;gLk;.
3.cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLjy;:
1.,e;epiyapy; Guj cw;gj;jpAk; DNA ,ul;bg;giljYk; eilngWfpwJ.
2.itu];fspy; cs;s DNA ngUf;fkilfpwJ.
4.njhFg;Gk; Kjpu;r;rpAk;:
itu]pd; gFjpfs; xd;W Nru;e;J KO itu]hf khWk; epfo;r;rp Kjpu;r;rpailjy; vdg;gLk;.
5.ntspNaw;wk;:
njhlu;e;J Nra; itu];fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupg;gjhy; xk;Gapupr; nry;Rtu; ntbj;J itu];fs;
ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
(M)cwf;fepiy my;yJ tPupakw;w Row;rp:
1.,t;tif Row;rpapy; itu]pd; DNAf;fs; xk;Gapup DNA cld; xUq;fpizg;ig
Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;fpd;wd.
2.,jpy; jd;dpr;irahf itu]; Jfs;fs; cUthf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
3.xk;Gapup nry;ypd; FNuhNkhNrhKld; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l itu]; DNAit /gh[; Kd;Ndhb vd
miof;fpNwhk;.
4.ghf;Bupa FNuhNkhNrhKld; gpize;Js;s /gh[; Kd;Ndhb ghf;Bupa FNuhNkhNrhKld;; Nru;e;J
ngUf;fkilfpwJ.
5.UV fjpu;tPr;R kw;Wk; Ntjpg; nghUl;fs; jhf;Fjy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ /gh[; DNA gpsTf;F cl;gl;Lr;
rpijT Row;rpapNyNa ngUf;fkilfpwJ.
2.itu];fshy; jhtuq;fs;, tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; kdpju;fSf;F Vw;gLk; Neha;fis vOJf.
jhtu Neha;fs; tpyq;F Neha;fs; kdpj Neha;fs;
1.Gifapiy Njky; Neha; fhy;eilfSf;F Nfhkhup rsp
Neha;
2.fUk;G Njky; Neha; ntwp eha;ff
; b Gw;WNeha;
3.ney;ypd; Jq;Nuh Neha; Fjpiufspd; %isj;jz;Ltl ntwpeha;ff; b Neha;
mow;rp Neha;
4.nts;supapd; Njky; Neha; - ngupak;ik;, rpd;dk;ik, jl;lik;ik
5.jf;fhsp Njky; Neha; - va;l]
; ;
3.ghf;Bupa nry;ypd; Ez;zikg;ig tptup.
ghf;Bupa nry; %d;W %f;fpa gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
1.ntspAiw my;yJ fpisf;NfhNfyf;]; 2.nry;Rtu; 3.irl;Nlhgpshrk;.
1.ntspAiw my;yJ fpisf;NfhNfyf;];:
1.nry;RtNuhL kpf neUf;fkhf mike;j fpisf;NfhNfyf;]pdhy; Md mLf;F ntspAiw vdg;gLk;.
2.,it ghf;Bupaq;fis cyu;jypy; ,Ue;Jk;, capu; vjpu; nghUs;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;s
cjTfpwJ.
3.,it ghf;Bupaq;fs; xl;btho cjTfpd;wd.
2.nry;Rtu;:
1.,it ngg;bNlhfpisf;fhd; my;yJ kpA+Nfhngg;illhy; MdJ.
2.,it fiug;nghUs;fs; gutpr;nry;tjw;F cjTfpd;wd.
3.gpsh];kh rt;T:
1.gpsh];kh rt;T ypg;Ngh Gujj;jhy; MdJ.
2.,it rpwpa %yf;$Wfs; cs; EiotijAk; ntspNaWtijAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
4.irl;Nlhgpshrk;:
1.irl;Nlhgpshrk; mlu;j;jpahd xsp flj;Jk; jd;ikf;nfhz;l gFjpahFk;.
2.,jpy; upNghNrhk;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
5.FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;:
ghf;Bupaq;fspd; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; tl;l tbt RUz;l DNA %yf;$Wfs; MFk;.
6.gpsh];kpl;:
,uz;L ,iofshy; Md tl;ltbt, Rakhf ngUf;fkilAk; $Ljy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; gpsh];kpl;
vdg;gLk;.
7.kPNrhNrhk;fs;:
ghf;Bupa nry;ypy; fhzg;gLk; cs;Nehf;fpa kbg;Gf;fs; kPNrhNrhk;fs; vdg;gLk;.
8.ghypNrhk;fs;:
1.upNghNrhk;fs; xd;W Nru;e;J fhzg;gLk; mikg;G ghypNrhk;fs; vdg;gLk;.
2.upNghNrhk;fs; Gujr;Nru;f;if eilngWk; ikaq;fs; MFk;.
9.firapio:
1.firapiofs; ghf;Bupaq;fspd; ,lg;ngau;r;rpf;F cjTfpd;wd.
2.firapiofs; 9+2 vd;w mikg;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
4.fpuhk; Neu; kw;Wk; fpuhk; vjpu; ghf;Bupaq;fSf;F ,ilNaAs;s NtWghl;il vOJf.
gz;Gfs; fpuhk; Neu; ghf;Bupaq;fs; fpuhk; vjpu; ghf;Bupaq;fs;
1.nry;Rtu; gy mLf;Ffshy; MdJ. Xu; mLf;fhy; MdJ.
2.nry;Rtupd; cWjpj;jd;ik kpfTk; cWjpahdJ. nefpo;Tj;jd;ikf; nfhz;lJ.
3.ntspg;Gwr;rt;T fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. fhzg;gLfpwJ.
4.ngupgpshr ,ilntsp fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. fhzg;gLfpwJ.
5.Cl;lj;Njitfs; kpf rpf;fyhd Kf vspa Cl;lKiw cilaJ.
Cl;lKiw cilaJ.
5.ghf;Bupaq;fshy; kdpju;fSf;F cz;lhFk; Neha;fis vOJf.
Nehapd; ngau; Neha;ff; huzp
1.fhyuh tpg;upNah fhyNu
2.il/gha;L rhy;Nkhndy;yh il/gp
3.vYk;GUf;fp Neha; ikf;Nfhghf;Bupak; bA+gu;FNshrp];
4.njhONeha; ikf;Nfhghf;Bupak; nyg;Nu
5.epNkhdpah bg;Nyhf;fhf;f]; epNkhdpah
6.];Bypd; gy;NtW tiffis glj;Jld; tptup.
1.];By; vd;gJ jz;by; th];Fyhu; fw;iwfshy; Md ika cUisia Fwpf;Fk;.
2.,J iryk;, /GNshak;, gpj;ij cs;slf;fpaJ MFk;.
];Bypd; tiffs;:
1.GNuhNlh];By;:
,jpy; iryk; /GNshaj;jhy; #og;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,J fPo;fz;l ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
2.N`g;Nsh];By;:
1.,jpy; iryk; /GNshaj;jhy; #og;gl;bUf;Fk;.
2.vLj;Jf;fhl;L: nryh[Pndy;yh.
/GNshak;
iryk;
3.Mf;bNdh];By;:
1.el;rj;jpu tbt iryk; /GNshaj;jhy; #og;gl;bUf;Fk;.
2.vLj;Jf;fhl;L: iyfNghbak; nru;Nul;lk;.
/GNshak;
iryk;
4.gpsf;Nlh];By;:
1.iryKk;, /GNshaKk; jl;Lfs; Nghd;W khwpkhwp mike;jpUf;Fk;.
2.vLj;Jf;fhl;L: iyfNghbak; fpshNtl;lk;.
iryk;
/GNshak;
5.fyg;G GNuhl;Nlh];By;:
iryKk;, /GNshaKk; rpjwp fhzg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L: iyfNghbak; nru;Dtk;.
6.A+];By;:
1.th];Fyhu; fw;iw gpj;ij #o;e;J xU tisakhff; fhzg;gLk;.
2.vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;L.
/GNshak;
iryk;
7.iyf;nfd;fspd; nghJ gz;Gfis vOJf.
1.ghrpfs; kw;Wk; G+Q;irfSf;fpilNa Vw;gLk; xUq;Fapup mikg;gpw;F iyf;nfd;fs; vd;W ngau;.
2.,jpy; ghrp cWg;gpdu; ghrp capup my;yJ xsp capup vdg;gLk;.
3.ghrp capup G+Q;irf;F Cl;lj;ij jUfpwJ. G+Q;ir capup ghrpf;F ghJfg;ig jUfpwJ.
4.G+Q;ir capupapd; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk; Jz;lhjy;, nrhuPbaq;fs;, Irpbaq;fs; %yk;
eilngWfpwJ.
5.ghrp capup cwf;f efuhtpj;Jfs;, `hu;NkhNfhdpaq;fs; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpwJ.
8.[pk;Ndh];ngu;k; jhtuq;fspd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp vOJf.
jhtuq;fs; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs;
nghUl;fs;
1.irf]; rhNfh czthfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
2.igd]; tpij czthfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
3.lhf;]]; lhf;]hy; Gw;WNeha;fF
; kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
4.igd]; nurpd; thu;dp~; jahupf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
5.vgpl;uh vgpl;upd; M];Jkh Nehia Fzg;gLj;jg; gad;gLfpwJ.
9.[pk;Ndh];ngu;k;fSf;Fk;, MQ;rpNah];ngu;k;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfis vOJf.
[pk;Ndh];ngu;k;fs; MQ;rpNah];ngu;k;fs;
1.#y;fs; jpwe;jit. #y;fs; %bait.
2.,ul;ilf; fUTWjy; fhzg;gLk;. ,ul;ilf; fUTWjy; fhzg;glhJ.
3.fdp Njhd;Wtjpy;iy. fdp Njhd;WfpwJ.
4.kyu;fs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. kyu;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
5./GNshak; Jiz nry;fs; /GNshak; Jiz nry;fs;
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
10.Ntupd; cUkhw;wq;fis gw;wp vOJf.
11.,iyapd; cUkhw;wq;fis gw;wp vOJf.
12.jz;bd; cUkhw;wj;ij tptup.
13.jiuf;fo P ; jz;bd; khw;WUf;fisg; gw;wp vOJf.

1.Fkpok;:
1.,it rijg;gw;Ws;s nrjpy; ,iyfshy; #og;gl;l $k;G my;yJ Ftpe;j tbtKila jiuf;fPo;
jz;lhFk;.
2.vLj;Jf;fhl;L: my;ypak; rPgh (ntq;fhak;).
2.fe;jk;:
1.,it Neubahf tsUk; Edpiaf; nfhz;l rijg;gw;Ws;s jiuf;fo P ; jz;lhFk;.
2.vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Nrikf;fpoq;F (nfhyNfrpah).
3.kl;lepyj;jz;L:
1.,it fpilkl;lkhf tsUk; gy gf;fthl;L tsu; Edpfisf; nfhz;l jiuf;fo P ; jz;lhFk;.
2.vLj;Jf;fhl;L: [pQ;[p/ngu; m/gprpdhNy (,Q;rp).
4.fpoq;F:
1.,it rijg;gw;Ws;s Nfhs my;yJ cUis tbtKila jiuf;fo P ; jz;lhFk;.
2.vLj;Jf;fhl;L: nrhyhdk; bA+gNuhrk; (cUisf;fpoq;F).
14.Ntu;, jz;L, ,iyapd; gz;Gfis vOJf.
Ntu; jz;L ,iy
1.,it jhtuj;jpd; fPo; 1.,it jhtuj;jpd; Nky; 1.,iyfs; jz;bd; gf;fthl;L
Nehf;fp tsUk; gFjp MFk;. Nehf;fp tsUk; gFjp MFk;. tsupfs; MFk;.
2.,tw;wpy; gr;irak; 2.,tw;wpy; gr;irak; 2.,it jz;bd; fZtpypUe;J
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cUthfpd;wd.
3.fZ, fZtpilg; gFjpfs; 3.fZ, fZtpilg; gFjpfs; 3.,it tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tsu;rr ; piaf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
4.,jpy; Ntu;J}tpfs; 4.,jpy; fpisfs; Gwtsupfs; 4.,iyapy; ,iyabg;gFjp,
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,iyg;gug;G, ,iyf;fhk;G
Mfpa gFjpfs; cs;sd.
5.,it Neu; Gtp ehl;lKk;, 5.,it vjpu; Gtp ehl;lKk;, 5.,iyapy; th];Fyhu;
vjpu; xsp ehl;lKk; Neu; xsp ehl;lKk; ,iofisf; nfhz;l euk;Gg;
nfhz;lit. nfhz;lit. gFjp fhzg; g Lfpd;wd.
15.Ntu;, jz;L, ,iyapd; gzpfis vOJf.
Ntu; jz;L ,iy
1.ePiuAk;, fdpkq;fisAk; 1.,J jhtuj;jpd; midj;J 1.xspr;Nru;f;if, ePuhtpg;Nghf;F.
kz;zpypUe;J cwpQ;Rfpd;wd. gFjpfisAk; jhq;FfpwJ.
2.jhtuq;fis kz;zpy; 2.ePiuAk;, fdpkq;fisAk; 2.thA gupkhw;wk;.
epiyepWj;Jfpd;wd. NtwpypUe;J flj;Jfpd;wd.
3.,iyfs;, kyu;fs;, 3.nkhl;Lfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
-
fdpfisj; jhq;Ffpd;wd.
4.,iyfs; jahupf;Fk; 4.ePiuAk;, fdpkq;fisAk;
- cztpid flj;Jfpd;wd. flj;Jjy;.
16.urpNkh]; kQ;rupf;Fk;, irNkh]; kQ;rupf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfis vOJf.
urpNkh]; kQ;rup irNkh]; kQ;rup
1.ika mr;R tuk;gw;w tsu;r;rp 1.ika mr;R tuk;Gila tsu;rr ; p
cilaJ. cilaJ.
2.kyu;fs; Edp Nehf;fpa 2.kyu;fs; mb Nehf;fpa tupirapy;
tupirapy; mike;jpUf;Fk;. mike;jpUf;Fk;.
3.kyu;jy; ikak; Nehf;fpaJ. 3.kyu;jy; ikak; tpyfpaJ.
4.Kjpu;e;j kyu;fs; kQ;rup mr;rpd; 4.Kjpu;e;j kyu;fs; kQ;rup mr;rpd;
mbg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk;. Edpg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk;.
17.urpNkh]; kQ;rupapd; tiffis vOJf.
18.irNkh]; kQ;rupapd; tiffis vOJf.
19.fyg;G kw;wk; rpwg;G tif kQ;rupapd; tiffis vOJf.
20.,joiktpd; tiffis tptup.
Gy;yp ,jo;fSk;, my;yp ,jo;fSk; kyupd; nkhl;by; mike;jpUf;Fk; Kiwf;F ,joikT vd;W
ngau;. ,it fPo;fz;l Ie;J tifg;gLk;.
1.njhL ,joikT:
Gy;yp, my;yp ,jo;fs; xd;iw xd;W njhl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. v.fh: md;Ndhdh (rPjhg;gok;).
2.jpUF ,joikT:
Gy;yp, my;yp ,jo;fspd; tpspk;Gfs; xd;iw xd;W jOtpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. v.fh: nrk;gUj;jp.
3.mLf;F ,joikT:
Gy;yp, my;yp ,jo;fspy; xU ,jo; ntspNaAk;, xU ,jo; cs;NsAk; kw;w %d;W ,jo;fspd; xU
tpspk;G ntspGwKk;, kw;nwhU tpspk;G cl;GwKk; fhzg;gLk;. v.fh: Nf~pah.
4.Ftpd;Fd;~pay; ,joikT:
,uz;L my;yp ,jo;fs; ntspNaAk;, ,uz;L my;yp ,jo;fs; cs;NsAk;, xU my;yp ,jopd; xU
tpspk;G cs;NsAk;, kw;nwhU tpspk;G ntspNaAk; fhzg;gLk;. v.fh: nfha;ah.
5.,wq;F jOT ,joikT (ntf;]py;yup):
Nky; Gwj;jpy; cs;s ngupa my;yp ,jopd; ,U tpspk;GfSk; gf;fthl;by; cs;s ,jo;fisj;
jOtpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. gf;fthl;L my;yp ,jo;fspd; kw;nwhU tpspk;G fPo; Gwj;jpy; cs;s my;yp
,jo;fisj; jOtpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. v.fh: gl;lhzp.
21.Njhw;wj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; fdpfspd; tifg;ghl;il vOJf.
22.fdpfspd; tiffis tptup.
23.kfue;jj;jhs;fspd; ,izT Kiwfis gw;wp vOJf.

