AGRI

CULTUREESSAYS
1.
Expl
ainanyf
ivef
act
orst
hatcont
ri
but
etot
hesuccessofagr
icul
tur
alcooper
ati
ves.

•Thel
eader
shi
poft
hecooper
ati
vesshoul
dhav
eexper
ti
se,
bet
rust
wor
thyandhi
ghl
yinnov
ated.

•Enoughcapi
tal
orf
undsshoul
dbeav
ail
abl
e.

•Ef
fi
cientandef
fect
iveor
gani
zat
ion.

•Al
lmember
sshoul
dbecommi
tt
edt
owor
kfort
hesuccessoft
hecooper
ati
ves.

•Av
ail
abi
l
ityofadequat
einf
rast
ruct
urese.
g.st
affhouses,
off
ices,
stor
agef
aci
l
iti
es.

•Member
sshoul
drecei
veongoi
ngandr
elev
antt
rai
ningt
oimpr
ovepr
oduct
ivi
tyandmar
ket
ing
ski
l
ls.

2.Descr
ibeanyf
ivet
ypesofsoi
lst
ruct
ures

•Crumb.Soi
lpart
icl
esar
eal
way
scement
edt
oget
her
.Ther
efor
etheyexi
stascol
l
ect
ions.For
example-cl
aysoil
s.

•Pl
atySt
ruct
ures.Soi
lpart
icl
esar
efl
atl
yi
ngonhor
izont
alaxi
s.Theyhav
eapl
atel
i
keshape.
Thesepr
oducesmal l
voids.

•
BlockySt
ruct
ure.Soi
lpar
ti
cleshav
emanysi
dest
heyappearasbl
ock/
cubes.

•
Pri
smat
icSt
ruct
ure.Par
ti
cleshav
epr
ism shapeswhenpackedt
oget
hert
heyl
eav
elar
gev
oids.

•
Spher
oidal
Str
uct
ure.
Par
ti
clesar
ear
rangedar
oundacent
ral
poi
nt.Theyf
orm upast
ruct
ure
l
i
keasphere

•Gr
anul
ar.I
nthi
sstr
uct
uresoi
lpar
ti
cleexi
stassi
ngl
eori
ndi
vi
dual
grai
ns.Theyar
eloosel
y
par
kedwithnocement
ing.

3.Descr
ibeanyf
ivef
act
orst
hataf
fectsoi
lpH.

•Leaching.Duri
ngcontinuousheavyrai
nfal
lplantelementssuchascal
cium (
Ca²+)sodium
(Na+)magnesium. (
mg²+)andpot assi
um (K+)areleacheddownthesoulprof
il
e.Theionsare
thenreplacedwit
hhy dr
ogenionsH+.Thisdecr easessoil
pHmaki ngt
hesoilmoreacidi
c.

•Theuseofaci
dfar
mingfer
ti
li
zer
.Thecont
inuousandheav
yappl
i
cat
ionofsul
phat
eof
ammoniamakesthesoi
laci
dic.

•Microbial
activ
ity
.Micr
obialacti
vi
tyaffectsoil
PHashy drogenIonsarerel
easeddur
ingthe
decomposi ti
onoforganicmatter
.Againthecarbondioxi
dewhichisproducedbymicrobes
dissolv
esinwat erandformscarbonicacids,whichi
nturnincr
easesoilaci
dit
y.
•Weat
heri
ngofparentmateri
al.Parentmateri
alcontai
nsdiff
erentmineralel
ementswhi
ch,
whenweatheredaf
fectsoi
lPH. Fori
nstance,
iftheparentmateri
alcontai
nssulphert
hesoi
lpH
get
sacidi
c.Thisi
sduet ot
hefor mationofsul
phuricacid.

•Nut
ri
entuptakebyplants.Plantsabsor
bnutrientsfr
om soil
tomanufactur
ethei
rownfood.
Whenthecropsareharvestedthenutri
entsabsorbedbyplantsar
ealsolostfr
om t
hesoil
.
Thesel
ostnutri
ent
stendt ober epl
acedbyhy drogenions.

•Ty
peofv eget
ati
on.
Thetypeofveget
ati
ongrowi
nginasoilaf
fect
sthesoilPHinsever
always.
Forinst
ance,t
hedecomposit
ionofor
ganicmatt
eri
nfl
uencessoil
PHthroughtherel
easeof
nutr
ient
s.

4.Descr
ibeanyf
iveadv
ant
agesofsexual
propagat
ion

Seedsar
erel
ati
vel
ycheap.

Seedsar
eeasyt
osow,
handl
eandpr
epar
eforpl
ant
ing.

Seedar
eeasyt
ost
orewi
thoutl
ossofqual
i
tyorquant
it
y.

Seedscanr
emai
nvi
abl
eforal
ongt
imeasl
ongast
heyar
esaf
elyst
ored.

Seedscaneasi
l
ybesownmechani
cal
l
yusi
ngdr
il
ls.

Seedsmi
nimi
set
her
iskofdi
seaset
ransmi
ssi
onf
rom par
ent
stoof
fspr
ings.

Seedsof
fert
heonl
ywayofpr
opagat
ingcr
opst
hatcannotbepr
opagat
edv
eget
ati
vel
y.

Seedspr
oducenewpl
ant
sthatdi
ff
erf
rom t
hei
rpar
ent
sleadi
ngt
ocr
opi
mpr
ovement
.

5.Descr
ibef
iveadv
ant
agesofasexual
propagat
ion.

°
Itr
educesthejuveni
l
eper
iodoft
hepl
antasv
eget
ati
vel
ypr
opagat
edmat
eri
alsr
eacht
heageof
t
hei
rparentfast
er.

•I
tel
iminatestheproblem ofdor
mancywhi
chi
scommoni
nsomeseedse.
g.t
hoset
hatneed
scar
if
icati
oninordertogerminat
e.

•
Itensur
esgenet
icuni
for
mit
ysi
nceal
lof
fspr
ingswi
l
lresembl
ethei
rpar
ent
s.

•
Iti
stheonl
ywayofpr
opagat
ingcr
opswhoseseedsar
enotv
iabl
e.

•Vegetat
iveor
gansaremor
ehar
dyt
hanseedl
i
ngsf
rom seedsi
.e.t
heycanwi
thst
and
envir
onmentalhazar
ds.

•
Veget
ati
veor
ganshav
esuf
fi
cientf
oodr
eser
vesf
oreasyest
abl
i
shmentoft
hey
oungshoot
.

•
Veget
ati
vepl
ant
ingmat
eri
alsar
ereadi
l
yav
ail
abl
etot
hef
armerf
rom t
hepr
evi
ouscr
op
6.
Descr
ibeanyf
iveway
sinwhi
chessent
ial
plantnut
ri
ent
sar
edepl
etedi
nthesoi
l

•
Cropr
emov
al.Whencr
opsar
ebei
nghar
vest
edt
heyt
akeal
ongwi
tht
hem absor
bednut
ri
ent
s.

•
Soi
ler
osi
on.Thi
scar
ri
esawayessent
ial
plantnut
ri
ent
swhi
char
eusual
l
yfoundi
nthet
opsoi
l
s.

•Leaching.Thi
siswheretheessenti
alnut
ri
ent
sar
ewasheddownt
osubsur
facesoi
ll
ayerwher
e
plantrootsarenotabl
etoreachthem out
.

•
Volat
il
izat
ion.Essenti
alnutr
ient
s, f
orinst
anceni
tr
ogenisusedbyplant
sasnit
rat
es.Whenev
er
afar
merbur ncropresiduesthenit
rat
esareconver
tedi
ntogas(ni
tr
ogengas)
.

7.
Expl
ainanyf
ivei
mpactofweeds

°
Weedssmoot
hercr
oppl
ant
s.Assuchsuppr
esst
hegr
owt
hofpl
ant
s.

°
Incr
easepr
oduct
ioncost
sthr
oughpay
mentt
olabour
swhoar
eempl
oyedt
ocl
eart
heweeds.

°Weedsreducetheval
ueofagr
icul
tur
alland.
Thisisbecauseweedsareheavyfeeder
swhich
l
owerthenutri
entst
atusoft
hesoil
,otherweedsli
kewildoniont
aintt
hecolourofmil
kifeat
en
byl
actat
ingcows.

°Weedspoi
sonli
vest
ocke.
g.t
hor
nappl
e,kat
upeandl
ant
ana.Thesecausesev
erei
l
lnessor
deat
hinani
mals.

°
Weedsdecr
easet
hequal
i
tyandquant
it
yofcr
opy
iel
d.

°
Weedshar
bourpest
sanddi
seasesofcr
oppl
ant
s.

