Geography

Topics: -
1. Topography
2. Climate
3. Water Resources
4. Forests
5. Mineral Resources
6. Fishing Industry
7. Agricultural Industry
8. Power Resources
9. Industries
10. Trade
11. Transport and Telecommunications
12. Population
 Topography
Equator: It is an imaginary line drawn around the middle of the earth. If we cut along the
equator, the earth separates into two hemispheres i.e., Northern Hemisphere and Southern
Hemisphere. Most of the earth’s land is the Northern Hemisphere.
Latitude: These are imaginary lines run east to west on the globe are called lines of latitude. OR
the horizontal lines on the globe are called lines of latitude. Total latitudes are 180, 90 in north
of the equator and 90 in south of the equator.
Longitude: The vertical lines on the globe run from North to south between the poles are called
lines of longitude. Total longitudes are 360, 180 in east side and 180 in west side.

Importance of Pakistan’s Location

1. Pakistan is located in the Center of the Islamic World. Indonesia Lies in South-East, Gulf States
in the West, Central Asian States in the North-West and Bangladesh in the East. Pakistan is the
only country among the Muslim States to have Nuclear Technology
2. Pakistan enjoys a key position in South Asia because there are few links by Land to the North
and North-West. Khyber Pass Provides a Route to Afghanistan, Karakoram Highway Makes
Communication with China Easier and Promotes the Trade and Tourism Industry
3. To the North and North-West, the Areas are Landlocked, Pakistan’s Seaports of Karachi and
Gwadar can also serve these areas.
4. Pakistan’s Coastline on the Arabian Sea is in a Central Position for Trading by Sea, both, with
South Asia, the Far East and beyond the Middle East to the West.
5. Karachi is a Natural Harbor and an Important Warm Water Port; it also serves as a Refueling
Stop for Ships
6. Jinnah Terminal also has an Important Position as an International Airport
7. To the North-West, Central Asian States have Untapped Power Resources, which can be
transported through Pakistan and Iran to South Asia and South East Asian Countries Through
Pipeline Construction
Topography: It is the Study and Description of the Surface Features of Land; Which Includes
both, Natural and Artificial. Topography means the Study of Geographical Features on Land
Surface Such as Mountains, Rivers and Deserts
Topographical Zones of Pakistan can be Divided into: -
1. Northern Mountains
2. Western Mountains
3. Baluchistan Plateau
4. Potohar Plateau/Salt Ranges
5. Indus Plains
6. Desert Areas

Northern Mountains: To the North and North-West of Pakistan Lie Three Ranges of
Mountains, the Northern Mountains Comprise of 3 Mountain Ranges: -
1. Karakoram
2. Himalayas
3. Hindukush

General Characteristics of Northern Mountains: -

1. East-West Direction
2. High Parallel Range with Deep Valleys
3. Marked by Sharp Edged Ridges
4. Gorges
5. Steep Slopes
6. Large Number of Snow-Covered Peaks
7. U-Shaped Valleys
8. Rugged Landscape
9. Bare Rocks
10. Scree (Lose Debris)

Karakoram Range: -
1. Karakoram Means Black Gravel (Mass of Rock and Ice)
2. Located to the North of River Indus/Stretched from Hunza to Shyok
3. Ranges run in an East-West Direction
4. Average Height is 6000 Meters/K2 (8611 M) is the Highest Peak/2 nd Highest Peak of the
World
5. Ranges have Deep Narrow Valleys, Vertically Sharp Cliffs, Rugged Landscape
6. Karakoram Pass is the Highest, Khunjerab Pass Provides Link to China Through Karakoram
Highway/Silk Route
7. River Hunza, River Gilgit and River Karakoram Provide Drainage to this Area
8. Precipitation in the form of Snow
9. A Number of Glaciers Exist in Upper Valleys such as Siachen, Hispar, Baifo, Baltoro and Batura
10. Steep Slopes
11. Important Valleys of this area i.e., Karakoram and Hunza
12. After the Construction of Karakoram Highway/New Era of Progress has Begun
Climatic Characteristics of Karakoram: -
1. Severe Climate/Very Cold/Below Freezing Point
2. Large Daily Temperature Range (Large Difference in Day-Night Temperatures)
3. Large Differences between Sun and Shade Temperatures
4. Precipitation in Form of Snow
5. Blizzards
Climatic Effects of Karakoram: -
1, Too Cold to Grow Food/For Agriculture
2. Land Frozen/Covered by Snow
3. Forced to Stay at Home/Adopt Indoor Activities e.g., Carpet Making
4. No Transportation/Often Cutoff by Snow
5. Need to Stockpile Food/Fuel
6. Limited Water Supply due to Freeze in Pipes
7. Danger of Avalanches
8. Landslides

