Lecture 1. Geographical location of the Kyrgyz Republic; borders and place occupied in the world.

1. Kyrgyzstan on the world map

2. Border countries of Kyrgyzstan

3. The place of Kyrgyzstan in the world

1.2. Border countries of Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan is located in eastern Central Asia in the heart of the Tien Shan mountains and bordered by Kazakhstan to the north,
China to the east, Tajikistan to the south, and Uzbekistan the west. Stretching 900 kilometers (560 miles) from east to west and
410 kilometers from north to south. Land boundaries: total: 4,573 kilometers: borders four countries: China: 1,063 kilometers;
Kazakhstan: 1,212 kilometers; Tajikistan: 984 kilometers; Uzbekistan: 1,314 kilometers.

Kyrgyzstan is 93 percent mountainous and mostly lies on land situated at elevations between 1,000 meters and 7,400 meters. More
than 40 percent of the country is above 3,000 meters and three quarters of that is under permanent snow or glaciers, with 600
glaciers, covering 6,578 square kilometers. The territory of Kyrgyzstan is located within two mountain systems. Its northeastern
part lies within Tien Shan and the southwestern part lies within the Pamir-Alay.

1.3. The place of Kyrgyzstan in the world

The Kyrgyz State became sovereign on 31 August 1991. Since independence, economic reforms have been carried out in
Kyrgyzstan, as a result of these years, the foundations of a market economy have been laid, private property, private activities
have been introduced, and new self-government bodies have been established in cities and rural areas. Kyrgyzstan belongs to a
group of developing countries, and therefore distant foreign countries provide various humanitarian assistance to Kyrgyzstan,
contribute to the creation of joint ventures in the development of minerals, contribute to the specialization of Kyrgyzstan's national
economy in the international division of labor, its restructuring and the improvement of production efficiency. Since the
establishment of independence, Kyrgyzstan has recognized more than 150 countries of the world. The Republic established
diplomatic relations with more than 90 States.

Kyrgyzstan became a member of many international organizations, such as the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund,
the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the European Commission for Cooperation, etc., which provide significant
assistance in the development of the economy of the republic, improving social services for the population, training.

Lecture 2. Geographical structure of the Kyrgyz Republic

1. Common features of relief.

2. Tectonics of Kyrgyzstan

3. Minerals of Kyrgyzstan

1.1 Common features of relief.

The territory of Kyrgyzstan consists mainly of a complex combination of high mountains and intermountain valleys. In general,
the modern relief was formed under the influence of the fact that the ancient epigercinic structures, from the Oligocene to the end
of the Pleistocene, were subjected to intensive tectonic movements of the opposite direction.Modern features of the relief arose in
conditions when tectonic rises prevailed in some places, which increased denudation and erosion dismemberment, in other places
intermountain concave tectonic depressions were filled with sediments. Absolute heights of mountains and valleys decline from
east to west. The height of the Victory Peak in the east is 7439m, and the height of the plain in the territory of the Leylyak district
is 401m. Thus, the amplitude of the heights in the territory of Kyrgyzstan is 7038m.The only exception is the Meridian Ridge and
the Fergana Mountain System. In the places of convergence, articulation of mountain ranges, complex massifs are formed. It is
Khan - Tengri mountain range, Ak-Shyrak, Talgar, Talas-Chatkalsky, Matchinsky mountain knots.

Pobeda Peak.

Pobeda Peak is found in Issyk-Kul Region, in the Kokshaal Range, astride the border with China. The official name in Chinese is
Tomur Peak, while the Kyrgyz name is Jenish Chokusu. At 7,439 m (24,406 feet), it was the second tallest mountain in the Soviet
Union and is the tallest mountain in Kyrgyzstan, and is the most northern 7,000 m (22,965 foot) mountain in the world. The
southeastern slopes are in China, with the border running along the east-west ridges of the mountain and across the summit. The
peak abuts the Zvezdochka Glacier and boasts a 3 km (9,843 feet) vertical headwall. Pobeda Peak was named after the victory in
World War II (1946 , pobeda means victory in Russian).

The weather conditions can make ascent attempts difficult as cold winds, called thousand devils, blow from the Taklamakan
Desert. According to some reports, the first ascent was in 1938 by a very surprised Soviet team - they thought the mountain was a
lot smaller. They had used an airplane altimeter to measure the height, and had gotten misleading results. It was only later, after
analysing reports from subsequent expeditions, that their achievement was recognized, though some still doubt that this first
expedition did in fact summit Pobeda Peak. This first expedition was in honor of 20 years since the founding of the Komsomol, or
the youth group of the Communist Party, and for some years the mountain was known as Peak of the 20th Anniversary of the
Komsomol.

Pobeda Peak was summited in 1977 from the Chinese side, and official Chinese records recognize this as the first ascent of the
mountain.

Lenin Peak.

Lenin Peak is in Osh Region, on the border with Tajikistan, and reaches a height of 7,134 m (23,406 m). In Tajikistan, the
mountain is known as Ibn Sina Peak, and in Kyrgyzstan, it has been suggested to rename the peak as Manas Peak, though a
mountain by that name already exists. It is the third highest peak in the CIS, and the second highest in Kyrgyzstan. It is the highest
peak in the Trans-Alay Range, and the fifth highest in the Pamir Mountains.

Alexei Fedchenko was the first explorer to discover the Trans-Alay Range and its tallest peak, in 1871. The first name for the
mountain was Peak Kaufmann, after the first Governor-General of Turkestan. The first ascent was in 1928, when a team of two
Germans and an Austrian reached the summit, which at that time, was the highest point ever reached by man. The same year, the
peak was renamed Lenin Peak. Various other ascents, including in 1934, 1937 and 1950, were carried out, despite repressions that
affected climbers, and hardships from the Second World War. Currently, there are 16 established routes, including nine on the
southern side and seven on the northern.

Lenin Peak has earned the reputation as a relatively easy and not demanding climb, and as such is one of the most-climbed peaks
over 7,000 m (22,965 feet). Located about a day’s drive from Osh, the easy accessibility is another factor in the peak’s popularity.
There are base camps set up at Achik-Tash and Onion Field. Many climbers use Lenin Peak to gain experience at high altitudes.
Though it is not very technically demanding to climb, the weather can be deadly. A team of eight women were killed in a blizzard
in 1974, and an avalanche triggered by an earthquake in 1990 killed 43 climbers.

Khan Tengri Peak.

Khan Tengri is located to the east of Lake Issyk-Kul, near the border with Kazakhstan and China. Though the summit is only
6,995 m (22,949 feet), with the glacial cap, the summit rises to 7,010 m (22,999 feet), making this one of the five peaks in Central
Asia over 7,000 (22,965 feet), and part of the Snow Leopard prize. Since the marble glows red at sunset, the mountain is known as
Kantau, or Blood Mountain, in Kazakhstan. At the foot of Khan Tengri is the Inylchek Glacier, with the disappearing Merzbacher
Lake.

There is a long history of confusing Khan Tengri and Pobeda Peak, though both mountains may have been called Khan Tengri by
different groups at different times. Pyotr Semyonov was the first European to see the peak, on an expedition in 1957 (though he
did confuse it with Pobeda Peak). The first successful summiting was by a Ukrainian team in 1931, and their southern route was
the only route up the mountain for another 33 years, until a northern route from Kazakhstan was opened in 1964. Now, there are
nine possible routes to the summit.

2. Tectonics of Kyrgyzstan

The geological and geomorphological structure of the republic is one of the most difficult in the world. Kyrgyzstan is located in
the very center of the giant mountain belt stretching from the Alps and the Caucasus to the shores of the Pacific Ocean.
Tien Shan has passed a very complex geological way of development. In the Precambrian and lower Paleozoic times, a vast
geosynclinal developed here, in which powerful masses of sea precipitation - limestone, clay, sand - accumulated. In the lower
Paleozoic there is a Caledonian folding, which was most vigorously manifested in the northern part of Tien Shan. The rocks
deposited in the sea are experiencing strong changes under the influence of folding formation and introducing granites. During the
middle and upper Paleozoic in the Northern Tien Shan, mainly continental precipitation of great power is deposited.They were
most pronounced in the southern part, where sea conditions continued to exist. This was the era of the Herzen folding, after which
Tien Shan appeared a vast folded country with a system of falls and dividing them up.During the Mesozoic and the beginning of
the Cenozoic, elevations are destroyed and filled with products of destruction of numerous hollows, where powerful layers of
continental sediments accumulate. It occurs, therefore, leveling, or the penalization of the relief. Modern mountains in the
majority arose on the basis of this Mesozoic Peneplen (leveling surface) as a result of powerful neogen-quaternary elevations,
accompanied by splits and folding formation.

Many high ridges resemble a stepped plateau, dissected by steep falling gorges. These are the remains of the ancient surfaces of
alignment with the exits of ancient crystalline rocks. But the highest ridges are almost always crowned with pointed ridges with
ancient glacial forms.At altitudes of 3000-4000 m, the individual blocks of the ancient leveling surfaces moved along the faults
formed whole series of plateaus with rectilinear ledges.Above them (more than 1000 m) there are steep cliffs of rocky peaks,
folded resistant to weathering by granites and crystalline schists. In some places, entire plateaus survived from ancient leveled
surfaces. Especially well preserved such surfaces in the inner Tien Shan, which has not yet managed to master the river
network. Roads are laid on some of the ancient surfaces. The tendency to rise and tectonic instability of the territory has survived
to this day, as recall numerous violations of river terraces, thermal springs and underground tremors with a force of up to 10
points. During earthquakes, huge collapses occur. Broken rocks weigh up to 30-50 tons and create a windrow-like pile of stones
and loose material.

2.3. Minerals of Kyrgyzstan

The Kyrgyz Republic is rich in mineral resources and mining is an important part of the economy. All of the elements in the
elementary table are to be found in the country – but access to them is not always easy.

There is a lot of archaeological evidence of early man’s activities in mining and working metals such as gold, silver, copper,
bronze, tin, lead and iron, dating back over 2000 years. Mining prospered between the 9th and 11th centuries, and many of the
excavations were large even by today’s standards. With the Mongol invasion of Central Asia mining took a back seat in the
economy – a situation which lasted well into the Soviet period.

Lead, zinc and “rare earth metals” are mined, but deposits of sulphur, arsenic, iron, aluminium and other metals have yet to be
exploited.
There are large deposits of ornamental stone which can be used for construction – marble, granite etc. Ceramics, silicon, for the
semi-conductor industry are also mined.

Uranium was mined in soviet times – but the legacy of slag heaps and contaminated water has caused considerable concerns.

The Chon Tus salt mine near Kochkor was used for many years to produce salt – mainly for agricultural purposes, and still does,
although it is mainly used now as a sanatoria for treating allergies and other ailments.

Perhaps the greatest of Kyrgyzstan’s mineral resources is water – locked up in the glaciers and rivers. Many sources of mineral
water and thermal springs can also be found throughout the country.

As a result of its complex geological history, Tien Shan turned out to be one of the most promising areas of the planet in terms of
minerals. It combines masses of the most diverse in age and composition of sedimentary deposits, concentrating such fossils as
coal, oil, uranium, sulfur, various salts. And here, as a result of volcanism and thermal processes, there were a variety of minerals,
with which deposits of iron, copper, lead, zinc, silver, arsenic, antimony, mercury, molybdenum, tungsten and many other ores of
non-ferrous and rare metals are associated. About 1000 large and small gold deposits have been discovered in Kyrgyzstan.

Mercury

Mercury is the second most commonly found element in the Kyrgyz Republic. Deposits are found in the form of a large belt, 5
kilometers deep, from the leilek river in the East to the Uzengikuch River in the West – stretching over 1000 km.

Mercury and Antimony is produced at a number of mines – most notably the Khaidarken mine. Kyrgyzstan satisfies 6-10 per cent
of the world’s needs in mercury. The mine is considered to be unique in that it is completely oriented to exporting its product –
mainly due to the fact that it is located next to one of the largest world purchasers of mercury – China.

Fossil fuels

A wide range of fossil fuels are found in Kyrgyzstan – coal, peat, gas and oil.

Coal:

It is estimated that there are something like two and a half billion tons of coal reserves in the country – and annual production is
about currently about 300,000 tons a year. Despite the large reserves of coal available, output has, in fact, reduced since
independence – partly as a result of falling demand; partly due to the high cost of extraction and partly due to problems of supply
of materials and equipment necessary for mining operations.

One of the bigger open cast mines is at Kara Keche on the northern approaches to Lake Son Kul. It is planned to extend the
railway from Balykchi to Kara Keche to enable transportation of the coal which will have an important effect on export potential.

Oil and Gas:

There are small oil and natural gas deposits in the south of the country. Oil was first discovered as early as 1900 – and there was
an operating oil-field as early as 1913, producing about 3000 tons a year – and production continued into the 1960’s, peaking at
almost half a million tons.

Currently the reserves are estimated at about 400 million tonnes and about 8 million tonnes are extracted annually. This is not
enough, however, to supply the domestic market and much is imported.

• Gold
Evidence of ancient gold mines has been found throughout the country – in Talas, Osh, Chui, Naryn and Issyk Kul. Jewellery
dating back to the 1st and 2nd centuries BC has been found in Chatkal.

The countries of the former USSR now constitue the world’s second largest producer, with production of 300 tonnes a year (about
10% of the world’s total production). Most of this comes Russia – about 200 tonnes, and Uzbekistan is the second largest
producer with about 60 tonnes a year. Kyrgyzstan currently produces about 20 tonnes a year – although there are plans to increase
this.

The main deposit is the Kumtor goldfield, which is one of the largest deposits in the world and is operated by a Kyrgyz-Canadian
joint venture – with an estimated 11 mjillion ounces of gold). Although this particular goldfield was known about, it was not
developed until after Independence. It contributed considerably to the fledgling Kyrgyz economy and helped to sustain it in the
difficult times following independence.

Further expansion is planned with, for example, extraction beginning at the Central Kyzylkumah field, which should bring over 6
tonnes of gold per year. Other local deposits – Makmal, Tereksay, Solton-Sary – should produce more than 2 tonnes of the metal
per year.

Lecture 3. Natural conditions and resources of Kyrgyzstan

1. Climate of Kyrgyzstan

2. Rivers and lakes of Kyrgyzstan

3. Underground waters of Kyrgyzstan

4. Glaciers, snow, permafrost on the territory of Kyrgyzstan

5. Soil Of Kyrgyzstan

6. Flora and fauna of Kyrgyzstan

The significant dismemberment of the relief and the impact of a large lake Issyk-Kul make the climate of the republic extremely
diverse - from sharply continental to close to the sea with a clearly expressed vertical climatic belt. There are four climatic zones
that differ markedly among themselves.
The valley-foothills belt (from 500-600 to 900-1200 m) is characterized by hot summer (up to 28 °), moderately cool and
snowless winter with a large deficit of precipitation.

