NCM 111

explain and answer thoroughly the research question

at hand
MIXED METHODS RESEARCH
● Data analysis:
Clinical Instructor: Mark Ebony Sumalinog, RN ○ Quanti: statistical analysis
○ Quali: text and image analysis (for those data
MIXED METHODS RESEARCH containing pictures)
○ Mixed methods: for data collected quantitatively we
● The mixed methods research, by the name itself, combines analyze them statistically and for the data collect
quantitative or qualitative approaches and is mainly using qualitatively we do text analysis
or is guided by the pragmatist paradigm. ● Interpretation:
● Pragmatism is derived from the work of Pierce, James, ○ Quanti: we use statistical interpretation
Mead, and Dewey. Here, pragmatism is a world view arises ○ Quali: we establish themes and patterns
out of actions, situations, and consequences rather than interpretation
anteceded conditions like in post-positivism or constructivism ○ Mixed methods: because we have collected both
of the qualitative research. types of data, each of the types should be
● Here basically, there is a “dictatorship of the research interpreted accordingly that's why we have across
question” meaning there is a concern with applications, what databases interpretation
works, and solutions to problems ● So by the name itself, mixed methods is just a combination
● So here, there is a greater emphasis to answer the research of the quantitative and qualitative methods for the main
question properly. So instead of focusing on methods, purpose to thoroughly answer the research question at hand
researchers here emphasize the research problem and use
all approaches available to understand the problem. So if it PURPOSES
is more explained when we utilize both the quantitative and
qualitative approach in order to better understand and By: Creswell and Plano Clark (2011)
answer the research question at hand, so that’s why mixed 1. It is best used when New and poorly understood concepts
methods design was born. are under study
● So furthermore, there is an emphasis and importance on ○ So to better further explain try to bridge the gap of
focusing attention on the research problem, usually done in limitations that quantitative and qualitative designs.
social science research and then using pluralistic That is why mixed method practitioners or
approaches or various approaches to derive knowledge researchers have decided to combine both.
about the problem. 2. Neither of quanti or quali approach can adequately answer
the complex research problem
QUANTITATIVE MIXED METHODS QUALITATIVE 3. The findings from one approach can be greatly enhanced
METHODS METHODS with a second source of data
○ There are certain variables or phenomenal
pre-determined Both predetermined Emerging methods understandings which can be greatly or can be
and emerging enhance explain when both research designs
methods quantitative and qualitative approaches are used.
4. Quantitative results are puzzling and difficult to interpret, and
Instrument based Both open- and Open-ended qualitative data can help to explain the result
questions close-ended questions 5. A particular theoretical perspective might need both quanti
questions and quali data
○ So there are instances where in the theoretical
Performance data, Multiple forms of Interview data, background or the theoretical framework of one such
attitude data, data drawing on all observation data, study to better explain the process of the particular
observational data, possibilities document data, and topic. It would greatly need quantitative and
and census data audiovisual data qualitative, If it does not collect data from other
research design it can be a limitation to further
Statistical analysis Statistical and text Text and image understand the whole context of the phenomenon.
analysis analysis 6. Multiphase project is needed to attain key objectives
○ So basically in doing mixed methods research it
should be for research projects that cover a wide
Statistical Across databases Themes, patterns,
scope and are complex. Therefore you are
interpretation interpretation interpretation
employing a multi phase or various phase we can
say doing mixed methods research will entail a
● To have a quick comparison among the differences between longer time to finish.
quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods
● The table is taken from the author creswell APPLICATIONS
● How to go about your research: (note the categories are not
explicitly stated by miss, I just placed it there so it is more 1. Instrument Development
organized. I based it off how she started discussing each ○ There is a particular that is devoted in a
row) development of standardised questionnaires.
○ Quanti: Pre-determined - you have a predetermined Basically in order to know the particular variable to
specific way for how you are going to go about you build a upon the questionnaire or instrument.
research or collect your data ○ The researchers may opt to collect first qualitative
○ Quali: There is an emerging type of building on your data from interviews, observations, in order to
research designs particularly pin point which variables they are going
○ Mixed: Both predetermine and emerging methods to make questions on for their quantitative
● Type of questions: questionnaire.
○ The type of questions we use in quantitative are ○ When we do questionnaire development it is very
instrument based questions, therefore, we will be important for researchers to have a strong basis of
using standardized survey questionnaire or you will why these or each of the questions in the
be using structured experimentation protocol so questionnaire is important to be placed there. It will
meaning predetermined na jud siya in order to be subjected to rigorous statistical analysis to
specifically measure your variables to be statistically approve each questions is relevant, reliable, and
analyzed later valid to place in teh questionnaire.
○ Qualitative methods often use open-ended questions 2. Intervention Development
to better explore further the phenomenon of interest ○ It is possible if you like to apply into doing an
○ Mixed methods utilizes both open and close-ended experimentation to know if this intervention is more
questions affective than the other intervention. The researcher
● Data sources may have evaluation tool, a questionnaire perhaps