1.xU fw;iw kfue;jj;jhs;:
kfue;jf;fk;gpfs; midj;Jk; ,ize;J xU fw;iwahf fhzg;gLk;. v.fh: nrk;gUj;jp.
2.,U fw;iw kfue;jj;jhs;:
kfue;jf;fk;gpfs; ,uz;L fw;iwfshf ,ize;J fhzg;gLk;. v.fh: gl;lhzp.
3.gy fw;iw kfue;jj;jhs;:
kfue;jf;fk;gpfs; ,ize;J gy fw;iwfshf fhzg;gLk;. v.fh: rpl;u]; (vYk;gpr;ir).
4.my;yp xl;bait:
kfue;j;jhs;fs; my;yp ,jo;fSld; xl;bf; fhzg;gLk;. v.fh: fj;jup.
5.Gy;yp xl;bait:
kfue;j;jhs;fs; Gy;yp ,jo;fSld; xl;bf; fhzg;gLk;. v.fh: rpy;tu; Xf;.
6.ifNdh];B[Pak;:
kfue;j;jhs;fSld; #y;Kb ,ize;J cUthtJ ifNdh];B[Pak; MFk;.
7.nghypdpak;:
kfue;j;J}s;fs; xd;whf ,ize;J xNu njhFg;ghff; fhzg;gLk;. v.fh: vUf;F (fNyhbuhgp];).
24.gd;dhl;Lj; jhtutpay; ngau; #l;Lr;rl;lk; (ICBN) gw;wp tptup.
1.XU jhtuj;jpw;F ngaupl;L miog;gJ ngaupLjy; vdg;gLk;.
2.,g;ngaupLk; KiwahdJ gd;dhl;Lj; jhtutpay; ngau; #l;Lr;rl;lj;jpd; (ICBN) gb mike;Js;sJ.
3.ngaupLtjw;fhd mbg;gil tpjpfis fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; 1751Mk; Mz;L “/gpyhNrhgpah
nghl;lhdpfh” vd;Dk; Gj;jfj;jpy; ntspapl;lhu;.
4.ngaupLtjw;fhd tpjpKiwfis A.P. B fhz;Nlhy; 1813Mk; Mz;L “jpaup vypnkz;lup b yh
nghl;lhdpf;” vd;Dk; Gj;jfj;jpy; ntspapl;lhu;.
5.jw;NghJ eilKiwapy; cs;s ICBN ngaupLjy; gw;wpa tpjpKiwfs; fNuhy]; ypd;Nda];,
A.P. B fhz;Nlhy; kw;Wk; mtUila kfd; my;Nghd;]; B fhz;Nlhy; MfpNahuhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
25.nù;Ngupak; jahupj;jy; gw;wp vOJf.
1.jhtuq;fis Nrfupj;jy; kw;wk; jputq;fspy; gjg;gLj;Jjy;.
2.Nrfupg;G fsk; Fwpj;j jfty;fis Mtzg;gLj;Jjy;.
3.jhtu tif khjpupfis jahupj;jy;.
4.cyu;jhtu xl;Lj;jhspy; cyu;jhtu tif khjpupfis xl;Ljy;.
5.Fwpg;G tptur;rl
P ;ilj; jahupj;jy;.
6.G+Q;ir kw;Wk; G+r;rpfs; jhf;Fjy;fspypUe;J cyu;jhtu xl;Lj;jhis ghJfhj;jy;.
26.n`HNghpaj;jpd; gad;fis vOJf?
1.jhtuq;fis ,dk; fz;lwpag; gad;gLfpwJ.
2.[Pd;fspd; Muha;rr ; pf;F gad;gLfpwJ.
3.tifg;gl;bay; kw;Wk; cs;sikg;gpay; Muha;r;rpf;F gad;gLfpwJ.
4.jhtuq;fspd; midj;J tptuq;fisAk; Nrkpf;Fk; epiyakhf cs;sJ.
5.xU ehl;by; cs;s jhtu tptuq;fis KOikahf mwpe;Jf;nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.
27.Njrpa cyu;jhtu epiyaq;fis vOJf.
epWtg;gl;l RUf;fg; rpw;wpdq;fspd;
Njrpa cyu;jhtu epiyaq;fs; ,lk; tUlk; ngau; vz;zpf;if
1.nkl;uh]; nù;Ngupak;, BSI tshfk;. Nfhak;Gj;J}u; 1995 M.H 4,08,776
2.kj;jpa Njrpa nù;Ngupa epiyak;. Nkw;Ftq;fk; 1795 CAL 2,00,000
3.[tù;yhy; NeU ntg;gkz;lyj;
jhtutpay; Njhl;lk; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp jpUtde;jGuk;, 1979 JNTBGRI 30,500
epWtdk;. Nfush
4.khepyf; fy;Y}up nù;Ngupak;. nrd;id 1844 PCM 15,000
28.tifg;ghl;bd; tiffis gw;wp vOJf.
1.nraw;if Kiw tifg;ghL:
1.,J ,dg;ngUf;f tifg;ghL vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
2.1753 Mk; Mz;L fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; ,t;tifg;ghl;il ntspapl;lhH. ,tH ];tPld; ehl;ilr;
rhHe;jtH.
3.,thpd; tifg;ghL “];gP]pa]; gpshz;lhuk;” vd;Dk; E}ypy;; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
4.,jpy; 7300 rpw;wpdq;fs; 24 tFg;Gfspy; tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
5.xUtpj;jpiy jhtuf; FLk;gk; rpQ;rpngNurp, ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuf; FLk;gk; mdfhHbNarp
xNu xU kfue;jj;jhs; ngw;wpUg;gjhy; ,it Nkhzhd;hpah tFg;gpy; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2.,aw;if Kiw tifg;ghL:
1.nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pf;fH ,t;tifg;ghl;il ntspapl;ldH. ,th;fs; ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;ilr; rhHe;jtHfs;.
2.,t;tifg;ghl;il ,e;jpah, ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; gy fhkd;nty;j; ehLfs; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd.
3.,t;tifg;ghL n[dpuh gpshz;lhuk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,J %d;W njhFjpfis
cilaJ.
4.,jpy; 97205 rpw;wpdq;fs; 202 Jiwfspy; tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
5.,t;tifg;ghL %d;W tFg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ.
3.,dg;gupzhk top tifg;ghL:
1.,t;tifg;ghL kuGtop kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
2.rhHy]; lhHtpdpd; rpw;wpdq;fspd; Njhw;wk; (Origin of species) vDk; E}y; ,t;tifg;ghl;bw;F
J}z;Ljyhf mike;jJ.
3.mlhy;/g; vq;sH kw;Wk; fhu;y; gpuhz;ly; ,t;tifg;ghl;il “il Ner;rHypf;fd; /gpshd;]d;
/ghkpypad;” vd;Dk; E}ypy; ntspapl;ldH.
4.xUtpj;jpiy jhtuk; MHf;fpNlrp, ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; M];lN ; urp Nkk;ghL mile;j jhtuf;
FLk;gq;fshff; fUjg;gl;ld.
5.,e;j tifg;ghl;by; jhtu cyfk; 13 ngUk; gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
29.ghuk;gupa kw;Wk; etPd tifg;ghl;bd; NtWghLfis vOJf.
ghuk;gupa tifg;ghL etPd tifg;ghL
1.,J gioa tifg;ghL my;yJ My;gh ,J Gjpa tifg;ghL my;yJ xNkfh tifg;ghL
tifg;ghL vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
2.,J lhu;tpDf;F Ke;ija fhyk;. ,J lhu;tpDf;Fg; gpe;ija fhyk;.
3.,jpy; mbg;gil myfhd rpw;wpdq;fs; ,jpy; mbg;gil myfhd rpw;wpdq;fs;
epiyahditahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. khWk; epiyapy; ,Ug;gitahf fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
4.,J Gwg;gz;Gfis mbg;gilahff; ,J Gwg;gz;G kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;f gz;Gfis
nfhz;lJ. mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
5.,J Fwpg;gpl;l rpy khjpupfspd; $u;Nehf;F ,J ngUksT khjpupfspd; $u;Nehf;F
mbg;gilapy; mike;jJ. mbg;gilapy; mike;jJ.
30./NgNgrp FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf.

tiffs; ,Unrhw;ngau; nghJg; ngau; gad;gLk; ghfk; gad;fs;
1.gUg;G f[hd]; Jtiu tpijfs; Gujr;rj;jhf ek; cztpw;F
jhtuk; f[hd; gad;gLfpwJ.
2.czTj; yhg;yhg; mtiu fdpfs; fha;fwpahf gad;gLfpwJ.
jhtuk; gu;G+upa];
3.vz;nza; muhf;fp]; epyf;fliy tpijfs; rikaYf;F gad;gLfpwJ.
jhtuk; i`Ngh[pah
4.fl;il lhy;ngu;[pah E}f;f kuk; Kjpu;e;j fl;il kur;rhkhd;fs; nra;a
jhtuk; yhl;b/Nghypah gad;gLfpwJ.
5.rhaj; ,d;bNfh/nguh mTup ,iyfs; ,d;bNfh vd;Dk; ePyepwr;
jhtuk; bq;f;l;Nlhupah rhak; jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
31.nrhyhNdrp FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf.

1.czTj; nrhyhdk; cUis jiuf;fPo; jz;L czthf gad;gLfpwJ.
jhtuk; bAgNuhrk; fpoq;F
Ntupy; ,Ue;J
gphpj;njLf;fg;gLk;
1.ml;Nuhgh - Ntu; ml;Nuhgpd; vd;Dk;
2.kUj;Jtj; ngy;yNlhdh my;fyha;L jir typia
jhtuk; ePf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
2.nrhyhdk; ,UkYf;F kUe;jhfg;
J}Jtis ,iyfs;
l;iuNyhNgl;lk; gad;gLfpwJ.
3.Gifapiy epf;Nfhl;bahd gpb, rpfnul; jahhpf;fg;
Gifapiy ,iyfs;
jhtuk; nlhghf;fk; gad;gLfpwJ.
4.myq;fhuj; ngl;Ldpah ,sk; rptg;G Njhl;lq;fspy; mofpw;fhf
kyu;fs;
jhtuk; i`gphplh kyu; tsHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
32.ypypNarp FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf.

1.czTj; my;ypak; rPgh ntq;fhak; Fkpok; fha;fwpahf gad;gLfpwJ.
jhtuk;
2.kUj;Jtj; mNyh tPuh fw;whio ,iyfs; mNyhtpd; vd;Dk;
jhtuk; fpisf;NfhirL %y
tpahjpfSf;F kUe;jhfg;
gad;gLfpwJ.
3.ehu;j; /ghu;kpak; - ehu;fs; fapW,kPd; gpbf;Fk; tiyfs;
jhtuk; nldhf;]; nra;ag; gad;gLfpwJ.
4.vypf; Cu;[Pdpah - Fkpok; vypf;nfhy;ypahfg;
nfhy;yp ,z;bfh gad;gLfpwJ.
5.G+r;rpf; ntuhl;uk; - Fkpok; G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypahfg;
nfhy;yp My;gk; gad;gLfpwJ.
33.nry;Rtupd; gzpfis vOJf.
1.nry;iy ghJfhf;fpwJ.
2.nry;ypw;F Fwpg;gpl;l tbtj;ij mspf;fpwJ.
3.gy %yf;$Wfs; nry;ypw;Fs; Eiotij jLf;fpwJ.
4.nry;ypw;F cs;Ns cs;s GNuhl;Nlhgpshrj;ij Nrjkilahky; ghJfhf;fpwJ.
5.M];khl;bf; mOj;jj;jhy; nry;fs; ghjpg;gilahky; jLf;fpwJ.
34.ikl;Nlhfhz;bupahtpd; mikg;ig tptup.
1.1898Mk; Mz;L ngz;lh vd;gtu; ikl;Nlhfhz;bupah vd Kjy; Kjypy; ngaupl;lhu;.
2.,J ntsprt;T kw;Wk; cs;rt;T Mfpa ,ul;ilr; rt;tpdhy; MdJ.
3.ntsprt;tpy; Nghupd; vd;Dk; Gujq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
4.cs;rt;tpd; cl;Gwkhf tpuy; Nghd;w ePl;rpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd ,jw;F fpup];Nl vd;W ngau;.
5.tpuy; Nghd;w ePl;rpfspy; fhzg;gLk; fhk;G Nghd;w Jfs;fs; F1 Jfs;fs; my;yJ Mf;]pNrhk;fs;
vdg;gLk;.
6.ikl;Nlhfhz;bupahtpy; Gujj;jhy; Md cl;Gw miw khl;upf;]; vdg;gLk;.
7.ikl;Nlhfhz;bupahtpy; tl;ltbtkhd DNA kw;Wk; 70S iuNghNrhk;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
8.ikl;Nlhfhz;bupahtpy; mjpf mstpy; ATP cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLtjhy; ,it “nry;ypd; Mw;wy;
ciyfs;” vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
35.gRq;fzpfj;jpd; mikg;ig gw;wp tptup my;yJ xspr;Nru;fi ; f eilngWk; ,lk; gw;wp tptup.
1.gRq;fzpfk; ntsprt;T kw;Wk; cs;rt;T Mfpa ,ul;ilr; rt;tpdhy; MdJ.
2.gRq;fzpfj;jpd; cl;Gw gFjpf;F ];Nuhkh vd;W ngau;.
3.];l;NuhkhtpDs; fhzg;gLk; jl;ilahd mikg;gpw;F ijyf;fha;Lfs; vd;W ngau;.
4.ijyf;fha;Lfspy; gr;ira epwkp fhzg;gLfpwJ.
5.ijyf;fha;Lfspy; cs;s xspr;Nru;f;if myFfs; Fthz;lNrhk;fs; vdg;gLk;.
6.gy ijyf;fha;Lfspd; njhFg;gpw;F fpuhdk; vd;w ngau;.
7.fpuhdhf;fs; #upa xsp Mw;wiy Ntjp Mw;wyhf khw;Wfpd;wd.
8.gRq;fzpfj;jpy; DNA, RNA kw;Wk; 70S iuNghNrhk;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
9.,it ghjp jw;rhu;Gila nry; Ez;ZWg;ghFk;.
10.,jd; Kf;fpa gzp xspr;Nru;f;if MFk;.
36.cl;fUtpd; mikg;ig tptup.