8.
Descr
ibeanyt
hreemet
hodsofweedscont
rol

∆Physi
calmethod.Thisinv
olvesuproot
ingweedsbyhands.Thi
sbecomessuccessf
ulwhenal
l
ther
ootsareuprooted.Thismethodisveryappl
i
cabl
eingroundnut
s,r
icef
iel
d,past
ures,
pumpki
ns,melonsandsweetpot at
oes

∆CulturalMet hod.Thisi
nvolvestheuseofcr ophusbandrypracti
ceswhichhelpthepl
ant sto
gr
owf astthant heweeds.Thecrophusbandrypracti
cesinclude;burni
ng,deepti
ll
age,
flooding
i
nrice, cr
opr otati
on,ear
lyplant
ing,cor
rectspaci
ngcorrectfert
il
izerappl
i
cationandmul chi
ng.

∆Mechani
calMethod.Thi
sinvol
vestheuseoffar
m machi
neryorf
armtool
sandimplementsFor
exampl
euseofslashesjustt
ocutdownweedsbutnotkil
li
ng.Hoei
ngoutweeds-t
hisscr
apes
offt
heweedsfr
om thesoilandexposesitt
othesun’
sheat
.

∆Biol
ogical
Met
hod.Thisusesnaturalenemi
esofweedstochecktheweedspopulat
ion.
Organi
smssuchasanimals,i
nsectpestsandpl
antpat
hogensareusedt
oeat,ki
llorgivet
hem
di
seases.

∆Chemi
cal
weedcont
rol
.Thi
suseschemi
cal
stocont
rol
weeds.
9.
Descr
ibeanyf
ivehar
mful
eff
ect
sofpest
s

•Transmitdi
seases.Pest
spieceplant
s.Theyt
her
efor
einj
ectsal
i
vaandot
hersubst
ancesI
n
plantst
hatcausediseasetoplant
s.

•Lower
ingt
hequal
i
tyofy
iel
ds.Pest
slayeggsi
nfr
uit
sandal
sot
hroughpi
eci
ngt
heycause
damage.

•Reduci
ngquantityofyi
elds.Pest
seatr
oot
sorcauser
oot
-rotwhi
chdi
stur
bsabsorpt
ionof
essenti
alminer
als.Pest
scausebor i
ngi
npl
antst
emsdist
urbingmi
ner
aluptaket
odif
ferent
partsofthepl
ant.

•I
ncr
easesthecostofpr
oduct
ion.Thef
armerspendsal
otofmoneyt
obuypest
ici
desi
nor
dert
o
deal
withthepest
s.

10.
Descr
ibeanyf
ivel
egi
slat
ivemeasur
esofcont
rol
l
ingpest
sanddi
seases

+Pr
ohibi
ti
on.Lawsandregul
ati
onsaremadecount r
ywi derest
ri
cti
ngentryofsomeagricul
tur
al
mater
ial
ssuspect
edtobeasour ceofinfect
ion.Inairportsandmi gr
ati
onpoint
splant
ing
mater
ial
sandanimal
sareinspectedbeforeentryint
ot hecountryandcert
if
iedfr
eeofpestsand
pat
hogens.

+Quaranti
ne.I
mportedseeds,
plantsandani
malsar
eputinisol
ati
onandobservedi
nsealed
compartmentsprovi
dingaper
iodlongenoughf
oranydiseaset
osy mptomstoappear
.Ift
hese
materi
alsareobser
vedtohaveanysy mpt
omsofanydiseases,
theyaredest
roy
edatthe
expenseoftheimport
er.

+Notif
icat
ionor
der.Noti
fi
cati
onordersensurethatseri
ouspestsanddiseasesarepromptl
y
i
dentif
iedanddealtwit
hbeforet
heycauset oomuchdamage.Theor derrequi
resthat
occurr
encesofnotori
ouspestsordiseasesmustber epor
tedimmedi at
elytot
heappropri
ate
author
iti
esorpol
ice.Pi
ctur
esofsuchpest sanddiseasesaredispl
ayedcountr
ywi deandi
n
i
mmi grati
onpoi
nts.Armywormsandr edlocust
sarenotif
iabl
epests.

+Closedseason.Thisistheper
iodwher efarmersar
enotsupposedt oleavesomecr opresi
dues
i
nt hefi
eldtostarv
et hepestssothattheydonotsurvi
vetothenextgr owingseason.For
example,tobacco.
•InMal awit
hethreeregionsobser
vedi
fferentperi
odsofcl osedseasonf
or
tobaccobecausetheyr ecei
verai
nfal
latdiff
erentt
imeswhichdictat
edi f
ferentgrowi
ngperi
ods
oftobacco

+Seedcer t
if
icati
on.Seedsar
einspect
edandcert
ifi
edbefor
ebeingsol
dordist
ri
but
edto
farmersbynat i
onalseedcompanyandthegover
nment.Farmer
sarenotal
lowedbythel
owt
o
plantuncert
ifi
edseedsoftobaccoandmaize.

11.
Inwhatwayi
schemi
cal
weedcont
rol
adv
ant
age,
giv
efi
vepoi
nts

•Reduceear
lyweedcompet
it
ion

•Reducesl
abour
•Enabl
escul
ti
vat
ionofl
argepl
ots

•Ensur
est
imel
ycont
rol
ofweeds.

12.
Descr
ibeanyf
ivei
mpor
tanceoff
rui
ts

•Frui
tsareasourceofrawmateri
alst
olocal
indust
ri
esf
orexampl
ejui
cef
rom mangoes,
oranges,
guavas,
pineappl
es,
grapesetc

•Fr
uit
spr
ovi
depeopl
ewi
thi
ncomeaf
tersel
l
ing

•Fruit
sareasourceofv
aluabl
efoodnut
ri
ent
ssuchasVi
tami
nsandMi
ner
als,
Car
bohy
drat
es,
Protei
nsandOil
s

•Fr
uit
sprov
ideemploy
ment.Manypeopl
ear
esel
fempl
oyedorof
fer
edpai
dJobswhent
heyar
e
i
nfrui
tpr
oducti
oninorchar
ds.

•Frui
tspr
ovi
defor
eigncur
rency.Al
thoughproduct
ionlevel
offrui
tsi
nMal awii
ssti
l
llow,
frui
ts
canprovi
deagr
eatdealofforei
gncurrencyi
ftheyareexport
edtoothercount
ri
es.

13.
Descr
ibeanyf
ivef
act
orswhi
chneedst
obeconsi
der
edwhenf
eedi
ngani
mal
s

Ageandsizeoft
heanimal.Youngani
malsr
equi
rel
essf
eedt
hanol
dani
mal
sbecauset
hei
r
di
gest
ivesy
stemsarenotfull
ydevel
oped.

Thet
ypeofanimal
:Rumi
nant
scandi
gestr
oughagesunl
i
kenon-
rumi
nant
s.Exot
icbr
eedsal
so
r
equi
requal
i
tyfeed.

Thepurposeforwhi
cht
heani
maliskept
.Ift
heyarekeptf
ordraught,
theywil
lrequi
rehi
gh-
energyf
eed.Animal
swhi
char
ekeptformil
k,meatandeggproducti
onrequi
realotof
concent
rat
es.

Thecondi
ti
onoft
heani
mal
.Mi
l
kpr
oducer
sshoul
dnotbeal
l
owedt
ost
arv
etoav
oidmi
l
k
r
educt
ion.

Qual
i
tyoft
hef
eed.Thef
eedshoul
dbeeasyt
odi
gest

Pal
atabi
l
ity
.Thef
eedshoul
dbeappet
isi
ngt
otheani
mal
s.

Di
gest
ibi
l
ity
.

Theamountoff
eed.Thi
swi
l
ldependonqual
i
tyandt
ype.

Text
ure.Thi
sref
erst
ocoar
senessorf
inenessoft
hef
eed

Costoft
hef
eed.Feedshouldbegi
ventot
heanimal
sonl
ywhent
heyar
einpr
oduct
ione.
g.
l
ayer
smashwhenthechickensarel
ayi
ngeggs.

14.
Expl
ainanyf
iver
easonwhyaf
armerkeepr
ecor
ds
•Hel
pst
hef
armert
oknowt
het
imef
orv
ari
ousf
arm act
ivi
ti
es

•Hel
psf
armer
sinpl
anni
ng

•Hel
psf
armer
sinbudget
ing

•Hel
psf
armer
stoknowwhet
hert
heyar
emaki
ngpr
ofi
torl
osses.

•Hel
pfar
mer
stoobt
aincr
edi
torl
oansf
rom l
ender
s

•Helpfar
mersi
nsel
ect
ingt
het
ypeofani
mal
stokeepbecauset
heyhav
ear
ecor
dofpr
oduct
ion
foreachani
mal
.

•Hel
pfar
mer
stocheckont
hei
rmet
hodsofpr
oduct
ion

•Theypr
ovi
dehi
stor
yoff
armi
ngact
ivi
ti
esandenabl
ethem t
ocompar
ewi
thot
herf
armer
s

•Theyhel
pfar
mer
stocal
cul
atet
heamountoft
axt
opay
.