Himalayas: The Average Height of Himalayas is About 4000M. These Ranges are Located to the
South of Karakoram. These Run East-West. This Range Comprises of Three Sub-Parallel Ranges:
-
1. Siwaliks
2. Lesser Himalayas
3. Central Himalayas
Siwaliks: -
1. Average Height is About 600-1200 M
2. This is the Most Southern Range of Himalayas
3. The Range Covers the Rawalpindi Margalla Hills/Near Attock
4. This Range has been Folded and Faulted (A Fold is a bend in Rock Strata/Layers Caused by the
Movement of Earth’s Crust, A Fault is a fracture on the Earth’s Crust)
Lesser Himalayas: -
1. Located to the North of Siwaliks
2. Their Altitude/Height Varies from 1800-4500 M
3. These Ranges are Faulted and Folded
4. These Ranges Spread over Rawalpindi, Abbottabad and Mansehra District
5. There are many Hill-Stations e.g., Murree, Nathia Gali, Ghora Gali and the Gallies which Lie in
this Region
6. In Winter, Precipitation in the Form of Snow Limits the Human Activity
Central Himalayas: -
1. Located in the South-East of River Indus/Separates it from Karakoram Range
2. Mostly lie in Kashmir/Average Heigh of 4600 M
3. Due to the Great Altitude, some Glaciers e.g., Rupal (18 KMs) are Found
4. Valley Glaciation (formation, movement and recession of glaciers) Features are traced at Lake
Saif-ul-Maluk in Kaghan
5. Some Deepest Valleys and Gorges are Found e.g., Dasu-Patan i.e., 6500 M Deep
6. Kaghan is the Most Important Valley of the Area
7. Lake Saif-ul-Maluk and Satpara are the most Important Lakes of this Area

Hindu Kush: -
1. Located in the West of Karakoram and Himalayas/North-West of Pakistan
2. Average Height is about 5000 M
3. These Ranges guard the North and North-Western Borders of Pakistan
4. Main Body of the Mountains Lies in Afghanistan/Acts as a Nest of Earthquakes
5. Barren Mountains/Steep Slopes/Fast Flowing
6. Tirch Mir (7690 M) and Noshaq (7484 M) are the Highest Peaks of this Area
7. These Ranges occupy the Chitral District and Northern Areas of Pakistan
8. Glaciation is another Important Feature Forming Glaciers such as Sakiz Jarab and Tirch Mir
Glacier
9. River Kabul, Ghizar and Mastuj Provide the Main Drainage
10. Important Passes are Barogil Pass (Provides Linkage to Afghanistan Through Wakhan
Corridor), Shandur Pass (Chitral-Gilgit), Babusar Pass (Kaghan Valley-Chilas), Lowari Pass
(Peshawar Valley-Chitral Valley).
11. Precipitation in Form of Snow
12. Chitral/Dir/Swat are Important Valleys of the Area

Kohistan, Swat and Dir Ranges: -

1. Located South of Hindu Kush Mountains
2. Sub-Parallel Ranges/Run North-South
3. Separated by Rivers. Kohistan Mountains Lie Between Indus and Swat Rivers, Swat Mountains
Lie Between Swat and Panjkora Rivers, Dir Mountains Lie Between Panjkora and Kunar Rivers
4. In North/Rise to 5000-6000 M, in South they Descent as low as 200 M in Altitude
5. Peaks are Covered by Snow
6. Lowari and Shandur are Important Passes
7. Lumbering is an Important Source of Livelihood
8. Tourism is Promoting due to the Scenic Beauty

