INTRODUCTION TO OIL AND GAS ENGINEERING

KG12303
(2022/2023-1)
DR. NORFAZLIANA BINTI ABDULLAH
fazliana.abdullah@ums.edu.my
Contact No. : 018-2944811
Room No. : 17
Rock and Fluid Properties

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OUTLINE
 PART A: Reservoir rock characteristics
- Types of Rock Reservoir
- Porosity
- Permeability
 PART B: Rock and Fluid Interactions
- Relative Permeability
- Wettability
- Interfacial Tension
- Capillary Pressure
- - Hydrocarbon Volume
 PART C: Types of reservoir mechanism 3
PART A

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 Reservoir rock characteristics

Let recap..
 Understanding reservoir
Reservoir rock is rock properties and their
porous and associated characteristics
permeable is crucial in developing a
prospect
Type of Reservoir Rocks
Clastic (siliciclastic)
– Sandstones, conglomerates, mudrocks

• Chemical/Biochemical (created from organism in nature/chemical precipitation of

minerals)
- Carbonates(limestones, chalks, coals)
– Evaporites (salt sand)

• Fracture Reservoir
– Igneous
– metamorphic
– Other rock type
 Clastic (siliciclastic)

Sandstone is 20 to 25% of all

sedimentary rocks

Environments: • Coastal/shelf marine,

fluvial, sub-aerial
Composition:

• Grain size: framework fraction: particles 125 to

2000μm in diameter

• Mineralogy: Quartz (SiO2) dominant mineral

- 50 – 60 % framework.
- Monocrystalline form
- single large grains

• feldspars as accessories: Plagioclase more

abundant in sandstones derived from volcanic
rocks
 Quartz

Try to plot rock sample with:

8% Matrix
75% Quartz
10% Feldspar
15% Rock fragment (lithic)

Rock
Feldspar
fragments
Answer : Volcanic Arenite
Carbonates
Example
Gravel

Try to plot rock sample with:

80% sand
13% mud
7% gravel

Answer : Conglomeratic muddy

sandstone

Sand Mud
.
Reservoir rocks Attributes
• Two major processes can create porosity and
permeability of other types of rocks :

a) Dissolution
– This is a fairly a typical way to generate reservoirs.
Largely from dissolution of feldspars in granite-called granite
wash. This is what the Hugoton field produces from.
b) Fracturing
-Can generate porosity and permeability in the otherwise
tight rocks. Fractures commonly vertical, so deviated wells
can be useful for drilling these types of reservoirs.
Porosity
Two distinct types of porosity:
 Absolute porosity
 Effective porosity
Absolute Porosity
• Porosity of commercial reservoirs may range from about 5% to about 30% of bulk volume.
Effective Porosity
Given effective porosity :

𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝝓=
𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Bulk volume = 43,560 Ah ft³ or

Bulk volume = 7,758 Ah bbl thus,

Reservoir pore volume gives,

PV = 43,560 Ah 𝝓 ft³ or
PV = 7,758 Ah 𝝓 bbl
The reservoir rock may generally show large variations in porosity due to a change in
sedimentation or depositional conditions. Thus, an average porosity is used :

Ʃ 𝝓i
Arithmetic average, 𝝓 =
𝑛

Ʃ 𝝓i hi
Thickness-weight average, 𝝓 =
Ʃ hi

Ʃ 𝝓i Ai
Areal-weighted average, 𝝓 =
Ʃ Ai

Ʃ 𝝓i Ai hi
Volumetric-weighted average, 𝝓 =
Ʃ Ai hi

where,
n = total number of core samples
hi = thickness of core sample i or reservoir area i
𝝓i = porosity of core sample i or reservoir area i
Ai = reservoir area i
Porosity can also be classified basing on rock morphology. There are
three types of morphologies to the pore spaces which are:

a) Caternary in which the pore open to more than one throat passage
b) Cul-de-sac in which the pore open to only one throat passage
c) Closed pore in which there is no connection with other pores.
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Factors Affecting Porosity
Porosity Measurement
Boyle’s Law porosimeter
Bulk Volume Measurement
Bulk Volume Measurement
Refer effective porosity
Permeability
Permeability which is the capacity of a porous material to
allow fluids to pass through it, depends on the number,
geometry and size of interconnected pores, capillaries
and fractures
A. Hydraulic conductivity:
B. Intrinsic Permeability:
α
Permeability Measurements

a) Drill stem test

b) Wire line Log
c) Permeameters

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I43pzH_pyfY
Interpretation Permeability
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PART B

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• It is usual to
consider one phase
as a wetting phase
and the other as a
non-wetting phase.

• However,
intermediate cases
occur which can
greatly complicate
the picture i.e
drainage and
imbibition.
Interfacial Tension
Interfacial Tension Measurement
Capillary Pressure

What do you know about Capillary Pressure?

Capillary pressures are generated where interfaces

between two immiscible fluids exist in the pores (capillaries)
of the reservoir rock.

Or

The forces that hold these fluids in equilibrium with each

other and with the rock are expressions of capillary forces
Capillary Pressure
Its Importance
• Capillary pressure data are used in reservoir
engineering primarily for determining initial fluid
contacts and transition zones.
• It is important in describing fluid flow from
fractured reservoirs because capillary pressure
controls the flow of fluids between the fracture and
the rock matrix.
• The prediction of reservoir initial fluid
saturations.
• Cap-rock seal capacity (displacement pressures).
• As ancillary data for assessment of relative
permeability data.
Water
Capillary Pressure in Reservoir Engineering
• Results from two
analysis methods
• Laboratory capillary
pressure curve
- Converted to reservoir
conditions

• Analysis of well log

- Water saturation has
strong effect on resistivity
curves
Volume of Hydrocarbon : HCCIP Formula

• The HCIIP is an acronym for Hydrocarbons Initially In Place. For

Oil this is STOIIP (Stock Tank Oil Initially In Place) and for Gas
it’s GIIP (Gas Initially In Place).
• HCIIP a function of the Gross Rock volume (GRV) multiplied
by the Net to Gross (NTG), Porosity (POR) and Oil or Gas
Saturation (Shc). All these fractions are used to discount any
volume of the GRV that does not add to the Hydrocarbon
volume. Furthermore HCIIP is not the volume of hydrocarbons in
the reservoir, but at stock tank (at the surface) conditions.
Hence the name STOIIP: Stock Tank Oil Initially In Place when
talking about Oil. For gas the name is just GIIP.
 PART C
- Types of reservoir
- Reservoir Recovery
- Drive Mechanism

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Environmental issue- Solution is Carbon Capture

& Storage (CCS)
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Thanks!
ANY QUESTIONS?

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