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For the following exercise (7-13), graph the equations and shade the area of the region

between the curves. Determine its area by integrating over the x-axis.

10. y = ex , y = e2x−1 and x = 0


Solution:
Let y = ex , y = e2x−1 and x = 0 be given. The region bounded by the given curves is
given below.

Next, we find the points of intersection of the two curves by solving the system
(
y = ex
y = e2x−1

which follows that

ex = e2x−1
⇒ x = 2x − 1
⇒ 2x − 1 − x = 0
⇒x−1=0
⇒x=1

Thus, the limiting values run from a = 0 up to b = 1.


Observe that the upper curve is y = ex and the lower curve is y = e2x−1 .
This means that the area of the region bounded by y = ex and y = e2x−1 from a = 0

1
and b = 1 is
Z b
Area = [upper curve − lower curve]dx
a
Z 1
= [ex − e2x−1 ]dx
0
 1
x 1 2x−1
= e − e
2 0
   
1 1 2(1)−1 0 1 2(0)−1
= e − e − e − e
2 2
   
1 1
= e − e1 − 1 − e−1
2 2
e 1
=e− −1+
2 2e
2
e − 2e + 1
=
2e
Therefore, the total area bounded by the curves y = ex and y = e2x−1 and x = 0 is

e2 − 2e + 1
Area = square units.
2e

2
For the following exercise (14-19), graph the equations and shade the area of the region
between the curves. If necessary, break the region into sub-regions and determine its entire
area.

16. y = sin x, y = cos x and y = 1 over [−π, π]


Solution:
Let y = sin x, y = cos x and y = 1 over [−π, π] be given. The region bounded by the
given curves is given below.

Next, we find the points of intersection of the two curves by solving the system
(
y = cos x
y = sin x

which follows that over [−π, π]

cos x = sin x
−3π π
⇒x= ,
4 4
Thus, the limiting values run from a = −π up to b = − 3π 4
, a = − 3π
4
up to b = π4 and
a = π4 up to b = π.
For the first region (most left), observe that the upper curve is y = sin x and the lower
curve is y = cos x.
This means that the area of the region bounded by y = cos x and y = sin x from a = −π

3
and b = − 3π
4
is
Z b
Area = [upper curve − lower curve]dx
a
Z − 3π
4
= [sin x − cos x]dx
−π
  − 3π
4
= − cos(x) − sin x
   −π    
3π 3π
= − cos − − sin − − − cos(−π) − sin(−π)
4 4
  √   √   
2 2
= − − − − − − (−1) − (0)
2 2
 √ √   
2 2
= + − 1
2 2
√ √
2 2
= + −1
√2 2
= 2−1

For the second region (from the left), observe that the upper curve is y = cos x and the
lower curve is y = sin x.
This means that the area of the region bounded by y = cos x and y = sin x from a = − 3π4
and b = π4 is

Z b
Area = [upper curve − lower curve]dx
a
Z π
4
= [cos x − sin x]dx
− 3π
4
  π
4
= sin x + cos x
− 3π
4
      
π π 3π 3π
= sin + cos − sin − + cos −
4 4 4 4
 √ √   √  √ 
2 2 2 2
= + − − + −
2 2 2 2
√ √ √ √
2 2 2 2
= + + +
2
√ 2 2 2
=2 2

For the third region (from the left), observe that the upper curve is y = sin x and the
lower curve is y = cos x.
This means that the area of the region bounded by y = sin x and y = cos x from a = π4

4
and b = π is

Z b
Area = [upper curve − lower curve]dx
a
Z π
= [sin x − cos x]dx
π
4
  π
= − cos x − sin x
π
4
  
π π
= − cos π − sin π − − cos − sin
4 4
    √   √ 
2 2
= − (−1) − (0) − − −
2 2
√ √
2 2
=1+ +
√ 2 2
= 2+1

Therefore, the total area bounded by the curves y = cos x and y = sin x over [−π, π]is
√ √ √
Area = ( 2 − 1) + (2 2) + ( 2 + 1)

= 4 2 square units.

5
For the following exercise (14-19), graph the equations and shade the area of the region
between the curves. If necessary, break the region into sub-regions and determine its entire
area.

17. y = x3 and y = x2 − 2x over [−1, 1]


Solution:
Let y = x3 and y = x2 − 2x over [−1, 1] be given. The region bounded by the given
curves is given below.