1.cl;fU nry;ypd; midj;Jr; nray;fisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,it mstpy; ngupait.
2.,J ntsprt;T kw;Wk; cs;rt;T Mfpa ,ul;ilr; rt;tpdhy; MdJ.
3.cl;fUtpy; rpwpa Jisfs; fhzg;gLk; ,jw;F cl;fUJisfs; vd;W ngau;.
4.xt;nthU JisAk; mDy]; vd;Dk; mikg;ghy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ.
5.cl;fUtpy; fhzg;gLk; khl;upf;]; gFjp cl;fUgpshrk; vdg;gLk;.
6.cl;fUgpshrj;jpy; FNuhkhl;bd; tiygpd;dy;fs; kw;Wk; epA+f;spNahy];Rk; fhzg;gLk;.
7.A+NfupNahl;bf; nry;fspy; FNuhkhl;bd;fspy; rpwpjsT DNA kw;Wk; RNA ,ize;j `p];Nlhd;
Gujq;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
8.cl;fUtpd; cl;Gwj;jpy; Nfhs tbtr; rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l mikg;G epA+f;spNahy]; vdg;gLk;.
37.cl;fUtpd; gzpfis vOJf.
1.nry;ypd; midj;J nray;fisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
2.kuG kw;Wk; ghuk;gupa nra;jpfis Nrkpj;J itf;fpwJ.
3.Gujq;fs; kw;Wk; nehjpfs; cUthf;fj;jpw;F Njitahd kuG nra;jpia ngw;Ws;sJ.
4.DNA ,ul;bg;ghjy; kw;Wk; gbnaLj;jiy epfo;j;JfpwJ.
5.iuNghNrhk;fs; epA+f;spNahy];rpy; Njhd;WfpwJ.
38.FNuhNkhNrhkpd; mikg;ig tpthp?
1.Xt;nthU FNuhNkhNrhKk; xNu khjphpahd ,uz;L mikg;Gfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,it FNuhNkl;bLfs; vdg;gLk;.
2.FNuhNkhNrhkpd; FWfpa gFjp ,Wf;fq;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,it Kjd;ik ,Wf;fq;fs; kw;Wk;
,uz;lhk;epiy ,Wf;fq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
3.FNuhNkhNrhkpd; ikag;gFjp nrd;l;NuhkpaH vdg;gLk;. ,it ifNdl;NlhNfhH vd;w $l;L
,iofshy; MdJ.
4.FNuhNkhNrhkpd; xU Edp rhl;liyl; vd;Wk; kw;nwhU EdpgFjp BNyhkpaH vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
5.FNuhNkhNrhkpy; DNA, RNA, `p];Nlhd; kw;Wk; `p];Nlhd; my;yhj Gujq;fs; NrHe;j gFjp
FNuhNkl;bd; vdg;gLk;.
39.FNuhNkhNrhkpd; tiffis vOJf.

nrd;l;NuhkpaH miktplk; kw;Wk; tbtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ehd;F
tifg;gLk;. mitfshtd;…
1.BNyhnrd;l;hpf; 2.mf;Nuhnrd;l;hpf; 3.rg;-nkl;lhnrd;l;hpf; 4.nkl;lhnrd;l;hpf;
1.BNyhnrd;l;hpf;: xNu xU fuj;ijf; nfhz;l Nfhy; tbtkhd FNuhNkhNrhk;.
2.mf;Nuhnrd;l;hpf;: ,uz;L fuq;fisf; nfhz;l Nfhy; tbtkhd FNuhNkhNrhk;.
3.rg;-nkl;lhnrd;l;hpf;: ,uz;L fuq;fisf; nfhz;l”L” tbtkhd FNuhNkhNrhk;.
4.nkl;lhnrd;l;hpf;: ,uz;L fuq;fisf; nfhz;l”V” tbtkhd FNuhNkhNrhk;.
5.kdpj clypy; 44 cly FNuhNkhNrhk;fSk;, 2 ,df;FNuhNkhNrhk;fSk; cs;sd.
6.XY-Mz; ,df;FNuhNkhNrhk;, XX-ngz; ,df;FNuhNkhNrhk;.
7.,it kdpju;fspd; ghy; jd;ikia epu;zak; nra;fpd;wd.
40.rpwg;G tif FNuhNkhNrhk;fis tpthp?
rpwg;Gtif FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit
m.ghypBd; FNuhNkhNrhk; M.tpsf;F J}upif FNuhNkhNrhk;
m.ghypBd; FNuhNkhNrhk;:
1.E.G.ghy;gpahzp 1881Mk; Mz;L bNuhNrh/igyh-tpd; ckpo; ePHRug;gpfspy; ,f;FNuhNkhNrhik
Kjy; Kjyhf fz;lwpj;jhH.
2.vdNt ,it ckpo;ePH Rug;gp FNuhNkhNrhk; vdg;gLk;.
3.ghypBd; FNuhNkhNrhkpy; fhzg;gLk; nghpa gFjp ghy;gpahzp tisak; vdg;gLk;.
4.ghypBd; FNuhNkhNrhkpy; fUk;gl;il kw;Wk; epwkw;wg;gl;ilf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,tw;wpd; ,ilapy;
fhzg;gLk; gFjp ,ilg;gl;il vdg;gLk;.
5.fUk;gl;ilapy; 95% DNATk;, epwkw;wg;gl;ilapy; 5% DNATk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
M.tpsf;F J}upif FNuhNkhNrhk;:

1.,jid /gpskpq; 1882 Mk; Mz;L mrplhGNyupah vd;w xU nry; My;fhtpy; fz;lwpe;jhH.
2.,J rykhz;lH vd;w tpyq;fpd Cirl; nry;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
3.mlu;j;jpahd FNuhNkhNrhk; gFjp FNuhNkhNrhk; mr;ir cz;lhf;FfpwJ.
4.,jpy; RNA ika mr;rhfTk; DNA gf;f ePl;rpfshfTk; cs;sJ.
5.,jpy; RNA cw;gj;jp eilngWfpwJ.
41.ikl;lhrp]; my;yJ kiwKf nry;gFg;ig tptup.

ikl;lhrp]; fPo;f;fz;l ehd;F Jiz epiyfis cilaJ.
1.GNuh/Ng]; 2.nkl;lhNg]; 3.mdhNg]; 4.BNyhNg]; kw;Wk; irl;Nlhifd]p];.
1.GNuh/Ng];:
1.,e;epiyapy; FNuhNkl;bd; tiyg;gpd;dy; RUq;f Muk;gpf;fpwJ.
2.xt;nthU FNuhNkhNrhKk; jdpj;J xU E}y; Nghy fhl;rp mspf;fpwJ.
3.,e;epiyapy; epA+f;spa]; nkJthf kiwa Muk;gpf;fpwJ.
2.nkl;lhNg];:
1.,e;epiyapy; epA+f;spa]; ciw kw;Wk; epA+f;spNahy]; kiwa Muk;gpf;fpwJ.
2.,e;epiyapy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; nry;ypd; ikag; gFjpapy; mikfpwJ.
3.vjpu; vjpu; JUtj;jpypUe;J tUk; ];gpz;by; ,iofs; nrd;l;NuhkpaUld; ,ize;J
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
3.mdhNg];:
1.nrd;l;Nuhkpaupd; gFg;G mdhNg]; epiyapd; Muk;gj;ij Fwpf;fpwJ.
2.,e;epiyapy; ];gpz;by; ,iofs; RUq;f Muk;gpf;fpwJ.
3.,e;epiyapy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; “V, J, I” tbtj;ij milfpwJ.
4.BNyh/Ng];:
1.,e;epiyapy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; vjpu; vjpu; JUtj;ij mile;J ePs Muk;gpf;fpwJ.
2.,e;epiyapy; epA+f;spa]; ciw kw;Wk; epA+f;spNahy]; kWgbAk; Njhd;WfpwJ.
3.,t;thW xt;nthU JUtj;jpYk; xU Nra; nry; vd ,uz;L Nra; nry;fs; Njhd;WfpwJ.
irl;Nlhifd]p];:
1.irl;Nlhgpshr gFg;G irl;Nlhifd]p]; vdg;gLk;.
2.,e;epiyapy; /gpuhf;Nkhgpsh];l; vd;w nry;jl;L Njhw;WfpwJ.
3.,t;thwhf ikl;lh]p]; ,Wjpapy; xNu khjpupahd ,uz;L Nra; nry;fs; Njhd;WfpwJ.
42.kpahrp]; my;yJ Fd;wy; gFg;ig gw;wp tptup.
kpahrp]; fPo;f;fz;l ehd;F epiyfis cilaJ.
1.GNuh/Ng];-I 2.nkl;lhNg];-I 3.mdhNg];-I 4.BNyhNg];-I
1.GNuh/Ng];-I:
1.,JNt kpahrp];-I d; Kjy; epiyahFk;. ,J kpf ePz;l epiyahFk;.
2.,J Ie;J Jiz epiyfis cilaJ.
3.1.nyg;Nlhl;bd; 2.irNfhl;bd; 3.ghf;fpBd; 4.bg;Nyhl;Bd; 5.ilahifd]p];.
2.nkl;lhNg];-I
1.,e;epiyapy; fjpu; mikg;G njspthf njupfpwJ.
2.,e;epiyapy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; nry;ypd; ikag; gFjpapy; mikfpwJ.
3.vjpu; vjpu; JUtj;jpypUe;J tUk; ];gpz;by; ,iofs; nrd;l;NuhkpaUld; ,ize;J
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
3.mdhNg];-I
1.xj;j FNuhNkhNrhk; N[hbapypUe;J xNu xU FNuhNkhNrhk; kl;Lk; vjpu; vjpu; JUtq;fis
milfpwJ.
2.,jd; tpisthf xt;nthU JUtj;jpYk; ghjp vz;zpf;if cila (n) FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
4.BNyhNg];-I
1.,J kpahrp];-I d; ,Wjp epiyahFk;.
2.,U vjpu; vjpu; JUtq;fspYk; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; xUq;fpize;J xw;iwika epA+f;spai]j;
Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
3.kpahrp];-I f;Fg; gpwF irl;Nlhgpsrhg; gFg;G eilngWtjpy;iy.
kpahrp];-II:
,uz;lhtJ kpahrp]; gFg;G vy;yh tpjq;fspYk; ikl;lhrp]; gFg;ig xj;jpUf;Fk;.
43.iryk; jpRit gw;wp xU fl;Liu tiuf?
1.iryk; ePiuAk;, fdpk cg;Gf;fisAk; flj;JfpwJ.
2.iryk; ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
iryj;jpd; ehd;F tiffs;:-
1.iryk; buf;fL
P fs;.
2.iryk; Foha;fs;.
3.iryk; ehHfs;.
4.iryk; ghud;ifkh.
1.iryk; buf;fLP fs;;:-
1.,it capuw;wit. Fopfs;
2.,it ePskhdit.
3.,it kOq;fpa Kid cilait.
4.,it gy tif jbg;Gfshy; Mdit.
5.,jd; nry; RtH ypf;dpd; vd;Dk; nghUshy; Mdit.
2.iryk; Foha;fs;:-
1.,it capuw;wit.
2.,it Fl;ilahdit. Fopfs;
3.,it kOq;fpa Kid cilait.
4.xw;iw Jis jl;L fhzg;gLk;. v:fh:- khQ;rpnguh ,d;bfh.
5.gy Jis jl;L fhzg;gLk;. v:fh:- ypupNahnld;lu; hd;.
3.iryk; ehHfs;:-
1.,it capuw;wit.
2.,it ePskhdit. nry;RtH
3.,jd; nry; RtH ypf;dpd; vd;Dk; nghUshy; Mdit.
4.iryk; jpRTld; fhzg;gLk; ehHfs; iryk; ehHfs; vdg;gLk;. nry; miw
5.iryk; ehHfs; “ypg;upghHk; ehHfs;” vdg;gLk;.
4.iryk; ghud;ifkh:-
1.,it capUs;sit.
2.,it Fl;ilahdit.
3.,jd; nry; RtH nry;YNyhrpdhy; MdJ.
4.iryk; jpRTld; fhzg;gLk; ghud;ifkh iryk; ghud;ifkh vdg;gLk;.
irl;Nlhgpshrk;
cl;fU
44.GNshak; jpRit gw;wp xU fl;Liu tiuf?

1.GNshak; czit flj;JfpwJ.
2.GNshak;; ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
GNshaj;jpd; ehd;F tiffs;:-
1.ry;yil Foha; $Wfs;.
2.Jiz nry;fs;.
3.GNshak; ghud;ifkh.
4.GNshak; ehHfs;.
1.ry;yil Foha; $Wfs;:-
1.,it capUs;sit.
2.,jd; nry;RtH nry;YNyhrpdhy; MdJ.
3.,jpy; cl;fU fhzg;glhJ.
4.,it nrq;Fj;jhf mike;jit.
5.ry;yilj; jl;Lf;fspy; cs;s Jisfs; NfNyh]; vd;Dk; nghUshy; milf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
2.Jiz nry;fs;;:-
1.,it capUs;sit.
2.,jd; nry;RtH nry;YNyhrpdhy; MdJ.
3.,jpy; cl;fU fhzg;gLk;.
4.,it nrq;Fj;jhf mike;jit.
3.GNshak; ghud;ifkh:-
1.,it capUs;sit.
2.,jd; nry; RtH nry;YNyhrpdhy; MdJ.
3.,jpy; cl;fU fhzg;gLk;.
4.GNshak; jpRTld; fhzg;gLk;; ghud;ifkh GNshak; ghud;ifkh vdg;gLk;.
5.,it ];lhHr; kw;Wk; nfhOg;ig Nrkpf;fpwJ.
4.GNshak; ehHfs;:-
1.,it capuw;wit.
2.,it ePskhdit.
3.,jd; nry;RtH ypf;dpd; vd;Dk; nghUshy; MdJ.
4.GNshak; jpRTld; fhzg;gLk;; ehHfs; “gh];L ehHfs;” vdg;gLk;.
GNshak; ghud;ifkh NfNyh]; nry;RtH
Jiz nry;fs;;
ry;yil Foha; nry; miw
ry;yil jl;L
45.th];FyhHjpR njhFg;ig gw;wp glj;Jld; tpthp?

iryk; GNsak; NrHe;j jpR njhFg;G th];FyhH fw;iw MFk;.
1.jpwe;j th];FyhH fw;iw:-
iryj;jpw;Fk; GNshaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Nfk;gpak; fhzg;gLk;.
GNshak;
Nfk;gpak;
iryk;
2.Kba th];FyhH fw;iw:-

iryj;jpw;Fk; GNshaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Nfk;gpak; fhzg;glhJ.
GNshak;
iryk;
3.Mug;Nghf;F mikT:-
iryKk; GNshaKk; ntt;NtW Muq;fspy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
GNshak;
iryk;
4.fd;[hz;l; th];Fyhh; fw;iw:-

iryKk; GNshaKk; xNu Muq;fspy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
5.xUq;fike;j th];Fyhh; fw;iw:-
GNshak; ntspGwj;ij Nehf;fp fhzg;gLk;.
6.,Ugf;f xUq;fike;j th];FyhH fw;iw:-
iryj;jpw;F cs;gf;fKk; ntspgf;fKk; GNshak; fhzg;gLk;. v:fh:- Ff;fHgpl;Nlrp.
GNshak;
Nfk;gpak; iryk;
GNshak;
7.GNshak; #o; th];FyhH fw;iw:-
iryj;ij KOtJk; #o;e;J GNshak; fhzg;gLk;. v:fh:- ghypNghbak;.
GNshak;
iryk;
8.iryk; #o; th];FyhH fw;iw:-

GNshaj;ij KOtJk; #o;e;J iryk; fhzg;gLk;. v:fh:- mNfhu];.
iryk;
GNshak;
9.cs;Nehf;F iryk;:-
GNuhl;Nlh iryk; ikaj;ij Nehf;fpAk; nkl;lh iryk; ntspGwj;ij Nehf;fpAk; fhzg;gLk;.
10.ntspNehf;F iryk;:-
GNuhl;Nlh iryk; ntspGwj;ij Nehf;fpAk; nkl;lh iryk; ikaj;ij Nehf;fpAk; fhzg;gLk;.
46.ghuq;ifkh nry;fspd; tiffis gw;wp tptup.
1.fhw;W ghuq;ifkh:
fhw;W epuk;gpa ghuq;ifkh fhw;W ghuq;ifkh vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L: epk;/gah, i`l;upy;yh.
2.Nrkpg;G ghuq;ifkh:
czit Nrkpf;Fk; ghuq;ifkh Nrkpg;G ghuq;ifkh vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L: jz;L, Ntu;.
3.el;rj;jpug; ghuq;ifkh:
el;rj;jpu tbtg; ghuq;ifkh el;rj;jpug; ghuq;ifkh vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L: thio, fy;thio.
4.FNshuq;ifkh:
gRq;fzpfq;fisf; nfhz;l ghuq;ifkh FNshuq;ifkh vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ,iyapilj;jpR.
5.GNuhrq;ifkh:
ePz;l $u;ikahd Kidfisf; nfhz;l ghuq;ifkh GNuhrq;ifkh vdg;gLk;.
47.xUtpj;jpiy jhtu (kf;fhr;Nrhs) Nthpd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig gw;wp glj;Jld; tpthp?
1.iuNrhnlHkp]; 1.Nthpd; ntspGw mLf;F 2.ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ

2.Gwzp 1.,J ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ 2.,jd; gzp Nrkpj;jy; MFk;
3.mfj;Njhy; 1.Gwzpapd; filrp mLf;F mfj;Njhy; MFk;
2.mfj;Njhypy; topr;nry;fs; fhzg;gLk;
3.mfj;Njhypy; fh];ghhpad; gl;il fhzg;gLk;
4.];by; mfj;NjhYf;F cl;Gwkhf fhzg;gLk; jpRf;fs; ];by; vdg;gLk;
5.nghpirf;fps; ];bypd; ntspGw mLf;F nghpirf;fps; MFk;
6.th];FyhH fw;iw 1.Mug;Nghf;F mikT 2.ntspNehf;F iryk; 3.gy Kid iryk;
7.gpj; 1.Nthpd; ika gFjp gpj; vdg;gLk; 2.gpj; fhzg;gLfpwJ
NtHJ}tp
iuNrhnlHkp];
mfj;Njhy;
iryk;
GNshak;
gpj;
Gwzp
48.,Utpj;jpiy jhtu (mtiu) Nthpd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig gw;wp glj;Jld; tpthp?
1.iuNrhnlHkp]; 1.Nthpd; ntspGw mLf;F 2.ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ

