What is Motion ?

If a body changes its position with respect to surroundings and time then the
body is said to be in motion.

What are the types of motions ?

Translational Motion

Rotational Motion

Periodic Motion

Oscillatory Motion
Translational Motion
Motion in which relative orientation of all particles present on body does not
change with time.

Rectilinear Translational Motion

Curvilinear Translational Motion

 Rotational Motion
Every point of the body moves in a circle whose center lies on the axis of
rotation , and every point moves through the same angle during a particular
time interval. Such a motion is called pure rotation.
 Periodic Motion
A motion which repeats itself after a regular interval of time is called periodic
motion.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 Motion of the earth around the sun

Example Ball is released form rest find the time period of oscillation all surfaces
are frictionless and neglect energy losses at connecting link of two
inclined planes

40m 40m

37o 53o
Example Ball is released form rest. Relate time period of ball 1(T1) & time period
of ball 2 (T2) of both balls. Neglect energy losses in collision at the floor.

4h
h
Example Comment whether the following motion is periodic, oscillatory or both.
Example What is Time Period of following function?

1. y = 4 sin(t)

2. y = 8 sin (2t)

3. y = 4 sin (t + 300)
Example What is Time Period of following function?

4. y = 4 sin 𝝎t

5 . y = A sin wt

6. y = A sin (wt + q)
Example What is Time Period of following function?

7. y = sin2 wt
Example What is Time Period of following function?

8. y = sint + cost

9. y = sint + sin2t
Example What is Time Period of following function?

10. y = sin2𝝎t + cos3𝝎t

 Oscillatory Motion
The to and fro or back and forth motion of a particle along the same
path, about a fixed point is called an oscillatory motion.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 Loaded spring

Example of Oscillation

Pendulum Clock
Example of Oscillation
Oscillation
Conditions

F −x n Where x is an odd no.

 Oscillatory

• To and Fro.

• Must have extreme points.

• At extreme point, velocity = 0

Example Check if the following cases are Periodic, Oscillatory, both or none?

1. Uniform Circular Motion

Smooth Surface Ruff Surface
Simple Harmonic Motion

It is a special type of oscillatory and periodic motion.

Conditions of S.H.M.

The Acceleration (a) is directly proportional to the displacement of

the body from a fixed point.

The direction of Force is always towards a fixed point.

a–x

a = – w2x
If any particle has displacement:

𝒙 = 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓

a = – w2x

F = – mw2x

F = – Kx
Linear S.H.M.

Natural length

X=0
Linear S.H.M.
Equilibrium
position X
𝒙=𝑨

Elongated

X=0 X=A
𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆
Linear S.H.M.
Extreme Equilibrium
position position X
𝒙=𝑨

Compressed

X=-A X=0
𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆
Linear S.H.M.
Extreme Equilibrium
position position X

X=-A X=0 X=A

Linear S.H.M.
k → Force constant of the S.H.M.

𝐅 =– 𝐤𝐱 Units : S.I. Unit : N/m

CGS Unit : dyne/cm

𝐅 ∝ −𝐱

Magnitude of Restoring force is directly proportional to the

displacement from mean position.

Definition:

Linear S.H.M. is defined as the linear periodic motion of a body, in which

the restoring force or acceleration is always directed towards the mean
position and its magnitude is directly proportional to the displacement
from the mean position
 x F Acceleration Velocity
1

4
 A A
Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
position position position 𝑡=0
Differential Equation of Linear SHM

𝑭 = −𝒌𝒙 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂

𝒅𝟐 𝒙
𝒂= 𝟐
𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒌
+ 𝝎 𝟐
𝒙 where 𝝎=
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒎
=𝟎
Differential Equation of Linear SHM

𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒌
+ 𝝎𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟎 where 𝝎 =
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒎

Its solution is 𝒙 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓

Where A = Amplitude
𝜔 = Angular Frequency
𝜙 = Initial Phase
1. Displacement (x )

Natural length

X=0
1. Displacement (x )
Equilibrium
position X
𝒙

X=0
S.I. unit : m
C.G.S. unit : cm
Dimensions : [M0 L1 T0]
2. Amplitude (A)
The maximum distance of a particle performing S.H.M. from its mean
position on either side is called as an amplitude.

A A
Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
position position position

X=0
2. Amplitude (A)
The maximum distance of a particle performing S.H.M. from its mean
position on either side is called as an amplitude.

A A
Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
position position position
𝒙=𝑨

X=0
2. Amplitude (A)
The maximum distance of a particle performing S.H.M. from its mean
position on either side is called as an amplitude.

A A
Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
position position position
𝒙 = −𝑨

X=0
3. Range or path length of S.H.M. (2A)
The distance between two extreme positions of a particle performing
S.H.M. is called as path length or range of S.H.M.
It is the distance equal to twice the amplitude i.e. 2A.

A A
Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
position position position
4. Time Period (T)

The time taken by a particle performing S.H.M to complete one oscillation

is called as period of S.H.M.

A A
𝟐𝝅
𝑻= Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
𝝎 position position position
4. Time Period (T)

The time taken by a particle performing S.H.M to complete one oscillation

is called as period of S.H.M.