Lifestyles of People in Northern Mountains: -

1. Severe Climate/Extremely Inhospitable Region/Low Population Density
2. Transhumance/Semi-Nomadic Lifestyles
3. Crops such as Wheat, Maize, Potatoes, Peas, Barley and Millet are Cultivated and Terraced
4. Fruit Farming such as Apricot, Peaches, Plums, Cherries, Apples and Dry Fruits Also Grown
5. Water Limited Agriculture Where Water is Available/In These Areas Settled Lifestyle is
Practiced
6. In Winter/People Lived in Homes/Adopt Indoor Activities e.g., Carpet Making
7. Limited Amount of Seasonal Earning from Tourism
8. Sheep and Goat Rearing is Common to meet Family Requirements
Importance of Northern Mountains: -
1. Snow-Capped Peaks/Melt During Summer/Water Drained into Indus and its
Tributaries/Irrigates the Vast Indus Plain
2. Historical Passes/Connect Pakistan to China and Afghanistan
3. Natural Border to China and Central Asian Republics/Land Route Through Karakoram
Highway/Carries out Trade
4. Source of Valuable Minerals/Timber/Fruits
5. Provides Raw Material to Several Industries e.g., Furniture, Chipboard, Chemical Industries
6. Scenic Beauty Promotes Tourism/Tourists Resorts Built/Source of Income to Locals in
Summers
7. Mountain Peaks Provide Pakistan Protection Against Cold Winds from Central Asia and
Siberia/Temperature Doesn’t Go Below Freezing Point Over the Upper Indus Plain/Climate
Remains Tolerable Throughout the Year

Western Mountains: These Mountains Border the Western Territory of the Country and the
Western Branches of Himalayas. These are Lower in Altitude than the Northern Mountains.
These Ranges receive less Amounts of Rain in Winter. These Ranges Run North-South Direction
and Make a Boundary Between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Western Mountains can be divided
into 4 Sub-Ranges: -
1. Koh-e-Safed
2. Waziristan Hills
3. Suleiman Mountains
4. Kirthar Range

Koh-e-Safed: -
1, Located to the South of River Kabul/River Kurram Flows in Its North
2. East-West Trend
3. Heigh is up to 4700 M
4. Mostly Snow Covered and Called White Mountains
5. Sikaram is the Highest Peak (4760 M)
6. Khyber Pass also Lies in This Range and Connects Pakistan to Afghanistan
7. Rugged Topography, Steep Slopes, Severe Winters
8. Precipitation in the Form of Snow
9. Large Differences between Day and Night Temperatures
10. Large Differences between Sun and Shade Temperatures
11. People adopt a Nomadic Lifestyle
12. Important Valleys are Peshawar and Kohat/Irrigated by Canals from Warsak Dam (River
Kabul)

Waziristan Hills: -
1. Height is up to 3500 M
2. Hills are Located between Kurram and Gomal Rivers
3. Form Rampart (Embankment/Protection) between Pakistan and Afghanistan except Kurram,
Tochi and Gomal Passes
4. Kurram, Tochi and Gomal Rivers are the Most Important Rivers, these join the River Indus and
are known as the Western Tributaries
5. Tochi and Gomal are Important Passes of the Area
6. These Hills are Rich in Minerals
7. Bannu is the most Important Valley
8. Kurram Dam on the River Kurram is the Main Source of Irrigation

Suleiman Mountains: -
1. Average Heigh is 1500 M
2. Located towards the West of River Indus
3. Run for a Distance of 480 KMs/Merge into Mari-Bugti Hills in Their South
4. Highest Peak of the Area is Takht-e-Suleiman (3383 M)
5. This Range is Composed of Limestone, Sandstone and Shale Rocks
6. Bolan is the Most Important Pass of the Area that Links Quetta-Sibi/Provides Communication
with Iran
7. River Bolan Provides Drainage to the Area

Kirthar Ranges: -
1. Height is up to 2000 Meters
2. Located to the South Side of Suleiman Range/Baluchistan Plateau to the West and Sind to the
East.
3, Ranges form a Border between Sind and Baluchistan
4. They Merge into Low Hill Ranges of Sind
5. Area is Drained by Hub and Layari Rivers

Lifestyles of Western Mountains: -

1. Bare of Vegetation/Do not Support Farming/Canal Irrigation not Possible
2. Less Developed Transport System except Urban Areas/Unsettled Roads
3. Lacks Fresh Water Supply
4. Little Industrialization
5. Nomadic Herding Common
6. Low Population Density
7. Unexplored Mineral Reserves

