Differential Equation of Linear SHM

𝑭 = −𝒌𝒙 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂

𝒅𝟐 𝒙
𝒂= 𝟐
𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒌
+ 𝝎 𝟐
𝒙 where 𝝎=
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒎
=𝟎
Differential Equation of Linear SHM

𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒌
+ 𝝎𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟎 where 𝝎 =
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒎

Its solution is 𝒙 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓

Where A = Amplitude
𝜔 = Angular Frequency
𝜙 = Initial Phase
1. Displacement (x )

Natural length

X=0
1. Displacement (x )
Equilibrium
position X
𝒙

X=0
S.I. unit : m
C.G.S. unit : cm
Dimensions : [M0 L1 T0]
2. Amplitude (A)
The maximum distance of a particle performing S.H.M. from its mean
position on either side is called as an amplitude.

A A
Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
position position position

X=0
2. Amplitude (A)
The maximum distance of a particle performing S.H.M. from its mean
position on either side is called as an amplitude.

A A
Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
position position position
𝒙=𝑨

X=0
2. Amplitude (A)
The maximum distance of a particle performing S.H.M. from its mean
position on either side is called as an amplitude.

A A
Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
position position position
𝒙 = −𝑨

X=0
3. Range or path length of S.H.M. (2A)
The distance between two extreme positions of a particle performing
S.H.M. is called as path length or range of S.H.M.
It is the distance equal to twice the amplitude i.e. 2A.

A A
Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
position position position
4. Time Period (T)

The time taken by a particle performing S.H.M to complete one oscillation

is called as period of S.H.M.

A A
𝟐𝝅
𝑻= Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
𝝎 position position position
4. Time Period (T)

The time taken by a particle performing S.H.M to complete one oscillation

is called as period of S.H.M.

A A
𝟐𝝅
𝑻= Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
𝝎 position position position
4. Time Period (T)

The time taken by a particle performing S.H.M to complete one oscillation

is called as period of S.H.M.

A A
𝟐𝝅
𝑻= Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
𝝎 position position position
4. Time Period (T)
The time taken by a particle performing S.H.M to complete one oscillation
is called as period of S.H.M.

A A
𝟐𝝅
𝑻= Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
𝝎 position position position
5) Frequency (f)
The number of oscillations of a particle performing S.H.M. in one second is
called as frequency.
S.I. Unit : hertz (Hz)
A A
𝟏 Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
𝒇= position position position
𝑻
 𝝅
Example 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒕 +
𝟒
Find
(a) Amplitude (b) Angular Frequency (c) Time Period
(d) Frequency (e) Phase at t = 1 sec (f) Initial Phase

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example 1. Every periodic motion is SHM.
2. Every oscillatory motion is SHM.
3. Every periodic motion is oscillatory.
4. Every oscillatory motion is periodic.
5. If a motion is periodic and oscillatory it would be SHM.

P o o
P o o o
P
P P o o o
P o
P o

𝒙 = 𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽)
(𝟏) 𝐕𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬:

𝒙 = 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓)

𝒅𝒙
𝑽=
𝒅𝒕

𝑽 = 𝑨𝝎 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓)

𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝟏. When (𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓) is 00

then V  Vmax = 𝑨𝝎

𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝟐. When (𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓) is 900

then V  Vmin = 𝟎
Relation between velocity and position

𝒙𝟐 𝑽𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝝎 𝟐

𝑽 = 𝝎 𝑨𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐
Velocity – position graph (v-x graph)

At x = ±A , Velocity is zero
At x = 0 , Velocity is maximum

v
(𝟎, 𝑨𝛚)

– 𝐀, 𝟎 (𝐀, 𝟎) 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ± 𝑨𝝎
x

(𝟎, – 𝑨𝛚)
General Observation

At 𝒙 = ±𝒙𝟎 , |𝑽| is same

𝑽𝟏 = |𝑽𝟐 |= |𝑽𝟑 |= |𝑽𝟒 |

𝑴𝑷
𝟏

𝟑 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟒
𝟐 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟑

𝟒
𝑽𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝑨𝝎
Example Amplitude of oscillation is A, when velocity of particle is half of
maximum velocity, then determine the position of the particle?

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example 𝝅
Equation of particle motion is given as x = 8 sin(𝝅t + 𝟑 ). Find the velocity
at x = 1 m? (Take 𝝅2 = 10)

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Linear S.H.M.
Equilibrium
position

V=max.
Linear S.H.M.
Equilibrium
position

𝒙=𝑨

0 V=0
Linear S.H.M.
Equilibrium
position

𝒙 = −𝑨

V=0 0
(2) Acceleration analysis:

𝐱 = 𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭 + 𝛟
𝐕 = 𝐀𝛚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛚𝐭 + 𝛟
𝐝𝐕
𝐚= = −𝐀 𝛚𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭 + 𝛟
𝐝𝐭

𝒂 = −𝝎𝟐 𝒙
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞

Negative sign shows that acceleration is always directed towards the

mean position.

At mean position (𝒙 = 𝟎), acceleration is minimum.

𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎

At extreme position 𝒙 = ±𝑨 , acceleration is maximum.

𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝎𝟐 𝑨
Acceleration v/s displacement graph

a
𝝎𝟐 𝑨

𝜃 +𝑨
−𝑨 x

−𝝎𝟐 𝑨
Equilibrium
position

0 a=0
Equilibrium
position

𝒙=𝑨

0 a=max
 Equilibrium
position

𝒙 = −𝑨

a=max 0
Relation between velocity and acceleration:

𝑽 = 𝑨𝝎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓

𝒂 = −𝑨 𝝎𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓

𝑽𝟐 𝒂𝟐
+ 𝟐 =𝟏
𝑨𝟐 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝝎𝟐
Graphical representation of velocity and acceleration:

𝑽𝟐 𝒂𝟐
+ 𝟐 =𝟏
𝑨𝟐 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝝎𝟐

When Velocity is maximum, i.e. 𝑨𝝎, then acceleration is 0

When velocity is minimum, i.e. zero, the acceleration is maximum

a
(𝟎, 𝛚𝟐𝐀)

– 𝐀𝛚, 𝟎 (𝐀𝛚, 𝟎)
𝑎max= ±𝜔2 𝐴 v

(𝟎, −𝛚𝟐𝐀)
Example
𝝅
Equation of particle motion is given as x = 8 sin(𝝅t + 𝟑 ). Find the
acceleration at x = 1 m ? (Take 𝝅2 = 10)

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example For 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐
Find (a) Angular frequency
(b) Amplitude of particle
(c) Acceleration of particle at x = 1

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Graphical Representation of displacement, velocity & acceleration in SHM :

Displacement vs time :

x= 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕)
t

Velocity vs time :

V= 𝑨𝝎𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕)
t
Acceleration vs time :

𝒂 = − 𝝎𝟐𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕)
t