2.Gwzp 1.,J ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ 2.,jd; gzp Nrkpj;jy; MFk;
3.mfj;Njhy; 1.Gwzpapd; filrpmLf;F mfj;Njhy; MFk;
2.mfj;Njhypy; topr;nry;fs; fhzg;gLk;
3.mfj;Njhypy; fh];ghhpad; gl;il fhzg;gLk;
4.];by; mfj;NjhYf;F cl;Gwkhf fhzg;gLk; jpRf;fs; ];by; vdg;gLk;
5.nghpirf;fps; ];bypd; ntspGw mLf;F nghpirf;fps; MFk;
6.th];FyhH fw;iw 1.Mug;Nghf;F mikT 2.ntspNehf;F iryk; 3.ehd;F Kid iryk;
7.gpj; 1.Nthpd; ika gFjp gpj; vdg;gLk; 2.gpj; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
NtHJ}tp
iuNrhnlHkp];
mfj;Njhy;
,izg;Gj;jpR
nkl;lhiryk;
GNshak;
Gwzp
49.xUtpj;jpiy jhtu (kf;fhr;Nrhs) jz;bd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig gw;wp glj;Jld; tpthp?
1.i`g;NghnlHkp]; ];fpspud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.
2.jsj;jpR xU njhlHr;rpahd NtWghL milahj ghud;ifkh jpRthy; MdJ.
3.th];FyhH fw;iw jsj;jpRtpy; rpjwpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Gwj;Njhy;
4.];lhHr; mLf;F fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. i`g;NghnlHkp];
5.gpj; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. th];FyhH fw;iwfs;
6.nghpirf;fps; ,y;iy. jsj;jpR
7.nkLy;yhp fjpHfs; ,y;iy. i
8.th];FyhH fw;iw Kbait.
9.fw;iw ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ.
10.GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp fhzg;gLfpwJ.
11.GNshak; ghud;ifkh fhzg;gltpy;iy.
50.,Utpj;jpiy jhtu (#hpafhe;jp) jz;bd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig gw;wp glj;Jld; tpthp?
1.i`g;NghnlHkp]; Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.
2.jsj;jpR Gwzp, mfj;Njhy;, nghpirf;fps; gpj; vd NtWgl;L fhzg;gLfpwJ.
3.];lhHr; mLf;F fhzg;gLfpwJ.
4.gpj; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Gwj;Njhy; J}tp
5.nghpirf;fps; cz;L. Gwj;Njhy;
6.nkLy;yhp fjpHfs; cz;L. th];Fyhu; fw;iw
7.th];FyhH fw;iw jpwe;jit. gpj;
8.th];FyhH fw;iw xU tisakhf mike;jit. Gwzp
9.fw;iw njhg;gp fhzg;gLfpwJ.
10.GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp fhzg;gltpy;iy.
11.GNshak; ghud;ifkh fhzg;gLfpwJ.
51.xUtpj;jpiy jhtu (Gy;) ,iyapd; FWf;F ntl;L Njhw;wij glj;Jld; tpthp?
1.Gwj;Njhy; 1.,iyapd; ntspGw mLf;F. ,it ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ

2.Nky; Gwj;Njhypy; fpAl;bfpshy; Md ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ
3.fPo; Gwj;Njhypy; ,iyj;Jis fhzg;gLfpwJ
4.,iyj;Jis rg;shf;fl;il tbt fhg;G nry;fshy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ
5.Nky; Gwj;Njhypy; ,af;f (m) Gy;yp/ghh;k; nry;fs; fhzg;gLfpwd
2.,iyapilj; jpR 1.,it Nky; Gwj;NjhYf;Fk; fPo; Gwj;NjhYf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk;
2.,iyapilj;jpR ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh kw;Wk; ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh
vd NtWgl;L fhzg;gLtjpy;iy
3.fPo;Gwj;Njhypy; Rthr miw fhzg;gLfpwJ
3.th];FyhH fw;iw 1.%ba th];FyhH fw;iw
2.xUq;fike;j kw;Wk; fz;[hapz;l; th];FyhH fw;iw
3.fw;iw ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ
4.iryk; Nkw;Gwj;NjhiyAk;, GNshak; fPo;Gwj;NjhiyAk; Nehf;fp
mike;Js;sd.
Nkw;Gwj;Njhy;
Gy;yp/ghh;k; nry;fs;
fw;iw ciw ,iyj;Jis
iryk;
GNshak;
fw;iw ciw
Rthr miw
fPo;Gwj;Njhy;
Gy; ,iyapd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;

52.,Utpj;jpiy jhtu (#hpafhe;jp) ,iyapd; FWf;F ntl;L Njhw;wij glj;Jld; tpthp?
1.Gwj;Njhy; 1.Gwj;Njhy; ,iyapd; ntspGw mLf;F MFk;

2.,it ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ
3.Nky; Gwj;Njhypy; fpAl;bfpshy; Md ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ
4.fPo; Gwj;Njhypy; ,iyj;Jis fhzg;gLfpwJ
2.,iyapilj; jpR 1.,it Nky; Gwj;NjhYf;Fk; fPo; Gwj;NjhYf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk;
2.,iyapilj;jpR ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh kw;Wk; ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh
vd NtWgl;L fhzg;gLfpwJ
3.fPo;Gwj;Njhypy; Rthr miw fhzg;gLfpwJ
3.th];FyhH fw;iw 1.%ba th];FyhH fw;iw
2.xUq;fike;j kw;Wk; fz;[hapz;l; th];FyhH fw;iw
3.fw;iw ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ
4.iryk; Nkw;Gwj;NjhiyAk;, GNshak; fPo;Gwj;NjhiyAk; Nehf;fp
mike;Js;sd.
Nkw;Gwj;Njhy;
ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh
fw;iw ciw
iryk;
];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh
Rthr miw
GNshak;
fPo;Gwj;Njhy;
#hpafhe;jp ,iyapd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;
53.xUtpj;jpiy jhtu (kf;fhr;Nrhs) Nthpd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig glk; tiue;J ghfj;ij Fwpf;fTk;.
NtHJ}tp
iuNrhnlHkp];
Gwzp
topr;nry;fs;
fh];ghhpad; gl;il
nghpirf;fps;
gpj;
nkl;lhiryk;
GNshak;
GNuhl;Nlhiryk;
kf;fhr;Nrhs Nthpd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;

54.,Utpj;jpiy jhtu (mtiu) Nthpd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig glk; tiue;J ghfj;ij Fwpf;fTk;.
NtHJ}tp
iuNrhnlHkp];
Gwzp
topr;nry;fs;
fh];ghhpad; gl;il
nghpirf;fps;
nkl;lhiryk;
GNshak;
GNuhl;Nlhiryk;
mtiu Nthpd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;

55.xUtpj;jpiy jhtu (kf;fhr;Nrhs)jz;bd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig glk; tiue;J ghfj;ij Fwpf;fTk;.
fpAl;bfps;
Gwj;Njhy;
FNshud;ifkh
th];FyhH fw;iw
jsj;jpR
fw;iw ciw
GNshak;
nkl;lhiryk;
GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp
kf;fhr;Nrhsj; jz;bd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;
56.,Utpj;jpiy jhtu (#hpafhe;jp)jz;bd; Kjy; epiy mikg;ig glk; tiue;J ghfj;ij Fwpf;fTk;.
Gwj;Njhy; J}tp
fpAl;bfps;
Gwj;Njhy;
Nfhyd;ifkh
FNshud;ifkh
ghud;ifkh
];lhHr; mLf;F
fw;iw njhg;gp
GNshak;
Nfk;gpak;
nkl;lh iryk;
nghpirf;fps;
GNuhl;Nlh iryk;
nkLy;yhp fjpH
gpj;
#hpafhe;jp jz;bd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;
57.,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;by; eilngWk; mfyg; Nghf;F tsHr;rp my;yJ ,uz;lhk; epiy
tsh;r;rpia gw;wp tpthp.
1.jhtuj;jpd; gf;f Mf;Fj;jpRtpdhy; cz;lhd th];;FyhH Nfk;gpak; kw;Wk; fhHf;
Nfk;gpaj;jpd; %yk; ,uz;lhk; epiyj; jpRf;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
2.,e;j ,uz;lhk; epiyj; jpRf;fs; jhtuj;jpd; ika cUisg;gFjp kw;Wk; Gwzpg;gFjpapy;
FWf;F tsHr;rpia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;jifa tsh;r;rpf;F ,uz;lhk; epiy tsHr;rp my;yJ
mfyg; Nghf;F tsHr;rp vd;W ngaH.
1.fw;iwf; Nfk;gpak;:
th];FyhH fw;iwapy; iryj;jpw;Fk;, GNshaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; Nfk;gpak; fw;iwf;
Nfk;gpak; vdg;gLk;.
2.fw;iw ,ilf;Nfk;gpak;:
fw;iwf; Nfk;gpaj;jpw;F ,ilapy; cs;s nkLy;yhp fjpH nry;fs; Mf;Fj;jpR jd;ikia ngw;W
Nfk;gpakhf khWfpwJ. ,J fw;iw ,ilf;Nfk;gpak; vdg;gLk;.
3.th];FyhH Nfk;;gpa tisak;:
fw;iwf; Nfk;gpaKk;, fw;iw ,ilf;Nfk;gpaKk; ,ize;J xU njhlHr;rpahd tisakhfpwJ.
,J th];FyhH Nfk;gpa tisak; vdg;gLk;.
4.,uz;lhk; epiyj;jpRf;fs; Njhd;Wjy;:
,e;j th];FyhH Nfk;;gpa tisak; cl;Gwkhf ,uz;lhk; epiy iryj;ijAk;, ntspGwkhf
,uz;lhk; epiy GNshaj;ijAk; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
5.fhHf; Nfk;gpak; (m) /ngy;Nyh[d:;
Gwzpapd; rpy mLf;F nry;fs; Mf;Fj;jpR jd;ikia milfpwJ. ,J fhHf; Nfk;gpak; (m)
/ngy;Nyh[d; vdg;gLk;.
6./ngy;NyhnlHk; (m) ,uz;lhk; epiy Gwzp:
fhHf; Nfk;gpak; gFg;gile;J cl;Gwkhf Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;w ghud;ifkh tifiar; rhh;e;j
jpRf;fSf;F /ngy;NyhnlHk; (m) ,uz;lhk; epiy Gwzp vd;W ngaH.
7.fhHf; (m) /ngy;yk;:
fhHf; Nfk;gpak; gFg;gile;J ntspGwkhf Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;w jpRf;fSf;F fhHf; (m)
/ngy;yk; vd;W ngaH. ,jpy; Rghhpd; vd;w nghUs; gbe;Jf; fhzg;gLk;.
8.nghpnlHk;:
fhHf; (m) /ngy;yk;, fhHf; Nfk;gpak; (m) /ngy;Nyh[d;, /ngy;NyhnlHk; (m) ,uz;lhk; epiy
Gwzp Mfpa gFjpfs; xd;W Nrh;e;J nghpnlHk;ia cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
9.kug;gl;il:
th];FyhH Nfk;gpaj;jpw;F ntspg;Gwk; fhzg;gLk; jpRf;fshd ,uz;lhk; epiy GNshak;, Gwzp,
kw;Wk; nghpnlHk; Mfpait kug;gl;ilia cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
gl;ilj;Jis
fhHf; (/ngy;yk;)
fhh;f;Nfk;gpak; (/ngy;Nyh[d;) nghpnlHk;
,uz;lhk; epiy Gwzp

(/ngy;NyhnlHk;)
Kjy; epiy iryk;

,uz;lhk; epiy GNshak;
Kjy; epiy GNshak;
Mz;L tisaq;fs;
,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;bd; ,uz;lhk; epiy tsHr;rp
58.fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfis tifg;gLj;Jf.
59.xspr;NrHf;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf.

1.ngl;Nuhy;, epyf;fup Nghd;w vupnghUl;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
2.capupdq;fSf;F Njitahd Mw;wy; fpilf;fpwJ.
3.fhy;eil jPtdq;fs;, kuf;fl;il, kUe;J nghUl;fs; Nghd;wit ngwg;gLfpd;wd.
4.tspkz;lyj;jpy; Mw;wy; rkepiy xspr;Nru;f;ifapd; %yk; eilngWfpwJ.
5.xspr;Nru;f;if ,aw;ifapy; Mf;]p[d; fhu;gd; Row;rpiar; rkd;gLj;JfpwJ.
60.epwkp mikg;G-I kw;Wk; epwkp mikg;G-IIf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfis vOJf.

epwkp mikg;G-I (PS-I) epwkp mikg;G-II (PS-II)
1.,jd; tpid ikak; P700 ,jd; tpid ikak; P680
2.Roy; kw;Wk; Royh xsp gh];gupfuzj;jpy; Royh xsp gh];gupfuzj;jpy; kl;Lk;
gq;Nfw;fpwJ. gq;Nfw;fpwJ.
3.vyf;l;uhd;fis PS-IIy; ,Ue;J ngWfpwJ. vyf;l;uhd;fis xsprhu; ePu;gFg;G %yk; ngWfpwJ.
4.xsprhu; ePu;gFg;G kw;Wk; Mf;]p[d; xsprhu; ePu;gFg;G kw;Wk; Mf;]p[d; tpLtpj;jy;
tpLtpj;jy; eilngWtjpy;iy. eilngWfpwJ.
5.FNshNuh/gpy; kw;Wk; fNuhbdha;L tpfpjk; 20 FNshNuh/gpy; kw;Wk; fNuhbdha;L tpfpjk; 3
Kjy; 30:1 MFk;. Kjy; 7:1 MFk;.
61.xsp gh];gupfuzk; (m) Roy; kw;Wk; Royh xsp gh];gupfuzj;ij glj;Jld; tpthp?
Royh xsp gh];gupfuzk;
Roy; xsp gh];gupfuzk;
62.Roy; kw;Wk; Royh xsp gh];gupfuzk; NtWgLj;Jf.
Roy; xsp gh];gupfuzk; Royh xsp gh];gupfuzk;
1.,jpy; PS-I kl;Lk; gq;Nfw;fpwJ. ,jpy; PS-I kw;Wk;; PS-II Mfpa ,uz;Lk;
gq;Nfw;fpwJ.
2.tpid ikakhf P700 nray;gLfpwJ. tpid ikakhf P680 nray;gLfpwJ.
3.xsprhu; ePu;gFg;G eilngWtjpy;iy. xsprhu; ePu;gFg;G eilngWfpwJ.
4.ATP kl;Lk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ATP kw;Wk; NADPH+H+ cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
5.gh];gupfuzk; ,uz;L ,lq;fspy; gh];gupfuzk; xU ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk;
eilngWfpwJ. eilngWfpwJ.
63.,Us; tpid my;yJ C3 Row;rp my;yJ capu;k cw;gj;jp epiy my;yJ xspr;Nru;fi
; fapd; fhu;gd;
xLf;fr; Row;rpia (PCR) tptup.
64.`hl;r; kw;Wk; ];yhf; topj;jlk; my;yJ C4 Row;rp my;yJ ilfhu;ghf;rpypf; mkpy topj;jlk;
my;yJ ilfhu;ghf;rpNy~d; topj;jlk; gw;wp vOJf. (ghlk;: 13. Nfs;tp vz;: 8.xspr;Rthrj;jpdhy;
Vw;gLk; ,og;gpid <Lfl;l Gw;fs; vt;tif jftikg;G El;gj;jpidg; ngw;Ws;sd? ,jd; ngaH
kw;Wk; tpsf;fj;jpid $Wf.)
xspr;Rthrj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; ,og;gpid <Lfl;l Gw;fs; C4 topj;jlk; my;yJ `hl;r; &; ];yhf;
topj;jlj;jpy; <LgLfpd;wd. ,jid tpsf;Fk; Row;rp gpd;tUkhW.
C4 Row;rp
65. C3 kw;Wk; C4 jhtuq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s NtWghl;il vOJf.
C3 jhtuq;fs; C4 jhtuq;fs;
1.v.fh: ney;, NfhJik. v.fh: fUk;G, kf;fhr;Nrhsk;.
2.cfe;j ntg;gepiy20˚C Kjy; 25˚C tiu. cfe;j ntg;gepiy 30˚C Kjy; 45˚C tiu.
3.fpuhd;]; cs;sikg;G fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. fpuhd;]; cs;sikg;G fhzg;gLfpwJ.
4.Njhd;Wk; Kjy; tpisnghUs; 3C-PGA Njhd;Wk; Kjy; tpisnghUs; 4C-OAA
5.xNu tif tbtKila gRq;fzpfk; ,U tif tbtKila gRq;fzpfk;
fhzg;gLk;. fhzg;gLk;.
66. xspr;Rthrk; kw;Wk; ,Us;Rthrk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghl;il vOJf.

