Basic Electrical

OBJECTIVES

To be able to identify and implement. Theory of Ohms Law.

Define electrical terms.

To be able to describe the interrelationship between voltage,

current and resistance in electrical circuits.

To be able to identify digital multimeter features and its

capabilities.

To be able to correctly use the digital multimeter and understand

your findings when taking electrical measurements,in normal and
fault finding situations
Basics of electricity

Types of energy-
- Electrical energy

- Heat energy

- Atomic energy

- Mechanical energy

- One form of energy can be converted into another

OIL - Heat , Water - Steam , Turbine - Mechanical energy

Generator - Electrical energy

 What is Electricity
PROTONS WITHIN NUCLEUS
Matter ALL FORMS OF MATTER ARE
MADE UP OF MOLECULES

NEUTRONS WITHIN NUCLEUS

IN TURN THESE
Molecule MOLECULES ARE MADE UP
OF ATOMS
ELECTRONS IN ORBIT

ATOMS ARE MADE UP

Atom OF PROTONS
,NEUTRONS AND
ELECTRONS.
The centre of the atom is called the Nucleus
and contains Neutrons and protons.
ELECTRONS MAINTAIN A
NEGATIVE POLARITY- ve

PROTONS MAINTAIN A
POSITIVE POLARITY +ve

NEUTRONS DO NOT
HAVE ANY POLARITY
(are neutral)
 What is Electricity
Three factor determine whether or not the Atom is a good or bad
CONDUCTOR
(1) The number of electrons in the outer orbit.
2) The distance of the outer orbit from the Nucleus of the Atom.
(3) The density of the atoms within the element.
Rules
If the Atom has only one orbit,maximum number of electrons on orbit is two.
If Atom has more than one orbit maximum number of electrons on outer orbit is eight.
Gold, Silver and Copper have only one electron on their outer orbit Mercury has two,
Aluminium has three and remember Carbon has four.

ELECTRONS IN ORBIT

NUCLEUS
 What is Electricity
COPPER ATOM ( good Conductor)
29 protons 29 electrons.
But only one loose electron On The outer orbit

CARBON ATOM.
ATOM 4 ELECTRONS ON THE OUTER ORBIT ELECTRONS IN ORBIT
(semi conductor)

NUCLEUS
PROTONS IN NUCLEUS
 What is Electricity
An excess of electrons creates a negative charge.
The absence of electrons creates a positive charge

OPPOSITE CHARGES WILL ATTRACT EACH OTHER

LIKE CHARGES REPEL EACH OTHER

Normally an enormous number of Electrons flow.The basic unit of electric charge is the coulomb.
ONE COLOUMB EQUALS 6.25 X 1018 ELECTRONS,or 6,250,000,000,000,000,0000

ELECTRONS IN ORBIT PROTONS IN NUCLEUS

 What is Electricity
Electron flow

Conventional flow

load

switch
+ -
Anode\positive
battery Cathode\negative
battery post
 Electron flow

Conventional flow

load

switch
+ -
Anode\positive
battery
battery post

The loss of an electron by an atom makes it a positive ion, therefore it will attract an electron from a
neighbouring atom,to again become balanced.
Basics of electricity

Electricity-

- There are variety of methods for producing electricity

- Through chemical reaction in a battery.

- For large amount of electricity electromagnetic

generators are used.
 Basics of electricity-

Current -
- Flow of electron.
- Conventional current is in opposite direction.
- High voltage to low voltage.
- Unit of current is ampere.
- Current is measured by ammeter, Connected in
series.
- Polarity in DC

6
 Basics of electricity-

Potential - Ability to do work

Voltage - Potential difference.(work done in moving a unit +ve charge

from a point of lower to higher potential).
- Unit of voltage is volt (v).
- Measured by voltmeter,connected across source.
- Sources can be Battery,DC generator,alternator etc.
- Can be AC or DC.
- Polarity in DC
- Equivalent to two water tanks,connected by pipe water
flows.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY

VOLTAGE
CURRENT

VOLTAGE = ELECTRICAL PRESSURE

VOLTAGE
Voltage provides the electrical pressure or force that enables the current or electrons to flow.

Voltage is the difference in electrical pressure between two points in a circuit .