A A
𝟐𝝅
𝑻= Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
𝝎 position position position
4. Time Period (T)

The time taken by a particle performing S.H.M to complete one oscillation

is called as period of S.H.M.

A A
𝟐𝝅
𝑻= Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
𝝎 position position position
4. Time Period (T)
The time taken by a particle performing S.H.M to complete one oscillation
is called as period of S.H.M.

A A
𝟐𝝅
𝑻= Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
𝝎 position position position
5) Frequency (f)
The number of oscillations of a particle performing S.H.M. in one second is
called as frequency.
S.I. Unit : hertz (Hz)
A A
𝟏 Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
𝒇= position position position
𝑻
 𝝅
Example 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒕 +
𝟒
Find
(a) Amplitude (b) Angular Frequency (c) Time Period
(d) Frequency (e) Phase at t = 1 sec (f) Initial Phase

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example 1. Every periodic motion is SHM.
2. Every oscillatory motion is SHM.
3. Every periodic motion is oscillatory.
4. Every oscillatory motion is periodic.
5. If a motion is periodic and oscillatory it would be SHM.

P o o
P o o o
P
P P o o o
P o
P o

𝒙 = 𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽)
(𝟏) 𝐕𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬:

𝒙 = 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓)

𝒅𝒙
𝑽=
𝒅𝒕

𝑽 = 𝑨𝝎 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓)

𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝟏. When (𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓) is 00

then V  Vmax = 𝑨𝝎

𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝟐. When (𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓) is 900

then V  Vmin = 𝟎
Relation between velocity and position

𝒙𝟐 𝑽𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝝎 𝟐

𝑽 = 𝝎 𝑨𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐
Velocity – position graph (v-x graph)

At x = ±A , Velocity is zero
At x = 0 , Velocity is maximum

v
(𝟎, 𝑨𝛚)

– 𝐀, 𝟎 (𝐀, 𝟎) 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ± 𝑨𝝎
x

(𝟎, – 𝑨𝛚)
General Observation

At 𝒙 = ±𝒙𝟎 , |𝑽| is same

𝑽𝟏 = |𝑽𝟐 |= |𝑽𝟑 |= |𝑽𝟒 |

𝑴𝑷
𝟏

𝟑 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟒
𝟐 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟑

𝟒
𝑽𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝑨𝝎
Example Amplitude of oscillation is A, when velocity of particle is half of
maximum velocity, then determine the position of the particle?

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example 𝝅
Equation of particle motion is given as x = 8 sin(𝝅t + 𝟑 ). Find the velocity
at x = 1 m? (Take 𝝅2 = 10)

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Linear S.H.M.
Equilibrium
position

V=max.
Linear S.H.M.
Equilibrium
position

𝒙=𝑨

0 V=0
Linear S.H.M.
Equilibrium
position

𝒙 = −𝑨

V=0 0
(2) Acceleration analysis:

𝐱 = 𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭 + 𝛟
𝐕 = 𝐀𝛚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛚𝐭 + 𝛟
𝐝𝐕
𝐚= = −𝐀 𝛚𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭 + 𝛟
𝐝𝐭

𝒂 = −𝝎𝟐 𝒙
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞

Negative sign shows that acceleration is always directed towards the

mean position.

At mean position (𝒙 = 𝟎), acceleration is minimum.

𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎

At extreme position 𝒙 = ±𝑨 , acceleration is maximum.

𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝎𝟐 𝑨
Acceleration v/s displacement graph

a
𝝎𝟐 𝑨

𝜃 +𝑨
−𝑨 x

−𝝎𝟐 𝑨
Equilibrium
position

0 a=0
Equilibrium
position

𝒙=𝑨

0 a=max
 Equilibrium
position

𝒙 = −𝑨

a=max 0
Relation between velocity and acceleration:

𝑽 = 𝑨𝝎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓

𝒂 = −𝑨 𝝎𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓

𝑽𝟐 𝒂𝟐
+ 𝟐 =𝟏
𝑨𝟐 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝝎𝟐
Graphical representation of velocity and acceleration:

𝑽𝟐 𝒂𝟐
+ 𝟐 =𝟏
𝑨𝟐 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝝎𝟐

When Velocity is maximum, i.e. 𝑨𝝎, then acceleration is 0

When velocity is minimum, i.e. zero, the acceleration is maximum

a
(𝟎, 𝛚𝟐𝐀)

– 𝐀𝛚, 𝟎 (𝐀𝛚, 𝟎)
𝑎max= ±𝜔2 𝐴 v

(𝟎, −𝛚𝟐𝐀)
Example
𝝅
Equation of particle motion is given as x = 8 sin(𝝅t + 𝟑 ). Find the
acceleration at x = 1 m ? (Take 𝝅2 = 10)

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example For 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐
Find (a) Angular frequency
(b) Amplitude of particle
(c) Acceleration of particle at x = 1

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Graphical Representation of displacement, velocity & acceleration in SHM :

Displacement vs time :

x= 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕)
t

Velocity vs time :

V= 𝑨𝝎𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕)
t
Acceleration vs time :

𝒂 = − 𝝎𝟐𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕)
t
Phase & phase constant

Phase of particle performing SHM having equation of motion x = A

sin (wt + 𝝓) is (wt + 𝝓) .