xspr;Rthrk; ,Us;Rthrk;
1.xsp ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kl;Lk; eilngWk;. vg;NghJk; eilngWk;.
2.xspNru;f;if nry;fspy; eilngWk;. midj;J capUs;s nry;fspYk; eilngWk;.
3.,J capu; tho;f;iff;F Njitahd ,J capu; tho;f;iff;F Njitahd epfo;T
epfo;T my;y. MFk;.
4.i`l;u[d; nguhf;irL cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. i`l;u[d; nguhf;irL cw;gj;jpahtjpy;iy.
5.,Wjp tpisnghUl;fs; PGA kw;Wk; Co2. ,Wjp tpisg;nghUl;fs; ePu; kw;wk; Co2.
67.xspr;Nru;f;ifia ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; gw;wp vOJf.
xspr;Nru;f;ifia ntspg;Gwf;fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; mff;fhuzpfs; ghjpf;fpd;wd.
m.ntspg;Gwf;fhuzpfs;:
1.xspr;nrwpT: Fiwe;j kw;Wk; mjpfkhd xspr;nrwpT xspr;Nru;f;ifia ghjpf;fpwJ.
2.xspapd; juk;: xspr;Nru;f;iff;fhd nray;jpwd; fjpu;tPr;rhdJ 400 Kjy; 700nm MFk;. ,it
Fiwe;Njh my;yJ mjpfupj;Njh fhzg;gl;lhy; xspr;Nru;f;ifapd; tPjk; ghjpf;fpwJ.
3.Mf;]p[d;: Mf;]p[d; nrwpT mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ xspr;Nru;f;if tPjk; FiwfpwJ.
4.fhu;gd;-il-Mf;i]L: CO2 nrwpT mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ xspr;Nru;f;if ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
M.mff;fhuzpfs;:
1.xspr;Nru;fi
; f epwkpfs;: ,it kpf Fiwthd mstpy; ,Ug;gpDk; xspr;Nru;f;ifia elj;Jfpd;wd.
2.fhu;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs;: ,tw;wpd; flj;Jjy; tPjk; FiwAk; NghJ xspr;Nru;f;if ghjpf;fpwJ.
3.`hu;Nkhd;fs;: [pg;nuypd; kw;Wk; irl;Nlhifdpd; `hu;Nkhd;fs; xspr;Nru;f;ifia mjpfupf;fpd;wd.
4.,iy: ,iyapd; Gwj;Njhy; kw;Wk; fpA+l;bfps; ,iyj;Jisapd; guty; Nghd;wit
xspr;Nru;f;ifia ghjpf;fpd;wd.
68.xspr;Rthrk; my;yJ C2 Row;rp my;yJ xspr;Nru;f;ifapd; fhu;gd; Mf;]p[Ndw;w Row;rp(PCO)
Row;rpia tptup. (ghlk;: 13. Nfs;tp vz;:10.mjpfkhd xspAk;, mjpf Mf;]p[d; nrwpTk; fhzg;gLk;
NghJ vt;tif topj;jlk; jhtuq;fspy; eilngWk;? fhuzq;fis Muha;f).
mjpfkhd xspAk;, mjpf Mf;]p[d; nrwpTk; fhzg;gLk; NghJ jhtuq;fspy; C2 Row;rp my;yJ
xspr;Rthrk; eilngWk;.
C2 Row;rp my;yJ xspr;Rthrk;
69.jhtu xspr;Nru;f;if kw;Wk; ghf;Bupa xspr;Nru;f;ifia NtWgLj;Jf.
jhtu xspr;Nru;f;if ghf;Bupa xspr;Nru;f;if

1.Roy; kw;Wk; Royh xsp gh];gupfuzk; Roy; xsp gh];gupfuzk; kl;Lk;
2.epwkp mikg;G I kw;Wk; II gq;FngWfpwJ. epwkp mikg;G I kl;Lk; gq;FngWfpwJ.
3.Mf;]p[d; cUthfpwJ. Mf;]p[d; cUthtjpy;iy.
4.tpid ikak; P700 kw;Wk; P680. tpid ikak; P870.
5.PAR 400 Kjy; 700nm. PAR 700nm f;Fk; mjpfk;.
70.fhw;W kw;Wk; fhw;wpyhr; Rthrpj;jYf;F ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfis vOJf.
fhw;W Rhrpj;jy; fhw;wpyhr; Rthrpj;jy;

1.midj;J capUs;s nry;fspYk; G+Q;ir kw;Wk; ghf;Bupaq;fspy; kl;Lk;
2.,jw;F Mf;]p[d; Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F Mf;]p[d; Njitg;gLtjpy;iy.
3.,Wjp tpisg;nghUs;fs; Co2 kw;Wk; H2O ,Wjp tpisg;nghUs;fs; My;f`hy; kw;Wk;
MFk;. Co2 MFk;.
4.,jpy; 36 ATP %yf;$Wfs; cUthfpwJ. ,jpy; 2 ATP %yf;$Wfs; cUthfpwJ.
5.,e;epfo;T irl;Nlhgpshrk; kw;Wk; ,e;epfo;T irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; kl;Lk;
ikl;Nlhfhz;l;upahtpy; eilngWfpwJ. eilngWfpwJ.
71.fpisf;fhiyrp]; Row;rp my;yJ EMP Row;rpia vOJf.
72.fpug;]; Row;rp my;yJ rpl;upf; mkpyr; Row;rpia vOJf.
73.fhw;W Rthrj;jpd; NghJ xU %yf;$W FSf;Nfh]; cUthf;Fk; epfu %yf;$Wfspd; msit
vOJf. (ghlk;:14 Nfs;tp vz;:10. fhw;W Rthrpj;jypd; NghJ xU %yf;$W Rf;Nuh]; KOtJkhf
Mf;]p[Ndw;wkile;J cUthFk; epfu tpisnghUs;fis jw;Nghja ghu;itapy; vt;thW
fzf;fpLtha;?).
xLf;f xLf;f nkhj;j ATP

epiyfs; Co2 ATP epiyapYs;s epiyapYs;s cw;gj;jp
NAD+ FAD
fpisf;fhiyrp]; 0 2 2(2X2=4) 0 6
,izg;G tpid 2 0 2(2X3=6) 0 6
fpug;]; Row;rp 4 2 6(6X3=18) 2(2X2=4) 24
nkhj;jk; 6 Co2 4 ATP 28 ATP 4 ATP 36 ATP
74.My;f`hy; nehjpj;jy; kw;Wk; yhf;bf; mkpy nehjpj;jYf;F ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfis vOJf.
My;f`hy; nehjpj;jy; yhf;bf; mkpy nehjpj;jy;

1.igUtpf; mkpyj;jpypUe;J My;f`hy; igUtpf; mkpyj;jpypUe;J yhf;bf; mkpyk;
kw;Wk; Co2 cUthfpwJ. kl;Lk; cUthfpwJ.
2.,J ,uz;L gbepiyfspy; eilngWfpwJ. ,J xU gbepiyapy; kl;Lk; eilngWfpwJ.
3.,jpy; ,uz;L nehjpfs; gq;Fnfhs;fpwJ. ,jpy; xU nehjp kl;Lk; gq;Fnfhs;fpwJ.
4.,jpy; mrpl;lhy;bi`L xU ,ilepiyr; ,jpy; vt;tpj ,ilepiy Nru;kq;fSk;
Nru;kkhf cUthfpwJ. cUthtjpy;iy.
5.,J <];l;by; nghJthf eilngWk;. ,J G+Q;ir kw;Wk; ghf;Bupaq;fspy;
eilngWfpwJ.
75.ngz;lN ; lh]; /gh];Ngl; topj;jlk; my;yJ HMP ~z;l; thopj;jlj;ij vOJf. (ghlk;:14 Nfs;tp
vz;: 9. FSf;Nfh]; cilAk; khw;W topg;ghijapd; ngau; vd;d? mjpy; eilngWk; tpidfis
tptup?)
FSf;Nfh]; cilAk; khw;W topg;ghij ngd;Nlh]; /gh];Ngl; topj;jlk; my;yJ HMP ~z;l;
vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
76.Mf;]pdpd; tho;tpay; tpisTfis vOJf?
1.cjpHjiy jilr;nra;fpwJ.
2.tpijapy;yhf; fdpfis cw;gj;jpr; nra;a gad;gLfpwJ.
3.jpR tsHg;gpy; fhy];jpRit Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
4.jz;L Edpia ePz;L tsur;nra;fpwJ.
5.fisr; nrbfis ePf;f 2,4-D gad;gLfpwJ.
77.[pg;uypdpd; tho;tpay; tpisTfis vOJf?
1.jz;L Edpia ePz;L tsur;nra;fpwJ.
2.Fl;ilahf cs;s jhtuq;fspd; Fl;ilj; jd;ikia ePf;FfpwJ.
3.,UspNyNa tpijfis Kisf;fr; nra;fpwJ.
4.,uz;lhz;L jhtuq;fis Kjyhz;bNyNa kyur; nra;fpwJ.
5.cUisf; fpoq;fpd; tsu;tlf;fj;ij ePf;FfpwJ.
78.irl;Nlhifdpd; tho;tpay; tpisTfis vOJf?
1.nry; gphpjiy J}z;LfpwJ.
2.jhtuq;fs; KJik miltij irl;Nlhifdpd; jhkjg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J hpr;khz;ly ; hq;F tpisT
vdg;gLk;.
3.tpijfspd; tpijAwf;fj;ij ePf;FfpwJ.
4.Edpnkhl;L cs;s NghJ gf;f nkhl;bd; tsHr;rpia J}z;LfpwJ.
5.IAA cld; ,ize;J fhy]py; ,Ue;J nkhl;L kw;Wk; NtHfis Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
79.vj;jpypdpd; tho;tpay; tpisTfis vOJf?
1.NtHfs; jiuia Nehf;fp tsur;nra;fpwJ.
2.fdpfis gOf;f itf;fpwJ.
3.tpijfspd; tpij cwf;fj;ij ePf;FfpwJ.
4.igd;Mg;gps; kw;Wk; khq;fhapy; G+j;jiyj; J}z;LfpwJ.
5.gl;lhzp jhtuj;jpy; gf;fthl;L nkhl;Lfspd; tsHr;rpia jilr;nra;fpwJ.
80.mg;rrpf; mkpyj;jpd; tho;tpay; tpisTfis vOJf?
1.,iyj;Jisfis %lr;nra;fpwJ.
2.jhtu ghfq;fs; cjpHtij J}z;LfpwJ.
3.jhtuq;fspd; tsHr;rpia jilr;nra;fpwJ.
4.NtHfspd; NeH Gtp ehl;lj;ij J}z;LfpwJ.
5.ABA xl;]; jhtuq;fspy; 50% tsHr;rpia jilr;nra;fpwJ.
81.igl;NlhFNuhk; gw;wp vOJf?
1.gl;yH 1959 Mk; Mz;L jhtuq;fspy; kyHjiy xsp J}z;LfpwJ vd;gij fz;lwpe;jhH. ,jw;F
igl;NlhFNuhk; vd;W ngaH.
2.Ntjpay; hPjpahf igl;NlhFNuhk; vd;gJ xU igyp Gujk; MFk;.
3.,J ,uz;L tbtq;fspy; cs;sJ.
(i). Pr-660nm rptg;G xspia <Hf;fpwJ. (ii). Pfr-730nm njhiy rptg;G xspia <Hf;fpwJ.
4.FWehs; jhtuq;fspy; Pr kyHjiyj; J}z;LfpwJ. Pfr kyHjiyj; jilr;nra;fpwJ.
5.ePs;gfy; jhtuq;fspy; Pfr kyHjiyj; J}z;LfpwJ. Pr kyHjiyj; jilr;nra;fpwJ.
660nm
xsp
Pr Pfr
,Us;
730nm
82.fpisl;Nlhupah nlu;Nd~pah (/NgNgrp) / lhl;ûh nkl;ly; (nrhyhNdrp) / my;ypak; rPgh
(ypy;ypNarp) jhtuq;fis fiyr;nrhw;fshy; tptup.
gz;Gfs; fpisl;Nlhupah lhl;ûh nkl;ly; my;ypak; rPgh

nlu;Nd~pah (/NgNgrp) (nrhyhNdrp) (ypy;ypNarp)
1.tsupay;G gpd;Dq;nfhb rpWnrb rpWnrb
2.Ntu; MzpNtu; MzpNtu; ry;ypNtu;
eype;j jz;L gRikahdJ, jiuf;fPo; Fkpok;
3.jz;L
nkd;ikahdJ
xw;iw rpwF $l;biy, jdp ,iy, rijg;gw;Wilait,
4.,iy mijg;Gilait, khw;wpiyaikT, cUz;l ,iy,
tiygpd;dy; euk;gikT tiygpd;dy; euk;gikT ,izg;Nghf;F euk;gikT
];Nfg;gp[pu]; tif
5.kQ;rup ,iyf;Nfhz kQ;rup ,iyf;Nfhz irk; kQ;rup
KOikahdJ, ,Ughy; KOikahdJ, ,Ughy; KOikahdJ, ,Ughy;
6.kyu; kyu;, Ie;jq;f kyu;, kyu;, Ie;jq;f kyu;, kyu;, %tq;f kyu;,
,Ugf;fr; rkr;rPUilaJ Murkr;rPUilaJ Murkr;rPUilaJ
7.Gy;yp tl;lk; 5 Gy;ypfs;, 5 Gy;ypfs;, 6 G+tpjo;fs;, ,U
(m) gRikahdJ, gRikahdJ, mLf;fpy; mike;jit,
G+tpjo; tl;lk; njhL ,jo; mikT njhL ,jo; mikT njhL ,jo; mikT
5 my;ypfs;, tz;zj;J 5 my;ypfs;, iftprpwp
G+r;rp tbtpy; Nghd;w kbg;Gilait,
8.my;yptl;lk; my;yp tl;lk; ,y;iy
mike;jit, jpUF ,joikT
,wq;F jOT ,joikT
10 kfue;j;jhs;fs; (9)+1 5 kfue;j;jhs;fs;, 6 kfue;j;jhs;fs;
vd ,U fw;iwapy; my;yp xl;bait, 3+3 vd ,U mLf;fpy;
9.kfue;jj;jhs; mike;jit, kfue;jg;ig <uiw mike;jit,
tl;lk; kfue;jg;ig <uiw cilait kfue;jg;ig <uiw
cilait cilait
Nky; kl;l #w;ig, Nky; kl;l #w;ig, Nky; kl;l #w;ig,
10.#yf tpspk;G #y; xl;LKiw, mr;R #y; xl;LKiw, mr;R #y; xl;LKiw,
tl;lk; xU #yf ,iy ,U #yf ,iy %d;W #yf ,iy
11.fdp ,UGw ntbfdp ntbfdp miw ntbfdp
12.tpij fUT+z; mw;wJ fUT+z; cilaJ fUT+z; cilaJ
13.kyu;
tha;ghL
14.kyu;
tiuglk;
*****************ey;tho;j;Jf;fs;****************
Additional important five mark questions with answers:-
1.Explain – Multiplication or Life cycle of phages.
Phages multiply through two different types of life cycle.
a. Lytic or Virulent cycle b. Lysogenic or Avirulent life cycle.
a. Lytic or Virulent cycle:
Following steps are involved in the lytic cycle of phages.
i) Adsorption:
1.Phage particles interact with cell wall of host.
2.The process involving the recognition of phage to bacterium is called landing.
3.Once the contact is established between tail fibres and bacterial cell, tail fibres bend to anchor the pins
and base plate to the cell surface. This step is called pinning.
ii) Penetration:
1.The penetration process involves mechanical and enzymatic digestion of the cell wall of the host.
2.The step involving injection of DNA particle alone into the bacterial cell is called Transfection.
3.The empty protein coat leaving outside the cell is known as „ghost‟.
iii) Synthesis:
This step involves the degradation of bacterial chromosome, protein synthesis and DNA replication.
iv) Assembly and Maturation:
1.The DNA of the phage and protein coat are synthesized separately and are assembled to form phage
particles.
2.The process of assembling the phage particles is known as maturation.
v) Release:
The phage particle gets accumulated inside the host cell and are released by the lysis of host cell wall.
b. Lysogenic or Avirulent life cycle:
1.In the lysogenic cycle the phage DNA gets integrated into host DNA and gets multiplied along with
nucleic acid of the host.
2.No independent viral particle is formed. As soon as the phage injects its linear DNA into the host cell.
3.It becomes circular and integrates into the bacterial chromosome by recombination.
4.The integrated phage DNA is now called prophage.
5.Each time the bacterial cell divides, the prophage multiplies along with the bacterial chromosome.
6.On exposure to UV radiation and chemicals the excision of phage DNA may occur and results in
lytic cycle.
2.Write the Plant, Animal, Human diseases caused by virus.
Plant diseases Animal diseases Human diseases
1.Tobacco mosaic 1.Foot and mouth disease of cattle 1.Common cold
2.Cauliflower mosaic 2.Rabies of dog 2.Hepatitis B
3.Sugarcane mosaic 3.Encephalomyelitis of horse 3.Cancer
4.Cucumber mosaic - 4.SARS
5.Tomato mosaic - 5.AIDS
3.Explain the ultrastructure of a Bacterial cell.
1.Capsule or Glycocalyx:
A thick layer of glycocalyx bounded tightly to the cell wall is called capsule.
2.Cell wall:
i) Cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan or mucopeptide.
ii) It helps in the diffusion of solutes.
3.Cytoplasm:
i) Cytoplasm is thick and semi-transparent.
ii) It contains ribosomes and other cell inclusions.
4.Plasma membrane:
i) The plasma membrane is made up of lipoprotein.
ii) It controls the entry and exit of small molecules and irons.
5.Bacterial chromosome:
The bacterial chromosome is a single circular DNA molecule.
6.Plasmid:
Plasmids are extrachromosomal double stranded, circular, self-replicating elements.
7.Mesosomes:
These are localized inflodings of plasma membrane.
8.Polysomes or polyribosomes:
i) Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
ii) Ribosomes are held together by mRNA and form polyribosomes or polysomes.
9.Flagella:
i) A thin hair like structure is called flagella.
ii) It is used for locomotion of the bacteria.
10.Fimbriae or Pili:
Fimbriae or Pili are hair like appendages found on the surface of the gram-negative bacteria.
4.write the difference between Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria.
Characteristics Gram positive Bacteria Gram negative Bacteria
1.Cell wall Thick layered Thin layered
2.Outer membrane Absent Present
3.Periplasmic space Absent Present
4.Lipid and lipoproteins Low High
5.Lipopolysaccharides Absent Present
5.Write the human diseases caused by Bacteria.
Name of the disease Name of the pathogen
1.Cholera Vibrio cholerae
2.Typhoid Salmonella typhi
3.Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis
4.Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae
5.Pneumonia Diplococcus pneumoniae
6.Describe the different types of stele seen in plants with neat sketches.
The term stele refers to the central cylinder of vascular tissues consisting of xylem, phloem and pericycle.
There are two types of steles 1. Protostele 2. Siphonostele.
1.Protostele:
In protostele phloem surrounds xylem. The type includes Haplostele, Actinostele, Plectostele, and Mixed
protostele.
(i)Haplostele: Xylem surrounded by phloem is known as haplostele. Example: Selaginella.
Phloem
Xylem
(ii)Actinostele: Star shaped xylem core is surrounded by phloem is known as actinostele.