Next, we find the points of intersection of the two curves by solving the system
(
y = x3
y = x2 − 2x

which follows that

x3 = x2 − 2x
⇒ x3 − x2 + 2x = 0
⇒ x(x2 − x + 2) = 0
⇒ x = 0 or x2 − x + 2 = 0

Thus, the limiting values run from a = −1 up to b = 0 and a = 0 up to b = 1.


For the first region (most left), observe that the upper curve is y = x2 − 2x and the lower
curve is y = x3 .
This means that the area of the region bounded by y = x2 − 2x and y = x3 from a = −1

6
and b = 0 is
Z b
Area = [upper curve − lower curve]dx
a
Z 0
= [(x2 − 2x) − (x3 )]dx
−1
 0
1 3 2 1 4
= x −x − x
3 4 −1
   
1 3 2 1 4 1 3 2 1 4
= x −x − x − x −x − x
3 4 3 4
   
1 3 2 1 4 1 3 2 1 4
= (0) − (0) − (0) − (−1) − (−1) − (−1)
3 4 3 4
   
1 1
= 0−0−0 − − −1−
3 4
1 1
=0+ +1+
3 4
19
=
12
For the second region (from the left), observe that the upper curve is y = x3 and the
lower curve is y = x2 − 2x.
This means that the area of the region bounded by y = x3 and y = x2 − 2x from a = 0
and b = 1 is

Z b
Area = [upper curve − lower curve]dx
a
Z 1
= [x3 − (x2 − 2x)]dx
Z0 1
1 1
= [ x3 − x3 + x2 ]dx
0 4 3
   
1 3 1 3 2 1 3 1 3 2
= (1) − (1) + (1) − (0) − (0) + (0)
4 3 4 3
   
1 1
= − +1 − 0−0+0
4 3
1 1
= − +1−0
4 3
11
=
12

7
Therefore, the total area bounded by the curves y = x3 and y = x2 − 2x over [−1, 1] is
19 11
Area = +
12 12
19 + 11
=
12
30
=
12
5
= square units.
2

8
For the following exercise (14-19), graph the equations and shade the area of the region
between the curves. If necessary, break the region into sub-regions and determine its entire
area.

18. y = x2 + 9 and y = 10 + 2x over [−1, 3]


Solution:
Let y = x2 + 9 and y = 10 + 2x over [−1, 3] be given. The region bounded by the given
curves is given below.

Next, we find the points of intersection of the two curves by solving the system
(
y = x2 + 9
y = 10 + 2x

which follows that

x2 + 9 = 10 + 2x
⇒ x2 − 2x + 9 − 10 = 0
⇒ x2 − 2x − 1 = 0
p
−(−2) ± (−2)2 − 4(1)(−1)
⇒x=
2(1)

2± 4+4
⇒x=
√2
2± 8
⇒x=
2 √
2±2 2
⇒x=
2√
⇒x=1± 2
√ √
⇒ x = 1 − 2 or x = 1 + 2
√ √ √
Thus, the limiting
√ values run from a = −1 up to b = 1− 2, a = 1− 2 up to b = 1+ 2
and a = 1 + 2 up to b = 3.
For the green region, observe that the upper curve is y = x2 + 9 and the lower curve is

9
y = 10 + 2x.
This means that the√area of the region bounded by y = x2 + 9 and y = 10 + 2x from
a = −1 and b = 1 − 2 is
Z b
Area = [upper curve − lower curve]dx
a

Z 1− 2
= [(x2 + 9) − (10 + 2x)]dx
−1

Z 1− 2
= [x2 + 9 − 10 − 2x]dx
−1

Z 1− 2
= [x2 − 2x − 1]dx
−1
  1−√2
1 3
= x − x2 − x
3 −1
√ √ 2 √
   
1 3 1 3 2
= (1 − 2) − (1 − 2) − (1 − 2) − (−1) − (−1) − (−1)
3 3

√ √
   
7−5 2 1
= − (3 − 2 2) − (1 − 2) − − − (1) + 1
3 3

√ √
   
7−5 2 1
= − 3 + 2 2 − 1 + 2 − − − (1) + 1
3 3

7−5 2 √ √ 1
= −3+2 2−1+ 2+
3 √ 3
−4 + 4 2
=
3
For the violet region, observe that the upper curve is y = 10 + 2x and the lower curve is
y = x2 + 9.
2
This means
√ that the area√ of the region bounded by y = 10 + 2x and y = x + 9 from
a = 1 − 2 and b = 1 + 2 is