Baluchistan Plateau: -
Plateau Definition: It is a Large Upland Area which is Almost Level and Usually Bounded by
Steep Slopes.
Main Features of Baluchistan Plateau: -
1. Located on the Western Side of Suleiman and Kirthar Ranges/Separates it from Indus Plain
2. Its Western Boundary is Marked by Iran/Northern by Afghanistan/Southern by Arabian Sea
3. Altitude Varies from 600-3000 M
4. Total Area is 347,190 Sq. KMs
5. Area is Devoid of Natural Vegetation/Less Rain
6. Landscape is Covered with Rugged Mountains
7. Narrow Streams Flow Downhill in Rainy Season and Deposit Sand/Gravel/Alluvial Soil at the
Foot-Hills
8. Some Rivers join the Indus Forming the Western Tributaries e.g., River Zhob, River Kalachi
9. Some Rivers fall into the Arabian Sea e.g., Hub, Porali, Hingol, Dasht
10. Some Rivers are Absorbed into the Kachi Sibi Plain e.g., River Mula, Bolan and Chakar
11. Some Rivers flow Westward/Drain into Inland Depressions e.g., Hamun-e-Mashkel
12. This Plateau is Rich in Mineral Resources e.g., Natural Gas/Oil/Gold/Silver/Copper/Coal
13. Covered over by Small Hill Ranges/Valleys/Plains/Water Bodies and Deserts
14. Dry Climate is Experienced/Hot Winds Blow in Summer
15. Winters are Harshly Cold Including Snowfall
Baluchistan Plateau is Divided into the Following Natural Topographical Features: -
1. Northern Basins
2. Western Basins
3. Mountain Ranges
4. Coastal Areas

1. Basins of Northern Baluchistan: -

1. Zhob and Loralai Basins/Situated between Toba Kakar and Suleiman Ranges
2. To the South-West of Loralai Basin is the Quetta Valley Surrounded by Mountain Ranges

2. Basins of Western Baluchistan: -

1. Number of Basins between the Mountain Ranges of Chagai, Ras Koh, Siahan and Central
Makran.

3. Mountain Ranges: -
1. To the Extreme North there is the Toba Kakar Range
2. To the South of Quetta there is the Kalat Plateau/Criss Crossed by Central Brahui Ranges
3. To the South of Kalat Plateau is a Triangular Region of Khuzdar Knot/This Knot is Subject to
Frequent Earthquakes
4. Chagai Hills are Located at the Pak-Afghan Border
5. To the South of Chagai Hills/Ras Koh Range is Located/Inland Drainages Called Hamuns are
Found
6. To the South of Chagai Hills/Curved-Shaped Siahan Range is Located
7. To the South of Siahan Range/Central Makran is Located
4. Coastal Areas: Coastal Areas of Baluchistan can be Divided into Eastern and Western Parts: -
1. The Eastern Part Comprises of the Lasbella Plain/Marked by Gravel and Sand Dunes
2. Western Part is known as the Makran Coast. Makran Coast has a narrow beach/backed by
rock cliffs/Behind Cliffs there is a Coastal Plain/Coastal Plain is Covered with Sand
Dunes/Dotted with Small Hills. Makran Coast is noted for a number of Uplifted Terraces
including the Clifton Hills, Minora, Cape Monze, Ormara, Gwadar and Jiwani

Drainage System of Baluchistan Plateau: Rivers do not Drain/Fall in Lakes. Drainage Basins are
found in Chagai, Rasko and Siahan Ranges where Rivers are Filled only in Rainy Seasons. Some
are Absorbed in Sibi Plains and Some Fall in Lakes. Some Rivers Join the River Indus. Some are
Absorbed into the Sibi Plains (River Loralai and Bolan), Many Salty Rivers Drain into Lakes of
Hamun-e-Mashkel, Hamun-e-Lora and Hamun-e-Mergo. Some Rivers Fall into the Arabian Sea.
Definition of Drainage: The Natural Flow of Water from an Area in Rivers, Streams and Lakes.
Following Rivers and Lakes from the Baluchistan Plateau Drainage System: -
1. River Hingol
2. River Zhob
3. River Porali
4. River Mula
5. River Dasht
6. Hamun-e-Mashkel
7. Hamun-e-Lora
8. Hamun-e-Mergo