Example: Lycopodium serratum.
Phloem
Xylem
(iii)Plectostele: Xylem plates alternates with phloem plates. Example: Lycopodium clavatum.
Xylem
Phloem
(iv)Mixed prototostele: Xylem groups uniformly scattered in the phloem. Example: Lycopodium cernuum.
2.Siphonostele:
In siphonostele xylem is surrounded by phloem with pith at the centre.
(i)Eustele: The stele is split into distinct collateral vascular bundles around the pith. Example: Dicot stem.
Phloem
Xylem
7.Write the general characteristics of lichens.

1.The symbiotic association between algae and fungi is called lichens.
2.The algal patner is called phycobiont or photobiont.
3.The fungal patner is called mycobiont.
4.Asexual reproduction takes place through fragmentation, soredia and isidia.
5.Phycobionts reproduce by akinetes, hormogonia, aplanospores etc.,
6.Mycobionts undergo sexual reproduction and produce ascocarps.
8.Write the economic importance of Gymnosperms
Plants Products uses
1.Cycas circinalis Sago Starch used as food
2.Pinus gerardiana Roasted seed Used as a food
3.Araucaria (Monkey's puzzle) Tannins Used in Leather industries
4.Pinus roxburghii Wood pulp Used to make papers
5.Thuja and Araucaria whole plant Ornamental plants
9.Write the difference between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
1.Vessels absent Vessels present
2.Double fertilization is absent Double fertilization is present
3.Endosperm is haploid Endosperm is triploid
4.Fruit formation is absent Fruit formation is present
5.Flowers absent Flowers present
10.Write the types of Root modification.
11.Write about leaf modification.
12.Write the types of stem modification.
13.Describe the underground stem modification.

1.Bulb:
It is a condensed conical or convex stem surrounded by fleshy scale leaves.Example: Allium cepa.
2.Corm:
The corm is surrounded by scale leaves and exhibit nodes and internodes. Example: Colocasia.
3.Rhizome:
This is an underground stem growing horizontally with several lateral growing tips.
Example: Zingiber officinale.
4.Tuber:
This is a succulent underground spherical or globose stem with many embedded axillary buds called
“eyes”. Example: Solanum tuberosum.
14.Write the characteristic features of Root, Stem, Leaf.
Root Stem Leaf
1.Root is the underground 1.Stem is the aerial part of the 1.Leaf is a lateral part of the stem.
part of the plant. plant.
2.It borne on the nodal region of
2.It lacks chlorophyll. 2.It has chlorophyll. the stem.
3.Does not possess nodes, 3.It possess nodes and internodes. 3.It has limited growth.
Internodes.
4. It bears root hairs. 4.It has multicellular hairs. 4.It does not posses apical bud.
5.It is positively geotropic 5.It is positively phototropic and 5.It has three main parts namely,
and negatively negatively geotropic. leaf base, petiole and lamina.
phototropic in nature.
15.Write the functions of Root, Stem, Leaf.
Root Stem Leaf
1.It absorb water and 1.It provide support.
minerals from soil. 1.Photosynthesis.
2.It help to anchor the 2.It bears leaves, flowers and
plant into soil. fruits. 2.Transpiration.
3.It transports the water and
- minerals from the root. 3.Gaseous exchange.
4.It transports the food from
- leaves to entire plant. 4.Protection of buds.
5.Conduction of water
- and dissolved solutes.
16.Write the difference between Racemose and Cymose inflorescence.
Racemose Cymose
1.It is unlimited growth. It is limited growth.
2.It is an acropetal succession. It is an basipetal succession.
3.Opening of flowers is centripetal. Opening of flowers is centrifugal.
4.Oldest flower at the base of the Oldest flower at the top of the
inflorescence axis. inflorescence axis.
17.Write the types of Racemose inflorescence.
18.Write the types of Cymose inflorescence.
19.Write the types of Mixed and special inflorescence.
20.Describe about types of Aestivation.
Arrangement of Sepals and Petals in the flower bud is called aestivation.
A.Valvate:
i) Margins of sepals or petals do not overlap but just touch each other.
ii) Example: Calyx in members of Malvaceae, Calotropis, Annona.
B.Twisted or Convolute or Contorted:
i) One margin of each petal or sepal overlapping on the other petal.
ii) Example: Petals of Chinarose.
D.Quincuncial:
i) It is a type of imbricate aestivation.
ii) Two petals are external and two internal and one petal with one margin internal and the other margin
external.
iii) Example: Guava, Calyx of Ipomoea, Catharanthus.
C.Imbricate:
i) Sepals and petals irregularly overlap on each other.
ii) one member of the whorl is exterior, one interior and rest of the three having one margin exterior and
other interior.
iii) Example: Cassia, DelonixThere are 3 types: 1. Ascendingly imbricate; 2. Quincuncial; 3. Vexillary.
E.Vexillary:
i) Large posterior petals both margins overlap lateral petals.
ii) Lateral petals other margin overlaps anterior petals.
iii) Example: Pea, Bean.
A.Valvate B.Twisted C.Imbricate D.Quincuncial E.Vexillary
21.Write about classification of fruits based on formation.
22.Write about types of fruits.
23.Explain about fusion of stamens.

1.Connation:
i) Refers to the fusion of stamens among themselves.
ii) It is of 3 types. a. Adelphy. b. Syngenecious. c. Synandrous.
a. Adelphy: Filaments connate into one or more bundles but anthers are free.
1. Monadelphous: Filaments of stamens connate into a single bundle.Example: Malvaceae (Chinarose).
2. Diadelphous: Filaments of stamens connate into two bundles. Example: Fabaceae (pea).
3. Polyadelphous: Filaments connate into many bundles. Example: Citrus (Lemon).
b. Syngenesious: Anthers connate, filaments free. Example: Asteraceae.
c. Synandrous: Filaments and anthers are completely fused. Example: Coccinea.
2. Adnation: Refers to the fusion of stamens with other floral parts.
a. Epipetalous : Stamens are adnate to petals .Example: brinjal.
b. Episepalous: stamens are adnate to sepals. Example: Grevillea (Silver oak).
c. Epitepalous (epiphyllous): stamens are adnate to tepals. Example: Asparagus.
d. Gynostegium:Connation product of stamens and stigma is called gynostegium. Example: Calotropis.
e. Pollinium: Pollen grains are fused together as a single mass Example: Calotropis.
24.Describe about International code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN).
i) Assigning name for a plant is known as Nomenclature.
ii) This is based on the rules and recommendations of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
iii) The elementary rule of naming of plants was first proposed by Linnaeus in 1751 in his Philosophia
Botanica.
iv) In 1813 a detailed set of rules regarding plant nomenclature was given by A.P. de Candolle in his famous
work “Theorie elementaire de la botanique”.
v) Then the present ICBN was evolved by following the same rules of Linnaeus, A.P. de Candolle and his
son Alphonse de Candolle.
25.Write about Herbarium preparation.
1.Plant collection:
Field collection, Liquid preserved collection, Living collection, Collection for molecular studies.
2.Documentation of field site data.
3.Preparation of plant specimen.
4.Mounting herbarium specimen.
5.Herbarium labels.
6.Protection of herbarium sheets against mold and insects.
26.Write about uses of Herbarium.
1.Herbarium provides resource material for systematic research and studies.
2.It is a place for orderly arrangement of voucher specimens.
3.Voucher specimen serves as a reference for comparing doubtful newly collected fresh specimens.
4.Voucher specimens play a role in studies like floristic diversity, environmental assessment, ecological
mechanisms and survey of unexplored areas.
5.Herbarium provides opportunity for documenting biodiversity and studies related to the field of ecology
and conservation biology.
27.Write about national Herbarium.
Year Number of
Herbarium Acronym
Established specimens
1.Madras Herbarium BSI campus, Coimbatore. 1955 MH 4,08,776
2.Central National Herbarium, West Bengal. 1795 CAL 2,00,000
3.Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanical Garden and 1979 TBGRI
Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. 30,500
4.Presidency College Herbarium, Chennai. 1844 PCM 15,000
28.Describe - types of Classification.
i) Artificial system of classification:
1.This system of classification was proposed by Carolus Linnaeus (1707 -1778). He also called as
“Father of Taxonomy.”
2.This system was published in “Species Plantarum” in 1753.
3.He described 7,300 species in 24 classes.
4.This system based on number, union, length, and distribution of stamens.
5.Hence, this system is also known as sexual system of classification.
ii) Natural system of classification:
1.It is widely followed system of classification.
2.This system was proposed by George Bentham (1800 – 1884) and Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817–1911).
3.This system was published in “Genera Plantarum” in three volumes.
4.They described 202 families, 7569 genera and 97,205 species.
5.In this system seeded plants were classified into 3 major classes such as Dicotyledonae,
Gymnospermae and Monocotyledonae.
iii) Phylogenetic system of classification:
1.This system was proposed by Adolph Engler ( 1844 -1930) and Karl A.Prantl (1849 - 1893).
2.Charles Darwin‟s concept of Origin of Species (1859) had given enough stimulus for the creation of
this system of classification.
3.This system was published in “Die Naturelichen Pflanzen Familien” in 23 volumes.
4.In this system plant kingdom was classified into 13 divisions.
5.This system is based on evolutionary sequence as well as genetic relationships among different groups
of plants.
29.Write the different between classical and modern taxonomy.
Classical Taxonomy Modern Taxonomy
1.This is called old or Alpha (ἀ) taxonomy. This is called Neosystematics or Omega (Ω)
taxonomy.
2.It is pre Darwinean. It is post Darwinean.
3.Species is considered as basic unit. species is considered as dynamic entity.
4.Classification is mainly based on Classification is based on morphological, re-
morphological characters. productive and phylogenetic characters.
5.This system is based on the observation of a This system is based on the observation of large
few samples. number of samples.
30.Write the economic importance of Fabaceae.

Sources Binomial Useful part Uses
1.Pulses Cajanus cajan (Pigeon Pea) Seeds Used as food.
2.Food plant Lablab purpureus (field bean) Tender fruits Used as vegetable.
3.Oil Plant Arachis hypogea (ground nut) Seeds Used as a food and cooking oil.
4.Timber Plant Dalbergia latifolia (rose wood) Timber Used to make furnitures.
5.Dye Plant Indigofera tinctoria (Avuri) Leaves Used as a natural dye.
31.Write the economic importance of Solanaceae.

Solanum tuberosum
1.Food plant Underground stem Used as a vegetable.
(Potato)
2.Medicinal Atropa belladonna
Root Atropine used to cure muscular pain.
plant (Deadly nightshade)
3.Medicinal Solanum trilobatum Used to cure asthma and whooping
Leaves
plant (Thuthuvalai) cough.
Nicotiana tabaccum
4.Tobacco Leaves Used to make beedi and cigarettes.
(Pukaiellai)
5.Ornamental Cestrum diurnum
Flowers Used as ornamental plant.
plant (Day jasmine)
32.Write the economic importance of Liliaceae.

1.Food plant Allium cepa (onion) Bulbs Used as a vegetable.
2.Medicinal Aloe vera
Leaves Aloin used as soothing lotions.
plant (kattrazhai)
3.Fiber plant Phormium tenax Fibre Used to make fishing net.
4.Raticides Urginea indica Bulbs Used to kill rats.
5.Insecticides Veratrum album Bulbs Used to kill insects.
33.Write the functions of Cell wall.

1.Cell wall protect the entire cell.
2.Provide definite shape and size to the cell.
3.Maintaining the osmotic pressure of the cell.
4.Acting as a mechanism of defense for the cell.
5.Serves as barrier for several molecules to enter the cell.
34.Describe about Mitochondria.
1.It was first observed by A. Kolliker (1880). Altmann (1894) named it as Bioplasts. Later Benda (1897,
1898), named as mitochondria.
2.Mitochondrion consists of double membrane, the outer and inner membrane.
3.The outer membrane is smooth, highly permeable to small molecules and it contains proteins called Porins.
4.The inner membrane infoldings are called cristea.
5.Inner chamber of the mitochondrion is filled with proteinaceous material called mitochondrial matrix.
6.The Inner membrane consists of stalked particles called F1 particles or Oxysomes.
7.Mitochondria contain 73% of proteins, 25-30% of lipids, 5-7 % of RNA, DNA and enzymes.
8.Mitochondria are called Power house of a cell, as they produce energy rich ATP.
35.Explain the structure of Chloroplast.

1.Chloroplasts are vital organelle found in green plants.
2.Chloroplast has a double membrane the outer membrane and the inner membrane.
3.Inner membrane is separated by a space called periplastidial space.
4.The inner membrane filled with gelatinous matrix is called stroma.
5.Inside the stroma there are flat interconnected sacs called thylakoid.
6.The membrane of thylakoid enclose a space called thylakoid lumen.
7.Thylakoids are attached together and form Granum.
8.Light energy is converted into chemical energy in granum.
9.Thylakoid contain chlorophyll pigments.
10.The main functions of the choloplast is Photosynthesis, Light reactions in granum, Dark reactions in
Stroma and also involved in photorespiration.
36.Describe the structure of Nucleus.