○ In quantitative the performance data, attitude data, or standardized questionnaire to evaluate the
observational data and census data are gathered. effectivity of this particular intervention.
So basically it has something to do with numbers ○ The same time i will be followed up with a interview
○ In qualitative methods, it will gather interview data, with the patient who have received intervention to
observation data, document data, and audiovisual further qualify and to explore how he experienced it,
data, and most of the time this are your qualitative the effects of the interventions that may not be
data sources necessarily measured or covered by planely using
○ In mixed methods you get multiple forms of data the cover tool.
drawing on all possibilities in order to be able to
1
 3. Hypothesis Generation dominant research design.
○ Basically it is more on the qualitative approach ○ But all of these are collected at the same time.
4. Theory building and testing
5. Explication CITATION
○ Meaning when you want to further really explain the NOTATION WHAT IT EXAMPLE
ESTABLISHING
occurrence of this situation or phenomenon under INDICATES NOTATION
study.
Uppercase Greater QUAN, QUAL Morse (1991)
DESIGNS DECISIONS letters emphasis
given to a
1. Sequencing method
2. Prioritization
Lowercase Lesser quan, qual Morse (1991)
letters emphasis
SEQUENCING PRIORITIZATION
given to a
method
Concurrent- both approaches Equal weights are given to the
are collected at the same time. two strands
+ Convergent QUAN + Morse (1991)
methods QUAL
Quanti data collected first One strand is given more
weight (dominant status)
→ Sequential QUAL → quan Morse (1991)
methods
Quali data collected first
() Embed within a QUAN (qual) Plano Clark
● Design decisions in doing mixed method research should be design or (2005)
decided upon whether at first, the 2 parameters- the framework
sequencing and prioritization.
● When you say sequencing, what will come first? Is it →← Recursive QUAL → ← Nastasi et al.
qualitative or quantitative? QUAN (2007)
● For prioritization, which of the two approaches will you give
more weight or emphasis? [] Study with a QUAL → Morse and
● In sequencing, you can have it in concurrent- both series [QUAN + qual] Neihaus
approaches are collected at the same time. (2009)
○ When the researcher collects data quantitatively,
let's say he distributed questionnaires alongside with
it, he is also interviewing some participants to better ● So here, this is a convergent method are concurrently
explain their experiences in relation to the variable to connected.-->
the study. ○ So if arrow, sequential methods
○ You can collect quantitative data first or qualitative ○ Parenthesis, embedded within a design or
data first. framework
● For the prioritization, equal weights may be given or one ○ →←, recursive
strand may be dominant in status and will be given more ○ Then if it is in bracket, the study within a series
weight. Either the quanti or quali aspect
MM: CONVERGENT DESIGN
NOTATIONS Now let’s talk about the 3 major types of mixed methods
Proposed by Janice MOrse (1991), a prominent nurse researcher
● Also known as triangulation design
○ Because we triangulate the data collected
PRIORITIZATION - SEQUENCING - INDICATED ● Purpose: to obtain different, but complementary, data about
DESIGNATED BY BY THE SYMBOLS + OR → the central phenomenon under study
UPPER/LOWER CASE ● Goal: to converge on “the truth” about a problem by allowing
LETTERS limitations of one approach be offset by the strength of the
other
QUAL/quan QUAN → qual ● QUAL + QUAN
○ So, convergent parallel mixed method is a form of
QUAN/qual QUAL →quan mixed method design in which the researcher by the
name itself converge or merges quantitative and
QUAN/QUAL QUAN + qual qualitative data in order to provide a comprehensive
analysis of the research problem
QUAL +quan ○ In this design, the investigator typically collects both
forms of data at roughly at the same time, that’s why
● In 1991, a prominent nurse researcher, Janice Morse, has we have here a positive sign
proposed different notations to be guided on looking into ○ And then, integrates the information in the
what type of mixed method research is being applied to this interpretation of the overall results
particular research study ○ Contraindications or incongruent findings are
● To emphasize prioritization, he proposed to use either upper explained or further proved in this particular design
or lower case letters. ○ So, there is a concurrent or in other words, both
○ So if upper case letters tanan, it means that's the quantitative and qualitative questions or data are
dominant design. collected at the same time or concurrently for
○ So in here, QUAL/quan, qualitative is the dominant convergent designs
research design in this particular research.
○ QUAN/qual, more emphasis on quantitative MM: EXPLANATORY DESIGN
approach
○ QUAN/QUAL, you can have both, there is equal ● To explain
prioritization on quantitative and qualitative ● Are sequential designs with quantitative data collected in the
approaches. first phase, followed by qualitative data collected in the
● For sequencing, do take note of the symbols plus signa and second phase
the arrow sign ○ So here, the researcher first conducts quantitative
○ Plus sign (+) meaning, it is collected at the same research then analyzes the results and then, builds
time on the results to explain them in more detail with
○ Arrow sign (→), meaning one research design is done by qualitative research
phase. So first phase then followed by second phase. ○ Considered as explanatory because initial
○ QUAN → qual, the quantitative approach is the dominant quantitative data results are explained further in the
which is usually done first followed by the qualitative qualitative data
approach. ● Can be either QUAN → qual OR quan → QUAL
○ QUAL →quan, bali nasad, qualitative ang dominant nya ○ It is also considered sequential because the initial pair
ang quantitative nasad. (symbol for sequential “ → “). The initial quantitative
○ QUAN + qual, the quantitative approach which is the phase is followed by a qualitative phase of vice versa. So
dominant kay puro man upper case plus qualitative silbe mag una, quantitative then qualitative here
approach nga lower case tanan which is the non