Inland Drainage System of Baluchistan Plateau: When the Water from the Rivers or Streams is
Absorbed into the Land or is Collected in a Lake and doesn’t join a big river/sea, it is called
Inland Drainage System. The Following Lakes from the Inland Drainage System: -
1. Hamun-e-Mashkel
2. Hamun-e-Mergo
3. Hamun-e-Lora

Lifestyles of the People in Baluchistan Plateau: -

1. Rearing of Animals is a major occupation
2. Farming is Practiced through Karez Irrigation
3. Rain Occurs in Winter by Western Depression
4. Grapes are Cultivated near Quetta
5. Marine Fishing on Makran Coast Provides Income to People in this Area
6. Climatic Conditions are Ideal for Flowering/Ripening Vegetable Seeds
7. Gwadar Port has Great Potential for Domestic and International Trade
8. Road Transport Available only to Main Towns/Air Transport more Limited
9. Local Traffic Consists of Camels and Donkeys
10. Density of Population is very Less (21 People/Sq KMs.) Due to Rugged Terrain

Potohar Plateau: -
Main Features: -
1. Average Height is About 300-600 Meters
2. Located to the North-West of Punjab
3. Covers 18000 Sq. KMs
4. Northern Boundary is formed by Kala Chitta Ranges and Margalla Hills/South by Salt
Ranges/East by River Jhelum/West by River Indus
5. Ravines/Ridges/Gullies/Trough/Residual Hills
6. River Soan, Korang, Haro, Sill and Dharab are the Main Water Bodies
7. Kallar Kahar/Khabeki/Ucchali are Main Lakes
8. Rock Salt/Limestone/Gypsum/Oil/Coal/Gas are Main Minerals of the Plateau
9. Important Mountain Ranges are Khairi Murat, Khairi Mar, Bakralla Ridges, Jogi Tilla and Salt
Ranges
10. Soan Valley is an Important Area
11. Steep Slope Towards the Southern Side

Drainage System: The Following Rivers and Lakes form the Drainage System of Potohar Plateau:
-
1. River Soan
2. River Korang
3. River Haro
4. River Sill
5. River Dharab
6. Kallar Kahar (Lake)
7. Khabeki (Lake)
8. Ucchali (Lake)

Inland Drainage System: The Following Lakes form the Inland Drainage System of the Potohar
Plateau: -
1. Kallar Kahar
2. Khabeki
3. Ucchali

Salt Ranges: -
Features: -
1. Located to the Southern Side of Potohar Plateau
2. Average Height is about 750-900 Meters
3. Cover Most of the Jhelum/Kalabagh/Mianwali Districts/Famous Area due to the Salt Mines of
Khewra (160 KMs away from Islamabad)
4. Highest peak is Sakesar (1527 M)
5. Small Streams like Khewra/Makrachi/Jaranwala/Jamsukh
6. Badlands Topographic Area
7. Some Beautiful Lakes e.g., Kallar Kahar/Khabeki/Ucchali/Adds to the Scenic Beauty
8. Area is Rich in Minerals e.g., Rock Salt/Limestone/Gypsum

Lifestyle of the People of Potohar Plateau/Salt Ranges: -

1. Settled Lifestyle is Practiced
2. Barani Farming/Rugged Landscape Therefore Canal Irrigation is not
Allowed/Wheat/Maize/Barley/Gram are Cultivated
3. Infrastructure is Available/Area is Accessible by Road/Rail/Air Transport/Result of
Urbanization.

Indus Plain: The Indus Plain were formed by the alluvium laid down by the River Indus and
its tributaries. The River Indus is a mighty river about 2900 kilometers long. From its source in
Mansorawar Lake in Tibet, the Indus flows from east to west between lofty mountains like the
Karakoram and the great Himalayas. It then majestically flows into the Arabian Sea through a
braided channel in Punjab and a meandering channel in Sindh Province.
Plain: Extensive Area of Level/Gently Undulating (smoothly rising and falling form) Land,
usually of low altitude.