1.Nucleus is an important unit of cell which controls all activities of the cell.
2.Nucleus holds the hereditary information.
3.It is the largest among all cell organelles.
4.It is surrounded by a double membrane structure called nuclear envelope.
5.which has the inner and outer membrane.
6.The membrane is perforated by pores known as nuclear pores. which allows materials such as mRNA,
ribosomal units and proteins.
7.The pores enclosed by circular structures called annuli. The pore and annuli form the pore complex.
8.The space between two membranes is called perinuclear space.
9.Nuclear space is filled with nucleoplasm.
10.During cell division chromatin is condensed into an organized form called chromosome.
37.Write the functions of the nucleus.
1.Controlling all the cellular activities.
2.Storing the genetic or hereditary information.
3.Coding the information from DNA for the production of enzymes and proteins.
4.DNA duplication and transcription takes place in the nucleus.
5.In nucleolus ribosomal biogenesis takes place.
38.Describe the structure of Chromosomes.
1.Chromosomes are composed of thread like strands called chromatin.
2.Which is made up of DNA, protein and RNA.
3.Each chromosome consists of two symmetrical structures called chromatids.
4.A typical chromosome has narrow zones called constrictions.
5.There are two types of constrictions, namely primary constriction and secondary constriction.
6.The primary constriction is made up of centromere and kinetochore.
7.The monocentric chromosome has one centromere and the polycentric chromosome has many
centromeres.
8.Centromere contains a complex system of protein fibres called kinetochore.
9.Telomere is the terminal part of chromosome.
10.It offers stability to the chromosome.
39.Write the types of Chromosomes.

i) Based on the position of centromere, chromosomes are called 1.Telocentric 2.Acrocentric
3.Sub metacentri 4.Metacentric.
1.Telocentric - The rod shaped chromosome with one arm.
2.Acrocentric - The rod shaped chromosome with two arms.
3.Sub-metacentric – “L” shaped chromosome with two arms.
4.Metacentric – “V” shaped chromosome with two arms.
ii) Based on the functions of chromosome it can be divided into autosomes and sex chromosomes.
1.Autosomes are present in all cells controlling somatic characteristics of an organism.
2.In human diploid cell, 44 chromosomes are autosomes whereas two are sex chromosomes.
3.XY – Male and XX – Female Chromosomes.
4.Sex chromosomes are involved in the determination of sex.
40.Explain about special types of chromosomes.
i) These chromosomes are larger in size and are called giant chromosomes.
ii) They are two different types such as 1.Polytene chromosomes and 2.Lampbrush chromosomes.
1.Polytene chromosomes:
i) It was first observed by E.G. Balbiani in 1881in salivary glands of Drosophila.
ii) A single chromosome which is present in multiple copies form a structure called polytene chromosome.
iii) The polytene chromosome has extremely large puff called Balbiani rings.
iv) It is also known as chromosomal puff.
v) This chromosome are occurs in the salivary gland. Hence, it is called as salivary gland chromosomes.
2.Lampbrush chromosomes:
i) Lampbrush chromosomes are occurs in oocyte cells of Salamandar and unicellular alga Acetabularia.
ii) It was first observed by Flemming in 1882.
iii) The highly condensed chromosome forms the chromosomal axis.
iv) Lateral loops of DNA extend as a result of intense RNA synthesis.
41.Explain about Mitosis.

i) Mitosis is divided into the following four stages.
ii)1.Prophase 2.Metaphase 3.Anaphase 4.Telophase.
1.Prophase:
i) Prophase is the longest phase in mitosis.
ii) Chromosomes become visible as long thin thread like structure.
iii) Nuclear envelope breaks down and golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum disappear.
2.Metaphase:
i) Two sister chromatids are attached to the spindle fibres by kinetochore.
ii) The spindle fibres are made up of tubulin.
iii) The alignment of chromosome into compact group at the equator of the cell is known as metaphase
plate.
3.Anaphase:
i) Two daughter chromatids begin to migrate towards two opposite poles of a cell.
ii) Anaphase promoting complex is leads to the separation of chromatids during mitosis.
iii) It helps in the transition of metaphase to anaphase.
4.Telophase:
i) Division of genetic material is completed during karyokinesis.
ii) Nucleolus and nuclear membranes reforms.
iii) Cell plate is formed between the two daughter cells. Reconstruction of cell wall takes place.
iv) Finally cells are separated into two newly formed daughter cells.
42.Given an account of Meiosis.

i) It is takes place by the two divisions such as… 1.Meiosis - I and 2.Meiosis - II.
ii) Meiosis - I is also called as reduction division.
1.Prophase - I:
i) It is the first phase of the meiosis cell division.
ii) It is takes place by the long duration.
ii) It is divided into five substages such as 1.Leptotene 2.Zygotene 3.Pachytene 4.Diplotene 5.Diakinesis.
2.Metaphase – I:
i) Spindle fibres are attached to the centromeres of the two homologous chromosomes.
ii) Bivalent aligned at the equator of the cell known as metaphase plate.
iii) The random distribution of homologous chromosomes in a cell in Metaphase - I is called independent
assortment.
3.Anaphase – I:
i) Homologous chromosomes are separated from each other by shortening of spindle fibers.
ii) The actual reduction in the number of chromosomes takes place at this stage.
iii) Sister chromatids are remaining attached with their centromeres.
4.Telophase – I:
i) Haploid set of chromosomes are present at each poles.
ii) The formation of two daughter cells, each with haploid number of chromosomes takes place.
iii) Nuclear envelope forms around the chromosome and the chromosomes become uncoiled.
Meiosis – II:
i) It is also called as equational division.
ii) It is resembles as mitosis cell division.
iii) Since it includes all the stages of mitotic divisions.
43.Describe the Xylem tissue.
i) Xylem is a complex tissue.
ii) It is made up of four different cells.
iii) Xylem conducting water and minerals from the soil.
Types of xylem elements:
1.Xylem tracheids 2.Xylem vessels 3.Xylem fibre 4.Xylem parenchyma.
1.Xylem tracheids:
i) It is a dead cell.
ii) It is long and blund end cells.
iii) Cell wall is made up of lignine.
2.Xylem vessels:
ii) Cell wall is made up of lignine.
iii) Simple perforation plates are present in Mangifera.
iv) Multiple perforation plates are present in Liriodendron.
3.Xylem fibre:
iii) Xylem fibre is called libriform fibre.
iv) It is narrow and long cells.
4.Xylem parenchyma:
i) It is a living cell.
ii) Cell wall is made up of cellulose.
iii) It is short cells.
iv) Xylem bind with parenchyma is called xylem parenchyma.
44.Describe the Phloem tissue.
i) Phloem is a complex tissue.
ii) It is made up of four different cells.
iii) Phloem conducting the food materials.
Types of Phloem elements:
1.Sieve elements 2.Companion cells 3.Phloem parenchyma 4.Phloem fibres.
1.Sieve elements:
iii) Nucleus is absent.
iv) Sieve plates are blocked by the substance is called “Callose”.
2.Companion cells:
iii) Nucleus is present.
3.Phloem parenchyma:
iii) Nucleus is present.
iv) Phloem bind with parenchyma is called phloem parenchyma.
4.Phloem fibres:
iii) It is long and narrow cells.
iv) Phloem fibres are called “Bast fibre”.
45.Describe - Vascular Tissue System.
The xylem and phloem are always organized in groups. They are called vascular bundles.
1.Radial vascular bundle:
i) Xylem and phloem are present on different radii alternating with each other.
ii) Example: Monocot and Dicot root.
2.Conjoint vascular bundle:

i) Xylem and phloem are present on the same radius in one bundle.
ii) Example: All the stems.
iii) They are two types I.Collateral II.Bicollateral.
I.Collateral vascular bundle:
i) Xylem placed towards inner side and phloem placed towards outer side.
ii) They are two different types. Such as…
a.Open vascular bundle:
i) Cambium is present between xylem and phloem.
ii) Example: Dicot stem.
b.Closed vascular bundle:

i) Cambium is absent between xylem and phloem.
ii) Example: Monocot stem.
II.Bicollateral vascular bundle:

i) Phloem present on both the side of xylem.
ii) Example: Cucurbiataceae.
3.Concentric vascular bundle:
i) Xylem and phloem are present in concentric circles.
ii) They are two different types. such as…
a.Amphicribral vascular bundle:
i) Phloem surrounds the xylem.
ii) Example: Polypodium.
b.Amphivasal vascular bundle:

i) Xylem surrounds the phloem.
ii) Example: Yucca.
46.Explain the types of Parenchyma tissue.

1.Aerenchyma:
i) Parenchyma which contains air in its intercellular spaces. It helps in aeration and buoyancy.
ii) Example: Nymphae and Hydrilla.
2.Storage Parenchyma:
i) Parenchyma stores food materials.
ii) Example: Root and stem tubers.
3.Stellate Parenchyma:
i) Star shaped parenchyma.
ii) Example: Petioles of Banana and Canna.
4.Chlorenchyma:
i) Parenchyma cells with chloroplast.
ii) Function is photosynthesis.
iii) Example: Mesophyll of leaves.
5.Prosenchyma:
i) Parenchyma cells became elongated, pointed and slightly thick walled.
ii) It provides mechanical support to the plant.
47.Describe the primary structure of Monocot root – Maize root.
The transverse section of monocot root shows the following regions.
1.Epiblema:
i) The outermost layer of the root is known as epiblema.
ii) It is made up of single layered parenchymatous cells without intercellular space.
iii) Epidermal pores and cuticle are absent.
iv) Root hairs are present.
2.Cortex:
i) Homogenous cortex.
ii) It is made up of thin-walled parenchymatous cells with lot of intercellular spaces.
iii) The function of cortical cells is storage. They are oval or rounded in shape.
iv) Chloroplasts are absent in the cortical cells, but they store starch.
v) The inner most layer of the cortex is endodermis. It is made up of parenchymatous cell.
3.Stele:
i) All the tissues inside the endodermis is called stele.
ii) This includes pericycle, vascular bundle and pith.
4.Pericycle:
i) Pericycle is the outermost layer of the stele and lies inner to the endodermis.
ii) It is made up of single layered parenchymatous cells.
5.Vascular Bundle:
i) Vascular tissues are radial.
ii) Xylem is polyarch and exarch.
iii) Conjunctive tissue is made up of sclerenchymatous tissue.
6.Pith:
i) Pith is present.
ii) It is made up of thin-walled parenchymatous cells with intercellular spaces.
iii) These cells are filled with abundant starch grains.
48.Describe the primary structure of Dicot root – Bean root.
The transverse section of dicot root shows the following regions.
1.Epiblema:
i) The outermost layer of the root is known as epiblema.
ii) It is made up of single layered parenchymatous cells without intercellular space.
iii) Epidermal pores and cuticle are absent.
iv) Root hairs are present.
2.Cortex:
i) Homogenous cortex.
ii) It is made up of thin-walled parenchymatous cells with lot of intercellular spaces.
iii) The function of cortical cells is storage. They are oval or rounded in shape.
iv) Chloroplasts are absent in the cortical cells, but they store starch.
v) The inner most layer of the cortex is endodermis.
vi) It is made up of single layered barrel shaped parenchymatous cells.
3.Stele:
4.Pericycle:
i) Pericycle is the outermost layer of the stele and lies inner to the endodermis.
5.Vascular Bubdle:
i) Vascular tissues are radial.
ii) Xylem is tetrach and exarch.
iii) Conjunctive tissue is made up of parenchymatous tissue.
6.Pith:
Pith is absent.
49.Explain the primary structure of monocot stem – Maize stem.
The transverse section of monocot stem shows the following regions.
1.Epidermis:
i) It is the outermost layer of the stem.
iii) Epidermal outgrowth is absent.
2.Hypodermis:
i) It is made up of sclerenchymatous cells.
ii) It gives the mechanical strength to the plant.
iii) Hypodermis is interrupted by the chlorenchymatous cells.
3.Ground Tissue:
i) Ground tissue is not differentiated into cortex, endodermis, pericycle and pith.
ii) It is made up of parenchymatous cells.
iii) Food reserve material is starch.
4.Vascular Bundle:
i) Cambium is absent.
ii) Vascular bundles are scattered in ground tissue.
iii) Vasacular bundles are skull shaped.
iv) Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral, endarch and closed.
5.Phloem:
i) Phloem consists of sieve tube and companion cells.
ii) Phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres are absent.
6.Xylem:
ii) Xylem arranged in the form of “Y” shape.
iii) Protoxylem lacuna is present.
7.Pith:
Pith is absent.
50.Explain the primary structure of dicot stem – Sunflower stem.
The transverse section of dicot stem shows the following regions.
1.Epidermis:
i) It is the outermost layer of the stem.
iii) Epidermal outgrowth is present.
2.Cortex:
i) It is differentiated into collenchymatous, Chlorenchymatous and parenchymatous.
ii) Hypodermis is made up of collenchymatous cells.
iii) It gives mechanical strength to the plant.
iv) Inner to the hypodermis cells, few layers of chlorenchymatous cells are present.
v) This region performs photosynthesis.
vi) Food materials are stored in parenchymatous cells.
3.Stele:
iii) Eustele is present.
4.Pericycle:
i) Pericycle is present between endodermis and vascular bundle.
ii) It is called as Bundle cap or Hardbast.
5.Vascular Bundle:
i) Cambium is present.
i) Vascular bundles are Wedge shaped.
ii) Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral, endarch and open.
6.Phloem:
i) Phloem consists of sieve tube, companion cells and phloem parenchyma.
ii) Phloem fibres are absent.
7.Cambium:
i) Cambium brick shaped.
ii) Secondary growth is present.
8.Xylem:
Xylem fibres, xylem parenchyma, xylem vessels and xylem tracheids are present.
9.Pith:
Pith is present.
51.Describe the anatomy of monocot leaf – Grass leaf.
The transverse section of monocot leaf shows the following regions.
1.Epidermal tissue:
i) It is a isobilateral leaf.
ii) A small opening found on the epidermis is called stomata.
iii) Stomata is surrounded by dumb - bell shaped Guard cells.
iv) Cuticle is present.
v) Bulliform cells or Motor cells and Silica cells are present.
2.Mesophyll tissue:
i) The upper and lower epidermis of leaf is called mesophyll.
ii) It is not differentiated into palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma.
iii) Air space found on the mesophyll tissue is called respiratory cavity.
3.Vascular tissue:
i) Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral and closed.
ii) Xylem is present towards the upper epidermis.
iii) Pholem is present towards lower epidermis.
iv) Vascular bundles are surrounded by bundle sheath or border parenchyma.
52.Describe the anatomy of dicot leaf – Sunflower leaf.
The transverse section of dicot leaf shows the following regions.
1.Epidermal tissue:
i) It is a dorsiventral leaf.
ii) A small opening found on the epidermis is called stomata.
iii) Stomata is surrounded by bean shaped Guard cells.
iv) Cuticle is present.
2.Mesophyll tissue:
i) The upper and lower epidermis of leaf is called mesophyll.
ii) It is differentiated into palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma.
iii) Function of palisade parenchyma is photosynthesis.
iv) Function of spongy parenchyma is storage.
v) Air space found on the mesophyll tissue is called respiratory cavity.
3.Vascular tissue:
i) Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral and closed.
ii) Xylem is present towards the upper epidermis.
iii) Pholem is present towards lower epidermis.
iv) Vascular bundles are surrounded by bundle sheath or border parenchyma.
53.Draw and label the parts of transverse section of monocot root – Maize root.
54.Draw and label the parts of transverse section of dicot root – Bean root.
55.Draw and label the parts of transverse section of monocot stem – Maize stem.
56.Draw and label the parts of transverse section of dicot stem – Sunflower stem.
57.Describe the secondary growth in dicot stem
i) Vascular cambium is the lateral meristem that produces the secondary vascular tissue.
ii) Example: secondary xylem and secondary phloem.
1.Intrafascicular or fascicular cambium:
Procambium is present between xylem and phloem of the vascular bundle. This cambial strip is know as
Intrafascicular or fascicular cambium.
2.Interfascicular cambium:
Fasicular cambium become meristematic and form strips of vascular cambium. It is called as
Interfascicular cambium.
3.Vascular cambial ring:
This interfascicular cambium joins with the intrafascicular cambium on both sides to form a continuous
ring. It is called vascular cambial ring.
4.Activity of vascular cambium:
The vascular cambial ring become active and produces inner secondary xylem and outer secondary
phloem.
5.Phellogen or cork cambium:
It is a secondary lateral meristem. It comprises homogenous meristematic cells. It arises from epidermis,
cortex, phloem or pericycle.
6.Phellem or cork:
The cells of the cork cambium cut off cells on both the sides. Those formed on the outerside become
suberised. This region is called cork or phellem.
7.Phelloderm or secondary cortex:
The cork cells are uniform in size and arranged in radial rows without intercellular spaces. This
parenchymatous cells are cut off on the inner side of the cork cambium. This region is called phelloderm
or secondary cortex.
8.Periderm:
The cork (phellem), cork cambium (phellogen) and the secondary cortex (phelloderm) altogether called
periderm.
9.Bark:
All the tissues outside the vascular cambium (secondary phloem, cortex and periderm) are called bark.
58.Describe carbohydrates.
59.Write the significance of Photosynthesis.
1.Photosynthetic organisms provide food for all living organisms.
2.It is the only natural process that liberates oxygen in the atmosphere.
3.Photosynthesis balances the oxygen and carbon cycle in nature.
4.Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum are formed by photosynthesis.
5.Plants provide fodder, fibre, fire wood, timber and useful medicinal products by photosynthesis.
60.Write the difference between photosystem-I and photosystem-II.
Photosystem I Photosystem II
1. 1.Reaction centre is P700. 1. Reaction centre is P680.
2. 2.PS-I is involved in both cyclic and non-cyclic.2. PS-II participates in Non-cyclic pathway.
3. 3.Not involved in photolysis of water and 3, Involved in photolysis of water and evolution
evolution of oxygen. of oxygen.
4. 4.It receives electrons from PS-II during non- 4. It receives electrons by photolysis of water.
cyclic photophosphorylation.
6. 5.Chlorophyll and Carotenoid ratio is 20 to 30:1. 6. Chlorophyll and Carotenoid ratio is 3 to 7:1.
61.Draw the outline diagram of cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
Cyclic Photophosphorylation Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation
62.Differentiate Cyclic and Non-cyclic photophosphorylation.