This belt, especially in Ferghana, has the features of a subtropical climate. Summer temperatures (July) are 20-25 °, winter
(January) -4 -7 ° frost. The highest temperatures reach 44 °, with an increase in height they decrease to 27-30 °. Absolute
minimums of winter are noted within 22-30 ° frost and only in places fall below -40 ° (Toktogul, Chui). The warmest area is the
valley-foothills belt of the Osh region, where the average annual air temperature is 11-13 ° (Nooken, Jalal-Abad). These are the
most favorable habitats in terms of soil quality, seasonal temperature and precipitation. These include the Issyk-Kul depression,
Chui, Talas valleys and the south-western Fergana.

Agriculture is intensive here, and the presence of significant feeds provides conditions for pasture cattle breeding.

The middle mountain belt (from 900-1200 to 2000-2200 m) has a typical temperate climate with warm summer and moderately
cold, snowy winter. The temperatures here are much lower - summer is only warm (in July 16-18 °), winter is cold (in January -
10-20 °, in December and February -t-8 ° frost). At altitudes of 1000-1500 m, the frost-free period lasts 7 months or more, which,
when the water is rich, creates conditions for the growth of many species of heat-loving plants. In the upper part of the middle
mountain belt, the conditions of a typical temperate climate are created with a duration of frost-free period of about 6 months.The
high-mountain belt (from 2000-2200 to 3000-3500 m) is characterized by cool summer and cold, in places multi-snow, in winter.
The July temperature is only 10-6° or less. Winter is long (November-March), with January temperatures up to -27.7 ° frost
(Aksay Valley). In other cold months, the temperature is -6-14 ° below zero. In the upper part of the high mountain belt, the frost-
free period is reduced to 3-4 months or less, and above it can be absent, that is, without frost, the warmest summer months are not
avoided. Above 3500 - 4000 m begins the belt of eternal snow and ice. The non-glacial belt (above 3500 m) is the area of
distribution of glaciers and eternal snow. Summer is cool, winter is frosty, snow cover on the upper limits does not go throughout
the year. July temperature does not exceed +4 °, +7 ° C, January -19 °, - 22 ° C.

In summer, due to the flow of tropical air, dry, low-cloud weather is installed on most of Kyrgyzstan, hot in the foothills, low
mountains and hollows; warm in the middle mountains and cool in the high mountains. Clouds and sunny days prevail. Dry air
creates sharp hard contrasts between light and shadow. The shadow absorbs all the details, and in the sun the colors get a brighter
shade.In the spring and late autumn, cyclonic activity is activated, severe hurricanes, dusty and snow storms are not uncommon.

In winter, dry and cold weather prevails, often cloudy days (up to 70%). The warmest winter is the districts of South-West
Kyrgyzstan and the Issyk-Kul coast, adjacent to the deeper central part of the lake. In the cold season, runoff and stagnation of
cold air in concave forms of relief appear. The pole of the cold of Kyrgyzstan is the Aksai basin, where the lowest air temperature
(-53.6 °) was registered at the hydrometeorological station Ak-Sai (3135 m above sea level) at an average January temperature of -
27.7 °. Close temperatures are noted in the valley of the river. Arpa (- 51 °), Suusamyr (- 50 °) and near Lake Chatyrkul (- 49 °).

A notable peculiarity in the temperature regime is the Ketmen-Tyubin basin, which in general is characterized by a severe climate
that has many similarities with the climate of Eastern Siberia. Winter is cold and long. The average January temperature reaches
15 ° frost, although the height here is only about 900 m. However, the summer in this area is hot, the temperature of July and
August is about 25 °. Large amplitudes of annual and daily temperatures are associated with low precipitation and dry air. At the
station Konstantinovka in the Chui Valley, the maximum annual temperature amplitude reaches 86.6 degrees. Under the influence
of sharp daily and seasonal temperature changes, rocks and stones are covered with cracks. Sparse vegetation does not soften this
process, and weathering products form numerous stone placers, screes and tapers.

Due to the general rise Kyrgyzstan, compared to the whole territory Of Central Asia, is allocated sufficient moisture. Precipitation
is distributed extremely unevenly. In general, their number increases with height, but often it is not even height, but the
configuration of the ridge and its mountain frame, as well as the exposition of the slope, that is, its location relative to the
countries of the world. A large amount of precipitation (up to 1000 mm per year) is obtained by the open north-western and
western humid air streams, the south-western slopes of the Fergana Range and the northern slopes of the Kirghiz Range, the
northern slopes of the Chatkal Range.

At the same time, only 200-250 mm falls on their opposite slopes. In the Chui Valley, the annual precipitation is 350-500 mm, in
the Issyk-Kul basin - from 100 to 500 mm, in Talas - 230-320 mm, in the area of agriculture of the Osh region - from 300 to 700
mm. Most areas Of The Inner and Central Tien Shan receive from 180 to 270 mm of precipitation a year. The pole of dryness of
Kyrgyzstan is called the western coast of Issyk-Kul, where about 100 mm of precipitation falls a year and a real desert dominates.

Year-to-year precipitation also varies widely. Recent years have seen a trend toward an increase in precipitation due to the
increased energy of the Earth in connection with global warming. This leads to the strengthening of mudflow and landslide
processes in the KR.

The maximum precipitation is in March-July. The average duration of precipitation increases from summer to winter from 2-4 to
10-12 hours. As precipitation increases, the intensity decreases. Under intense precipitation for a day, 10-15% of their annual rate
can fall. The largest daily rainfall is noted on the slopes of the Fergana Range-90 mm / day.
In other areas, 70-75 mm/day or slightly less was recorded.

After intensive showers along the valleys, powerful streams move the clastic material, often forming mud-like saddles and
landslides-streams. Many regions of the republic are affected by village phenomena, especially the low-forest slopes of the ridges.
Often, the spruce goes beyond the mountains to the plains of Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan. They destroy crops, demolish
bridges, destroy roads, sometimes structures. Earthquakes also intensify the drift of villages.

3.2.Rivers and lakes of Kyrgyzstan

The rivers of the republic belong to the closed basins of the internal flow of Central Asia. The Aral Sea basin owns 76.5% of
Kyrgyzstan's area, Tarim - 12.4%, Issyk-Kul - 10.8%, Balkhash - 0.3%.

The territory of Kyrgyzstan can be conditionally divided into areas of flow formation and dispersion. The area of runoff formation
includes mountain elevations and slopes of mountain ranges, characterized by a positive water balance. The arrival of moisture
prevails here over its losses, which contributes to the formation of runoff, the wide development of the river network and
glaciation.The area of the runoff scattering encircles the foothills of the mountains and plains. Evaporation and loss of runoff for
seepage into soils and rocks (infiltration) predominate here over atmospheric precipitation. In addition, a significant part of the
surface runoff from the mountains is dismantled for irrigation.

The main waterway of Kyrgyzstan is the Naryn River. Gradually descending to the Fergana basin, the Naryn River, merging with
the Karadarya River, forms the Syrdarya River, carrying its waters to the Aral Sea.It is the most centuries-old and fast river in
Kyrgyzstan. The river is formed at the confluence Of The Great Naryn, originating in the lake, located near the language of the
large Petrov glacier on the massif Ak-Shyrak, and The Small (Kichi) Naryn, formed from numerous rivers flowing from the
glaciers of the Range Jethimbel. The length of the Naryn River is 535 km, the catchment area is 53,700 km2, which is about 30%
of the territory of Kyrgyzstan. The average flow of water in the upper reaches of the river is 90 m3 / s, and near the mouth - 429
m3 / s. During its course, the river has a fall of 1715 m with an average slope of 3%. Thus, the slope of the main current of Naryn
is 3 m per 1 km, which is 43 times higher than the average slope of the Volga River and 14 times the Angara River. Naryn,
therefore, has a huge hydropower potential, according to which it occupies the 7th place among the independent states
countries.The north-eastern part of Kyrgyzstan is occupied by the lake Issyk-Kul. This is the largest lake of the Central Asian
republics after the Aral and Caspian seas. It is striking not only by its size (the mirror area is 6236 km2), but also very deep. Near
its southern coast it reaches 668 meters, which means that from all lakes of Europe and Asia only Baikal and the Caspian is deeper
than Issyk-Kul. The length of Issyk-Kul is 178 kilometers, the width is 60 kilometers, the level mark is 1607 m.More than 80
small rivers flow into the lake, forming on the slopes of the Teskey and Kungei Ala-Too ridges. The largest are the rivers
Djergalan (average flow 22 m3 / s) and Tyup (average flow 10 m3 / s), formed in the eastern (most humidified) part of the basin.
The average annual cost of the remaining rivers does not exceed 5-7 m3 / s.

To the basin of the Amu Darya River belongs to the river. Kyzyl-Suu (Western), formed in the Alai Valley. The average flow of
the oil is about 65 m3/s.The river network of the south-eastern, bordering with China, the territory of the republic enters the Tarim
basin. Here the rivers Sary-Jaz, Uzengyu-Kush and Ak-Sai are formed, cutting the Kakshaal-Too ridge and taking their waters to
the territory of China. The upper part of the Kyzyl-Suu River basin (eastern) also belongs to the Tarim River system. The largest
of them is the Sara-Jazz River, which feeds on the melt waters of snow and glaciers of the highest mountain range of Kang-Too.
The average flow rate at the border with China reaches 140 m3/s, the slope is 15%, which determines the great prospects for the
energy use of this river.There are about 2,000 lakes on the territory of the republic, mainly located in the mountainous region.
Most of the mountain lakes are small reservoirs of glacial and flooded origin. The exception is large lakes in the depressions of
tectonic origin. The largest of them after Lake Issyk-Kul are Lake Son-Kul (mirror area 270 km2) and Lake Chatyr-Kul (mirror
area 153 km2). The lakes of the plains are confined to the lower reaches of the Chu and Talas rivers.A great influence on
hydrological processes, along with the general dryness and sharp continental climate, is rendered by the relief of the mountainous
country. Powerful mountain elevations (altitude difference from 7400 to 500 m) are natural accumulators of atmospheric moisture.
In the mountains vertical belt of elements of water balance and flow processes is clearly expressed. The structure of the relief
determines the availability of river basins with moist air masses, as well as to a large extent the features of river feeding. Since
most mountain rivers have snow and glacial food, the water temperature in them is low, the increased transparency, rapid
(sometimes stormy) flow is typical. Rivers often form waterfalls of different sizes - from 2-3 m to lowering their waters from a
height of tens of meters. The largest waterfall is the Great Arslanbob in the foothills of the Fergana Range. Its height reaches 300
m.

Lake Issyk-Kul

Length - 185km

Width - up to 60km

Depth - up to 702m

Area of the Lake: 6,200 sq. km

Lake Issyk-Kul, which means "the hot lake" in the Turkic languages of Central Asia, holds the title as one of the largest alpine
lakes in the world. At an altitude of 1,609 meters above sea level it is exceeded only by Lake Titicaca in Bolivia as highest of the
large mountain lakes. Two mountain chains of the Central Tien Shan Range border the lake - in the north the Kungei-Alatau (in
Turkic: "facing the sun"), and in the south the Terskei-Alatau (in Turkic: "turned away from the sun"). About one hundred large
and small rivers flow down into the lake from these peaks, carving gorges and canyons into the mountain flanks. The largest of
these rivers, the Tyup and the Jergalan, empty into the lake in the east. In the south, the largest rivers are the Karakol, Kyzyl-Suu,
Juuka, Barskoon and Ton; in the north, there are two rivers called Aksu and three rivers called Koisu (Chon "Big" Koisu, Orto
"Middle" Koisu and Kichi "Small" Koisu). There are no outlets for the waters of Lake Issyk-Kul, so the lake has a high salinity,
actually tasting salty to bathers.

The climate of the Issyk-Kul valley is moderately continental, due to the presence of the huge water reservoir. Summers are
relatively cool, as compared to the neighboring Chu valley, and winters are mild with less snow. The surprising transparency and
cleanliness of the lake's water, which near the coast warms up to 26°C in August, make Issyk-Kul a popular vacation spot, not
only for the inhabitants of Kyrgyzstan, but also for visitors from Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Siberia. This inland Kyrgyz "sea" is
often referred to as the pearl of the Tien Shan. From a satellite "bird's-eye" view, the lake appears as a huge dark blue eye rimmed
with sharp snowcapped peaks - the gaze of the gray-haired Tien Shan eternally looking up into space. Surprisingly rich clusters of
stars crowd the night sky, while the track of the sun across the heavens paints unique sunrises and sunsets on the canvas of the
lake's surface, transmuting lead into molten gold with sapphire and diamond sparks.

Lake Son Kul

Son Kul is a mountain lake in the Central Tian Shan range, virtually in the centre of Kyrgyzstan. One translation of the name is
“The Last Lake”.

At an altitude of 3016m a.s.l.; 29km long and 18km wide and a maximum depth of 13.2m - it is Kyrgyzstan 's second largest
lake.The average temperature is about -3.5°C, and in summer it is about 11°C . Winter temperatures can fall as low as -20°C , and
there are something like 200 days of snow. In winter is often impossible to reach the plateau. Unlike Issyk Kul ( Kyrgyzstan 's
largest lake) it does freeze over in the winter – between September and June. It is situated on a treeless, high mountain plateau,
and is surrounded by lush mountain meadows (jailoo). As such it is used by the shepherds of the Kochkor, Naryn and At Bashi
regions for summer pastures for their flocks. In fact, there is evidence that it has been used for pasture from very ancient times.
(There are some strange arrangements of ‘standing stones' and stone circles – nothing on the scale of Stonehenge – but they
provide an interesting stimulation to speculation about how they got there and what was their purpose).

Сhatkal river

Located in the Western Tian Shan mountain range, the Chatkal River flows 189 kilometers through a remote valley in the extreme
West of the country. It is flanked by the 120km long mountain range of the same name and the Chandalash range. Walnut groves,
along with Semyonov's maple and less frequently ash and tree-like hawthorns are spread along the lower slopes of the Chatkal
River, which flows into Uzbekistan.

Traces of early human habitation have been found in cave sites (such as the Obirakhmat and Khodjakent grottoes) where hunting
tools, stone processing sites and petroglyphs from the Neolithic period have been discovered. Minerals were extracted from
various sites during the Bronze Age (about 3,000 BC); first non-ferrous, then ferrous metals were extracted. Huge burial mounds
with bronze vessels have been found dating to this period. Archaeologists have discovered evidence of nomadic cattle-breeding in
the area, dating from the early Iron Age. On the lower reaches of the Chatkal river, over 2,000 burial mounds, 30 "tepe" and 3
ancient settlements have been found.

During the Kushan-turk period (dating from the 4th to the 7th centuries), the region was already densely populated. In addition to
the nomadic herdsmen, pastoral agriculture and settlements developed - towns developed. Some of the main trade routes of the
Silk Road passed through the region. A number of local products were exported far and wide, including silver from the Talas and
Chatkal river basins, Sal ammoniac and mercury, and cattle and walnuts from the Aslanbob region.