Tributaries of River Indus: The river Indus is joined by a number of tributaries from the right
and from the left. In general, Western tributaries are small and carry a lower volume of water
e.g., River Kabul, River Gilgit, River Kurram and River Gomal. Eastern tributaries are major
rivers which carry large volumes of water and sediments. These rivers are the Jhelum, River
Chenab, River Ravi, River Beas and River Sutlej. Eventually, all of them join at Mithankot. From
there, they flow as one stream under the name of Panjnad before they join the Indus. From there
onwards, the Indus makes its way to the Arabian Sea without being joined by any further
tributaries.
Tributary: A River or Stream Flowing into a Larger River/Lake
Indus Plain can be Divided into 2 Parts: -
1. Upper Indus Plain
2. Lower Indus Plain

1. Upper Indus Plain: -

Features: -
1. The Area between Attock-Mithankot is Called Upper Indus Plain
2. Located in the Northern Part of Indus Plain
3. Nearly Flat/Undulating Plain/Sloping Towards South-West
4. Stretches over Whole Punjab Approximately
5. Jhelum, Ravi and Sutlej Join Chenab to form Panjnad which joins the River Indus near
Mithankot.
6. Average Width of Indus is 1.4 KM till Kalabagh and 1.6 KM near Sukkur
7. Indus Reaches its Middle Course in the North and Enters its Lower Course Towards South
8. Erosion and Deposition both take Place
9. Meanders/Oxbow Lakes/Braided Channels/Levees are Present in Doab Areas
10. Doabs and Bars/Alluvial Terraces are Formed between the Rivers Existing in this Area
11. Piedmont Plain with Alluvial Fans to the North and West
12. Ideal for Industries and Agriculture with a Network of Perennial and Link Canals.
Landforms/Natural Topographical Features of Indus: -
1. Can be Divided into Four Parts
1. Active Flood Plains
2. Old Flood Plains
3. Scarp/Bluff
4. Alluvial Terraces/Bars

1. Active Flood Plain: -

1. Flat Area
2. Flooded every Year
3. New Alluvium is Deposited
4. Meanders/Oxbow Lakes/Braided Channels/Levees are Present

2. Old Flood Plain: -

1. Flat Area
2. Flooded Every 7-8 Years due to Severe Floods
3. Old Alluvium is Deposited
4. Meanders, Oxbow Lakes, Braided Channels and Levees are Present
5. Fit for Agriculture

3. Scarp/Bluff: -
1. Steep Slope
2. Fit for Agriculture

4. Alluvial Terrace/Bar Upland: -

Bar Upland: Highland built by River Deposition
1. Flat/Level Area
2. Old Alluvium is Deposited
3. Fit for Industry/Houses/Agriculture

Important Definitions Related to Features of Indus Plain/Plateaus Etc.: -

1. Gully: Channel Formed by Flowing Water along a Hill Slope
2. Ravine: Narrow, Deep Channel which is Larger than a Gully
3. Trough: Long, Deep Valley
4. Ridges: Narrow Range of Hills. OR. Ridge is a long/Narrow Upland Area with one or More
Steep Sides.
5. Piedmont Plains: Plains Stretching out from the base of a Mountain.
6. Meanders: Zig-Zag Winding Course of a River is called a Meander
7. Oxbow Lake: It is a Curved River Channel Cut-off from the Main Stream
8. Levees: Natural Embankment built on the banks of a Stream by Deposition
9. Braided Channel: A Channel which Flows into Shallow Interconnected Channels Divided by
Deposited Material
10. Cuesta: Ridge of a Limestone with a Steep Slope and Gentle Slope. This Slope may also be
called a Scarp. Gentle Slope of a Cuesta is known as the dip-slope or back slope. There are only
two Cuestas in Pakistan Namely Rohri and Ganjo Takar, both are Located in the Lower Indus
Plain. The Limestone Ridges provide a firm foundation for the Construction of Barrages for
Irrigation
11. Residual Hills: Isolated Blocks of Rock Remaining after an Extended Period of Erosion has
Lowered Surrounding Hills
12. Alluvial Fan: Fan Like Deposit Made by a River at the Base of a Hill
13. Avalanches: The Huge Masses of Snow that Move Down the Slopes
14. Landslides: Movement of Rocks and Soil Down the Mountain Slopes is known as Landslides

Doab: Area Between Two Rivers is Called Doab.