15.
Expl
ainanyf
iveobj
ect
ivesofcr
opi
mpr
ovementi
nmai
zet
hatwoul
dcont
ri
but
etowar
ds

endi
ngwor
ldhunger

•Toi
ncr
easet
hebi
omass(
adequat
equant
it
yofdr
ymat
ter)

•Toi
mpr
ovepar
ti
ti
on-
abi
l
ityt
odi
ver
tthebi
omasst
othedesi
redhar
vest
abl
epor
ti
onoft
hepl
ant

•Toi
ncr
easer
esi
stantt
odi
seasesandpest
s.

•Toi
ncr
easeseasonal
adapt
ati
ont
omat
chgr
owt
hwi
thmat
uri
ty.

•Toi
ncr
easet
oler
ancet
ohar
shenv
ironment
alcondi
ti
onsQual
i
ty.

16.
Expl
ainanyf
iveway
sinwhi
cht
hedept
hofsoi
laf
fect
spl
antgr
owt
handdev
elopment

+Hi
ghwaterretent
ion.Deepsoi
l
shol
dal
otofwat
er.Thi
swat
erhel
psi
npl
antgr
owt
hand
dev
elopmentintheend.

+Deepsoi
l
scont
ainal
otofor
gani
cmat
terwi
thhel
psi
npl
antgr
ow.

+Deepsoi
l
shav
ehi
ghnut
ri
entcont
ent
.Thesenut
ri
ent
sar
eessent
ial
forpr
operpl
antgr
owt
h.

+Deepsoil
stendt
ohavegoodt
emper
atur
e.Thi
shel
psi
nseedgemi
nat
ionanddev
elopmentof
thepl
antasawhole.
+Deepsoi
l
stendt
ohav
egoodaer
ati
on.Thi
sci
rcul
ati
onofai
risessent
ial
forpl
antgr
ow.

+Deepsoi
lshavegoodnumberofusefulmi
croorgani
sm t
hatar
eessent
ial
inpl
antgr
owt
hfor
i
nstancet
herysobi
um bat
eri
awhichhelpsf
ixnit
rogenint
othesoi
l
.

17.
Descr
ibeanyf
ivef
act
orst
hataf
fectmi
l
kyi
eldi
nadai
rycow

•Ageoft
heani
mal
.Mi
l
kincr
easeswi
theachcal
vi
ngupt
ofi
ft
hlact
ati
on.

•Nut
ri
ti
onorf
eedi
ng.Feedf
orbot
hmai
ntenanceandpr
oduct
ioni
sessent
ial
.

•Char
act
eroft
hecow.
Dai
rycowshoul
dbedoci
l
e.

•Heal
th.Di
seasessuchasmast
it
isandmi
l
kfev
eraf
fectt
hequal
i
tyandquant
it
yofmi
l
k
pr
oduce

•Season/
ti
meoft
hey
ear
.Av
ail
abi
l
ityandqual
i
tyofpast
urei
simpor
tantf
ormi
l
kpr
oduct
ion.

•Peri
odofl act
ati
on.
Thecowdriesoff305day
saf
tercal
vi
ngt
her
efor
emi
l
kpr
oduct
ionbegi
ns
todecrease.Thi
siscal
l
edlact
ationcurv
e.

•Mi
l
kingf
requency
.Ther
ecommendedf
requencyi
stwi
ceaday
.

•Tr
eat
mentoft
hecow:
Gent
let
reat
menti
srequi
redt
oav
oidhol
dingupt
hemi
l
k.

•Mil
ki
ngt
echni
ques:
Over
mil
ki
ngdamagest
het
eat
swhi
l
eunder
mil
ki
ngcanmaket
hecowt
o
dr
yupqui
ckl
y

18.
Descr
ibeanyf
ivef
act
orst
hatshoul
dbeconsi
der
edwhenmechani
zi
ngaf
arm.

•Si
zeoft
hef
arm hol
dings:
Itr
equi
resl
argef
arms.

•Accessi
bil
i
tyoft
hel
and:
Machi
nessuchast
ract
orsshoul
deasi
l
yreacht
hef
arm.

•Topogr
aphyoft
hel
and:
Iti
seasi
ert
omechani
seonaf
latl
and.

•Capi
tal
avai
l
abi
l
ity
:Itshoul
dbeenought
obuymachi
ner
yandspar
epar
ts.

•Technical
know-how:
Ther
eshoul
dbeski
l
ledl
abourt
ooper
ate,
mai
ntai
nandr
epai
rthe
machines.

•Val
ueoft
hecr
op:
Thecr
opshoul
dbeofhi
ghv
aluet
orecov
ert
hecostofmechani
sat
ion.

•Mar
ketdemandshoul
dbehi
gh.

•I
nfr
ast
ruct
ure:
Itr
equi
resgoodr
oads,
elect
ri
fi
cat
ionandwat
ersuppl
y.

•Av
ail
abi
l
ityoff
uel
sandoi
l
s:Theseshoul
dbeaccessi
bleandaf
for
dabl
e.

•Av
ail
abi
l
ityofl
abour
:Theyar
eneededt
oper
fectt
hewor
kdonebymachi
nes.
•Landtenuresy
stem:Somesyst
emsli
kecustomar
ymayl i
mitmechani
sat
ionsi
ncei
twoul
dnot
bepossibl
etocombinesmal
lfar
mstocreat
eabiggerone.

•Landforani
mal f
eed:
Wher
eox-dr
awni
mpl
ement
sar
eused,
ther
emustbesuf
fi
cientl
andf
or
pastur
eproduct
ion

19.
Descr
ibeanyf
ivechar
act
eri
sti
csofsoi
lthatmakesi
tsui
tabl
eforcr
oppr
oduct
ion.

*Soi
ldept
h.Deepsoi
l
spr
ovi
deanchor
agef
orpl
ant
sandhi
ghnut
ri
entr
etent
ion.

*Soilaer
ati
on.Soi
lswit
hgoodaer
ationt
endtosuppor
tpl
antgr
owt
hinasenset
hatai
risused
forr
ootrespi
rat
ionandmicr
oor
ganism r
espi
rat
ion.

*Nut
ri
entr
etent
ion.Soi
l
sthathav
ehi
ghnut
ri
entcont
entar
esui
tabl
eforpl
antgr
owt
h.

*Sal
i
nit
y.Goodsoi
l
sar
esal
tfr
ee.Sal
tfr
eesoi
l
stendt
osuppor
tpl
antgr
owt
h.

*Soi
l
'sPh.Goodsoi
l
shav
eamoder
atePhof5.
5whi
chsuppor
tawi
dev
ari
etyofcr
ops.

20.
Thedev
elopmentoft
het
echni
queofar
ti
fi
cial
insemi
nat
ionhasbeenv
erybenef
ici
alt
o

t
hel
i
vest
ockf
armer
sinMal
awi
.Expl
ainsomeoft
heobst
acl
est
hatpr
eventsome

f
armer
sfr
om maki
nguseoft
hist
echnol
ogy
.

•I
tisexpensi
vet
osetupandmai
ntai
nA.
Ipr
ogr
amme

•Di
ff
icul
tforA.
Iadmi
nist
rat
ionbecausei
tisnoteasyt
odet
ectwhencowsar
eonheat

•Col
l
ect
ionandadmi
nist
rat
ionofA.
Irequi
rest
rai
nedper
sonnel

•Communi
cat
ionprobl
emsbetweenfar
mer
sandA.
Iheadquar
ter
sbecauseofdi
stanceandt
his
del
ayst
imeonser
vingtheani
mals.

•A.
Idoesnotachi
eve100%r
esul
tsast
hesuccessr
ateofconcept
ioni
s80%.

21.
Iti
simpor
tantt
opr
eventsoi
l
sdegr
adat
ionr
athert
hanat
tempt
ingt
ocur
eitaf
tert
he

damagehasbeendone.Ex
plai
nhowf
armer
siny
ourar
eausephy
sical
met
hodsof

conser
vingsoi
l
.

1.Af
for
estati
on.Aff
orest
ati
oni
sthepl
anti
ngoftr
eeswher
etheydidnotexi
stbef
ore.Thi
swi
l
l
hel
ptoreducewaterandwinder
osi
onItwil
lal
soi
mprovet
hesoilst
ruct
ure.

2.Goodfar
mingpr
act
ices.Theyr
educesoi
ler
osi
on,mai
ntai
nthesoi
lst
ruct
ureandr
est
oresoi
l
nutr
ient
s

3.Mul
chi
ngandplant
ingcovercrops.Mul
chi
ngist
heprocessofcover
ingt
hegroundsurf
ace
wit
hmater
ial
ssuchasplantresi
dues,manur
esandpl
asti
csheets.
Covercr
opsarecropst
hat
ar
egrownt
opr
otectt
hegr
oundf
rom wi
ndandwat
erer
osi
on.
Theyhel
ptoconser
vesoi
land
water

4.Properdi
sposalofi
ndust
ri
alwastes.Chemicalwastefr
om i
ndust
ri
esshouldbedisposedof
properl
yandnotinwater
.Thiswil
lreducewaterpol
lut
ionwhi
chintur
nwil
lreducesoilpol
lut
ion
si
ncef ar
mersusethesamewat erfori
rri
gat
ion.