Cyclic Photophosphorylation Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation
1.PS I only involved. PS I and PS II involved.
2.Reaction centre is P700. Reaction centre is P680.
3.Electrons released are cycled back. Electron released are not cycled back.
4.Photolysis of water does not take place. Photolysis of water takes place.
5.Only ATP synthesized. ATP and NADPH + H+ are synthesized.
6.Phosphorylation takes place at two places. Phosphorylation takes place at only one place.
63.Describe Dark reaction or C3 Cycle or Biosynthetic phase or Phtosynthetic Carbon Reduction (PCR)
Cycle or Melvin Calvin cycle.
64.Hatch & Slack Pathway or C4 Cycle or Dicarboxylic Acid Pathway or Dicarboxylation Pathway
(Chapter: 14 Question No: 8. Grasses have an adaptive mechanism to compensate photorespiratory
losses- Name and describe the mechanism).
Grasses compensate photorespiratory losses through C4 cycle or Hatch & Slack Pathway.
C4 cycle or Hatch & Slack Pathway

65.Differentiate C3 and C4 platns.
C Plants
3 C Plants
4
1. First product is 3C- PGA. First product is 4C- OAA.

2. Kranz anatomy is not present. Kranz anatomy is present.
3. Granum is present in mesophyll Granum present in mesophyll cells and absent in
cells. bundle sheath cells.
4. Normal Chloroplast is present. Dimorphic chloroplast is present.
5. Optimum temperature 20 to 25 C.
o o
Optimum temperature 30 to 45 C.
o o
6. Example: Paddy, Wheat, Potato. Example: Sugarcane, Maize, Sorghum, Amaranthus.

66.Differentiate Photorespiration and Dark respiration.
Photorespiration Dark respiration
1. It takes place in photosynthetic cells. It takes place in all living cells.
2. It takes place only in the presence of light It takes place in all the time.
3. It involves chloroplast, peroxisome, mitochondria. It involves only mitochondria.
4. Substrate is glycolic acid. Substrate is carbohydrates, protein or fats.
5. It is not essential for survival. Essential for survival.
67.What are the factors affecting Photosynthesis.

External and internal factors are affecting photosynthesis.
1.External factors:
a. Intensity of Light:
Under low intensity the photosynthetic rate is low and at higher intensity photosynthetic rate is higher.
b. Quality of light:
Photosynthetic rate is maximum in blue and red light. Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) is
between 400 to 700 nm.
c. Carbon dioxide:
CO2 is found only 0.3 % in the atmosphere but plays a vital role. Increase in concentration of CO2
increases the rate of photosynthesis (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is 330 ppm).
d. Oxygen:The rate of photosynthesis decreases when there is an increase of oxygen concentration.
2.Internal Factors:
a.Photosynthetic Pigments:
It is an essential factor and even a small quantity is enough to carry out photosynthesis.
b.Protoplasmic factor:
Hydrated protoplasm is essential for photosynthesis. It also includes enzymes responsible for
Photosynthesis.
c.Anatomy of leaf:
Thickness of leaf, cuticle, epidermis and distribution of stomata are affect the photosynthesis.
d.Hormones: Hormones like gibberellins and cytokinin increase the rate of photosynthesis.
68. Explain Photorespiration or C2 Cycle or Photosynthetic Carbon Oxidation (PCO) Cycle.
(Chapter:13 Question no:10. When there is plenty of light and higher concentration of O2, what kind
of pathway does the plant undergo? Analyse the reasons.
Plants undergo C2 cycle or Photorespiration.
69.Write the difference between photosynthesis in Plants and photosynthesis in Bacteria.
Photosynthesis in Plants Photosynthesis in Bacteria

1.Photosystem I and II involved Photosystem I only involved
2.Electron donor is water Electron donor is H2S
3.Oxygen is evolved Oxygen is not evolved
4.Reaction centres are P700 and P680 Reaction centre is P870
5.PAR is 400 to 700 nm PAR is above 700 nm
70.Differentiate aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic Respiration

1.It occurs in all the living cells. It occurs yeast and bacterial cells.
2.Oxygen is required. Oxygen is not required.
3.End products are CO2 and H2O. End products are alcohol, and CO2.
4.One molecule of glucose produces 36 ATP. 4.One molecule of glucose produces 2 ATP.
5.It occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria. It occurs only in cytoplasm.
71.Describe about Glycolysis or EMP pathway.
72.Explain – Kerbs cycle or Citric acid cycle or TCA cycle.
73.Tabulate the net product of aerobic respiration. (Chapter:14 Question no:10.How will you calculate
net products of one sucrose molecule upon complete oxidation during aerobic respiration as per recent
view?)
As per recent view the cost of transport of ATPs from matrix into the cytosol is considered, the number will
be 2.5 ATPs for each NADH+H+ and 1.5 ATPs for each FADH2 oxidised during electron transport system.
Reduced Reduced FAD Total ATP

Stages CO2 ATP
NAD+ Production
Glycolysis 0 2 2(2X2=4) 0 6
Link reaction 2 0 2(2X3=6) 0 6
Krebs cycle 4 2 6(6X3=18) 2(2X2=4) 24
Total 6 CO2 4 ATP 28 ATP 4 ATP 36 ATP
74.Differentiate alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
Alcoholic fermentation Lactic acid fermentation
1. It produce alcohol and releases CO2. It produce lactic acid only.
2. It takes place in two steps. It takes place in single step.
3. It involves two enzymes. It involves only one enzyme.
4. It forms acetaldehyde as intermediate It does not form any intermediate compound.
compound.
5. It commonly occurs in yeast. It commonly occurs in bacteria.
75.Describe about Pentose phosphate pathway or Phospho gluconate pathway. (Chapter:14 Question
no:9. What is the name of alternate way of glucose breakdown? Explain the process involved in it?).
Pentose phosphate pathway or HMP shunt is the alternate way of glucose breakdown.
76.Write the physiological effects of Auxin.

1.Auxin promote cell elongation in stem.
2.Auxin induce apical dominance and prevents abscission.
3.It is used to eradicate weeds. Example: 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T.
4.Synthetic auxins are used in the formation of seedless fruits (Parthenocarpic fruit).
5.It is used to break the dormancy in seeds.
77.Write the physiological effects of Gibberellin.
1.It produces extraordinary elongation of stem.
2.Sudden elongation of stem followed by the flowering is called bolting.
3.Gibberellin breaks the dormancy in potato tubers.
4.Gibberellin induced seedless fruits. Example: Tomato, apple and cucumber.
5.It stimulate the seed germination.
78.Write the physiological effects of Cytokinin.
1.Cytokinin promotes the cell division.
2.Cytokinin induces cell enlargement.
3.Cytokinin break the dormancy of Tobacco seeds.
4.Cytokinin delays the process of aging of the plant. It is known as Richmond Lang effect.
5.Cytokinin increases the rate of protein synthesis.
79.Write the physiological effects of Ethylene.
1.Ethylene stimulates the ripening of fruits.
2.It breaks the dormancy of buds and seeds.
3.It stimulates the formation of abscission zone in leaves, flowers and fruits.
4.Ethylene inhibit the stem elongation (shortening the internode).
5.Ethylene reduces flowering in plants except in Pine apple and Mango.
80.Write the physiological effects of Abscisic acid.
1.It helps to reduce transpiration rate by closing of stomata.
2.ABA is a powerful growth inhibitor. It causes 50% inhibition of growth in Oats plant.
3.It induce bud and seed dormancy.
4.It promotes the abscission of leaves, flowers and fruits.
5.ABA protect the plants from water stress. Hence, ABA is called as stress hormone.
81.Describe about Phytochrome.
i) In 1959, Butler et al. were able to discover a photoreceptor flower inducing pigment in plants which they
name phytochromes.
ii) Chemically, phytochrome is a biliprotein and exists in two forms.
iii) One form absorbs red with the wave length of 660 nm called Pr and the other form absorbs far red with
the wave length of 730 nm called Pfr.
iv) In short day plants, Pr promotes flowering and Pfr inhibit the flowering.
v) In long day plants, Pfr promotes flowering and Pr inhibit the flowering.
660nm
Day
Pr Pfr
Night
730nm
82. Explain the Botanical description of Clitoria ternatea (Sangu Pushpam) – Fabaceae (Pea family),
Datura metal (Oomatham Poo) – Solanaceae, Allium cepa (Onion) – Liliaceae.
Characters Clitoria ternatea Datura metal Allium cepa (Liliaceae)

(Fabaceae) (Solanaceae)
1.Habit Climber Herb Perennial Herb
2.Root Tap root system Tap root system Fibrous root system
3.Stem Weak stem Green and herbaceous Underground Bulb
4.Leaves Compound, Alternate, Simple, Alternate, Parallal venation with
Reticulate venation Reticulate venation Sheathy leaf base
5.Inflorescence Solitary, Axillary Solitary, Axillary Scapigerous
6.Flower Complete, Bisexual, Complete, Bisexual, Complete, Bisexual,
Pentamerous, Pentamerous, Trimerous,
zygomorphic Actinomophic Actinomophic
7.Calyx / Sepals 5, Green, Valvate Sepals 5, Green, Tepals 6, Two whorls,
Perianth aestivation Valvate aestivation Valvate aestivation
8.Corolla Petals 5, Papilionaceous Petals 5, Plicate,
corolla, imbricate twisted aestivation ----
aestivation
9.Androecium Stamens 10, (9)+1, Stamens 5, Dithecous, Stamens 6, (3+3)
Diadelphous, Dithecous Epipetalous arranged in two whorls,
Dithecous,
10.Gynoecium Superior ovary, Superior ovary, Bilocular, Superior ovary,
unilocular, Marginal Axil Placentation Trilocular,
Placentation Axil Placentation
11.Fruit Legume Capsule Loculicidal Capsule
12.Seed Non-Endospermous Endospermous Endospermous
13.Floral
Formula
14.Floral
Diagram
**********************Best wishes************************

11th STD TM & EM Important 5 Marks Question and Answers

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

11th STD TM & EM Important 5 Marks Question and Answers

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

$Ljyhd Kf;fpa Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-

1. itu];fspd; ngUf;fKiw my;yJ gh[;fspd; tho;f;ifr; Row;rpia gw;wp tptup.

Additional important five mark questions:-

11.,iyapd; cUkhw;wq;fis gw;wp vOJf.

13.jiuf;fo P ; jz;bd; khw;WUf;fisg; gw;wp vOJf.

17.urpNkh]; kQ;rupapd; tiffis vOJf.

18.irNkh]; kQ;rupapd; tiffis vOJf.

19.fyg;G kw;wk; rpwg;G tif kQ;rupapd; tiffis vOJf.

21.Njhw;wj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; fdpfspd; tifg;ghl;il vOJf.

23.kfue;jj;jhs;fspd; ,izT Kiwfis gw;wp vOJf.

30./NgNgrp FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf.

31.nrhyhNdrp FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf.

32.ypypNarp FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf.

36.cl;fUtpd; mikg;ig tptup.

39.FNuhNkhNrhkpd; tiffis vOJf.

M.tpsf;F J}upif FNuhNkhNrhk;:

41.ikl;lhrp]; my;yJ kiwKf nry;gFg;ig tptup.

44.GNshak; jpRit gw;wp xU fl;Liu tiuf?

GNshak; ghud;ifkh NfNyh]; nry;RtH

ry;yil Foha; nry; miw

45.th];FyhHjpR njhFg;ig gw;wp glj;Jld; tpthp?

2.Kba th];FyhH fw;iw:-

4.fd;[hz;l; th];Fyhh; fw;iw:-

8.iryk; #o; th];FyhH fw;iw:-

1.iuNrhnlHkp]; 1.Nthpd; ntspGw mLf;F 2.ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ

1.iuNrhnlHkp]; 1.Nthpd; ntspGw mLf;F 2.ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ

1.Gwj;Njhy; 1.,iyapd; ntspGw mLf;F. ,it ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ

Gy; ,iyapd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;

1.Gwj;Njhy; 1.Gwj;Njhy; ,iyapd; ntspGw mLf;F MFk;

#hpafhe;jp ,iyapd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;

kf;fhr;Nrhs Nthpd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;

mtiu Nthpd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;

kf;fhr;Nrhsj; jz;bd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;

#hpafhe;jp jz;bd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;

fhh;f;Nfk;gpak; (/ngy;Nyh[d;) nghpnlHk;

,uz;lhk; epiy Gwzp

Kjy; epiy iryk;

,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;bd; ,uz;lhk; epiy tsHr;rp

59.xspr;NrHf;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf.

60.epwkp mikg;G-I kw;Wk; epwkp mikg;G-IIf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfis vOJf.

Royh xsp gh];gupfuzk;

Roy; xsp gh];gupfuzk;

66. xspr;Rthrk; kw;Wk; ,Us;Rthrk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghl;il vOJf.

C2 Row;rp my;yJ xspr;Rthrk;

69.jhtu xspr;Nru;f;if kw;Wk; ghf;Bupa xspr;Nru;f;ifia NtWgLj;Jf.

jhtu xspr;Nru;f;if ghf;Bupa xspr;Nru;f;if

70.fhw;W kw;Wk; fhw;wpyhr; Rthrpj;jYf;F ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfis vOJf.

fhw;W Rhrpj;jy; fhw;wpyhr; Rthrpj;jy;

72.fpug;]; Row;rp my;yJ rpl;upf; mkpyr; Row;rpia vOJf.

xLf;f xLf;f nkhj;j ATP

My;f`hy; nehjpj;jy; yhf;bf; mkpy nehjpj;jy;

gz;Gfs; fpisl;Nlhupah lhl;^uh nkl;ly; my;ypak; rPgh

(ii)Actinostele: Star shaped xylem core is surrounded by phloem is known as actinostele.

7.Write the general characteristics of lichens.

11.Write about leaf modification.

13.Describe the underground stem modification.

18.Write the types of Cymose inflorescence.

19.Write the types of Mixed and special inflorescence.

A.Valvate B.Twisted C.Imbricate D.Quincuncial E.Vexillary

21.Write about classification of fruits based on formation.

23.Explain about fusion of stamens.

30.Write the economic importance of Fabaceae.

31.Write the economic importance of Solanaceae.