3.3 Undergroundwater in Kyrgyzstan

According to structural and geological features, the territory of the republic is divided into underground catchment basins. The
boundaries of underground watersheds coincide with the boundaries of hydrographic systems. Each of these pools covers the
whole set of processes of formation of underground waters: Their nutrition, movement, internal redistribution and expenditure.
Underground catchment basins of the republic are United in hydrogeological regions, called by intermountain basins: Chu-Talas,
Issyk-Kul, Naryn, Sarydzaz-Aksai, Fergana and Alay. The first five regions are part of the Tien-Shan warehouse-block
hydrogeological region, the Alai region is in the Pamir region.Underground waters come out in the form of springs along the
slopes of mountains, the bottoms of gorges and floodplains of rivers. Wet soil, they form wet meadows , which sometimes occupy
large spaces. Thus, for example, in the Chui Valley, the Sazas stretch almost a continuous strip along the valley north of the
railway line to the western borders of the republic. In the foothills of the Ferghana depression - in the hills - underground waters
protrude along the slopes in the form of plastic exits.Currently, 5-15% of the natural resources of fresh groundwater are used
mainly for municipal, household and other types of water supply. Recently, they have become widely used in irrigated agriculture.

3.4 Glaciers, snow, permafrost on the territory of Kyrgyzstan

Snow and ice. A covering belt of eternal snow and ice, the snow line is the lowest in the western part of Tien Shan (3500-4000 m).
To the east, its height due to significant dryness rises and reaches maximum values in the area of the peaks of Victory and Khan-
Tengri (4200 - 4450 m). Above the snow line extends the nival belt. It is a belt of snowflakes, rocks, glaciers, a belt of
accumulation of moisture. Even in its lower part, the average July temperatures do not exceed 4-7 °, and the January temperatures
fall to 19-22 ° frost.Tien Shan is the most powerful hearth of modern glaciation, an area of 17.8 thousand km². The largest center
of glaciation is the Ak-Shyrak massif, which houses 154 glaciers, with an area of 435.5 km2. The largest glacier of Tien Shan and
the second largest mountain glacier of the CIS countries after the Fedchenko glacier on the Pamir - South Anylchek (Inylchek)
stretches for 58.9km ². Its area is 567.2 km ². The glacier originates in the Khan Tengri area and its language, 43.2 km long with
an average width of 2.2 km, falls to 2800m. The thickness of ice in the lower parts of the language is 150-200m.Southern
Enylchek has complex branched outlines (a glacier of dendritic type). In its main ice stream it accepts 78 glaciers-tributaries of
different orders. If you look at the glacier from above, it looks like a white-blue tree with longitudinal dark stripes of median
moraine on its main trunk and a series of light branches of different length and thickness. The largest of the glaciers-tributaries are
the glaciers Zvezdochka and Wild.High-mountain snowflakes and glaciers are the main source of food for large rivers in
Kyrgyzstan. Huge volumes of water are enclosed in the Republic's glaciers. If you melt all the ice, the water will cover the surface
of Kyrgyzstan with a layer of 3m. Only in the glaciers of the Central Tien Shan about 650cc of water is enclosed.

Many glaciers are retreating, and even lost touch with the food fields, so they exist only at the expense of snow avalanches.
Characteristic is the blockage of the lower ends of glaciers with stone material that slid off the slopes of the mountains or captured
by the glacier in the process of its movement.On the glacierInylchek, stone placers form a continuous cover for the lower 20 km,
reaching a power of 100 m.

Avalanches. The highest avalanche is characterized by high-mountain areas Of The Inner, Central and Western Tien Shan, Alai
and Zaalay ranges. The density of avalanches on the slopes of these mountains is often up to 5 avalanches per 1 km. Avalanches
here come almost throughout the winter, but the most powerful go since March. In the Western Tien Shan within Kyrgyzstan, the
largest in the range of avalanches in the countries of the former USSR was registered in the valley of the Kyzyl-Suu River. Its
volume is about 1 million cubic meters

Observations of avalanches are conducted by six snowball stations: Tyuya-Ashu-Yuzhnaya, at-Oinok, Tyuya-Ash-Severnaya,
Alabel, Itagar, Chon-Ash.

Permafrost. In the highlands, eternal permafrost is widespread. On the enriched, finely-grazed ancient surfaces of alignment,
ground, stone rings and medallions, seeping over the penetrating underground ice, ice wedges are developed. There are active
lobed stone glaciers containing ice-cement. Ice is formed on the rivers.

3.5 Soils Of Kyrgyzstan

Mountain brown forest soils are formed on slopes under spruce forests, under walnut-fruit and archic - mountain brown soils.
Above the upper boundary of the forest, mountain meadow and mountain-topy soils predominate.Mountain brown forest soils are
formed on slopes under spruce forests, under walnut-fruit and archic - mountain brown soils. Above the upper boundary of the
forest, mountain meadow and mountain-topy soils predominate. For the South-Western (Prifergan) Kyrgyzstan chernozems and
light chestnut soils of adyrs with a height are replaced by dark serozems and higher - brown carbonate soils. In the middle
mountains under the bushes are developed mountain brown leached soils, under the spruce - brown forest soils. Finally, mountain
meadow and meadow-steppe leached soils, as well as mountain-meadow sod-semi-peat soils under grassy alpine meadows, are
common in the high mountain belt.On the high-mountain raw Materials Of The Inner Tien-Shan soils, the takyrovid soils of the
high-mountain deserts, high-mountain meadow-steppe soils of the wormwood-typical and feather-wormwood steppes are
distinguished by soils.

The availability of soil of the republic with nutrients characterizes the agrochemical map. It can provide significant assistance in
planning the importation and application of mineral fertilizers.The map is based on the data of large-scale agrochemical mapping
of the lands of collective farms and state farms, conducted by the Republican zonal, Osh, Issyk-Kul and Naryn regional
agrochemical laboratories. Land areas (percentage) are established for each administrative district, characterized by low, medium
and high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.On the map regions of soils with increased alkalinity are highlighted,
where it is recommended to use physiological acid mineral fertilizers. The highest amount of easily hydrolyzed nitrogen is
characterized by chernozems of Issyk-Kul basin and hydromorphic soils of Chui valley, minimal - light graylands of Southern
Kyrgyzstan. Intensive accumulation of mobile phosphorus compounds occurs in cotton-growing areas of the Osh region, where in
some cases the amount of phosphorus exceeds 6 mg P205 per 100 g of soil. The main soil areas (88%) contain mobile phosphorus
less than 3 mg P2O5 per 100 g of soil.3.6 the breeding and animal world of Kyrgyzstan
Vegetation.Forests occupy a small part (3.5%) of the territory of the republic. There are only 0.2 hectares of forests per inhabitant.
Steppes and deserts dominate, including their high-mountain cold variants.

Here are the main plants of cereals: Feather grass, tipchak, puff, bearded; from bushes there are in places pistachios forming large,
but not thick thickets.The next belt is the belt of meadow steppes, thickets of bushes and deciduous forests. It begins at altitudes of
1200-1500 m. Here grow beautiful, dense, often high-grass meadows; many cereals, umbrella, complex-colored, etc.; usual
feather grass, tonkonog, bonfire; from bright and beautiful flowering note eremurus, blooming from the second half of summer,
geranium, scabiosis. Of the bushes, the karagan is dominated by a roe deer, cherry tien Shan, roe deer, tavolga (spiraya),
honeysuckle, hawthorn, barberry. To the floodplains of rivers, thickets of buckthorn, apricot ordinary, cherry ordinary are
confined.On the southern slopes of the Fergana and Chatkal ridges, broad-leaved and nut-fruit forests partially occupy, a certain
belt at an altitude of 1500-2300 m above sea level. Below it is very dry, above it is cold, and the heat-loving tree breeds are
extinct. In these separate islands there are walnut, apple trees of Kirghiz and Sivers, plum Sogdian, maple Turkestan, karagach,
alycha, pear, wild almonds and apricot, but there is neither oak, nor linden, nor beech. In the undergrowth are spread the spines of
Albert, shield-horse, loose, Kokand, honeysuckle small and woolen, the abelia is thyroid-shaped.Broad-leaved Fergana forests
have a great age. They have been preserved since the tertiary time, when the mountains were not as high as they are now. Then the
forests covered a large area of the slopes of the mountains Of Central Asia. Then the mountains rose, many of them were dressed
with snow and ice, the climate became more severe and drier. To the new conditions, broad-leaved walnut forests could not be
adapted everywhere. They died out, giving way to coniferous trees and mountain steppes. Only in some places forests have been
preserved and continue to live in a new geographical environment for them, to which the walnut and apple tree - natives of tertiary
landscapes have successfully adapted.That is why broad-leaved forests are found by isolated islands on the slopes of the Central
Asian ridges. Meanwhile, the cultural plantations of walnut are widespread in Central Asia almost everywhere.

To protect the walnut-fruit forests in the spurs of the Chatkal Range in 1960, the Sary-Chelek Reserve (since 1978 - biosphere)
with an area of 23,868 hectares, including the barrage lake Sary-Chelek with an area of 507 hectares, was organized.The arrays of
protected walnut and fruit forests belong to the largest in the world. Sometimes among walnut plantations there are groups of
apple and pear. In a rich undergrowth - alluja, abelia, juniper, everywhere in abundance berry bushes - hawthorn, rowan, currants,
barberry, raspberry, raspberry.

A continuous half of branches and leaves protects the earth from sunlight and soil drying. Only solar highlights are splashed on
the ground with spots. In addition to nuts, apples, plums, pears, Turkistan kens, yasens, birches also grow here. In the
undergrowth, in the shaded places - shrubs of birch, and on the more open, illuminated areas barbaris, rosehips, jigsaw, currant,
hawthorn. Pistachios and almonds are found on the dry slopes of the mountains.Walking through the woods and it seems like you
're not in the woods, but in a neglected, long-forgotten, dressed fruit garden or park. If you look at such a forest from a mountain,
you notice its peculiar surface, consisting of many domes. These are ball-shaped walnut crowns. Especially good in the woods
during the day. From the fat land covered with prickly leaves, veils cool, in the air stands the aroma of nuts, inexplicably grumbles
rugs. The small-leaf rocks in the mountains of Central Asia consist of osine, birch, and poplar. Such plantations occupy small
areas.

The extreme upper limit of the spread of hardwood forests in Northern Kyrgyzstan is 1700 m. This belt reaches the greatest
development on the edge mountain ranges of Tian Shan.Subalpine meadows, steppes, coniferous forests gradually replace the
previous belt of meadow steppes and hardwood forests and occupy the area of the highlands. In the Fergana Range they appear at
2500-2700 m, in the Naryn Valley at 2700- 3100 m, and in the Alaya Valley - even higher. There is thick different vegetation of
meadow-steppe type. In summer this belt is characterized by extraordinary pestrota and bright colour. Geranium with white, pink
and purple flowers, pink flowers of alpine buckwheat, white anemones stand out on the cereal and different green field. There are
beautiful summer jailoo pastures.On the same belt, mainly in the depth of gorges, on their northern slopes at an altitude of 1600-
3100 m, coniferous forests from Tian-Shan spruce and partially fir Semenov are found. The Tian-Shan el, or Schrenka el, is
caught only in the eastern half of Kyrgyz Tian-Shan. In the south, it does not spread further than Fergana, but in the east it goes
very far: to the eastern end of Tian Shan in Xinjiang and even in West Kunlun - in the Sanju Mountains, and moreover, in the
Nanshan system - in Gansu Province.The Tian-Shan spruce is a slender, tall tree with a narrow crown, straight trunk, in
appearance it is somewhat like a cypress. Individual trees reach 60 m height and 2 m in diameter. Among the eaters it is not
uncommon to join the ryabina of Tian-Shan and Turkistan, birch of Tian-Shan and Turkistan, topols. In the sub-area there is a
small-leaf press, a rosehips of Albert, a karagan of Turkistan, an ywa of Alatau, an arch of Turkistan.

Pichtarniki (pichta Semenova with an impurity of Tian-Shan ripples, birch of Turkistan and Tian-Shan, willow Fedchenko, Archie
of Turkistan, spruce of Shrenka) meet on the slopes of the western ranges of Tian-Shan - Talas (basin of the Bestash River) and
Chat( on the river).The forest areas occupied by the village are the most beautiful and picturesque landscapes of Tian Shan.
Powerful, slender trees climb the steep slopes of the mountains. From there it seems that thin tops they rest against the sky,
closing the horizon.

In addition to height, the exposure of the mountain slope also plays a major role in the distribution of landscapes. At the same
height above sea level, the northern slopes of the mountain range can be covered with coniferous forest, and the southern slopes
are dressed with dry steppe. Thus, the following pattern is noted for the eastern tip of the Kyungøy Ala-Too Range.n the
uppermost belt, forests appear only on slopes facing east and southeast, while the opposite are covered with alpine meadows and
stone sprouts. From an absolute height of 2500-2600 m the conditions for spruce growth turn out to be the most suitable, here
forests descend into valleys and already cover their sides. From a height of 2,250 m, spruce forests clearly prefer the slopes of
valleys facing west and north, here the slender Tian-Shan spruce is particularly majestic. The distribution of spruce in the
mountains is explained by this: at high altitude, where it is very cold, trees can live on well-warmed south-eastern and eastern
slopes, sheltered from cold winds. In the middle belt (below 2500 m) life conditions for spruce turn out to be the most suitable,
there is relatively much precipitation, enough heat and there are no such terrible winter frost as there are in the highlands. But in
the lower belt there are already few rains, summer is hot, soils quickly dry. Therefore, areas of forest are visible on slopes facing
west and north, from where wet winds blow.Spruce forests are replaced by archways. The arch, or juniper, rises to 3200 m
absolute height. It has been growing for centuries. Millennial arch is not uncommon in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan; There are
instances over two thousand years old.

Archa is a kind of tree characteristic of the mountains of Central Asia, where it is widespread but does not form thick forest
plantations. It grows rarely, and its groves never occupy large areas. On Tian Shan there are large sprouts of creeping arch stlanik
(Siberian and Turkistan arch). The most common species of archie is archa Turkistan (urük-archa). In the Turkistan and Alai
Ranges, other species of archies - the Zeravshan and hemispheric - grow large forest groves at an altitude of 1200-3000 m.In The
Inner Tien Shan, forests can generally be wedged out of the high-altitude zone spectrum, and then the hot steppes are replaced at
altitudes of 2100-2300 m by cereals and sedge-cobrezium cold steppes. Not uncommon at these altitudes and cold semi-deserts.
On steep windy slopes there are clyb placers of stones covered with boiling lichens and mosses.Among them there are separate
pillow-shaped plants, as well as turf cereals. According to the cleft of iriglacial morenes, stones, edelweiss, primers hide.
Everywhere there are once ice-rolled stones, windblown stones, boulders covered with multicolored lichens, large, similar to
green stones, bent like dunes, horseshoe-shaped cushions of sibaldia (from pink-colored), characteristic rings of sedge.Central
Asian experts K.V. Stanyukovich distinguishes four main types of high-altitude zone spectrum for Kyrgyzstan:

- north-tien-shan, which is above the belt of deserts and steppes, is characterized by wide development of deciduous forests from
apple, apricot, aspen and hawthorn; in the highlands are dominated by meadow landscapes;

- Western tien Shan, characteristic of Talas and Fergana ridges, where pistachio woodlands are replaced with the height of steppes
and walnut forests, and even higher than meadows and archic stlanics;
- central tien shan, whose identity is determined by the outgrowth from the outside world by the most powerful ridges and the
location at high altitudes in dry climate; above the desert-steppe belt, the raw landscape with steppes and low grass meadows
dominates;

- Turkestan, typical for the northern slopes of the Turkestan ridge of South Kyrgyzstan, where the lower zone is occupied by
subtropical semi-deserts and large-grass steppes with pistachio, and above there are archovniki.