10
Z b
Area = [upper curve − lower curve]dx
a

Z 1+ 2
= √
[(10 + 2x) − (x2 + 9)]dx
1− 2

Z 1+ 2
= √
[10 + 2x − x2 − 9]dx
1− 2

Z 1+ 2
= √
[−x2 + 2x + 1]dx
1− 2

  1+ 2
1
= − x3 + x2 + x √
3 1− 2
√ 3 √ 2 √ √ 3 √ 2 √
   
1 1
= − (1 + 2) + (1 + 2) + (1 + 2) − − (1 − 2) + (1 − 2) + (1 − 2)
3 3
√ √
√ √ √ √
   
7+5 2 7−5 2
= − + (3 + 2 2) + (1 + 2) − − + (3 − 2 2) + (1 − 2)
3 3
√ √
√ √
   
7+5 2 7−5 2
= − +4+3 2 − − +4−3 2
3 3
√ √
7+5 2 √ 7−5 2 √
=− +4+3 2+ −4+3 2
3√ √3
−7 − 5 2 √ 7−5 2
= +6 2+
3 √ √ 3
−7 − 5 2 + 7 − 5 2 √
= +6 2
√ 3
−10 2 √
= +6 2
3√ √
−10 2 + 18 2
=
√ 3
8 2
=
3

For the black region, observe that the upper curve is y = x2 + 9 and the lower curve is
y = 10 + 2x.
2
This means
√ that the area of the region bounded by y = x + 9 and y = 10 + 2x from
a = 1 + 2 and b = 3 is

11
Z b
Area = [upper curve − lower curve]dx
a
Z 3
= √
[(x2 + 9) − (10 + 2x)]dx
1+ 2
Z 3
= √
[x2 − 2x − 1]dx
1+ 2
 3
1 3 2
= x −x −x √
3 1+ 2
√ 3 √ 2 √
   
1 3 2 1
= (3) − (3) − (3) − (1 + 2) − (1 + 2) − (1 + 2)
3 3

√ √
   
7+5 2
= 9−9−3 − − (3 + 2 2) − (1 + 2)
3


   
7+5 2
= −3 − −4−3 2
3

7+5 2 √
= −3 − +4+3 2
√3
7+5 2 √
=− +1+3 2
3√
−7 − 5 2 √
= +1+3 2
3 √ √
−7 − 5 2 + 3 + 9 2
=
√ 3
−4 + 4 2
=
3

Therefore, the total area bounded by the curves y = x3 and y = x2 − 2x over [−1, 1] is
√ √ √
−4 + 4 2 8 2 −4 + 4 2
Area = + +
3 √ √3 3

−4 + 4 2 + 8 2 − 4 + 4 2
=
√ 3
−8 + 16 2
= square units.
3

12
For the following exercise (14-19), graph the equations and shade the area of the region
between the curves. If necessary, break the region into sub-regions and determine its entire
area.

19. y = x3 + 3x and y = 4x
Solution:
Let y = x3 + 3x and y = 4x be given. The region bounded by the given curves is given
below.

Next, we find the points of intersection of the two curves by solving the system
(
y = x3 + 3x
y = 4x

which follows that

x3 + 3x = 4x
⇒ x3 + 3x − 4x = 0
⇒ x3 − x = 0
⇒ x(x + 1)(x − 1) = 0
⇒ x = 0, x + 1 = 0, or x − 1 = 0
⇒ x = 0, x = −1, or x = 1

Thus, the limiting values run from a = −1 up to b = 0 and a = 0 up to b = 1.