5.Contr
oll
eduseofchemicals.Theuseofchemical
fer
ti
li
zer
sandpesti
cidesshoul
dber
educed
toprev
entaci
dif
icat
ionofthesoil.
Acidi
csoi
lsshoul
dberest
oredt
hroughlimi
ng.

22.
“Ev
idenceshowst
hatt
heuseofagr
icul
tur
alt
echnol
ogyi
nMal
awi
isbi
asedt
owar
ds

mal
es.
”Expl
ainanyf
ivecausef
ort
his.

°
Lackofearl
ysocial
isat
iontotechnol
ogy
.InMal
awi,
boy
sareexposedtot
echnol
ogical
i
nnovat
ionsear
lyinthei
rli
vesascomparedtogi
rl
sandt
hispr
eparest
heboystodealwit
hthe
t
echnol
ogyinfutur
e.

°Lackoftechnol
ogi
cal
inf
ormat
ion.
Menar ef
avouredinacqui
sit
ionofinf
ormat
ion.
Ourcul
tur
e
givesfr
eemobi l
i
tyt
oboysandnotgir
lsasaresul
t,boyscanseekinf
ormati
onfrom many
sources.

°Lackofaccesstocapi
tal
.Cul
tur
all
y,mal
esassumecont
rol
overcapi
tal
itemsandt
hismakes
i
teasyforthem t
obuytechnol
ogi
cali
tems.

°Discri
minator
yatt
it
udesandgenderst
ereot
ypes.Mal
awiansoci
etyi
sgener
all
ybiasedtowards
femalesintheuseofvar
ioust
echnol
ogi
ese.g.i
tisst
rangetoseeawomandrivi
ngat r
actor
.

°Lackofconfi
dence.Mostfemal
esarenotconf
identtousethet
echnol
ogi
cal
equi
pment
most
ly
becausetheyhavenotbeenincont
actwit
hthem intheear
lyday
s.

°Lackofexposuretor
olemodel
s.Ther
earefewol
derwomeni
ntechnol
ogi
cal
l
ychal
l
engi
ng
posit
ionswhoy oungf
emalefar
merscancopy

23.
Wit
htheai
dofwel
ll
abel
l
eddi
agr
am expl
ainhowf
rui
tscanbepr
opagat
edbyl
ayer
ing
+Abr
anchofat
reei
sbentandpeggedi
ntot
hegr
oundwhi
l
est
il
lat
tachedt
othemot
herpl
ant
.

+Thepeggedbr
anchi
swat
eredr
egul
arl
yunt
ili
tdev
elopsr
oot
sofi
t'
sown.

+Whenr
oot
sar
edev
eloped,
thebr
anchi
scutof
ffr
om t
hemot
herpl
antandpl
ant
edel
sewher
e.

24.
Expl
ainanyf
iveseedt
reat
ment
sdoneI
npast
ureest
abl
i
shment
.

•Hul
li
ng.Hull
ingi
stheprocessofremovi
ngtheoutercov
eri
ngorhusksofaseedI
tisusual
l
y
doneinlegumeseeds.
Itensur
esthatt
heseedsgrowquickl
yaf
tertheyhav
ebeenplant
ed.

•Scar
if
icat
ion.
Scari
ficat
ioni
samet hodusedi
nweakeningtheseedcoatorhusksoft
hepast
ure
seedsbeforeplant
ingthem.Howeverther
ear
ethreemethodsofdoingthi
swhichare
mechanicaltr
eatment,hotwatert
reat
mentandacidt
reatment
.

•
Inocul
ati
on.Seedinoculat
ionist
hei
ntr
oduct
ionofni
tr
ogenf
ixi
ngbact
eri
aint
oal
egumeseed
t
ohelpfixni
trogeninthesoil
.

•Pel
let
ing.
Pel
l
eti
ngi
stheprocessofcoati
ngseedswit
hmat
eri
alsorsubst
ancest
hatar
einer
t
orli
fel
esstomaket
hem uni
forminsizeandshape.

25.
Discussanyf
ivesi
gnsofheati
nacow.

•
Thev
ulv
abecomesr
ed.

•
Ther
eisf
requentur
inat
ion.

•
Thecowmount
sot
hercat
tl
eandst
andsst
il
lwhenmount
ed.

•
Ther
eismucasdi
schar
gef
rom t
hev
ulv
a.

•
Thecowbecomesr
est
less.

•
Mil
kpr
oduct
iondecl
i
nesi
nlact
ati
ngcows.

26.Expl
ainanyf
ivef
act
orst
oconsi
derbef
orechoosi
ngani
rr
igat
ionsy
stem.
•Thecostofbuyi
ngandsetti
nguptheir
ri
gati
onunit
.Iti
sofhi
ghi
mpor
tancet
oconsi
dert
he
costoftherequi
rement
sforapar
ti
culari
rr
igat
ionsyst
em.

•Topogr
apyoft
heland.Sur
facei
rr
igat
ionr
equi
resasl
i
ght
lysl
ant
edl
andsi
ncewat
ermov
es
alongbygr
avi
ty.

•Thev al
ueofcropundert
heir
ri
gati
onsystem.Ani
rr
igat
ionsyst
em li
keover
head/spr
inkl
erfor
exampl eisexpensi
vet
omaint
ainorsetuphencer
equir
escropsthatwi
ll
bri
ngmaximum profi
t
toincurthecost.

•
Avai
l
abi
l
ityofwat
er.Wat
ermustbeav
ail
abl
einv
astamountneart
othef
arm.

•Demandoft
hecroptobeputunderi
rr
igat
ion.Thecropsunderi
rri
gat
ionmustbeofhi
gh
demandtoensur
ethatt
hefar
mergetsmaxi mum ret
urnsorptof
it
.

27.
Expl
ainanyf
ivef
act
orst
hataf
fectent
erpr
isecombi
nat
ion.

1.Av
ail
abi
l
ityoff
armi
ngr
esour
ces.Fori
nst
ancel
and,
labour,
thesear
efar
mingr
esour
ces.

2.Far
mer
’sf
oodr
equi
rement
s.Foodpr
oduct
ioni
sapr
ior
it
y.

3.Prof
it
abil
i
tyofent
erpr
ises.Canbedet
ermi
nedbydeduct
ingexpect
edcost
sfr
om t
he
expect
edincome

4.Nat
ureofent
erpr
ises(
rel
ati
onshipbet
weenent
erpr
ises)whet
herCompet
it
ive
Complement
aryorSuppl
ementary
.

5.Opport
uni
tycost
.Theret
urnt
hati
sgi
venup(
ret
urnst
hatar
elostf
rom anent
erpr
iseduet
o
stoppi
ngengagi
ngini
t)

6.Compar
ati
veadv
ant
age

7.Pr
icechanges

8.Changesi
ntechnol
ogy

9.Ri
sksanduncer
tai
nty

28.Wi
tht
heai
dofawel
ll
abel
l
eddi
agr
am,
descr
ibeeggpr
oduct
ionpr
ocessi
nahen.
•Theeggi
sfor
medbot
hint
heov
aryandt
heov
iduct
.

•Whenahenmat
uressomeoft
heov
adev
elopi
ntomat
ureYor
kinsi
deapr
oduct
ivef
oll
i
cle.

•WhentheYorki
srel
easedfr
om thefol
li
cle,
itgoestot
heinf
undibul
um.fert
ili
zat
ionofaneggi
s
donei
ntheinf
undi
bul
um becausethi
siswher esper
msfrom acockarestored.

•Magnum i
sal
soapar
twi
thi
ntheov
iductwher
eal
bumenofaneggi
sadded.

•Ist
hmusisbel
owthemagnum wher
eminer
alsalt
s,water
, andshell
membr anegetaddedt
o
theegg.Fr
om t
hei
sthmust
heegggoesandstaysintheuterusfor18-21hour
s

•Ut
erusi
swher
eeggshel
li
saddedt
otheegg.

•I
ttakes24hour
sfr
om ov
ulat
ioni
ntheov
aryt
othel
ayi
ngofanegg.

•Thepor
esar
eseal
edi
nthev
agi
na.

•Theeggi
slai
dthr
ought
hecl
oaca(
vent
)fr
om t
hev
agi
na.

29.Expl
ainanyf
iveway
sofconser
vingwat
er.

1.
Phy
sical
measur
esofwat
erconser
vat
ion

•Constr
uct
ingst
orm wat
erdr
ainswhi
chdi
ver
twat
erf
rom upl
andi
ntoanat
ural
orar
ti
fi
cial
waterway.

•Const
ruct
ingt
ieorboxr
idgeswhi
chhel
ptohol
dwat
eri
nfur
rows,
all
owi
ngwat
ert
osoaki
nto
thesoi
l
.