Voltage is measured in units called volts . The symbol for Voltage is E and the symbol for volt is
Basics of electricity

Resistance -
- Opposes flow of current.

- Unit is ohms.
- Measured by ohm meter connected across it.
- Depends upon type of material, area & length.
- Produces heat when current flows through it.
- Fixed and variable resistor (potentiometer).
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 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY
RESISTANCE

RESISTANCE (OHMS).
Resistance is a restriction to current flow.
Increasing resistance will reduce flow of current.

Electrical resistance is measured in units called ohms, they are

abbreviated by the letter R, and the symbol is Ω ( omega).

Amps
electrons
Basics of electricity

Inductor -
- Coil of wire.
- Opposes change in current.
- Used to create magnetic field for rotation.
- Unit is henry.
- Open and short inductor.
Basics of electricity

Capacitor -

- Two metal plates separated by a DI-electric (Max volts/mm which a

medium can withstand without breakdown).

- Gets charged when voltage is applied.

- Unit of capacitance is farad.

- Capacitor in series 1/C=1/C1+1/C2 & in parallel C= C1+C2.

-C=Q/V

- Practical unitsMicro and Pico farad.

Basics of electricity

Insulators and Conductors -

Conductors -
- Materials that have a low resistance to current flow
are classified as conductors.
- Copper and aluminium wires are conductors.
- Conductors are used in electrical circuits to connect
components to one another.
- Conductors are wrapped in insulators to isolate from
one another.
Insulators -
- Materials that have a high resistance to current flow
are classified as Insulators.
- Glass, rubber & dry air are insulators
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Basics of electricity

Ohm’s law - Relation between three quantities learnt

V= I x R

I = V/ R

R=V/I

Where R = Resistance of circuit, in ohms.

V = Applied voltage, in volts.
I = Current, in amperes.
 OHMS LAW

Ohms Law Pie Chart Resistance = Voltage over Current

E E
I R I R

Current = Voltage over Resistance voltage = Current times Resistance

E E

I R I R
Basics of electricity-

DC power -

- Power consumed in industry is almost A.C.

- Power in DC circuit is P = V x I =I x R x I

- Different types of load have different effect on

power source.

- Unit of mechanical power is horsepower.

- 1 hp = 0.746 kilowatts.

- Measured by wattmeter.
 DC POWER

P
APPLICATION OF THE POWER FORMULA. V I
To find the power consumed by the resistor , the total current
(I t) has to be found first.

It = Va\R1
It = 10 volts \ 10 ohms + Ω
It = 1 AMP. Va=10V R1
-
The power used by the resistor can then be found by :

P = It x Vt
P = 1 amp x 10 volts
P = 10 Watts
DC POWER

The unit of power in mechanical system is the

P
HORSE POWER (hp).
One horsepower is equal to 0.746 kilowatts (KW).
TO CONVERT HORSE-POWER TO KILOWATTS.
multiply horsepower times 0.746 KW.
EXAMPLE.

P = Horsepower x 0.746 Kw
P = 50 Horsepower x 0.746 Kw
P = 37.3 Kw
Therefore a 50 Hp motor will consume 37.3 Kw of power
Basics of electricity

AC Power-

- Alternating quantity is one which periodically passes through

a definite cycle of changes.
- In AC RMS values are used .
- AC power is consumed by different types of load such as
inductive , resistive & capacitive.
- AC power is given by P= V x I x CosO
- Symbol for AC source.
- AC power is measured by Wattmeter.
- Unit of power is Watts.

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ELECTRICAL TERM

THE FOLLOWING TABLE SHOW SOME COMMON ELECTRICAL TERMS

THEIR ABRIVIATION, UNITS OF MEASURE, SYMBOL
AND MEASURING INSTRUMENTS.

Parameter Abbreviation Unit Symbol Measuring Tool

Current I Ampere A Ammeter

Voltage E Volt V Voltmeter

Resistance R Ohm Ohmmeter

Power P Watt W Wattmeter

Basics of electricity

Series circuit -
- One path for current flow.
- Can have more than one load (e.g. resistance).
- Total load is sum of individual loads.
- Some voltage loss takes place across each load
and is called as voltage drop.
- Sum of voltage drops across each load is equal
to applied voltage.
- Current through each load is same.
- Open and short.
- Example - Chain of small bulbs.
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OPEN AND SHORT CIRCUIT
SHORT CIRCUITS occur when current does not go through its
intended path.This usually happens in circuits that have
improper wiring or defective electrical components.