Animal world.Like vegetation, in the mountains of Central Asia, the animal world is more diverse than on plains. Since in the
mountains geographical landscapes are located by vertical belts, then animals follow them, being their integral part. The higher in
the mountains, the less species occur. A sharp border for the animals living there are forests, which, like a barrier, separate those
or other inhabitants of non-forest belts.Where the forest belt falls, you can see how animals of high mountains in winter descend
into low belts, and, on the contrary, the inhabitants of low mountains rise along the slopes to large heights.

In the low mountains live the same animals as on the plains: Jeyran, dicobraz, fox, wolf are characteristic here as well as badger,
reaching the belt of forests. Wild boars, obligatory inhabitants of tugai, along mountain valleys rise very high - up to alpine
meadows.Wild boars - terrible pests of farming. From the second half of the summer, when crops of grain and vegetable crops
begin to mature in Central Asia, every night it is necessary to guard arable land and vegetable gardens from Kabanov. Their
invasion often leads to the death of small agricultural areas in the mountains or along river valleys, in deaf, sparsely populated
areas. All night before sunrise, farmers guard from wild boars their plot of land planted under millet or any other culture. A small
piece of land taken off the mountains should be guarded by day and night: At night from the wild boars, day from the mass of
birds coming to the forest to be salted with a ripening grain.The richest of all are inhabited by forest animals. Here there are brown
bear, wolf, wild boar. In the belt of forests of the Central Tien Shan, there is a graceful Siberian roe. A noble deer, maral, has now
become a rarity. It is characteristic for dense and high forests of lynx; hiding, waiting for her victim - roe deer, pig, hare and even
birds. In the hunt for rodents, the ermine and Turkestan Laska are small, but dextrous and strong predators.Their victims are
mountain voles and small sympathetic food, or hay, who prepare for themselves for the winter stocks of dried hay. In the forests
of Semirechye, Fergana mountains and Western Tien Shan live another brave and clever predator - a stone, or white-minded. But
there are no such Siberian taiga species as protein and chipmunk. Although in 50-70 years In the 20th century, a teletutka protein
was acclimatized in the mountain-forest massifs of the Northern and Inner Tien Shan.Coniferous forests are densely populated by
birds, among which there are typical representatives of northern taiga forests, for example, black grouse, triple woodpecker, clast,
cedar. These Thai people meet near the southern Asian birds: With Himalayan tits, mountain partridges - keklik, stone thrush,
which live throughout The Forerunner of Asia, Tibet, Chinese Turkestan. The kekliki flock quickly run along the slopes of the
gorges, where large screes and stony placers give shelter to numerous insects, which they feed. Turkestan keklik is inherent only
to the mountains Of Central Asia; this form is endemic, but other species of it inhabit the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, Africa.
Here also live a hawk-quail, cheglok, tien-Shan nut.The upper horizon of coniferous forests is represented by thickets of tree-
shaped juniper, or archi. Here there is no real forest, trees and juniper grow scattered, so here it is light, sunny dry, smells resin.
There is no forest diversity of animals for which there is no food: An abundance of insects, worms, mollusks. But in archovniki,
and only in them, live an interesting bird - an archery dubonos. This beautiful and motley bird feeds on the berries of archi. Thick
beak, she breaks the bones, extracting the seeds. The arch-thickets are ending - the dunos disappear, which is associated with
juniper thickets not only In Central Asia, but also Afghanistan, Central Asia and the western provinces of China.Life boils in the
deciduous forests of the Western Tien Shan. Here the walnut, apple, pear grow lush; in walnut forests, where the trees close their
crowns completely, summerously, cheese and quietly. In the ground, numerous worms roll, the legs crawl, between the stems
weave their web of spiders. Animals find themselves a lot of food, and the forest provides them with a wonderful refuge.

From mammals there is the same roe; the rocks of the Central Asian goats prefer; in large quantities there are wild boars, forest
mice, Turkestan rat, a pine leading a nocturnal life, and from predatory - badger tien Shan, which does not rise high, chooses open
areas, and bear white-claw, living in coniferous forests and in the alpine belt.In the morning and evening in the deciduous forest
there are especially many birds. In the summer morning, a colorful singing takes place, a polyphonic feathered world bursts. There
is black thrush, nightingale, pigeon, bruises, remazes, ivolgi, muholovki, haircuts. Pheasans love coastal river thickets. Frightened
by a shot of a hunter, candles take off they up.n the alpine belt, mountain meadows and steppes represent beautiful pastures for
many herbivorous animals. Summer here is short, cold, beasts are dressed in warm fur clothes, almost all rodents with the onset of
winter cold dive into hibernation, birds fly away. A wild Asian goat - a cyk with arcuously bent horns lives herds in hard-to-reach
high mountains, fleeing from a man and a bear who loves to hunt for him. Wild sheep - arkhars are found in the alpine belt, their
several species and a lot of subspecies.From the predators, the largest snow leopard, or Irbis, is the strong and dextrous animal
hunting for mountain goats and sheep, but not cutting rodents and birds. His beautiful spotted skin adorns the home of a brave
hunter. Now the arch and the snow bar are listed in the Red Book.

At the heights of Tien Shan, wolves are common, including a red alpine wolf, foxes, Laski; the latter come here from forests, as
well as a bear. Typical inhabitants of the Alpine belt are marmots, there are several species here. In the mountain steppe live relict
tien Shan sulk, settling to the Pamir, mountain hare, heavy-eared pika, high-mountain voles. In the Alai Valley, a narrow-cranial
vole and marsh are common.From the high-altitude birds, we note the Alpine halok, alpine stenolase, mountain finches, alpine
horned lark, a kind of waders - serpokluva and, strangely enough, a city swallow; from birds of prey we call a beard who hunts for
mammals, mountain golden eagle, snow griffin. Black-belly ular, or mountain Turkey (partridge), a large bird, a short prey for
predators and a human hunting object, wanders from the chicken in the alpine meadows. The ular lives in steaks, often meets with
herds of wild goats and sheep. Ulary is the inhabitants of the mountains of Asia, they are represented by several views in space
from Asia Minor to Altai.

Lecture 4. Population and labor resources of Kyrgyzstan

1. Population of Kyrgyzstan

2. Migration of the population

3. Population density

4. Administrative-territorial division.

5. State structure

1. Population of Kyrgyzstan

The population of Kyrgyzstan totals around 6 milion people. City dwellers account for 34.1% of the population (of which the
majority live in Bishkek), and the rest are rural populations and nomadic shepherds. Though the Kyrgyz are the main ethnic
group, there are over 80 total ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan, including Uzbeks, Russians, Dungans, Uyghurs, Tatars, and even
Germans.There are still semi-nomadic populations, who travel up to the summer pastures (jailoo) for half the year, and spend the
colder months in villages. Since Kyrgyzstan’s population is two-thirds rural, the economy is dependent on agriculture.

Population of KyrgyzstanPopulation of KyrgyzstanPopulation of Kyrgyzstan. The largest ethnic group are the Kyrgyz, making up
about 70% of the population. The next largest population are Uzbeks, at about 15% of the population, mostly centered in the
southern half of the country. With about 800,000 people, Uzbeks make up about half of the population of Osh, and about 95% of
Arslanbob. Students have the choice of attending Russian, Kyrgyz or Uzbek language schools, where available.

Russians make up only about 5% of the current population of Kyrgyzstan, though in Soviet times, they were a much larger part.
Russian populations are concentrated in the northern part of the country, especially in Chuy Province and in and around Bishkek.
Previously, Russians had been important figures in the politics and economics of the Soviet republic, and Russian had been the
language of the capitol and the government. After independence in 1991, many Russians moved to Russia, and Kyrgyz moved to
become the dominant ethnicity of Bishkek and the country as a whole. There are over 80 ethnicities in Kyrgyzstan, including
Dungans, Uyghurs, Tajiks, Kazakhs, Ukrainians, and even several villages of Kurds and Germans. Dungan and Uyghur
restaurants can be found around the country, especially around Issyk-Kul, while Tajiks are generally more settled farmers in the
southern half of Kyrgyzstan. The number of other ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan has dropped since many people left after
independence.

Ethnicity has been a major issue in Kyrgyzstan since independence, since Kyrgyzstan’s population is so diverse. Tensions along
ethnic lines have complicated politics and growth, though leaders have worked on ways to include everyone in governance and the
economy. There have been issues of interethnic conflict, most notably in 1990 and 2010, though now there are efforts and
programs to help keep the area calm.

2. Migration of the population

In the Kyrgyz Republic, external migration has prevailed for more than 100 years. Settlements in the Chui, Talas, Issyk-Kul
valleys, where Russians, Ukrainians make up a homogeneous population, were founded by landless peasants - settlers from the
European part of Russia. At the same time, since the second half of the last century, German settlements appeared in the Talas and
Chui valleys, they were founded by German migrants who moved here because of persecution from Ukraine and elsewhere.
Pursued by the Chinese authorities Dungan, Uighurs in the last century moved and settled mainly in the vast Chui Valley.In the
20th-30th GG, darginets and other Caucasian nationalities were forcibly moved from the North Caucasus to Kyrgyzstan. During
the Second World War, along with forcibly relocated Chechens, Ingush, Karachais, Balkars, Crimean Tatars, Russians,
Ukrainians, Belarusians, war invalids, women, old people and children were evacuated from the fascist occupation of the
European part to the republic. While the number of immigrants decreased in 1988-1990 and the balance of migration took a
neutral position, since 1991 the number of departures from the republic has increased. The peak of migration growth, especially
the outflow of population from the Kyrgyz Republic, was in 1993.Currently, departures predominate in external migration
(71.4%), from rural areas move to large industrial cities with numerous higher and secondary educational institutions. Migration
from rural areas goes to the city of Bishkek, the regional and industrial centers of Tokmok, Kara-Baltu, etc. INTERNAL
migration includes movement within the region, between the districts. In recent years, the proportion of settlers from areas, areas
with lower material and social conditions in the region, cities with large industries has increased. Young people move to Osh,
Bishkek, Jalal Abad, Karakol to continue their education and work. Therefore, the majority of internal migration - 80% falls on
the working-age population.4.3. Population density

The territory of Kyrgyzstan is unevenly populated. The average population density is per km² - 24 people This is due to the fact
that the relief of the republic is mountainous. 80% of the population live at an altitude of 1500m above sea level, which is about
15% of the area of Kyrgyzstan. This includes the outskirts of Chui, Talas, Fergana valleys. Here in some places, the average
population density reaches 100-150 people per km².

Since 10% of industrial enterprises are located in the Chui Valley (in Bishkek, Tokmok, Kara-Balta, etc.), 30% of the population
live here. One of the densely populated territories of the republic is the Osh region. Here the population is concentrated in the
developed regions. Areas with low population density include: Naryn, Jumgal, Kochkor, Alai, Chatkal, Suusamyr, at-Bashy, etc.
As Of January 1, 2000, there were: In the Batken region - 22.5, Naryn region - 5.8, Ysyk-Cologne - 9.9, Talas - 18.2, Jalal-Abad -
25, Osh - 40.3 Chui region - 37.4 people. Before the revolution, due to the fact that the population of Kyrgyzstan led a nomadic
way of life, the number of settled people was small. At this time, there were only 6 cities in Kyrgyzstan (Bishkek, Tokmok,
Karakol, Jalal-Abad, Osh, Uzgen). Over time, the living conditions began to change radically, the population began to move to
settled land, villages and settlements began to arise. In Kyrgyzstan in 2000 there were 7 regions, 22 cities, 29 urban-type
settlements. The growth of the number of villages was largely facilitated by the creation of collective farms and state farms in the
20-30s of the 20th century, the formation of urban-type settlements - the industrialization of the national economy in the 40-50s of
the 20th century and the development of natural resources.

4.4 Administrative and territorial division.

In administrative terms, the territory of Kyrgyzstan is divided into 7 areas:

Batken region,

Jalal-Abad region,

Issyk-Kul oblast,

Naryn oblast,

Osh oblast,

Talas region,

Chui oblast.

Each area is divided into districts. In the republic there are 40 administrative districts, 22 cities. The head of the region is the
governor. The head of the district is akim. The capital of the republic is the city of Bishkek.

Lecture 5. Development of Kyrgyzstan's economy

1. Structure of industry

2. Fuel and energy complex

3. Agriculture

5.1 Industry structure

The main part of the branches of economy in the Kyrgyz Republic is industry. Currently, it provides more than half of the gross
social product of the republic, accounts for half of the national income and fixed production funds, one third of the population
working in public and private production works in industry. The economic potential of the country, the technical level of
production, the use of natural resources, material and labor resources depends on industry.Until 1917, the industry was developed,
semi-handicraft manual labor prevailed. There were only units of small enterprises with 16-30 workers using mechanical force,
which gave only 5% of industrial production. After 1917, hundreds of large industrial enterprises appeared, relatively well
equipped in technical terms. The rate of production of industrial products in Kyrgyzstan was higher than the rate of development
of other republics.Industry developed especially during the Great Patriotic War. After 1990, as a result of the disruption of the
production links during the transition to a market economy and the formation of the Kyrgyz Republic by an independant state, the
pace of industrial development declined. The industry formed in the republic by now is a very complex and developed at an
average level. Currently, in the republic, the developed industries include non-ferrous metallurgy, coal mining, electricity
generation, light, food industry, etc.In general, the industry of the republic is divided into mining and processing industries.
Processing of agricultural raw materials is well developed in the Kyrgyz Republic. The processing of local agricultural products
gives half of the gross output of the entire industry of the republic. From the branches processing local natural wealth in the
republic are developed: The production of metals, coal mining, processing of marble, granite, sand and gravel, clay, etc. The Basis
of the fuel and energy complex is the construction of hydroelectric power stations, the production of electric and thermal energy,
coal industry.
5.2. Fuel and energy complex

Compared to other industries, the fuel industry was formed much earlier. The first coal mining enterprises were built in the south
of Kyrgyzstan, in Syuluktyu and Kyzyl-Kyya, back in the second half of the 19th century Since 1910, a coal deposit has been
developed in Kyok-Zhangak, since 1916 - in Tash-Kemure. The volume of coal mined in Kyrgyzstan in 1913 was about 70% of
all coal production in Central Asia.The beginning of oil exploration works refers to 1900. In the tract, the first oil was obtained
from Mailuu-Suu, its production was 65 tons a year, and by 1913 it increased to 3000 tons The share of energy-producing
enterprises accounted for 50% of production and 59% of workers of the entire factory about the Republic's industrial activities.
The capacities of the mines were various - from 50 thousand to 100 thousand tons of coal per year. The Kochi Kyzyl-Kyi cops
gave 60.2% of the total coal production of Kyrgyzstan, Syuluktyu - 23.3%, Kyok-Zhangaka - 10.4%, Tash-Kyemyura - 3.0%. For
the creation of new and expansion of old enterprises by the government in the period from 1925 to 1928, 2.9 million rubles were
allocated. For the development of the coal industry in 1929-30 17.7 million rubles were invested. Tash-Kemyurskaya,
Almalykskaya and Zhyrgalanskaya coal mines were commissioned. Coal production in 1940 compared to 1913 increased in 17
times. After the Great Patriotic War, the pace of development of the fuel industry is increasing. In the 70's. The coal industry of
the races relied 10 mines and 2 cuts with a total production capacity of more than 4.5 million tons of coal per year. The share of
coal mining in the open way amounted to 55% of the total production. In the fuel and energy potential of the republic, the
economic importance of coal deposits is great. In the territory of the republic at present (2001) there are 100 of them. Geological
reserves of coal are 31.4 billion tons, balance reserves - 2.4 billion tons Coal resources have an uneven distribution across the
territory of the republic: 65% of coal is in Southern Kyrgyzstan, 33% - in Naryn, 2% - in Ysyk-Cologne region. More than 70% of
the coal deposits are concentrated in the mountainous regions of the republic. Currently, coal is mined in Kyok-Zhangak, Tash-
Kemure, Tegene and Girgalana, brown coal - in Syuluktyu, Kyzyl-Kye, Min-Kuche. Most of the coal produced is spent in energy,
32% - in utilities, 13% - for the production of building materials.In recent years, in connection with the development of market
relations, the fuel industry as well as other branches of the economy, was subjected to a temporary crisis. To supply fuel to the
population of the north of the republic, the role of Kara-Kechensky coal deposit (Naryn region, Jumgal district) is significant. Its
coal reserves amount to 312.6 million tons, which is 23.3% of the reserves of the whole republic.