•Const
ruct
ingcont
our(
Ridgesacr
osst
hesl
ope)

•Const
ruct
ionofdamsasanar
ti
fi
cial
wat
err
eser
voi
r

2.Bi
ologi
cal
measur
esofwat
erconser
vat
ion

•Pl
ant
ingt
reesandgr
assest
omai
ntai
nsoi
lcov
er

•Pl
ant
ingcl
osegr
owi
ngcov
ercr
opssuchasgr
oundnut
sandsweetpot
atoes

•Pr
act
icest
ri
pcr
oppi
ngt
oreducer
un-
off

•Pr
act
ici
ngagr
ofor
est
ry

•Pr
act
ici
ngcr
opr
otat
ion

•Cont
rol
l
ingbushf
ir
es

•Reduci
ngt
hest
ocki
ngr
atet
opr
eventov
ergr
azi
ng
•Pr
act
ici
ngr
otat
ional
grazi
ng

•Pr
act
ici
ngf
amilyplanningt
ocont
rol
highpopul
ati
ongr
owt
hhencer
educi
ngpr
essur
eexer
ted
onl
andandsoi
lresources

30.
Discussdi
sadv
ant
agesofasexual
propagat
ion.

+Hi
ghr
iskyofdi
seaset
ransf
er.

+Somemet
hodsi
nasexual
propagat
ionr
equi
respeci
ali
zedski
l
ls.

+Vegi
tat
ivepl
ant
ingmat
eri
alscannotst
ayv
iabl
eforal
ongper
iodoft
ime.

+Vegi
tat
ivepl
ant
ingmat
eri
alst
endt
obebul
ky.

+Someprocessesi
nvol
vedi
nasexual
propagat
ionar
elongandmakest
hewhol
epr
ocess
bor
ing.

31.
Expl
ainanyf
ivedi
ff
erencesbet
weenmar
ket
ingandt
radi
ngofagr
icul
tur
alcommodi
ti
es

°Marketi
ngi
sconcer
nedmai
nlywit
hthesat
isf
act
ionoft
heconsumerwher
east
radi
ngi
s
concernedmai
nlywi
tht
hel
ocalsal
es

°Mar
keti
ngInvol
vesnumerouspr
ocesseshencev
erywi
dewher
east
radi
ngI
nvol
vesonl
ybuy
ing
andsel
l
inghencenotwide.

°
Market
ingpr
oducesaft
ert
hor
oughresear
chtodeter
minewhatt
heconsumerwant
sWher
eas
t
radi
ngusesr
esourcest
obuyandt
hensellatapr
ofit

°
Market
ingproducestothemar
ketdemandandmakesomepr
ofi
tWher
east
radi
ngai
msat
maki
ngprof
itbydisposi
nganysur
pluscommodi
ty

°Market
ingusessel
l
ingasmeansofcommuni
cat
ingwit
hconsumer
sandunder
standi
ngt
hei
r
needswhereastr
adi
ngusessel
li
ngasameanstoanend

°
Market
ingdir
ect
sresour
cesofthefar
mt oproducethecommodit
iesconsumer
sneed
Wher
eastradi
ngdir
ect
sresour
cestobringaboutasale/
pur
chase.

32.
Descr
ibeanyf
iveagr
icul
tur
alt
echnol
ogi
eswhi
chensur
efoodsecur
it
y.

°
Fert
il
izert
echnol
ogy.Fer
ti
li
zer
scontainminer
ali
onswhichi
mprovessoi
lfer
ti
li
ty.Thi
sensur
es
t
hatcropsgrowwell
enough.Thisensuref
oodsecur
it
yintheend.

°I
rr
igati
ontechnol
ogy
.Ir
ri
gat
ionsystemshelptosav
ecropsfrom dr
yingindr
yseasonsordr
y
spell
s.I
tensuresf
oodsecur
it
ysincecropscanbegrownthr
oughoutt hewholey
ear.

°Mechani
sati
on.Useoff
arm macheryhelpfarmerscalt
ivat
ehugetractsoflandfast
erthant
hey
wouldift
heywereusi
ngholes.Thi
stechnologyensuresfoodsecur
itysincefar
mingisdoneata
hugescaleandmoreyi
eldsaremadeav ai
labl
e
°
Useofimprovedseeds.Thistechnologyisessenti
alsi
nceitcombi neschar
act
ers/t
rai
tsofso
manycropvari
eti
es.Forinst
ancehi ghyi
eldi
ngcropbutpronet odiseasescr
ossedwit
hlow
yi
eldi
ngcr
opthathashighdiseaser esi
stance.Thi
sensuresfoodsecur i
tyi
nasensethat
f
armerswil
lsowseedst hatarediseaseresist
antandhighyi
elding.

°
Stor
ageandprocessi
ngtechnol
ogy
.Theuseofsacksandgoodstor
agef
acil
i
tiesensur
esthat
f
oodismadeavail
abletoever
yonet
hroughoutt
heyear
.Processi
ngf
oodfori
nstancemangoto
makemangojui
cehelpsinti
meswheremangosarenotavai
labl
e.

33.
Descr
ibef
iveCausesofSoi
lSal
i
nit
y

i
.Fert
il
izerappl
i
cat
ion.
Theconti
nuousappl
icat
ionofsolubl
esal
tcont
aini
ngf
ert
il
izerr
esul
tsi
nto
bui
ldupofsuchsolubl
esal
tsinthesoi
lhencesoil
sali
nity
.

i
i.Poordr
ainage.Poorsoi
ldrai
nagehasasuperf
ici
all
ayerofwat
erabov
ethem wher
esol
ubl
e
sal
tshavedissol
vedinthesoil
leadi
ngsoi
lsal
ini
ty.

i
ii
.Ir
ri
gati
on.I
rr
igat
ingcr
opsusi
ngpoorqual
i
ty(
sal
ty)wat
eri
ncr
easest
heconcent
rat
ionof
sol
ublesal
tsontot
hesoil
.

i
v.Par
entr
ockmat
eri
al.Anunder
lyi
ngr
ockmat
eri
alcont
aini
ngsol
ubl
esal
tswi
l
lexudet
he
sol
ubl
eint
osoi
l

v.Lowrainf
all
buthi
ghevapor
ati
on.Lowrai
nfal
lareasusuall
yassociat
edwit
hhighevaporati
on.
.Theli
tt
lewatert
hatdi
ssol
vessol
ublesal
tsqual
it
yev apor
atesl
eavingsal
tcryst
alsonthetop
soil
.

34descr
ibet
hepr
ocessofgr
aft
ingwi
tht
heai
dofadi
agr
am wher
enecessar
y.
Thi
sinvol
vesj
oini
ngasci
ont
oast
ocksot
hatonepl
antcanhav
egoodqual
i
tiesoft
wo
di
ff
erentpl
ant
s.

Thet
wopl
ant
smustbeoft
hesamespeci
esandsamet
hickness.
i.
e.l
emonsandor
anges

Thecambi
um l
ayer
smustbemat
ched.

Thecutshoul
dbesl
ant
ingorv
-shapeandt
heuni
onbeneat
lyf
it
tedandt
apped

35.
Out
li
nef
ivef
act
orst
hati
nfl
uencet
headopt
ionofcr
opr
otat
ionpr
ogr
am.

Al
ter
nat
ingt
ap(
deep)r
oot
edcr
opswi
thf
ibr
ous(
shal
l
ow)r
oot
edcr
ops

Al
ternati
nglegumi
nouscr
ops(
beans,
groundnut
s,peas)wi
thnonl
egumi
nouscr
ops(
cer
eal
s,
cot
ton,tobacco)

Al
ter
nat
ingheav
yfeeder
s(soi
lexhaust
ingcr
ops)wi
thl
i
ghtf
eeder
s

Alt
ernat
ingcr
opst
hatar
eresi
stantt
ospeci
fi
cdi
seaseswi
thsuscept
ibl
ecr
opst
othose
di
seases

Al
ter
nat
ingcr
opswi
thgoodsoi
lcov
erwi
tht
hosehav
ingl
i
ttl
esoi
lcov
er

Cropswi
thsi
mil
arnut
ri
entdemands;
growt
hchar
act
eri
sti
cs;
diseasepestandweedat
tacks,
shoul
dnotf
oll
oweachother

Cr
opswhi
char
eeasyt
oweedshoul
dal
ter
nat
ewi
thcr
opswhi
char
edi
ff
icul
ttoweed

Sel
ectthecr
opsequenceswhi
chpr
oducet
hehi
ghesty
iel
dsf
ir
standal
l
owf
oreasycont
rol
of
weeds,
pestsanddi
seases.

36.
Fact
orst
oConsi
derwhenEst
abl
i
shi
nganOr
char
d

Thef
rui
tsshoul
dber
esi
stantt
olocal
diseasesandpest
s

Fr
uit
sshoul
dhav
egoodi
nter
nal
andext
ernal
qual
i
ty

I
tshoul
dmat
ureear
lywhi
l
eot
hershoul
dbel
atemat
uri
tyt
oext
endmangoper
iod

I
tshoul
dhav
ehi
ghy
iel
d

37.Wr
it
eanessayont
hei
mpor
tanceofmushr
oom pr
oduct
ion

Mushr
oomspr
ovi
deuswi
thv
aluabl
enut
ri
ent
s.Eg.Pr
otei
ns,
vit
ami
ns,
miner
als

Cr
eat
esempl
oymentoppor
tuni
ti
es.eg.Sel
fandt
oot
her
s

Sour
ceofi
ncomet
ofar
mer
saf
tersal
es

Sour
ceoff
orei
gnexchangei
fdoneatl
argescal
e
 Helpsi
ncl
eani
ngupt
heenv
ironmentasi
tmakesuseofwast
epr
oduct
soft
hef
orestand
ani
mals

Assi
stsi
ncr
opdi
ver
sit
y

+Sour
ceofmedi
cine.