For the green region, observe that the upper curve is y = x3 + 3x and the lower curve is
y = 4x.
This means that the area of the region bounded by y = x3 + 3x and y = 4x from a = −1

13
and b = 0 is
Z b
Area = [upper curve − lower curve]dx
a
Z 0
= [x3 − x]dx
−1
 0
3
= x −x
−1
   
1 4 1 2 1 4 1 2
= (0) − (0) − (−1) − (−1)
4 2 4 2
   
1 1
= 0−0 − −
4 2
1 1
=− +
4 2
1
=
4
Observe that the region bounded by y = x3 + 3x and y = 4x from x = −1 to x = 0 is
symmetric to the region bounded by y = x3 + 3x and y = 4x from x = 0 to x = 1 about
the y − axis. Thus, its area is also equal to Area = 41 square units.
Therefore, the total area bounded by the curves y = x3 + 3x and y = 4x is
 
1
Area = 2
4
1
= square units.
2

14
For the following exercise (20-25), graph the equations and shade the area of the region
between the curves. Determine its area by integrating over the y-axis.

20. x = y 3 and x = 3y − 2
Solution:
Let x = y 3 and x = 3y − 2 be given. The region bounded by the given curves is given
below.

Next, we find the points of intersection of the two curves by solving the system
(
x = y3
x = 3y − 2

which follows that

y 3 = 3y − 2
⇒ y 3 − 3y + 2 = 0
⇒ (y − 1)2 (y + 2) = 0
⇒ (y − 1)2 = 0 or y + 2 = 0
⇒ y − 1 = 0 or y + 2 = 0
⇒ y = 1 or y = −2

Thus, the limiting values run from a = −2 up to b = 1.


Observe that the right curve is x = y 3 and the left curve is x = 3y − 2.

15
This means that the area of the region bounded by x = y 3 and x = 3y − 2 is
Z b
Area = [right curve − left curve]dy
a
Z 1
= [y 3 − (3y − 2)]dy
−2
Z 1
= [y 3 − 3y + 2]dy
−2
 1
1 4 3 2
= y − y + 2y
4 2 −2
   
1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2
= (1) − (1) + 2(1) − (−2) − (−2) + 2(−2)
4 2 4 2
   
1 3
= − +2 − 4−6−4
4 2
   
1 3
= − +2 − −6
4 2
3
= +6
4
27
=
4

Therefore, the total area bounded by the curves = y 3 and x = 3y − 2 is


27
Area = square units.
4

16
For the following exercise (20-25), graph the equations and shade the area of the region
between the curves. Determine its area by integrating over the y-axis.

21. x = 2y and x = y 3 − y
Solution:
Let x = 2y and x = y 3 − y be given. The region bounded by the given curves is given
below.

Next, we find the points of intersection of the two curves by solving the system
(
x = 2y
x = y3 − y

which follows that

2y = y 3 − y
⇒ y 3 − y − 2y = 0
⇒ y 3 − 3y = 0
⇒ y(y 2 − 3) = 0
√ √
⇒ y(y + 3)(y − 3) = 0
√ √
⇒ y = 0, y + 3 = 0, or y − 3 = 0
√ √
⇒ y = 0, y = − 3 = 0, or y = 3
√ √
Thus, the limiting values run from a = − 3 up to b = 0, and from a = 0 up to b = 3.
For the violet region, observe that the right curve is x = y 3 − y and the left curve is
x = 2y. √
This means that the area of the region bounded by x = y 3 − y and x = 2y from a = − 3

17
up to b = 0 is
Z b
Area = [right curve − left curve]dy
a
Z 0
= √
[(y 3 − y) − (2y)]dy
− 3
Z 0
= √
[y 3 − 3y]dy
− 3
 0
1 4 3 2
= y − y √
4 2 − 3
1 √ 4 3 √ 2
   
1 4 3 2
= (0) − (0) − (− 3) − (− 3)
4 2 4 2
   
9 9
= 0−0 − −
4 2
9 9
=− +
4 2
9
=
4
Next, for the green region, observe that the right curve is x = 2y and the left curve is
x = y 3 − y.
3
This means √ that the area of the region bounded by x = y − y and x = 2y from a = 0
up to b = 3 is
Z b
Area = [right curve − left curve]dy
a

Z 3
= [(2y) − (y 3 − y)]dy
0

Z 3
= [−y 3 + 3y]dy
0
  √3
1 4 3 2
= − y + y
4 2 0
√ 3 √ 2
   
1 4 1 4 3 2
= − ( 3) + ( 3) − − (0) + (0)
4 2 4 2
   
9 9
= − + − 0+0
4 2
9 9
=− +
4 2
9
=
4

18
Therefore, the total area bounded by the curves = y 3 − y and x = 2y is
 
9
Area = 2
4
9
= square units.
2

19
For the following exercise (20-25), graph the equations and shade the area of the region
between the curves. Determine its area by integrating over the y-axis.