The most promising field of this basin is Kara-Kechenskoye, the growth of coal production in which is increasing annually. The
fuel industry also includes gas and oil industries. There are 12 oil fields located on the territory of Jalal-Abad region. Currently,
90% of the oil produced is in Izbasken, Changyr-Tashskoye, Mayluu-Suusskoye and East Izbasken deposits.

In 1940, 24 thousand tons of oil were produced, in 1950 - 47 thousand g, in 1960 - 464.0 thousand tons, in 1970 - 298.1 thousand
tons, in 1999 - 77.0 thousand tons, in 2000 - 77.0 thousand tons Near the city of Jalal-Abad with the participation of other states,
an oil refinery with a capacity of 0.5 million tons was built Reconnaissance work is being carried out to search for new oil
deposits. The industrial reserve of oil is small, it is 14.6 million tons The oil and gas complex does not cover the needs of the
republic in oil and natural gas, therefore there is a need to import them from Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Industrial gas
reserves are also small - 5 billion m3. In 1999, 25.1 million m3 of gas was produced in 2000 - 31.9 million m3 of gas. Gas
production in 1999, compared to 1980, decreased by 5.2 times, compared to 1990 - by 3.8 times. In the south of the republic, the
Maylow-Suu-Jalal-Abad-Osh gas pipeline was built, and the Bukhara-Tashkent-Shymkent-Zhambyl-Almaty gas pipeline was
connected to the Bishkek-Tokmok gas pipeline.

5.3 Agriculture

Agriculture of the Kyrgyz Republic forms the basis of the agro-industrial complex and is one of the main branches of the national
economy. Until the 1920s, XXV.in Kyrgyzstan, nomadic livestock was dominant. Agriculture was poorly developed.
Subsequently, in the territories inhabited by Russians, Ukrainians, Dungans, the wide development of agriculture began.
During the Soviet period, totalitarian and administrative power was established. A centralized system is being introduced, by
Command and control. Land and water reform, collectivization, nomadic people go to a sedentary lifestyle, collective farms and
state farms appear. Agriculture of the republic specialized in fine-corundum sheep breeding, cotton growing, tobacco growing,
sugar beet production, alfalfa seeds. At the same time, the dairy and meat direction of cattle breeding, poultry farming, horse
breeding, viticulture, bakhchevodstvo and vegetable growing developed. Attention was paid to their placement and specialization
in high-altitude belts.On the territory of Kyrgyzstan there are eight climatic belts changing in height. In the valleys located at
different altitudes above sea level, various natural conditions are observed, changing in vertical zones, the cost of agricultural
products produced in them, as well as other features are very different. The total area of the territory of Kyrgyzstan is 19.6mln.ha.
Of these, the land suitable for agricultural use is 10.6 million hectares, or 55.8% of the territory.44.2% of the territory is not
suitable for agriculture. These are rocks, mountain peaks, stony screes, glaciers, accumulation of stones, etc. From a suitable area
for agriculture 12.3% falls on arable land, 0.1% - on virgin lands, 0.4% - on perennial plantations, 1.7% - on hayfields and 85.6%
on natural pastures. Hayfields in the republic are very insignificant, and pastures are very diverse in the composition of vegetation,
fodder reserves, seasonality of use. Pakhtuspnye lands are located on the foothill plains, on the flat sections of high intermountain
valleys. Kyrgyzstan's vast natural wealth is its natural pastures. Pastures are located in the range of heights 2600-4000m and
occupy an area of 4.1 million hectares. Of these, 1.9mln.ha are located at an altitude of 3000-4000m above sea level. In
Kyrgyzstan, livestock grew from year to year. The main branch of animal husbandry is sheep breeding. Favorable for sheep
breeding territory - Naryn region, Issyk-Kul region, mountain areas of Osh, Jalal-Abad regions. The second place belongs to
Talas, Kemin valleys, the eastern part of Issyk-kul basin, etc.The plains of Chui, Fergana valleys, where intensive agriculture is
developed, are unfavorable for the development of sheep breeding. Kyrgyzstan is also known as a producer of grain, cotton,
tobacco, sugar beet, alfalfa seeds, vegetables, fruits. In sunny Kyrgyzstan there are favorable conditions for their cultivation.
Kyrgyzstan has the opportunity to fully provide itself with vegetables, potatoes, fruits and grapes and export. Development of
gardening, viticulture, increase of export to foreign countries of various dried fruits, well-preserved fresh apples, pears, plums, etc.
gives big profit and expands export opportunities.

Lecture 6. Recreational complex

1. Recreational resources of Kyrgyzstan

2. Kyrgyz resort zones

3. Mineral waters

1. Recreational resources of Kyrgyzstan

The recreational complex includes natural recreational resources, historical, ethnographic and cultural monuments, cities, villages,
rich in architecture and historical events, resort-sanatorium, tourist, excursion and mountaineering institutions, various recreation
places, etc.

The recreational complex is designed to strengthen human health, develop it spiritually, restore the energy spent in the process of
labor. The regularities of the territorial organization of such a complex inter-branch complex are investigated by the recreational
geography. The geographical location of Kyrgyzstan, unusual natural conditions and various natural recreational resources,
historical, ethnographic, cultural and socio-economic factors favor the development of the recreational complex in the republic in
the international level.In Kyrgyzstan, for the rest of a person, to strengthen his health, travel there is a wonderful mountain climate
with ecologically clean air, mineral waters, therapeutic effective mud, various plants, animals, natural walnut forests, mountains
with the highest peaks, glaciers and lakes between them, numerous monuments of history and architecture. In Kyrgyzstan, more
than 100 places have been identified where natural factors have the greatest therapeutic effect on human health. The vast majority
of them are located at an altitude of 1000-2000 m above sea level. These include the Issyk-Kul basin, belts of natural walnut and
arche forests on the Fergana ridge, natural complexes Abshir-Sai, Kara-Shoro, Arslanbob, sary Chelek, Ysyk Ata, Ak-Suu, Zhety
Oguz, Ala Archa, Sonkul, Chatkal, Talas.The conditions of the mountain on the territory of Kyrgyzstan are one of the main
factors of the formation of the recreational complex. the republic is especially distinguished by climate change along the high-
altitude belt, a large number of sunny days, short winters, an abundance of glaciers, snow in the mountains.

6.2. Kyrgyz resort zones

Among the high-altitude natural belts on the territory of the republic, the best for healing, recreation of the population is a strip at
altitudes of 1000-2000 m. Here there are all conditions for rest during 300-328 days a year, 2,5-3,5 months for bathing and
sunbathing, for development of all kinds of winter sports. A few territories of the republic can compare with the coast of Issyk-
Kul according to the favorable therapeutic effects of climatic conditions.The mountain lake located in the depths of the mainland
is especially distinguished by climatic conditions favorable for human recreation and other natural and reactionary resources.
More than 400 natural caves have been discovered on the territory of the republic, for example, Kang and Gut, with a length of
10km, the name of Fersman, a depth of 240m, Haydarkan and Kadamzhay, Chil-Mayram, Chio-Ustun, Chatkal and other
picturesque territories of Issyk-Kul, Sary Chelek, Son-Kul, Arslabob, Kara-Alma, Zheti-Oguz, etc.Kyrgyzstan resorts can be
divided into the following groups: Resorts with warm keys, mountain climate, resorts with sea climate, resorts with mineral
springs, and holiday homes. The resort "Ysyk-Ata" is located on the northern slope of the Kyrgyz Ala-Too mountain range, in a
picturesque gorge, through which the river Ysyk-Ata flows.There are great therapeutic properties of its hydrogen sulfide hot
springs, clean and cool mountain air blowing from the glaciers of winds. Resorts with sea climate are located around Lake Ysyk-
Kul. These places are characterized by increased ultraviolet radiation in pure mountain air. The pure brackish waters of the lake,
evaporating, give the air of the surroundings the properties of the near sea climate. The type of resorts with mineral springs
includes the resort "Jalal Abad" on the basis of mineral waters near the city of Jalal-Abad.

6.3.Mineral water

On the territory of the republic there are outlets of more than 130 quality mineral springs discovered by drilling. Mineral waters
are diverse in terms of physical and chemical composition. Their potential volume is 81.9thousand м³ per day. According to the
therapeutic properties and abundance, some of them are not inferior to the world-famous mineral and thermal springs for a long
time. Among the countries of Central Asia, Kyrgyzstan is rich in mineral waters.The volume of refined total mineral water
reserves is 14,4thousand м³ per day, i.e. 20% of all mineral waters discovered in the republic. A number of well-known sources
are located in high-mountainous areas with severe natural conditions, remote from areas with relatively well-developed industry
and dense population. Kyrgyzstan is rich in healing mud and 13 mud deposits are known. The total volume of them is
5225,0thousand. М³.The Overwhelming part is located on the coast of Issyk-Kul, in Chui and Kugart valleys. Issyk-Kul mud
springs are of good quality, combined with other recreational riches, are significant in volume and make up 71% of all dirty
reserves of the republic.

Lecture 7. International economic and social relations of Kyrgyzstan

1. The Great Silk Road and its role in the development of the country's economy.

2. Kyrgyzstan's economic relations with Russia.

3. Social and economic ties of sovereign Kyrgyzstan

7.1 the Great Silk Road and its role in the development of the country's economy.

The modern territory of Kyrgyzstan in ancient times and in the Middle Ages was crossed by the Great Silk Road. From ancient
tribes Kyrgyzstan crossed three branches of the Great Silk Road: 1.from China (through Kashgar) to Irkesham passed along the
river Kyzyl-Suu to Chon-Alay valley and further to the west.2.through the cities of Uzgen, Osh, Mady, at-Bashi (Koshoy-
Korgon). 3.passed through the upper Barcón, Ton, Balykchi, Suyab. Among these points, upper Barcón, Osh, Uzgen, Suyab and
others became major trading and transshipment centers. On the routes of the Great Silk Road, a caravanserai was built, bridges
were built through stormy rivers.The Great Silk Road passed through the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan, involving it in world
trade. On the territory of the passage of the Great Silk Road, urbanization processes intensified. Cities in Chui, Issyk-kul, Talas
valleys, in the south of the republic turned into centers for lively trade in overseas goods.

7.2. Kyrgyzstan's economic relations with Russia.

The process of Kyrgyzstan's accession to Russia covers the period from 1855 to 1876. Kyrgyzstan's accession to Russia led to
Kyrgyzstan's involvement in the economic and social processes of developed capitalist states at a higher level of economic
development. The development of capitalism in Russia influenced the economy of Kyrgyzstan: The revival of foreign trade, the
growth of productive forces, the destruction of natural and semi-natural economy, the development of commodity and money
relations. Kyrgyzstan has expanded its economic and social ties with Russia and has become its raw material base.From
Kyrgyzstan, Russia received mercury, antimony, raw materials of various non-ferrous metals, wool, silk, cotton, skins, meat and
other products. In Kyrgyzstan, a number of large factories were built, the products of which were exported outside the republic.
Kyrgyzstan in the Soviet period exported meat, wool, chloroquine, tobacco, sugar beet and alfalfa seeds, sheep skins, cattle,
horses, mercury, antimony, raw materials of rare metals. At the same time, he was forced to import from the outside finished
products of heavy, light, food and other industries, entirely technological equipment of plants and factories, tractors, combines, all
types of mineral fertilizers, that is, almost all means of production.

7.3. Social and economic relations of sovereign Kyrgyzstan

The Kyrgyz Republic with many countries of the world strengthens and deepens mutually beneficial cooperation in various fields,
especially in the political trade, economic, scientific and technical spheres. In order to promote cooperation in transport,
education, health, culture and art, information, tourism and other areas, agreements are signed that are being implemented. For
example, an agreement was adopted on economic and social ties of Kyrgyzstan with Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan,
Uzbekistan, and other states that are members of the Commonwealth of Independent States. An agreement was signed on the
creation of a unified economic space between the republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan. Kyrgyzstan is expanding
direct economic and social ties with the countries of the far abroad - the People's Republic of China, Japan, South Korea, India,
Turkey, Iran, Switzerland.Agreements have been concluded with them in the fields of economics, trade, culture, education,
friendship and mutual assistance. Kyrgyzstan carries out trade and economic, export, import relations of more than 40 countries
far and more than 20 countries near abroad. The number of joint commissions, enterprises and companies of foreign countries in
Kyrgyzstan is increasing from year to year. In order to create import substitution production, the organization of free economic
zones is of great importance. Free economic zones have been established in the country, foreign investments are widely used and
technologies for the use of natural resources, including mineral raw materials, for the production of energy, medicines, food
products, light and heavy industry are being introduced.International organizations provide assistance to the social complex of the
republic. In the republic there are about three hundred tourist companies, tourist joint-stock company "Ak-Keme", etc. They
organize tourist routes to other countries and thus contribute to the expansion of economic and social ties. The United Nations
declared 1995 The Year of Manas in connection with the 1000th anniversary of the Manas Epic. Many States of the world
participated in its celebration.