38.
Expl
aint
heI
mpor
tanceofagr
icul
tur
alcooper
ati
ves

Car
ryoutal
lmar
ket
ingf
unct
ionsonbehal
foft
hef
armer
s.

Prov
ideshor
t-
ter
m cr
edi
tfacil
i
tiest
otheirmembers.Thesear
eint
ermsofi
nput
sorcash
l
oanspayabl
ebytheendoftheproduct
ionper
iod.

Negot
iat
eforf
airpr
icesf
orbot
hinputpur
chaseandsal
eoff
armer
spr
oduce.

Di
str
ibut
efar
minput
stot
hei
rmember
s.

Pr
ovi
deext
ensi
onser
vicesandmachi
ner
yhi
reser
vicest
othei
rmember
s.

Adv
iset
hei
rmember
sonnewandbet
termet
hodsofpr
oduct
ion.

Keeprecor
dsonal
lacti
vi
ti
esoft
hecooper
ati
veandi
nfor
mthemember
saccor
dingl
ydur
ing
annual
general
meet
ings.

Paydi
vi
dendst
othei
rmember
s.

Somepr
ovi
debanki
ngser
vicest
othei
rmember
s.

Somei
nvestmoneyonbehal
foft
hei
rfar
mer
s.

Easyf
orf
armer
stosecur
eorobt
ainl
oansf
rom commer
cial
banks

39.
Out
li
neChal
l
engesi
nrunni
ngagr
icul
tur
alcooper
ati
ves

I
nadequat
efi
nanci
alcapi
tal

Lackofi
nfr
ast
ruct
ure,
equi
pment
,tr
anspor
t

Poorl
eader
shi
pandmanagement

Lackofequi
tyandequal
i
tyamongmember
s

Lackofsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyandsel
f-
hel
pspi
ri
t

Lackofmot
ivat
ionandexper
ti
seamongmanager
sandst
aff

Li
mit
edexper
ienceandknowl
edge

40.Wit
htheai
dofawel
ll
abel
eddi
agr
am descr
ibest
agesoft
hel
awofdi
mini
shi
ngmar
ginal
r
etur
ns.
1.Stageofi
ncreasi
ngmargi
nal
ret
urns.Theadditi
onininputcausesthemar ginal
outputt
ori
se
.Thereisav
ail
abil
it
yofot
herpr
oducti
veresourcesheldconstantbutrel
ati
velyabundantf
ort
he
amountofseedused.

2.Stageofdiminishi
ngmar gi
nalretur
ns.
Theaddit
ionali
nputcausesthemar
ginal
outputt
o
l
essen( butst
il
lposit
ive)
.Theplantpopul
ati
oni
sbecomi nggreaterandgr
eat
er.
Thecompetit
ion
betweenplantsforfi
xedresourcesbecomeshigherandhigher
.

3.Stageofnegat iver et
ur ns.Theadditionali
nput(seed)becomest ooexcessive(toomuch)
compar edt othefixedr esour ces.
Thiscausest hemar ginaloutputtonegativ
e(lessthan
zero)t
hepl antpopulat i
onbecomest oomuchf ort
heav ai
labl
ef i
xedresourcesLeadingt o
severecompet i
ti
onf orsoi lnutri
ents,water,
space,oxy genandl i
ght.Plant
sdev el
opdef ici
ency
diseases,shadeoneanot herorev ensuf f
ocateDuet opoorai rcir
culat
ionorinsuffi
cientoxygen.

41.expl
aint
hei
mpor
tanceoft
hepr
inci
pleofdi
mini
shi
ngi
nmar
ginal
deci
sionmaki
ng.

I
thelpsthef
armert
ounder
standt
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenl
evel
ofi
nputandl
evel
of
pr
oducti
on.

I
thel
pst
hef
armert
oident
if
ythepoi
nt(
stage)whendi
mini
shi
ngr
etur
nsset
-i
n

I
thel
psthefar
mertodeal
wit
hincr
easi
ngmar
ginal
cost
sthatwoul
dot
her
wisear
isef
rom
i
ncr
easi
nglev
elsofi
nput
s.

I
thel
pst
hef
armert
oav
oidwast
eoff
armi
ngr
esour
ces

Ithel
psthef
armertounderstandt
hatt
her
eisapoi
ntorst
agewher
ebenef
it
sofdoi
ng
somethingwi
l
lsl
owlydecrease.

I
thel
pst
hef
armert
ounder
standt
hatspendi
ngandi
nvest
ingmor
eandmor
einapr
oduct
wher
eotherfact
orsr
emai
nthesamemeant
hatt
her
etur
nswi
l
lev
ent
ual
l
ybegi
ntodi
mini
shi
n
t
helongrun.

42.Pr
epar
ati
onofdi
ff
erentmat
eri
alst
obeusedassubst
rat
esf
ormushr
oom pr
oduct
ion

1.Maizestal
ks,r
icestrawsandbananal eaves.fi
nelychopthestalks,st
rawsorleaves.pr
e-wet
thechoppedmat eri
albysoaki
ngthem inwat eroverni
ght.dr
ainthem orincubat
ethem ona
cementedplat
form oraplasti
cov
ernight.supplementthem withriceorwheatbran,water
hyaci
nthorcalci
ticl
imetoimprov
emushr oom y i
eld(mass)t
henpast eur
isethecont
ent

2.Cott
onwastes.cot
tonwastei
ssoakedorwett
edforafewhour sinwat
ertowhichadet
ergent
hasbeenaddedasasof t
enerandadeter
gent
.lt
hewaterissqueezedoutandthecot
tonwaste
l
oosened.suppl
ementwithli
meandothermater
ial
stoimprovepHandaer at
ion.t
hen
past
euri
sethecontent

3Sawdust. Sawdustmustbeobtai
nedfrom hardwood,e.
g.,
M’bawa,Muwangaorotherbroad-
l
eavedtrees.
sawdustiswett
ed.i
ncubatethewettedsawdustoverni
ght
.suppl
ementwith
di
ff
erentmat er
ial
s.t
henpast
euri
sethecontent

4Corn(Maize)cobs.cobsareshr
eddedint
o1to2cm pieces.
cobscanbemoist
uri
sedand
i
ncubatedf
or1t o2day s.t
henpasteur
iset
hecont
entSometi
mestheimmer
sioninhotwat
er
methodcanbeused.

43.Inanessayform descr
ibeWay
sthr
oughwhi
chf
armer
scansaf
eguar
dthemsel
vesagai
nst
r
isksanduncert
aint
y

Sel
ect
ingamor
erel
i
abl
eent
erpr
ise(
onet
hati
sunl
i
kel
ytof
ail
).

Pr
oducingsever
alcrops(div
ersif
icat
ion)
.Thi
sensur
est
hef
armert
hati
fonecr
opf
ail
sthe
f
armercanrel
ayont heothercrops.

Fl
exi
bil
i
tyi
nmet
hodsofpr
oduct
ion

Pr
act
isi
ngi
nputsubst
it
uti
on

Keepi
ngf
oodi
nreser
vet
oensur
efoodsecur
it
ydur
ingbadseasons

Rat
ioni
ngt
hei
nput
stoadj
ustuncer
tai
nty

I
nsur
ingt
hei
rent
erpr
ises

44.
Descr
ibet
hepr
ocedur
eforpr
opagat
ingpl
ant
susi
ngl
eav
es

wat
ert
hepl
antbef
orecol
l
ect
ingt
hel
eaf
.

sel
ectaheal
thy
,mat
uresuccul
ent(
jui
cy)l
eaff
rom t
hepar
entpl
ant
.

r
emov
ethepet
iol
e(l
eaf
stal
k)wi
thashar
pkni
fe.
 cutt
hel
eafacr
osssev
eral
oft
hel
argerv
einswi
thashar
pkni
feorsci
ssor
s.

dustt
hecutv
einswi
thar
oot
inghor
monet
oencour
aget
hepr
oduct
ionofnewr
oot
s.

pl
acet
hepreparedl
eafi
ntoapotf
iel
dwi
thdampsoi
lassoonaspossi
ble,
whent
hel
eaf
cut
ti
ngi
sst
il
l f
resh.

pintheleaff
lat
,bott
om-si
de-
down,t
othesur
faceofthesoi
lusi
ngthor
ns,toothpi
cks,
or
sharpenedmatchst
ickst
opier
cethel
eaf.t
oensur
ethatthel
eafstay
sincontactwit
hthemoi
st
soi
latallti
mes.

placethepotwit
hthecutt
ingi
ntoatranspar
entpl
asti
cbagtopr
eventthel
eafcut
ti
ngf
rom
wil
tingasthebagprov
ideshumidi
tyandtoall
owtheleafcut
ti
ngtogetsunl
i
ghtfor
photosynt
hesi
s.

wat
ert
hecut
ti
ng(
whennecessar
y)whi
l
eiti
sinsi
det
hebag.

r
emov
ethecut
ti
ngf
rom t
hebagwhennewl
eav
esorshoot
sar
eseenbegi
nni
ngt
ofor
m.

wheneachoft heshoot
s(newti
nypl
antsgrowingfrom t
heori
ginall
eaf)hast
wosetsof
l
eaves,separ
atethenewshoot
sbycut
tingtheleafapar
twithaknifeorsci
ssor
sint
osepar
ate
sect
ions.

t
ranspl
anteachoft
henewpl
ant
sint
osepar
atesmal
lpot
sorpol
ythenet
ubesf
il
ledwi
thsoi
l
.