In the diagram we have a series circuit in which R2&R3 are“shorted

out” to the source voltage.
R2 and R3look like a wire and the total resistance of the circuit
limited to R1.
More current will flow because the total resistance is less.
R1

current flows through the short.

R2

no current flows through R2 or R3

R3
current takes path of least
resistance.
 OPEN AND SHORT CIRCUITS
If a short occurs in a parallel circuit , most of the source current
will flow through the short because the current takes the path
of
least resistance

+
R1

R2

R3
Most current will flows through short .
no current will flow through R2 or R3
 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY
AMPERES SEVERE BURNS
1.0 6 AMPS TO
SOLENOID
DEATH
DIFFICULT
0.2 BREATHING
200 mA

OUCH !

0.01 IT TINGLES
100 mA

0.001 CAN JUST FEEL IT

1 mA
DIGITAL MULTIMETER DESCRIPTION.

Measures Electrical Characteristics.

Measures Multiple Types Of Electrical Characteristics with a
single device.
Functions as a Ohmmeter,Ammeter and Voltmeter.
Includes an AC, as well as DC Voltage range.
Provides a Display “ Screen “.
Includes option for an analog format.
The accuracy of the fluke meter is specified as
of the reading + ( number of least significant digits.)
EG. Voltage dc
DIGITAL MULTIMETER DESCRIPTION

ROTARY SWITCH.
To turn the meter on , turn the rotary switch from the OFF position .
The meter performs a selftest , then starts taking readings.
DIGITAL MULTIMETER DESCRIPTION
VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT

Measure in parallel across

item to be measured

Ranges
0 to1000 Volts dc
0 to 750 Volts ac
DIGITAL MULTIMETER DESCRIPTION
RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT

Measure in parallel across

item to be measured

Ranges
320.0 ohms
thro
32.00 Mohms.
 CURRENT MEASUREMENT
Measure in series with
item to be measured

Ranges
AC. 320 mAmps &
10 Amps
DC. 320 mAmps &
10 Amps.
DIGITAL MULTIMETER DESCRIPTION
DIODE TEST

Measure in parallel across

item to be measured

Range
2 Volts dc.
Continuity test.
Bleep while
resistance is below
150 ohms
 The Electrical Circuit
An electrical circuit can be compared to a simple hydraulic circuit.

Voltage drop (volts)

Battery Ammeter Motor

Amperes

Source of pressure Flow rate Resistance to flow

Pressure drop (bar)

Liters / Min

Pump Flow meter Pump

Basics of electricity-

Types of loads - (Resistor,inductor& capacitor)

Resistive load -
- In DC circuit (fig) the voltage and current waveforms
are straight lines because voltage is constant.
- In AC circuit with pure resistance,voltage and current
are always in phase.
- Power consumed in DC circuit is constant as
voltage and current are constant.
- An AC ckt. that has only resistance produces a
positive power curve.
Basics of electricity-

Types of loads - (Resistor,inductor& capacitor)

Resistive load -
- In DC circuit (fig) the voltage and current waveforms
are straight lines because voltage is constant.

- In AC circuit with pure resistance,voltage and current

are always in phase.

- Power consumed in DC circuit is constant as

voltage and current are constant.

- An AC ckt. that has only resistance produces a

positive power curve.
Basics of electricity

Inductive load -
- An inductor is a coil of wire. A common inductive
load is an electric motor.
- Current lag behind voltage by 900 since voltage
is max at 900 while current is zero.
- Produce both positive and negative power. These
powers are equal in amplitude so their sum will
equal to zero.
- The inductor does not use real power still generator
supply it with voltage and current .
- So efficiency is lowered.
37
Basics of electricity

Capacitive load-
- A capacitor opposes change in voltage.
- Current lead voltage by 900 since voltage across it
is zero and the current is maximum.
- Produce both positive and negative power. These
powers are equal in amplitude so their sum will
equal to zero.
- The capacitor does not use real power still generator
supply it with voltage and current .
- So efficiency is lowered. 39