Lecture 8. Regions of Kyrgyzstan

1. Chui oblast

2. Talas region

3. Oschskaya oblast
4. Issyk-Kul oblast

5. Naryn region

6. Jalal-Abad region

7. Batken region

1. Chui oblast

To northern Kyrgyzstan belongs Chui region. The region consists of Alamedinsky, Zhaiylsky, Kantsky, Keminsky, Moscow,
Panfilovsky, Sokuluksky, Ysyk-Atinsky, Chui rural areas, twelve cities and towns of urban type, the capital of the kyrgyz
Republic - Bishkek. The total area of the region is 18.8thousand km², it occupies the northern part of Kyrgyzstan, which is in
contact with Kazakhstan for 30.3% of the population of the republic. The region is the most economically developed region: It
accounts for more than half of the industrial products produced throughout the republic, it is allocated to highly intensive
agriculture. The population of the Chui region is twice as large as industrial and agricultural products as the average in the
republic.

In terms of population density, the predominance of urban residents, it also ranks first. The relief of the Chui region as a whole is
mountainous, dissected, with absolute heights of 550-5000m. To the territory of the region includes the Chui and intermountain
Chon-Kemin valleys and the slopes of the ridges of the Kyrgyz Ala-Too, Kyungay Ala-Too, Zailiysky Ala-Too, the western and
central parts of the Chui valley - almost flat plain. The territory of the Kyrgyz Republic is mainly located at heights of 550-1300m
plain left bank of the Chu River. Chui valley as a whole has a slope to the north-west (from 1200m to 550m) in separate places is
divided by beams, logs.In the east of the Chui Valley on the coast of the Chu River is the Kichi-Keminskaya valley, which
occupies a small area. In the south of the valley there is an average high-altitude mountain strip, strongly dissected by gorges.
Above 3500m begins the belt of permafrost, rocks and glaciers. All the passes at the Kyrgyz Ala-Too are located above 3000m
above sea level. On the highest part of the ridge are the sources of the Ala-Archa and Alamedin rivers, where individual peaks lie
at an altitude of 4500m.

The climate of the Chui valley is generally diverse: Continental, varies along high-altitude belts. The climate of the flat part of the
valley is continental and arid, the summer is hot, the winter is moderately cold. The rivers of the Chui valley belong to the basin of
the Chu River. The Chu River is the largest, its length is 1030km. Soils in the valley are common in high-altitude belt. On the flat
part of Chui, Kemin valleys, northern serozems predominate, in places there are swampy, salted and light-local soils. Vegetation
is also located along high-altitude belts. Semi-desert and dry steppe on the plain part of the valley as they rise in height are
replaced by a low-mountain steppe, high-mountain grasslands and meadows.

Currently, 1 / 3 of the total population of the republic live in the territory of the region. The national composition of the population
living in the region and in the city of Bishkek is diverse.The majority of the population are Kyrgyz and Russian, except for them
are Germans, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Kazakhs, Dungans, Tatars, Uighurs, etc. in all, representatives of more than 30 peoples and
nationalities, which together constitute the population of Kyrgyzstan. In the Chui Valley, especially in the city of Bishkek, highly
skilled labor resources are concentrated. Chui region is the most important industrial and agricultural sub-district of the republic. It
gives two thirds of the industrial products produced in the republic. Chui Valley is a large irrigation area: Although the total area
of the valley is three times smaller than the area of the Osh, Jalal-Abad regions, however, the irrigated area is larger.

8.1 North-West Kyrgyzstan.

Talas region
Talas region is located in the north-west part of the Kyrgyz Republic. It occupies the Talas valley. It borders on the north-west
with Kazahstan, in the west with Uzbekistan, in the south with Jalal-Abad, in the east with Chui oblast mi. It was formed on June
22, 1944, the center - the city Of Ta las. In 1956-62 as part of the Frunzenskaya Oblas ti, 1962-79 and 1988-90 directly, the
Republic is attacked, 1980-88 - Talas region (it included Toktogul district). 14 decades of the ryad 1990 was restored again. The
structure included: Talas (district center with Kyok-Oy), Bakai-Atinsky (With Bakai-Ata), Kara-Buurinsky (Village Kyzyl-Adyr),
Manas (Pokrovka), Talas, a city-type settlement of Maymak, 35 ayyl okmotu and 90 rural settlements of Tovok. Area 11.4
thousand square kilometers (5.7% of the territory).The population is 199,9 thousand people (according to the 1999 census), is
4.1% of the population of the republic.

Nature. The Talas valley in its structure resembles a triangle with a top in the east, Talas and Kyrgyz Ala-Too in the east,
approaching form the mountain junction of Ak-Suu. To the west, the valley expands and in the north-south. Part borders on semi-
deserts and deserts of the Turan lowland. Within the Talas valley and mountain frame, the following geomorphological complexes
can be distinguished: Mountain, premountain-plain and plain.The relief of Talas and Kyrgyz Ala-Too is distinguished by a
complex structure. Mountain hreb you are composed of Precambrian and Paleozoic mountain rocks. In the high-mountainous
zone, the fort is structured-denudation, in the middle-mountainous and low-mountain structural-erosive types of relief. In the
foothills of the Talas Ala-Too, tectonic, erosive and accumulative types of relief - chaps, Adyres were formed on neogene and
Paleogene rocks. On a flat zone on alluvial millet of the Quaternary rocks, steep and pologlous plains were formed.The Talas
Valley is located in a temperate climatic zone. The closure of the valley (ok is ruined by mountain ridges), a complex relief
contributes to the formation of a dry and continental taiga climate. The average July temperature is 15-25 ° C, January - 6 ...-14 °
C. Duration of frost-free period 157-163 days. From the west to the east, from the foot of the mountains along the slope of the
who grows the amount of precipitation. The average annual amount of precipitation is 300-400 mm. Maximum precipitation in the
valley for April-May, and on mountain slopes for May-June. Summer is dry. A permanent snow cover is formed on the plain in de
Cabré, in the foothills in mid-November.The largest river Talas, K-rai formed by the confluence of the rivers UCH-Koshoy and
Karakol, flows for the pad and is lost in the sands of Moyunkuma. Large tributaries: Urmaral, Kara-Buura, Kenkol, Besh-Tash,
Kyumushtak, Nyldy, Kalba, etc. At the zapa de flows the right tributary of the Assa-Kurküyeo River. On the territory of the region
there are few lakes. The largest - Besh-Tash, K-paradise was formed as a result of a collapse and the hammering of the river to the
line.

The main part of the glaciers is on the north. Slope of Talas Ala-Too. There are 281 ice mines, with a total area of 164.7 km 2.
The coolest: Around The World (6.8 km 2 ), Manas (6.4 km 2 ), Muz-Bel (3.6 km 2), Kuryucho (3.8 km 2).

The soil cover changes on the plains in latitudinal, and on mountain slopes in high-altitude zonality. On the plains (at an altitude
of 700-1100 m), ordinary serozymes are formed; in the semi-deserts (1100-1600 m), in the low mountains and in the foothills,
mountain-valley Kashta new soils are common. On the slopes of the mountains, soils are common: Light chestnut and dark
chestnut (at an altitude of 1400-2100 m), chernozems (2200-2600 m). Mountain-forest chernozem-like mail is developed in forest
massifs. On the south, south-west and east slopes there are meadow-sub-pian soils (on the flanks. 2800-3100 m), subal peyland
meadow-steppe soils (2700-3400 m). Alpine-meadow soils are common on you hundred 3100-4300 m.

The spread of vegetation is subject to the law of vertical belt. Pustyn vegetation occurs at absolute altitudes of 700-1200 m. In the
vegetation cover, wormwood prevails. There is a wormwood of Tenir-Tos, acantholimon of alatooski, a kopechnik of zhambyl, an
espartet of prickly. In the spring time, ephemera and ephemeroids predominate, and in the summer the background is wormwood.
Steppe growing body is common in low mountains and medium of highlands at altitudes of 1300-2300 m. Within the valley there
are more than 40 species of steppe rhenium. Of them, feather grass, tipchak, sedge, bearded predominates. In some places, shrubs
are widespread. Meadow-steppe growing body grows at altitudes of 2300-2800 m.There are more than 70 species of plants. On
the steep slopes of the mountains at altitudes of 2200-3200 m there are spruce, arched and fir forests (Besh-Tash, Urma ral,
Kalba). Among the spruce forests there are a moat, a hawthorn, a tavolga, a dog rose. In the Paya makh of the Talas River and in
the Kenkol gorge, willow-birch, shrub forests are distributed. Lugo vegetation forms small massifs (Besh-Tash, Kyumushtak,
Nyldy, UCH-Koshoy). SU balpiye meadows are found on the north. Slopes of the mountains, at absolute altitudes of 2600-3100
m. Preobla give the following plant formations: Fat face, hedgehogs, cuff, flemis.Also widely distributed are Shemyur, geranium,
Altai trollius. Alpine meadows are developed at altitudes of 3300-3800 m. The main background is prefixed by the cobresic
formations. Also there are noodles, mints, geranium, sedge, bait. High-mountain alpine steppes in the village.Slope of the Kyrgyz
Ala-Too. The basis is ovsesian, wormwood-ovsezo, ovsevo-kobresievye, mint-ovsesian formations.

Population. According to the 1999 census of the region, the number is 199,9 thousand people Of these, 33.5 thousand people or
16.8% live in the city, 166.4 thousand or 83.2% - in villages. The population is multinational, the predominant part is Kyrgyz
(88.5% of the total population), Russians (4.0%) also live; Germans (0.7%), Uzbeks (0.9%), Tatars (0.2%), etc. the average
population density is 18 people per 1 km2 (24 people in the republic). In the regional center - Talas live 32.6 thousand people, in
the town of Maymak 882 people (1999). Densely populated large villages: Kyzyl-Adyr (10 thousand people), Pokrovka (6.9
thousand), Bakai-Ata (6.6 thousand people), Kok-Oi (5.7 thousand). Of the total population, 41.7% (83.4 thousand people) are
provided by minors, 49.6 (99.1 thousand) adults, 8.7% (17.4 thousand) - old.In 2000, the number of migration of the population in
the region is 1571 people, who left 2795 people, the population decreased by 1224 people Among them, 674 people moved to
Bishkek and Chui region, 456 people. In other CIS mountains, 94 people - in distant abroad.

Economy. As a result of the reform we conducted in the economy of the region there were structures of change. Enterprises with
different forms of ownership were established. As of January 1, 2001, 1158 economic entities (legal entities) were registered,
(including active ones - 632). Among them in the state.Property 146 (117), communal - 193 (145) and private 819 (370). Among
1158 economic entities there were 869 (393) small, 171 (139) medium and 118 (100) large industrial and agricultural enterprises.

The economy of the region has those reflections that are most convenient in nature-climatic terms. The main branch of the village
economy is livestock.

The population is engaged in breeding sheep, cows, horses and obtaining products from them. In the area of once vito agriculture,
here they cultivate grain, that tank, potatoes, vegetables, in recent years began to grow sugar beet and oil crops. The agricultural
sector in 2000 consisted of 2 collective farms, 45 Dykan economic collectives, 5 state farms, 5 joint-stock companies, 12 s.h
cooperatives, 32 s.h associations, 3528 private peasant (farm) farms. In 1999, 42.7 thousand people worked in the agricultural
sector, they produced about the blowing for 3786.9 million soms (9.2% of the respubli ki). Of the total area of the region, 65.3%
or 746.9 thousand hectares (7.0% of the republic) were agricultural lands.

14.6% or 108.7 thousand hectares of arable land (8.6% of the republic), 0.3% or 2.3 thousand hectares of fruit and berry gardens,
0.4% or 2.7 thousand hectares of haymaking, 84.8% or 633.0 thousand hectares of pasture. In 2000, 53.1 thousand hectares are
used for cereals, tobacco crops - 434 hectares, sugar beet - 3.2 thousand hectares, potatoes - 9.5 thousand of it, vegetables - 4.5
thousand hectares, for fodder crops - 25.2 thousand hectares. In the said year, 134.5 thousand tons of grain, 938 tons of tobacco,
63.0 thousand g sugar beet, 2.7 thousand m seeds of oilseed rust, 160.1 thousand tons of potatoes, 83.5 thousand tons of
vegetables, 12.4 thousand g berries were produced.

In all the farms of the region as of January 1, 2001 there were 47.3 thousand cows, 334.0 thousand sheep and goats, 24.2 thousand
horses, 2.1 thousand pigs, 145.8 thousand heads of domestic birds. In 2000, 24.5 thousand g of meat, 68.2 thousand g of milk,
13.1 million eggs, 1.2 thousand tons of wool were produced. Almost all livestock products are produced in private farms: 99.8%
of meat, 99.0% of milk, 100.0% of eggs, 98.5% of wool.

Industry in the region is poorly developed compared to the general republican level. In 2000 there were 19 small industrial
enterprises on an independant balance. In 2000, they produced products worth 153.5 soms, its weight in the republican scale is
only 0.4%. More than 90% of the region's industrial products are produced by food, flour and fodder industries: Meat (2000-212.7
tons), cheese (197,0 tons), sley butter (117.8 tons), flour (10,9 thousand g); a small number of shoes are produced. Comparative
but large enterprises are: Joint-stock company "Talas dan-azik" (in 1999 flour and feed were produced for 45.3% of all industrial
products of the region), Kara-Buurin cheese factory "Arashan" (18.5%), "Talassut" (15.2%), Talas meat-packing plant "Azik"
(6.4%).

Meat-packing plant "Azik" (6.4%).

The main role in the transportation of people's and passengers, in the provision of internal economic ties belongs to road transport.
In 2000, the volume of transportation by road transport amounted to 713.0 thousand tons of cargo (2.0 tons of cargo in the
republic of ci) and 133.1 million passenger-kilometers (3.1%). The Main Roads Of Taraz (Kazakh Stan) - Kara-Buura - Talas -
Chat-Bazar - Otmyok (Suusamyrskaya Valley), Talas - Pokrov Ka - Taraz, Kara-Buura - Amanbaev - Sheker - Kok-Sai. At the
end of 1996, the Talas-Chat-Bazar-Kulan (Kazakhstan) road was built through the Chönor Pass, the K-ray reduced the distance
between du Talas and Bishkek by 145 km.Due to poor quality and hasty construction, the road is currently in an accident state and
is not used. On the village of Gra, the region through the town of Maymak passes a railway with a length of 17 km, K-raya is
important for the transportation of goods.

In the Talas region, a free economic zone (SEZ) "Maymak", with a total area of 520 hectares, was organized in the railway area in
March 1997. It is located in the Kara-Buurinsky district around the border railway station Zhoon-Döbö. SEZ "Maymak" is located
in a convenient place for creating industrial relations with other countries.

.3. South-West Kyrgyzstan

Osh oblast.

The Osh region was formed on 21.11.1939 instead of the former district and on 27.1.1959 it was merged with the Jalal-Abad
region into a single Osh region. In connection with the formation of the Talas region on 05.10.1980, the city of Kara-Kul,
Toktogul and newly formed Chatkal districts were transferred to its structure from the Osh region. From the Talas region on
15.05.1984, the Chatkal district was returned to the Osh region. In connection with the abolition of the Talas and Naryn regions
(05.10.1988), it was transferred to the Osh region from the corresponding regions of Kara-Kul, Tok togulsky and Toguz-Toros
districts.