45.Descr
ibef
iveway
sofmanagi
ngsal
i
nesoi
l
s

-I
rr
igat
ingsoi
lbyf
loodi
ngwi
thsal
tfr
eewat
er.Sal
tsar
efl
ushedoutandbecomel
eached

-
Drai
nage.
Tocar
rysomesal
tsaway
.

-Appli
cat
ionofgypsum.Hel
pstoconverti
nsol
ubl
ecar
bonat
esal
tsi
ntosul
phat
es(
readi
l
y
solubl
eandeasil
yleachedt
hroughi
rr
igati
on)

-
Prev
ent
ingorr
educi
ngev
apor
ati
on.Mi
nimi
zesbui
l
dupofsal
tsi
nthesoi
l

-
Growi
ngsal
ttol
erantcr
ops.
Thatcansuccessf
ull
ysur
viv
einsal
i
nesoi
l
s

46.Out
li
net
heI
mpor
tanceofwat
erhar
vest
ing

I
thel
pst
oreducesoi
ler
osi
onf
rom r
un-
off
 I
tisasour
ceofwat
ersuppl
ydur
ingdr
yper
iods

I
tensur
est
hatt
hewat
erdemandi
nar
easwi
thi
nadequat
ewat
ersuppl
yismet

I
thel
pst
omi
ti
gat
ethef
loodi
ngi
nlowl
yi
ngar
eas

I
treducesdemandonwel
l
swhi
chmayl
eadt
ogr
oundwat
ert
obesust
ained

47.Expl
aint
heI
mpor
tanceofl
anddr
ainage

Itenableshumanbei
ngstoreclai
ml andfrom l
ow pr
oduct
ivi
tyar
eas,
e.g.
,swamps,
mar
shes
andwat erl
oggedar
easforagr
icult
uraluse

I
thel
pstoimprov
eapar
ti
cul
arar
eaandi
ncr
easei
tsef
fi
ciencyandpr
oduct
ivi
tywhenusedf
or
cr
opproduct
ion

I
treducespol
l
uti
onandaccumul
ati
onofchemi
cal
sandi
ndust
ri
alwast
esi
nwat
er

I
treducest
hespr
eadofwat
er-
bor
nedi
seases

I
tfaci
l
itat
esent
ryandci
rcul
ati
onofai
rint
hesoi
l

I
tmakesthesoi
leasyt
owor
kwi
th.Soi
l
sthatcont
ainexcessi
vewat
erst
ickt
ofar
ming
i
mplement
s.

I
thel
pst
opr
eventf
loodi
ng

48.
Out
li
nef
act
orsaf
fect
ingpast
ureseedr
ate

=Si
zeoft
heseed.
pTi
nyseedswi
l
lrequi
rel
owerseedr
ateascompar
edt
obi
ggerseeds

=Soilt
il
th.
Til
thr
efer
stothecondi
ti
onoft
hesoili
nrelat
iontoitsabi
l
ityt
osupportpastur
e
growth.Aseedbedwithbet
tert
il
thpr
omotesbet
tergerminat
ionrat
ehencerequir
eslowerseed
rateascomparedtosoil
wit
hpoorti
lt
h

=Growthhabitofpast
uremet
hodofsowi
ng.Past
urespeci
eswhi
chspr
eadsorpr
oducesmor
e
shootsort
il
lersshoul
dhavel
owerseedr
ate

=Typeofpast
ure.
Ami xedpast
ureshoul
dhavelowerseedr
ateascompar
edt
opur
est
and
pastur
e.Toav
oidover
-competi
ti
onforsoi
lnut
ri
ents

=Met
hodofsowi
ng.Br
oadcast
edseedshav
ehi
gherseedr
atet
handr
il
ledseeds
=Puri
typer
centage.Pur
eseedsr
equi
rel
owerseedr
atest
hant
hoset
hatar
econt
ami
nat
edwi
th
for
eignmater
ialsanddi
rty

=Germinati
onper
cent
age.
Seedswhi
char
esuspect
edt
obeofal
owerv
iabi
l
itywi
l
lrequi
rehi
gher
seedrat.

49.Descr
ibet
hePr
ocedur
efori
nocul
ati
ngl
egumeseeds

Pourt
hel
egumeseedsi
ntoacl
eanpol
ythene

Spr
inkl
edr
opsofcl
eanwat
erormi
l
kont
heseedst
ocov
erev
eryseed

Scat
tert
hei
nocul
antevenl
yov
ertheheapofmoi
stseedsandmi
xthor
oughl
ywi
thcl
eanst
icks.
Sothatt
hei
nocul
antcover
sever
yseed

Spr
eadt
heseedsonaf
latsur
facet
odr
yforoneort
wohour
sunderashade

Af
tert
heseedsar
edr
y,pl
antt
hem usi
ngasui
tabl
emet
hod.

50.out
li
net
hePr
ocedur
eforsi
l
agemaki
ng

(
i)Cutt
hecr
opatt
hecor
rectmat
uri
tyst
ageormaxi
mum nut
ri
entcont
ent

(
ii
)Al
l
owt
hecr
opt
owi
l
ttoaccept
abl
emoi
stur
elev
el

(
ii
i)Chopt
hef
oraget
oreasonabl
esi
zesandf
il
li
nthesi
l
o

(
iv)Spr
eadt
hemat
eri
ali
nthesi
l
oev
enl
yandcompactwel
lwi
thheav
yequi
pment

(
v)Fi
l
lthesi
l
oupt
oabout1met
reont
hef
ir
stday

(v
i)Onthesecondday,makesur
ethetemperatur
eint
hemateri
ali
sabout32.
2Cbef
ore
star
ti
ngfi
ll
i
ng.pHighert
emperat
ureshowsthatmorepcompact
ioni
sneeded

(
vii
)Compl
etet
hef
il
li
ngont
het
hir
dorf
our
thdayandcov
ert
hesi
l
otoensur
ethatnoai
rget
sin

(v
iii
)Di
gatrenchar
oundthesil
otokeepsur
facewaterawayMol
assescanbeaddedt
othe
si
lagemat
erialt
oencour
ageferment
ati
onoflact
icaci
d.

51ext
rapol
atet
hePr
ocedur
eformaki
nghay

(
i)Cutt
hecr
opati
tshi
ghestnut
ri
entv
alue.av
oidusi
ngmat
urecr
opsast
heyar
etoosuccul
ent

(
ii
)Al
l
owt
hecr
opt
odr
yint
hef
iel
dfor24hour
sdependi
ngont
heweat
hercondi
ti
on

(i
i
i)Spr
eadoutthecutfor
ageonadrysur
facet
oall
owfurt
herdryi
ngupt
o48hour
sbef
ore
bali
ngormaki
ngbundles.
bal
ingshoul
dbedone72hour
saftercut
ti
ng

(
iv)St
acki
ngt
hedr
ymat
eri
ali
ntobal
esorbundl
es.
52Ext
ractFact
orst
hataf
fectqual
i
tyofconser
vedpast
ure

Leafinessofpast
ure.Past
urethati
sveryl
eafyaft
ergr
owthproducedgoodqual
i
tyhayor
si
lage.Pastur
ethatiswoodyproducespoorqual
it
yhayorsi
lage

Ageatwhichpastur
eiscut.Whencutathi
ghnut
ri
entv
alue,
thehayorsi
l
agewi
l
lhav
ehi
gh
nut
ri
entcontentdr
ymattercont
ent

Moist
urecont
ent
.Hayandsil
agewithhighmoi
stur
econtentwi
ll
tur
nmouldyandwi
l
l
decomposeVer
ydryhaywil
lbreakduri
nghandl
i
ngleadi
ngtolowquant
it
y

Pr
esenceoff
orei
gnmat
eri
als.
Stonesandt
wigsi
nconser
vedpast
urel
ower
sit
squal
i
ty

Met
hodofst
orage.
Poorst
oragel
ower
sthequal
i
tyofhayorsi
l
age

Weat
hercondi
ti
ons.I
tismoredi
ff
icul
ttopr
epar
eandkeephi
ghqual
i
tyhaywhent
heweat
her
i
sver
ywetthanwhenitisdr
y