2
 ○ Kay uppercase man tanan ang QUANTITATIVE, services offered by the guidance office. So, from that
therefore this is the dominant design or you can also interview they based their development of their
have quantitative (mag una japon ang quantitative questionnaires to ask then to the students if they
but in lowercase) followed by the QUALITATIVE know or they are aware or if they have availed the
design in uppercase, with this qualitative is given listed services provided by the guidance office. So,
more emphasis the result of that study was most students were not
○ So, this type of design is popular in fields with strong aware that “oy naa diay tay in nai na service that we
quantitative orientation. So let’s say this is the can avail”. So, from that the results of the data were
common explanatory designs, then it presents then to the guidance office to be a basis on their, on
challenges of identifying the qualitative results to how they’re going to, basically their main finding ato
further explore an equal sample sizes for each kay there was low level of awareness that this
phase of the study services are offered in the guidance office so the
● Is especially suitable when results are complex and tricky to guidance office made plans to improve the
interpret dissemination of information regarding the
○ So for example: it was mentioned noh, na in availability of services among Velez College
quantitative research we have to employ more students especially katong pagshift nati online and
research respondents as compared to the qualitative changes in the processes so as to ensure easy
research wherein lesser ang number as we are access and dali ra macontact and atong guidance,
trying to explore an in depth analysis and so mao to siya. That’s one, the study is quite simple
understanding of a certain phenomenon that’s why but then again it really entailed multi-phase so
only a few atong interviewhon mahulog to siya na mixed method approach sad.
○ For some researchers in doing explanatory designs,
to feel the gap of that particular dilemma as to how ————————————— END —————————————
many kuno ang kuhaon for quali and quanti there
have been varied approaches to it. There are some
researchers who really strived to somehow attain a
saying or similar number of research respondents
and informants for both quanti and quali designs to
bridge that gap para di sila ma question.
○ At the same time, some researchers totally disregard
that aspect, as long as the quality of data they have
collected is really high or valid and reliable and
trustworthy
○ It’s either ila i same ang number sa quantitative
respondents and qualitative informants or they go
about with okay ra mas gamay ang quali basta
quality sad ang ilang data na ma gather
○ To further explain what happens in the quantitative
approach because we know that usually in the
quantitative data, they are very specific variables
that are measured and it is not explained
○ For example: you measured the factors related to
anxiety, the anxiety levels, the factors associated
with it using standardized questionnaires. Then, mag
follow-up kag interview ato nila sa katong mga
nianswer sa imong questionnaire
○ So, during the interview, it will further explain why
this particular group has increased anxiety than the
others and can further explain why the factors that
they answered in the questionnaire are deemed to
be the ones causing the anxiety for them, kato ang
one example.

MM: EXPLORATORY DESIGN

● The design has as its central premise the need for initial in-
depth exploration of a concept.
● Qualitative phase can be dominant (QUAL → quan) or the
quantitative phase can be dominant (qual → QUAN).
○ Pero mag una ang qualitative. So, here basically this
is the reverse sequence of the explanatory
sequential design of the previous slide.
○ In this exploratory the researcher first begins with a
qualitative research phase and explores the views of
the participants then data are analyzed and
information used is built into a second quantitative
phase. So, basically exploratory designs is one of
the main approaches to build an instrument that best
fits in the sample of their study and to identify a
proper instrument to be used in the follow-up
quantitative phase or to specify variables that need
to go into a follow-up quantitative study.
○ Particularly challenge this design beside focusing on
appropriate qualitative findings to use and sample
selection for both phases of the research. So,
therefore, when your aim is to make a questionnaire,
standardized tool to measure a particular variable as
mentioned earlier you may need to collect each
interview data from key informants to better
understand the whole phenomenon and then from
those things generated from your interviews, you will
then pinpoint the particular variables that be
measured quantitatively using a… that’s why you will
make na the questionnaire later. This was done last
year when one group decided to see if the Velez
College students are aware of the guidance services
offered by the school here in Velez. So, what they
did first, they collected qualitative data by doing an
interview from the guidance counselor basically to
have a basis on what are the things or what are the
3