With the formation of new areas on 14.12.1990, Jalal-Abad region was separated from Osh. In the western part of the Osh region,
on 13.10.1999, a new, Batken region was formed, which includes, within the existing borders of Batken, Kadamzhaisky,
Leileksky districts and the cities of Kyzyl-Kyya and Suluktyu.

The present territory of the Osh region occupies the southern part of the country and borders on the west with Batken, in the north
with Jalal-Abad, in the east-east with Naryn regions, in the east with China, in the south with Tajikistan and in the north-west with
Uzbekistan.

Administrative-territorial division of the region. The region includes: 7 districts (Alai, Aravan, Kara-Kulzhinsky, Kara-Suisky,
Nookatsky, Uzgen and Chon-Alai), 3 cities, including 1 (Osh) regional, 2 (Kara-Suu, Uzgen), 2 (Naiman, Sary-Tash) urban
settlement, 79 ayyl okmotu, 469 rural settlements. Area is 29.2 thousand km. Center - Osh.

Population. The population of the region according to the census on March 24, 1999 was 1176.0 thousand people, including urban
272.5 thousand (23.2% of the total population of the region), rural 903.5 (76.8%). The territory of the region is densely populated,
i.e. 40.3 people live on 1 km2 (in the republic 24.1 people).

Nature. Osh region is located in the mountains of Pamir-Alai and Western Tenir-Too, in the bass of the Amu-Darya and Syr-
Darya rivers. In general, the climate is continental, semi-desert, mountain-steppe and meadow vegetation predominates. The relief
of the region has a mountainous character with variations in heights from 500 m in the north to 7000 m above sea level in the
south. Intermountain valleys and valleys are at an altitude of 900 to 3000 m above sea level. A distinctive feature of the relief is a
complex combination of high mountains, low elevations - adyrs and intramountain valleys located at various absolute altitudes
above sea level.

The northern slope of the Alai ridge up to 6000 m in height, facing the Fergana Valley, is sloping and complicated by a series of
sharply pronounced longitudinal ridges, southern, facing the Alai valley - relatively short and steep. To the south, separating from
it the Alay valley (3000 m above sea level), the Chon-Alay ridge rises (the highest point of the Pamir-Alay - Lenin peak - 7134 l
altitude), the northern slopes of which belong to the regions, the southern ones - The Mountain Badakhshan. All these ridges,
composed mainly of sandy-clay deposits, limestones and volcanic rocks, have alpine forms of relief, their slopes are cut by river
valleys, and the highest parts of the mountains are covered with eternal snow and glaciers.

The Fergana ridge (the highest point of the massif is UCH-Seiit, in the basin of the river. Tar - 4948 m above sea level), in the
structure of which, mainly, crystalline rocks, forms the northeastern border of the region. Its long gentle south-western slopes are
cut by the river, fill the entire northeast of the region. In the southeast of the Fergana Range are the Alai-Kuu ridges (up to 5300 m
high) and Academician Adyshev (4785 m). The northernmost part of the region - the outskirts of the Fergana basin - is occupied
by a strip of Adygs cut by river valleys originating from the Alai ridge. The adyrs are composed, mainly, by conglomerates and
covered with forests and forest-like rocks. There are deposits of brown and stone coal (Almalyk, Uzgen, etc.), hot and mineral
springs (Uzgen, Kara-Shoro, etc.), building materials, etc.

The climate of the region is formed by the influence of air masses of temperate latitudes, prevailing here, mainly in the winter
season, and tropical masses formed over Central Asia in the summer. Of great importance are Western air currents, prevailing at
an altitude of more than 3000 m. They carry a significant amount of moisture, which falls mainly on the western and north-
western slopes of the mountains facing toward the air streams (Fergana Range, etc.). The relative feature of the climate is the
altitude belt. At an altitude of 600 to 1100 liters, the climate is warm, semi-desert.The maximum temperature reaches 40 ° C.
Precipitation falls about 200 mm per year with a maximum in winter time. The vegetation period lasts 210-215 days. At an
altitude of 1100-2000 m, the climate is moderately warm. Winter is cool (average January temperature is -3 ° ... -7 ° C), summer is
warm (average July temperature is 20 ° C). Precipitation falls 400-600 mm per year, and more of them falls on the spring. The
vegetation period here lasts 142-195 days. Above 2000 m and up to 3000 m the climate is moderate. Winter is quite cold, long.
Summer is cool (average July temperature is 8 ... 10 ° C). The annual amount of precipitation is more than 600 mm, the vegetation
period varies from 95 to 140 days. In the upper parts of the mountains (over 3000 m), the climate is cold (the average July
temperature is below 10 ° C).

The largest river in the region is Kara-Darya, which, beginning with two sources of Kara-Kulzha and tar, merges within The
Uzbek camp from the river. Naryn, forming the river.Syr-Darya. Nai larger tributaries of it: Zaza (Yassy), Kurshab. The food of
Kara-Darya and all the rivers that begin in the Fergana ridge is mostly snow. Other rivers of the Syr-Darya basin, b u ruzchee
beginning from the slopes of the Alai, Kichi-Alai ranges: AK-Buura, Aravan-Sai, etc., do not reach Syr-Darya, since after leaving
to the Fergana Valley (Uzbekistan, Tajikistan), are completely dismantled for irrigation; all of them have glacial food with
maximum water consumption in June and July. The rivers flowing to the west (Kyzyl-Suu Zapadnaya) and to the east (Kyzyl-Suu
Vostochnaya), along the Alai valley belong, respectively, to the Amu-Darya and Tarim basins.Mountain rivers are the main
sources of irrigation and have a huge potential for hydropower, partially used by hydroelectric power stations.

In the region there are more than 1.5 thousand glaciers with a total area of 1546.3 km2. The largest number of glaciers are
concentrated on the northern (538.1 km2) and southern (138.3 km2) slopes of the Alai Range. The largest glaciers in the area are
located on the northern slopes of the Chon-Alai Range (a total area of 693.3 km2, a total number - 215). Large glaciers:
Korzhenevsky, Lenin, Korumdu, etc.
8.4. Issyk-Kul oblast

Issyk-Kul oblast is located in the north-eastern part of the Kyrgyz Republic. The total area of the territory is 43.1 thousand km².
That is 21.58% of the total area of the Republic, located at an altitude of 1600 to 7439 m above sea level. In the north-east, the
region borders on the Republic of Kazakhstan, in the southeast with the People's Republic of China, in the northwest with the
Chui region of the Kyrgyz Republic, in the south-west with the Naryn region of the Kyrgyz Republic.

The relief of the territory is divided into 2 main parts: The Issyk-Kul basin and the Issyk-Kul raw materials. The Issyk-Kul basin
from the north and south is bounded by the ranges of Kungei, Teskey Ala-Too, has a length from east to west 240 km, a width of
about 100 km. The only natural way out of the basin into the Chui valley is the Chu River, flowing along the Boomsky gorge. The
central part is occupied by Lake Issyk-Kul. The lake is located at an altitude of 1608 m above sea level, the lake's area is 6200 sq.
km, the depth is 668 m., the length is 180 km, the width is 64 km. The lake is surrounded by a plain, narrow coastline is covered
with sand, less often with a pebble, in some places it is composed of cemented sandstone, in some areas it is swampy.

The plain extends 40-50 km. east of the lake along the valleys of the rivers Tyup and Girgalan. On the northern shore its width is
from 1 to 10 km, on the western 10-15 km. Only along the southern shore it is sometimes interrupted, giving way to the foothills.
The foothills of Kungei and Teskey Ala-Too are composed of Mesokainozoic deposits, strongly dismembered by Sai, ravines and
river valleys. The length of the Kungay Ala-Too range is 280 km. The ridge ridge is located at an altitude of 3800-4000 m. The
highest point is Mount Choctal (4771 m). The central part of the ridge lies above the snow line, so there are small snowflakes and
glaciers. The length of the Teskey Ala-Too ridge is 350 km, its high part is located in the upper reaches of the rivers Ak-Suu and
Kara-Kyol, where many glaciers are concentrated.

To the south of Teskey Ala-Too there are raw materials, low-lived high-mountain spaces with a characteristic alternation of gently
sloping ridges and intermountain depressions. It is dominated by wavy spaces surrounded by ridges covered with eternal snow and
glaciers. Glaciers are one of the most important factors forming the runoff of mountain rivers. The area of glaciation of the Kungei
Ala-Too ridge is 221 km ², the Teskey Ala-Too ridge is 1081 km ².

The rivers of the region, which have snow-glacial food, belong to the basin of Lake Issyk-Kul, the rivers Syrdarya, Chu, Tarim,
Or. 80 rivers and rivers flow into Issyk-Kul lake, none flows out of it. The runoff of the surface water of the Prisikul is unevenly
distributed. The rivers of the western part are usually shallow, while in the east their costs increase to 6-8 and even 10-20 м³ / sec
(the rivers Tyup, Girgalan).

The largest rivers are Girgalan (length 250 km), Tyup (120 km), Chon-Aksuu, Jety-Oguz, Juuku, Chon-Kyzyl-Suu and Barskoon
(about 100 km). The north-western part of the region is crossed by the Chu River, on the eastern outskirts of the basin is the upper
reaches of the river. Karkyra, belonging to the river basin. Or. The sources of the rivers Naryn and Sary-Jazz are on the raw
materials.

Climate. According to climatic zoning, most of the Issyk-Kul region is located in North-East Kyrgyzstan. The climate of North-
East Kyrgyzstan is formed under the influence of the large non-freezing Issyk-Kul lake in the area and has features of the sea:
Mild winter, relatively warm summer, smoothed annual course of air temperature.

In the Issyk-Kul basin, some kind of cyclonic circulation is obtained, which is periodically disturbed by the flow of cold air from
the east and west. At the same time, local winds with considerable speeds arise, especially the western wind "Ulan" can reach the
great force (25 - 30 m / s).

The northeastern Kyrgyzstan can be divided into two subdistricts: The western – very arid and the eastern – well-moistened.
The western sub-district, warm and dry, provides a desert western coast of lakes. Issyk-Kul. This is the driest territory of
Kyrgyzstan with a semi-desert climate. Annual precipitation is 100-120 mm, 92-98% of them fall in the warm period of the year,
the maximum precipitation falls in July-August, at least in January.

Winters are low-snow, stable snow cover is practically absent. The average annual air temperature is 7 ... 8º of heat. With the
advance to the east, the amount of precipitation increases. The coasts of the middle part of the basin receive from 250 to 350 mm,
the eastern coast is from 400 to 600 mm, higher to the San Tash Pass the amount of precipitation increases to 850 mm. 75-85% of
them fall in the warm period of the year. The maximum precipitation is in July-August, at least in January-February. In the central
part of the southern coast, the average height of the snow cover is 2 cm, the maximum is 12 cm, on the northern coast the average
height is 3 cm, the maximum is 23 cm. IN the eastern part of the basin since the end of November, the snow cover is stable and
reaches 25-30 cm in the coastal zone and 60-80 cm at an altitude of 2500 m. above sea level.The average annual air temperature is
6 ... 8º of heat.

Vegetation. Within the Issyk-Kul basin, you can meet all natural belts: Deserts, semi-deserts, steppes, grasslands, forests,
subalpine and alpine belts. This heterogeneity of natural conditions also affected vegetation, which is diverse. For the desert belt
of the region, located in its western part (along the northern shore of the lake it reaches with. Kara-Oi, and in the southern one - to
the hills of Kyzyl-Choku) more often there are potash, pointed sympel of regel, sedge, wormwood of tien-Shan, ephedra medium,
from shrubby - karagan many-leaved. Semi-deserts are occupied by low advanced ridges of Terskay Ala-Too. The plant cover is
not rich, it is formed mainly by the formations of the feather grass of Caucasian and wormwood of tien Shan, cereals - bearded
and pichak.Many shrubs - Karagan Kirghiz, sea buckthorn, barberry, dog rose. The zone of the steppes spread on the foothill plain
of the eastern part of the basin. Here are distributed turf cereals - tipchaks and feather grass, as well as various types of
wormwood. Shrub is represented by a caragana multileaf. Lugostepi are found mainly in the foothills. In the west they are
confined to the shadow slopes in the high foothills and medium-altitude mountains, in the east they are located on the plain. In the
flora of the steppes, plant forms with vegetative reproduction of rhizomes - tipchaks, sedges, irises, ephedra predominate. The
percentage of shrubs is high.

Forests are common in the middle and eastern part of the basin. They are formed mainly by tien Shan spruce. They are also
distinguished by a rich shrub undergrowth, which consists of a mountain ash, accompanied by a number of honeysuckle, currant,
Kizilnik, roe-povnik, barberry, etc. Where more moisture is present, the willow of ili and tien-Shan grows. In the lower part of the
belt, aspen is not uncommon. The grass cover, as a rule, is made up of cereals - short-billed pinnate, timofeevka steppe, mint, and
herbage. The Subalpine belt lies above the meadow-steppe belt in the west and the meadow-steppe belt in the east. The lower
boundary of the belt in the west and east of the basin passes at the same level (3000-3100m), and the upper boundary - 3400 m
above sea level.Turf cereals dominate - kobresiy hairy, pylagrostis, tipchaki, sedge, oatmeal tien-Shan, etc. Widely represented.
Spruce grows in small groups of trees, alternating with the arch of turkestan and deciduous shrubs. In the alpine belt there is
completely no woody vegetation, insignificant areas of the meadow steppe humidification. For alpine meadows, ground lichens,
mosses are typical. Cereals are common - red and Krylov oatmeal, alpian mint, sedges and representatives of herbage. The
vegetation cover of the Issyk-Kul raw materials (2000 - 3500 m above sea level) is represented by high-mountain semi-deserts,
where different types of wormwood, feather grass: Typical, feather grass and sheep steppes, kobrieziye wastelands, high-mountain
alpine meadows.

Administrative-territorial division, population and settlements. The administrative-territorial region is divided into 5 districts, 3
cities, including 2 cities of regional subordination and 1 city of regional subordination, village - 5, ayyl districts 58, 175 rural
settlements. The administrative center of the region is Karakol. The total population of the region is 444520 people. ( as of
01.01.2012). The administrative center of the region is the city of Karakol with a permanent population of 68080 people (pg.
Prizhevalsk wharf 2855c.);
The urban population is 128637 people (28.9%), rural 315883 people (71.1%). The population density on the territory of the
region is 10.1 people. For 1 km² (without the area of the lake Issyk-Kul).

The average population distribution density by area is as follows:

Issyk-Kul district - 18.1

Tyupsky district - 27.4

AK-Suisky district - 6.3

Tonsky district - 6.2

Jety-Oguz district - 5.7

8.5. Northern Kyrgyzstan

Naryn region

Naryn region is located in the southeast of Kyrgyzstan, was first formed on November 21, 1939 under the name "Tien-Shan
region". on december 30, 1962, the region was disbanded, and its districts entered the republican subordination. Naryn region was
re-established on December 11, 1970. October 5, 1988 was merged with the Issyk-Kul region, and on December 14, 1990 again
became known as the Naryn region. The region borders on the east with Issyk-Kul, in the north - with Chui, in the west - with
Jalal-Abad and Osh regions, in the south - with China. The region includes 5 districts (AK-Talinsky, at-Ba-shinsky, Jumgalsky,
Kochkor Naryn).