Past
urespeci
esused.
Apurestandoflegumesoramixedgr
ass-
legumepast
urewil
lproduce
hi
ghquali
tyf
eedthanusi
nggrassalone.Somegr
assspeci
esarealsomor
enutri
ti
ousthan
ot
hers

53.
Outoutf
ivef
act
orst
oconsi
derwhenconst
ruct
ingami
l
kingpar
lour

I
tshoul
dhav
ear
est
ingar
ea

I
tshoul
dhav
eanar
eaf
ort
heani
mal
todoexer
cises

I
tshoul
dhav
eadequat
efeedi
ngandwat
erspace

Separ
atet
hemi
l
kingar
eaf
rom t
hef
eedi
ng,
wat
eri
ngandexer
cisear
eas

I
tshoul
dhav
efeed,
mil
ki
ngequi
pmentanddr
ugsst
ores

Cal
fpensmustbeneart
hedai
ryshed

Pr
ovi
sionf
orpr
operwast
edi
sposal

I
tshoul
dhav
econcr
etef
loori
nthemi
l
kingsect
ion,
feedi
ng,
wat
eri
ngandexer
cisear
eas

54.
Wit
htheai
dofadi
agr
am descr
ibet
hepr
ocessofmi
l
klet
down
Whent hedair
ycowhear st hesoundofmi l
kingchur nsorcr yofacalfthepitui
tar
ygland
secr
etesahor moneoxy tocinwhichisreleasedi ntothebloodstream.Asoxy t
oci
nreachest he
udderregi
on,itcausesthebasketcel l
s(my oepi thel
ialcell
s)tocontract,
hencesqueezi ngmilk
fr
om thelumenofal veol
i secr
etorycell
sintot hesmal l
erducts.From smallerduct
s,milkflows
i
ntolargeductsandi sstoredinthecist
erngl andandt henintoteatcister
n.Uponmi lki
ngt he
cow,themilkisthensqueezedt hroughthet eatcanal andisletoutthroughthesphincter
muscle

55.
Out
li
nef
ivesi
gnsofcompl
i
cat
ionsdur
ingt
hepr
ocessofpar
tur
it
ion

Al
ongdel
ayi
ntheappear
anceoft
hecal
foncet
hewat
erbagbr
eaki
ng

I
fcal
vi
ngi
staki
ngmor
ethan3hour
saf
tersomepar
tsoft
hecal
fappear

I
ncaseofbr
eechpr
esent
ati
on(
rearpar
tst
ryi
ngt
ocomeoutf
ir
st)

I
fthecowi
sindi
str
esssucht
hatt
her
eisnosi
gnofwat
erbagaf
termanyhour
sofst
rai
ning

Onl
yonel
i
mbappear
ingaf
tert
hewat
erbaghasbur
st

Di
schar
geofsmel
l
yfl
uidi
ndi
cat
ingdeat
hoft
hecal
f

56.
Descr
ibe4t
ypesoff
arm st
ruct
ure.

1.Producti
onstr
uct
ures.
Thesear
efarm st
ruct
uresusedf
orcr
opandl
i
vest
ockpr
oduct
ion,
e.g.
sprayrace,
catt
lecr
ush,mil
ki
ngparl
our
.

2.St
oragestr
uctures.
Thesearefarm st
ructur
esusedforpr
operst
orageoff
arm pr
oduce,
input
s
andi
mpl ements,
e.g.warehouses,
sil
os,granari
es,
cri
b

3.Transport
ati
onstr
uctur
es.
Thesear
ef arm st
ruct
urest
hatareusedfororaidint
ranspor
tat
ion
offarm pr
oduce,i
nputsandi
mplements,e.
g.roadsandbri
dges,t
rai
ler
s,oxcart
s,v
ehicl
es
bi
cycles

4.Miscell
aneousst
ruct
ures.Thesear
efar
m st
ruct
uresusedf
orot
herf
unct
ions,
e.g.f
ence,
far
mer ’
shouses,f
armer’
soffices

57.
Expl
aint
heI
mpor
tanceofagr
icul
tur
alr
esear
ch
 Comi
ngupwithhighyi
eldi
ngvar
iet
iesofcr
opsandbr
eedsofl
i
vest
ocki
nor
dert
oincr
ease
f
oodpr
oduct
ion,t
herebyr
educi
nghunger

Comi
ngupwi
thbet
terst
oragef
aci
l
iti
esi
nor
dert
oreducepost
-har
vestst
oragel
osses

Far
mer
scansel
lexcesshar
vest
sforcash

Duetoincreasedpr
oduct
ivi
ty,
theot
herl
andcanbeusedf
orot
heragr
icul
tur
alact
ivi
ti
es,
e.g.
l
i
vestockproducti
on

58.
Descr
ibehowy
ouwoul
dmakecompostmanur
e.

+Gat
herpl
antr
esi
dues

+Pi
l
ethem onaheapori
napi
tinl
ayer
s

+Addasour
ceofni
tr
ogent
othemat
eri
ali
nfor
m ofni
tr
ogenf
ert
il
izeroral
readydecay
ed
f
armyar
dMANURE

+Varydry
ingmater
ial
ssuchasmai
zest
alksneedt
obeaddedwi
thwat
ert
ofaci
l
itat
e
decomposit
ion

+Tur
nthemat er
ial
occasi
onal
l
yinor
dert
opr
omot
edecomposi
ti
onbyal
l
owi
ngai
rtopenet
rat
e
i
ntot
hepitorheap

+I
fcomposti
sdonei
nthewetseason,
findapl
acewher
esoi
li
sfr
eedr
aini
ng

+Cov
eruppi
t/
heapwi
thal
ayerofsoi
loncef
ull
.

59.Di
scussway
sofcont
rol
l
ingpr
edat
orsofchi
ckens

Keepthechi
ckensi
ncompl
eteconf
inementsot
hatt
heyar
enotexposedt
oanyoft
hese
pr
edator
s

Wher
echickensar
er ai
sedi
nahousewit
har un(openspace),wi
remeshshoul
dbeputabov
e
t
heopenspace.Sothatnopr
edat
orent
erstheopenspacethroughthet
op

Keept
hehousewel
li
ll
umi
nat
ed.Sot
hatt
hef
armercanseet
hei
nsi
decl
ear
ly

Ventsshoul
dbef
il
ledwi
thwi
remesh.Toav
oidsnakes,
wil
dcat
sfr
om usi
ngt
hem t
oent
ert
he
house

60.
Descr
ibev
ari
ousmet
hodsofr
andomi
zi
ngt
reat
ment
s

√Useofacoi
n.Sinceacoinhast
wosides,i
tisusedwherether
earetwotr
eatment
sonl
y.Each
tr
eat
mentisassi
gnedeit
herHeadorTai
l.
Acoinistossedandobser
vethesidef
aci
ngup.
Then
al
l
ocat
ethet
reat
mentf
ort
hatsi
dei
nthatpl
ot.

√Useofadi ce.Adi
cehassixsi
des,
henceitisusedwherethemaxi
mum numberoftreatment
i
ssix.Eachtreat
mentisassi
gnedanumber.Thediceist
henthr
ownandasideisobserved.
Then,t
hetreatmentf
orsuchasidei
sall
ocatedtothatpl
ot.

√Usingsecretnumber edpiecesofpaper.
Heretreatmentsinfor
m ofnumber sar
ewrit
tenon
pi
ecesofpaperandt henfolded.Thenumberofpi ecesofpapercor
respondstothenumberof
tr
eatments.Thepiecesareputi nacontai
ner,pr
eferabl
yaboxandshaken. Thepi
ecesarepicked
oneatat i
meunt i
l al
lofthem arepickedandthent hetr
eatmentsar
eallocat
edtotheplot
s
accordi
ngtot hesequenceofpi cki
ngofpiecesofpaper .

√Useofrandom numbertables.Random number saresetsofdi gi

ts(i
.e.
,0,
1,
2,3,4,
5,6,
7,
8,9)
arr
angedinrandom order
.Random numbert ablescanbeusedt oall
ocateuptoni netr
eatment
s
toexperi
mentalpl
ots.Whenallocati
ngthet r
eatmentsacol umni schosen.Wher ethe
experi
menthaslessthanninetreatments(e.g.si
x)seven,eightandninearedisregar
ded.

EdoNel
l
zMW

Thef
utur
eisi
nyourhandsyes
youhar
vestwhatyousowi
nthe
end.Yougot
tagohar
dergot
tamove
smar
t.Hopet
hishel
psever
y
agr
icul
tur
est
udentont
heessays
Wi
shi
ngever
yoneasuccessi
nthei
r
academi
cpr
ocessi
ons."
Remember
"
youneverf
ailunl
essyoust
opt
ryi
ng.

Loveyoual
lit
'syaboY"
EdoNel
lz"

Mal
awi
Nat
ional
exami
nat
ions

Ar
oundt
heCor
ner N*
ggazpr
epar
ethor
oughl
ywel
l

TOGODBETHEGLORY