22. x = −3 + y 2 and x = y − y 2
Solution:
Let x = −3 + y 2 and x = y − y 2 be given. The region bounded by the given curves is
given below.

Next, we find the points of intersection of the two curves by solving the system
(
x = −3 + y 2
x = y − y2

which follows that

− 3 + y2 = y − y2
⇒ −3 + y 2 − y + y 2 = 0
⇒ 2y 2 − y − 3 = 0
⇒ (2y − 3)(y + 1) = 0
⇒ 2y − 3 = 0 or y + 1 = 0
3
⇒ y = or y = −1
2

Thus, the limiting values run from a = −1 up to b = 23 .


Observe that the right curve is x = y − y 2 and the left curve is x = −3 + y 2 .
This means that the area of the region bounded by x = y − y 2 and x = −3 + y 2 from

20
3
a = −1 up to b = 2
is
Z b
Area = [right curve − left curve]dy
a
Z 3
2
= [(y − y 2 ) − (−3 + y 2 )]dy
−1
Z 3
2
= [−2y 2 + y + 3]dy
−1
  32
−2 3 1 2
= y + y + 3y
3 2 −1
  3  2    
−2 3 1 3 3 −2 3 1 2
= + +3 − (−1) + (−1) + 3(−1)
3 2 2 2 2 3 2
   
−9 9 9 2 1
= + + − + −3
4 8 2 3 2
   
27 −11
= −
8 6
27 11
= +
8 6
125
=
24

Therefore, the total area bounded by the curves x = y − y 2 and x = −3 + y 2 is


125
Area = square units.
24

21
For the following exercise (20-25), graph the equations and shade the area of the region
between the curves. Determine its area by integrating over the y-axis.

23. y 2 = x and x = y + 2
Solution:
Let y 2 = x and x = y + 2 be given. The region bounded by the given curves is given
below.

Next, we find the points of intersection of the two curves by solving the system
(
y2 = x
x =y+2

which follows that

y2 = y + 2
⇒ y2 − y − 2 = 0
⇒ (y + 1)(y − 2) = 0
⇒ y + 1 = 0 or y − 2 = 0
⇒ y = −1 or y = 2

Thus, the limiting values run from a = −1 up to b = 2.


Observe that the right curve is x = y + 2 and the left curve is y 2 = x.
This means that the area of the region bounded by y 2 = x and x = y + 2 from a = −1

22
up to b = 2 is
Z b
Area = [right curve − left curve]dy
a
Z 2
= [(y + 2) − (y 2 )]dy
−1
Z 2
= [y + 2 − y 2 ]dy
−1
 2
1 2 1 3
= y + 2y − y
2 3 −1
   
1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3
= (2) + 2(2) − (2) − (−1) + 2(−1) − (−1)
2 3 2 3
   
8 1 1
= 2+4− − −2+
3 2 3
   
10 −7
= −
3 6
10 7
= +
3 6
9
=
2

Therefore, the total area bounded by the curves y 2 = x and x = y + 2 is


9
Area = square units.
2

23
For the following exercise (20-25), graph the equations and shade the area of the region
between the curves. Determine its area by integrating over the y-axis.

24. x = |y| and 2x = −y 2 + 2


Solution:
Let x = |y| and 2x = −y 2 + 2 be given. The region bounded by the given curves is given
below.

Recall that
(
−y if y < 0
x = |y| =
y if y ≥ 0

Next, we find the points of intersection of the two curves by solving the system

x = −y

x =y

2x = −y 2 + 2

which follows that using the first and second equation,

−y =y
⇒ 2y = 0
⇒y=0

24
Using the seocnd and third equation, we have

−y 2 + 2
y=
2
⇒ 2y = −y 2 + 2
⇒ y 2 + 2y − 2 = 0
p
−(2) ± 22 − 4(1)(−2)
⇒y=
2(1)

−2 ± 4 + 8
⇒y=
2

−2 ± 12
⇒y=
2 √
−2 ± 2 3
⇒y=
2√
⇒ y = −1 ± 3
√ √
⇒ y = −1 − 3 or y = −1 + 3

Using the first and third equation, we have

−y 2 + 2
−y =
2
⇒ −2y = −y 2 + 2
⇒ y 2 − 2y − 2 = 0
p
−(−2) ± (−2)2 − 4(1)(−2)
⇒y=
2(1)