The administrative center of the region and the largest city Of The Inner Tien Shan is the city of Naryn, the city arose as a military
fortification in 1865 on the site of a settlement located on the trade route to Kashgaria.

The total area is 45.2 thousand sq. km, which is 1/4 of the territory of Kyrgyzstan. The population is 249.1 thousand people, which
is 5.2% of the population of the republic.

The region is a mountainous region with a complex relief, located at an altitude of 1500 m above sea level, about 70% of its
territory is occupied by mountain ranges. The largest are: Kokshaal (the largest mountain range 582 km long, dividing Kyrgyzstan
with China), at-Bashy, Naryn, Zhetym, Moldo-Too, Suusamyr. The predominant heights of the ridges are 3000-4000 m, the
highest point is Peak Dankova (5982 m).The mountain ranges are separated by a lot of valleys. The largest of them is Narynska.
The mountain range of Ak-Shyrak (Chaar-Tash) divides the Naryn valley into two: Alabuginskaya and Toguz-Torouzskaya. To
the south of the at-Bashyn mountain range are located Aksai and Chatyr-Kul valleys, in the west - the Arpa valley. For the
mountains: Baybice-Too, Jaman-Too, Ak-Shyrak, Ala-Myshyk are characterized by steep slopes, short gorges. In the north of the
region there are the ridges of Kara-Jorgo, Sonkel, Kabak, Jumgal and the inter-mountain valleys of Jumgal and Koch-Koror. The
rivers of the region flow into the basins of the rivers Syrdarya, Tarima, Chu and Lake Chatyr-Kul. Naryn is the largest river, its
length within the region is more than 400 km. The Main Tributaries Of The Naryn River Are: Chon And Kichi Naryn, On-Archa,
At-Bashy, Alabuga, Kyok-Irim, Kyokemeren. The Chu River is formed from the confluence of the rivers Zhoon-Aryk and
Kochkor.

The largest lakes in the region of Son-Kul and Chatyr-Kul are occupied by hollows of tectonic origin.
The plant and animal world of Naryn region is very diverse. Vertical belt can be traced along the slopes of the mountains. The
belts of mountain deserts and semi-deserts occupy the bottoms of valleys, their foothills, the coastal strip of rivers, low-lying parts
of the basin of Lake Chatyr-Kul. From vegetation, wormwood prevails, in places there is a feather grass, a solyanka, ephemera,
there are tugai forests. The basin of Lake Son-Kul and some high-mountain valleys belong to the mountain-steppe belt. Here are
mountain steppes with a predominance of feather grass, kobresia, wormwood and ephemeris. The slopes of the mountains
surrounding the valleys belong to the sub-alpine belt. On mountain-meadow soils, subalpine herbage meadows are
developed.Forests and shrubs occupy 3% of the territory of the region. They are divided into coniferous and tugai forests.

The climate of the region is continental, the winter is cold and prolonged. The average January temperature is 15 ° C. The absolute
minimum temperature (-50°C) is registered in the Ak-Sai Valley. In the area of Lake Chatyr-Kul, in the valleys of Ak-Sai, Arpa,
in the basins of the Son-Kul winters are cold, the summer is warm short. During the day, sharp changes in temperature are
characteristic, frosts can be even in the summer months. The average annual amount of precipitation on the plains is 200-300 mm,
in the mountains slightly more. The period of heavy precipitation falls in the second half of spring and in the first half of summer,
when 30-60% of annual precipitation falls. In the valleys, the volume of precipitation increases from west to east. The height of
the snow cover is 15-20 cm in the valleys, only in the Kochkor valley due to strong winds, snow precipitation is rare.

8.6. South Kyrgyzstan

Batken region

Batken region was formed on October 12, 1999. It included from the Osh region: Batken, Kadamzhaisky, Leileksky district and
the city of Kyzyl-Kyya, Syuluktyu. In 2000 the district centers with The Isfana received the status of a city. The region is divided
into 3 districts, 4 nd genus, 5 urban-type settlements (East, Soviet, Frunze, Aydarken, Chabai) and 34 ayyl okmotu, they unite 189
rural areas. The regional center is Batken. The territory of the region is located on the south-west part of the country, 3/4 of the
borders are international.The region is surrounded by neighboring states of mi Of Central Asia: In the south, west and northwest -
Tajikistan, in the north - Uzbekistan, in the east - Osh region of respubli ki. The geographical position of the region is defended by
the fact that several enclaves (archipelagos) are located on its territory, belonging to the neighboring states. In this regard,
transport arteries pass through many hra of the female and enclaves. All this negatively affects the social and economic
development of the region. The area of 17,0 thousand kmg or is 8.5% ter of the territory of the Kyrgyz republic.

Nature. The Batken region occupies the southern part of the Fergana Valley with advanced chains, spurs and foothills of the
Turkmen of the Tang and Alai ranges. The ridges of these hrebs rise above 4000-5000 m, the highest heights reach in the
Turkestan ridge (in the upper reaches of the Kozho-Bakyran River) 5580 m, in the Alai ridge (in the upper reaches of the Tilbe
River, in the bass line of the Sokh River) 5880 m. On the territory of the Obla there is also the lowest point of Kyrgyzstan; it is
located at an altitude of 401 m above the levels of the sea. By the nature of the surface on the territory of the Tory of the Batken
region, the following geomorphological zones are clearly distinguished: The zone of the submountainous plains, the zone of the
Adyres and foothills, the zone of the interior of the mountain valleys, the zone of the middle mountains, the high-mountain zone.

The low-inclined podgornaya plain is the lowest altitude mark on the territory of the region. It appears as a part of the Ferghana
valley itself, it is composed of young quaternary otlosh - pebbles, covered with loess loams of various power. To the zone of the
submountainous plains belong - Kastakoz-Kulun Dinskaya, Tuya-Moyunskaya, Kyzyl-Zharskaya, etc. Above the foothill plains is
the Adyrov zone. It is a ridge of wallets, which reach a relatively insignificant absolute height - 1000-1300 m. The Adyres occupy
an intermediate position between the remote plains of Fergana and the zone of medium-altitude mountains. Adyrs in comparison
with the high mountain zone are distinguished by a soft relief.They occupy the largest area in the foothills of the Turkmen and
Alai ranges: On the watershed of Shahmardan-Soh, the zap. Part of the watershed of the Kozho-Bakyran-Ak-SUU rivers, in the
basin of the Ak-SUU river. The most pronounced high helper ridge is Beli-Synyk. North slopes of its relatively long and hollow
fall to the wide pebble valley of the Castakosis; yuzh. Sklo are short, rocky, steeply break to the rock of the longitudinal basin of
Tash-Ravat. The Adyr ridges of Beli-Synika and Chimiona are flat-convex, dissected by a lot of dry logs desert ridges, composed
of wet loose sediments with a predominance of a hectare of doctors. The Cimion ridge is an anti-kli by the naked ledge of the
newest tectonic under the vices. In places where colored gels, sand niks and clay appear from under the Neogene cones, which are
more tree horizons, the relief has the form of a strongly divided desert space, the so-called "bedlands". Between the adyrs, the
advanced ridges and adyrs, as well as the marginal part of the os of the new mountain ranges are located inside the mountain
valleys. They form a negative body shape of the relief and are located by two latitudinal stripes, and the north. The le strip is
located at lower gypsum levels (900-1000 m of absolute height) than the yuzh. (For example, the Tash-Ravatsky depression,
located in the Kojo-Bakyran river basin).The southern strip of the intracranial valleys forms an almost uninterrupted depression,
separating the foothills from you the sokogori of the Turkestan and Alai ranges, and differs in large absolute heights, varying from
1500-1800 m. This includes: Isfaninskaya, Charku-Leylekskaya, Batkenskaya, Aydarkenskaya, Okhninskaya and other
valleys. The relief of the intracranial valleys is represented by slightly inclined wavy plains, dissected often by dry channels of
temporarily acting waters of flowing streams. The hollows are filled mainly with young Quaternary deposits from the cocoons of
glomerates and pebbles covered from above the plum of the ice-like loam, K-chee and are here soil-forming rocks.The hollows
are filled mainly with young Quaternary deposits from the cocoons of glomerates and pebbles covered from above the plum of the
ice-like loam, which are here soil-forming rocks. Above the intracranial hollows is the zone of the middle reaches of the
honeycomb mountains, which is the outlying foothills and the advanced ridges of the Turkestan Guo and Alai ranges with an
absolute mark of mi 2000-2500 and up to 3000 m. High foothills in the systems of the Turkestan and Alai ranges are represented
by separate mountain ridges with an intense and deeply dissected relief. From the low foothills (adyrov), the mountain ridges of
the Turkestan and Alai ranges are often otde by longitudinal, latitudinal elongated (along the 40th parallel) intramountain valleys.

Within the Batken region, the Turkestan ridge reaches a height of 5000 m. There are glaciers, snowflakes. The line of eternal
snows lies mainly at an altitude of 4000-4500 m. The ridges of the ridge are toothed and crowned with a number of rocky peaks.
The slope of the mountain zone is characterized by a very strong dissectivity, a dense network of deep and narrow valleys with
steep slopes, an abundance of rocks, stony with placers and screes. The continuation of the Tour of the Kestani Range in the east
is THE A l a y Range. A number of ridges, separated by more or less wide longitudinal lobes by us and intersected by deep
transverse gorges, forms this mountainous region. Not always and not everywhere within its limits it is easy to install the axial, the
main direction of the ridge.The Kichi-Alai massif (or Kyrgyz-Ata, zap. Part of the K-ove is in the pre-affairs of the Batken
region), which is not inferior in height to the watershed ridge, departs from the main watershed ridge of the Alai ridge. The slopes
of the Alai Range are also metric, as are the Turkestan Asim. Its north. The slopes occupy a tersito tria with a width of 80-100 km,
yuzh. Much shorter.On the north. Slope of the Alai ridge, the traces of the modern and ancient point of denation are developed.
Glaciers are also found in the highest (5400 m) military unit of the Turkestan Range. Erosion in the high mountain zone of the
Turkestan and Alai ranges caused a deep and complex dismemberment of the relief. The form of river valleys is a trope and is
conditioned by ancient and modern glaciation.In the geostructural sense, the territory of the Batken region from is carried to the
South Tenir-Tooska tectonic region, associated with the hertz folding.

The climate of the region as a whole is continental, dry, carries some features of the inland, continental province; not sufficiently
humid, moderately warm summer and mind rno cold winter. In the territories, spread down to 2500 m above sea level, the average
long-term temperature of January is 3.3 ° to - 6.9 ° C, July 25.3 °-15 ° C. At Temingen station, located at an altitude of 3000 m
above sea level, the average temperature of January is 8.9 ° C (ab saline minimum - 30 ° C), July 10 ° C (absolute maximum -
38.7 ° C). Being in the irrigation of the Rafic "shadow" of the north. The slopes of the Alai Khreb t receive precipitation a year 2.5
times less than the Fan of the Ghanaian.This zone is characterized by a typical desert climate of the Turanian type. On the
north.Slopes of the military. Half of the Turkestan Range of precipitation from 200-600 mm, in the basin of the Isfar River, the
foam grows to 300-800 mm, in the basins of the Kozho-Bakyran and Ak-Suu rivers. On the north. Slope of the Alai ridge, in the
middle and high mountain zones, precipitation falls to 600-800 mm and rarely 900 mm, and in places shaded from precipitation,
the flood of the dug from all sides, the deep valleys of the number of them decreases to 300-400 mm. Only in the most part of this
ridge, in the Sokh River basin, where the ridges of the mountains rise above 5000 m and do not bend much to the south, the
amount of precipitation in the upper zone increases to 1000-1200 mm. The rivers of the region belong to the Syr-Darya basin.The
largest rivers flowing from the slopes of the Alai ridge are Ip-fires, length 122 km, average annual flow rate in DA is 21.1 m3 / s;
Shaimerden (112 km, 9.84 m3 / s); Sokh (124 km, 42.1 m3 / s), etc.; from the Turkestan ridge - Isfar (130 km, 14.7 m3 / s), Isfana
(69 km, 3.1 m3 / s), Kozho-Bakyran (117 km, 1m3 / s), 116 m3 / s), etc.

All these rivers, which are the left tributaries of the Syr-Darya River, actually do not reach it, and after leaving the mountains end
in their cones of outcrops or dry deltas. The main source of power for these rivers is melted snow and glacial waters. On the slopes
of the Alai and the Tour of the Kestani ridges there are many mountain lakes, the largest lakes: Tegermech or Zorköl (square of
the mirror 0.55 km2), Gezert (0.13 km2), Tyuz-Ashu (0.13 km2), etc.In the Batken region there are more than 530 glaciers with a
total area of more than 720 km2. They are located on the north. Slopes of the Alai (568.1 km2) and the Turkestan ridges (151
km2). In direct dependence on the distribution of thermal conditions and the nature of humidification, the distribution of soil-
vegetation cover is given, K-roe has a generally arid appearance. The lowest foothill plumes and about the luvial foothill plains
are occupied by desert vegetation (solyanka, wormwood, braid, peppermint, etc.); under them light serosiums of residual-soloncha
are wrought (hypsified). Above (1000- 1300- 1500 m) the pre-mountain adyr zone is represented by semi-deserts (ephemeral
mint-sedge with semi-shrubs) on ordinary and dark gray lakes (mainly on the north slopes of the Turkestan ridge); ice low
mountains and part of the middle mountain (1300-1500-2000-2200 m) with dark gray lakes and light brown soils - various types
of steppes of the subtropical appearance.In the forest-meadow-steppe zone, in the middle mountains and the lower part of the
highlands (2000-3400 m), arched forests, re depressions, different types of steppes and lugo-steppes, once twisted on brown-
brown and mountain meadow-step soils dominate. The belt of archovnikov plays a huge water-protection, soil-protection, anti-salt
and sanitary-hygienic role. The conservation and strengthening of the protection regime of these forests, the implementation of
reforestation and forest management is of paramount importance. High-altitude (above 3000 m) ha is characterized by severe
natural conditions mi, absence of frost-free period, sharpness of forms, wide development of rock-glacial alpino-typical relief.The
subalpine and al pian meadows in combination with the lugo-steppes and chalk of the KO-turf high-mountain steppes with the
Arche stlanik occupy more gentle, flattened slopes up to 3800-4000 m. Above the races is a glossy-Nival zone of continuous
distribution of permafrost, snow cover, glaciers and naked rocks. The area of the modern glaciation of the north. Slope of the Alai
and Turkestan ridges is 872.2 km2. The rock relief in the Goslesfond zone alone amounts to 40% of this territory.Podgornaya
plains, intracranial basins and site-terrace complexes of river valleys of the pre-mountain-adyrna, low mountain and medium of
the non-mountain zones are mainly occupied by irrigated and rainfed agriculture, some are used for pastures. Here are settlements,
industrial centers, irrigation system themes. Medium-mountain and high-mountain steppes and meadows serve as multi-seasonal,
but most of all summer and winter pastures.