The phase gives complete information about the particle performing

SHM.
Given T = 6 sec x=8
at t = 0
Find equation of SHM.

O
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
x = –16 x=0 x = 16
Phase

The physical quantity which represents the state of motion of

particle (eg. its position and direction of motion at ay instant)
argument of sine function is called phase.

Phase Constant (∅)

Constant 𝝓 in equation of SHM is called phase constant or initial

phase. It depends on initial position and direction of velocity.
x = A sin (wt + 𝝓)
SHM as a Projection of Uniform Circular Motion
SHM as a Projection of Uniform Circular Motion
 1→𝜙
2→𝜋−𝜙 |𝐲|
𝟐 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛟 =
3→𝜋+𝜙 𝐀
4 → 2𝜋 − 𝜙

𝝓 𝝓
Note:
𝝓 𝝓
If a particle is performing
uniform circular motion, then its
projection on y-axis will perform
𝟑 𝟒 SHM.

The circular diagram as shown in

the figure is phasor diagram and
it will always rotates in
anticlockwise sense.
𝝎

𝝎𝒕
Mean position
 C
Phasor Analysis

A w
wt
O 𝛟
A B

In this expression, the angle (wt + 𝛼) is called phase of S.H.M

 Phasor Analysis

General Observation of a particle performing SHM with phasor diagram

When (𝝎𝒕 + 𝛟) = 𝟎°
𝐏𝟏 X=0
A
A When (𝝎𝒕 + 𝛟) = 𝟑𝟎°
𝑨
𝑨
𝟗𝟎°
X=
𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟐° 𝟐
𝟑𝟎° When (𝝎𝒕 + 𝛟) = 𝟗𝟎°
A 𝟐𝟕𝟎°
B X = +A
0
When (𝝎𝒕 + 𝛟) = 𝟐𝟏𝟎°
𝑨
X=−
𝟐
−− A
A When (𝝎𝒕 + 𝛟) = 𝟐𝟕𝟎°
X=−A
 Phasor Diagram
Comparison between circular motion and SHM:

Physical Quantity Circular Motion SHM

R Radius Amplitude

𝛚 Angular velocity Angular frequency

(𝛚𝐭 + 𝛟) Angle made by radius Phase of the particle

vector with +𝐱 axis
 Phasor Diagram

Right
extreme 𝝎

𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓)
𝑨 𝒕 = ′𝒕′
𝑅 𝑡=0
𝜔𝑡
𝐌𝐏 𝜙

𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙
Left
extreme
 𝒅𝟐 𝒙
Example For a particle performing SHM, equation of motion is given as 𝒅𝒕𝟐
+ 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟎.
Find the time period.
𝝅 𝝅
(A) 2p (B) p (C) 𝟐 (D) 𝟒

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝟐𝝅
Time period; 𝑻 = =𝝅
𝝎
Example Find initial phase for the given situation shown in the figure ?
𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟑𝝅
(A) 𝟑 (B) (C) (D)
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒

+𝐴
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐴
𝟑𝝅
+
Initial Phase = 𝟒
2

𝑥=0

−𝐴
Example Find initial phase for the given situation shown in the figure ?
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
(A) 𝟑 (B) 𝟒 (C) 𝟔 (D) 𝟐
+𝐴
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐴
+
2
𝝅
Initial Phase = 𝟔

𝑥=0

−𝐴
Example Find initial phase for the given situation shown in the figure ?
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
(A) 𝟑 (B) 𝟒 (C) 𝟐 (D) 𝟔
+𝐴
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 3𝐴
+
𝝅 2
Initial Phase = 𝟑

𝑥=0

−𝐴
Example A particle performing S.H.M. about mean position x = 0 and at t = 0, it is
𝑨
at position x = and moving towards the origin. Then which of the
𝟐
following is its possible graph between position (x) and time (t) ?
X X

t t

X X

t t
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 X X

Ans: (A)

t t

X X

t t
Example Following graph shows a particle performing S.H.M. about mean position
𝑻
x = 0. The equation of particle if t = 𝟒 is taken as starting time is
(Notations have usual meanings)

𝑨
𝟐 t
𝟐𝝅 𝝅
(A) x = A sin (wt + 𝟑 ) (B) x = A sin (wt +𝟑 )
𝝅 𝟐𝝅
(C) x = A sin (wt +𝟔 ) (D) x = A cos (wt + 𝟑 )

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Ans: (A)
 𝟐𝝅 𝝅
(A) x = A sin (wt + 𝟑 ) (B) x = A sin (wt +𝟑 )
𝝅 𝟐𝝅
(C) x = A sin (wt +𝟔 ) (D) x = A cos (wt + 𝟑 )
X

𝑨
𝟐 t

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Ans: (A)
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞

If mean position is not at the origin, then we can replace 𝒙 by 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎

and the equation becomes 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 = 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕, where 𝒙𝟎 is position of
the mean position.

SHM WITH shifted mean position