2± 4+8
⇒y=
√2
2 ± 12
⇒y=
2√
2±2 3
⇒y=
2√
⇒y =1± 3
√ √
⇒ y = 1 − 3 or y = 1 + 3
√ √
Thus, the limiting values run from a = 1 − 3 up to b = 0 and a = 0 up to b = −1 + 3.
Observe that the region is symmetric about the x-axis which means √ that we can find
the total area by just finding the area from x = 0 up to x = −1 + 3. Now, using that
region, observe that the right curve is 2x = −y + 2 and the left curve is x = y.
This means that the area of the region bounded by 2x = −y 2 + 2 and x = |y| from a = 0

25

up to b = −1 + 3 is
Z b
Area = [right curve − left curve]dy
a

Z −1+ 3   
1 2
= − y + 1 − (y) dy
0 2
Z −1+√3  
1 2
= − y + 1 − y dy
0 2
  −1+√3
1 3 1 2
= − y +y− y
6 2 0
√ 3 √ √ 2
   
1 1 1 3 1 2
= − (−1 + 3) + (−1 + 3) − (−1 + 3) − − (0) + (0) − (0)
6 2 6 2
√ √  

 
6 3 − 10 4−2 3
= − −1+ 3− − 0+0−0
6 2
√ √
6 3 − 10 √ 4−2 3
=− −1+ 3−
6√ 2
−4 + 3 3
=
3

Therefore, the total area bounded by the curves x = |y| and 2x = −y 2 + 2 is


 √ 
−4 + 3 3
Area = 2
3

−8 + 6 3
= square units.
3

26
For the following exercise (20-25), graph the equations and shade the area of the region
between the curves. Determine its area by integrating over the y-axis.

25. x = sin y, x = cos(2y), y = π2 , and y = − π2


Solution:
Let x = sin y, x = cos(2y), y = π2 , and y = − π2 be given. The region bounded by the
given curves is given below.

Next, we find the points of intersection of the two curves by solving the system
(
x = sin y
x = cos 2y

which follows that over y ∈ − π2 , π2


 

sin y = cos 2y
⇒ sin y = 1 − 2 sin2 y
⇒ 2 sin2 y + sin y − 1 = 0
⇒ (2 sin y − 1)(sin y + 1) = 0
⇒ 2 sin y − 1 = 0 or sin y + 1 = 0
1
⇒ sin y = or sin y = −1
2
π
⇒y=
6
This means that teh limiting values run from a = − π2 up to b = π6 and from a = π6 up
to b = π2 .
For the red region, observe that the right curve is x = cos 2y and the left curve is
x = sin y.
This means that the area of the region bounded by x = cos 2y and x = sin y from a = − π2

27
π
up to b = 6
is
Z b
Area = [right curve − left curve]dy
a
Z π
6
= [cos(2y) − sin y]dy
− π2
  π6
1
= sin(2y) + cos y
2 − π2
         
1 π π 1 π π
= sin 2 · + cos − sin 2 − + cos −
2 6 6 2 2 2
    
1 π π 1 π
= sin + cos − sin(−π) + cos −
2 3 6 2 2
 √ √   
1 3 3
= · + − 0+0
2 2 2

3 3
= −0
√4
3 3
=
4
For the blue region, observe that the right curve is x = sin y and the left curve is
x = cos 2y.
This means that the area of the region bounded by x = sin y and x = cos 2y from a = π6
up to b = π2 is
Z b
Area = [right curve − left curve]dy
a
Z π
2
= [sin y − cos(2y)]dy
π
6
  π2
1
= − cos y − sin(2y)
2 π
  6    
π 1 π π 1 π
= − cos − sin 2 · − − cos − sin 2 ·
2 2 2 6 2 6
    
π 1 π 1 π
= − cos − sin π − − cos − sin
2 2 6 2 3
√ √
3 3
=0+ +
√ 2 4
3 3
=
4

Therefore, the total area bounded by the curves x = sin y and x = cos 2y from y = − π2

28
π
up to y = 2
is
√ √
3 3 3 3
Area = +
4
√ 4
3 3
= square units.
2

29

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