Well Known Pakistani Doabs Include: -
1. Bari Doab: Between River Sutlej and Ravi. Districts include Lahore, Kasur, Okara, Sahiwal,
Pakpattan, Vehari, Multan, Khanewal, Lodhran.
2. Rechna Doab: Area between River Ravi and Chenab. Districts Include Sialkot, Narowal,
Gujranwala, Hafizabad, Jhang, Faisalabad, Toba-Tek-Singh
3. Chaj Doab: Area between River Chenab and Jhelum. Districts Include Gujrat, Sargodha, Mandi
Bahauddin, North-Western Part of Jhang
4. Sind Sagar Doab: Area between River Jhelum and Indus. Districts Include Khushab, Mianwali,
Lelah, Muzaffargarh.
Alluvial Terrace/Bar Upland: Alluvial Terraces have developed in some parts of the
interfluves/Doab of the Upper Indus Plain. The interfluves are locally called Doabs and the
terraces are called Bars. These terraces were formed the deposition during the past. Well known
terraces are the following: -
1. Kirana Bar in Chaj Doab
2. Sandal Bar in Rechna Doab
3. Ganji Bar in Bari Doab
4. Nili Bar in between the Old Bed of Beas and Sutlej

Bahawalpur Plain: The Bahawalpur plain is grouped with the doabs because of the riverain
tracts locally known as Sind and an upland identical to the bar upland. The north eastern part is
a cover and meander flood plain, the central area is a sandy plain being leveled and irrigated and
the south western part is a cover flood plain of Dera Nawab. Along its southern border is the
Ghaggar channel way. Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, Chistian and Rahim Yar Khan’s irrigated
areas are best known for cultivation (cotton).
Lower Indus Plain: -
Features: -
1. Area between Mithankot-Thatta is Called Lower Indus Plain
2. Located on the Southern Part of Indus Plain
3. Nearly Flat/Undulating Plain/Slopes Towards South
4. It Stretches over the whole Sind Province Approximately
5. Indus Flows Alone
6. Indus Flows into the Arabian Sea South of Thatta
7. Width of Indus is 1.6 KM
8. River Indus is in its Lower Course
9. Deposition is the Main Function of River Indus
10. Meanders/Oxbow Lakes/Braided Channels/Levees Present
11. Doabs and Bars/Alluvial Terraces not Present
12. Cuestas are Present
13. Piedmont Plain with Alluvial Fans to the West
14. Ideal For Industries/Agriculture with a Network of Canals
Kachhi-Sibi Plain: It is a barren area which is bounded on the north by the Marri-Bugti Ranges
and on the west by the Kalat Range and southern by Indus Plain. Heat and aridity are the
common characteristics of this area.

Indus/Tidal Delta: When River Indus reaches near Arabian Sea its speed is reduced due to load
(Sand, Clay) and low gradient. So, it divides into many smaller and larger distributaries. It is the
7th largest delta in the world with an area 780 sq.km. In Pakistan only two rivers form the delta
e.g., River Indus forms delta called Indus Delta and River Hub forms delta called Hub Delta.

Conditions of Delta Formation: -

1. River Must Carry the Load
2. River Must Deposit the Load
Features of Indus Delta: -
1. Located to the South of Thatta
2. Larger Distributaries are Ochito and Gungro
3. Smaller Distributaries are Kalri and Panyari
4. Sea Water often Fills up Troughs between Distributaries/Results in Mangrove Forests
5. There are some Depressions in Deltaic Areas which are Filled with Water during
Flood/Locally Called Dhands/Oxbow Lakes
6. Levees Formed due to the Deposition of Alluvium on the Bank of Distributaries

Desert Areas: -
Definition: A Large Barren Area of Land that Has Very Less/No Rain is Called Desert.
Most Important Deserts in Pakistan: -
1. Thal Desert/Sind Sagar Doab
2. Thar Desert (Divided into Cholistan/Rohi, Nara/Pat, Tharparkar)
3. Kharan Desert
Features: -
1. Very Hot in Summer Seasons with Avg Temperature Above 40 C
2. Arid Conditions
3. Winters are Mild (10-20 C)
3. Dust Storms/Hot Dusty Winds (May-September)
4. Sand Dunes/Different Shapes e.g., Latitudinal, Longitudinal, Transverse and Crescent
5. Sand Plains Present
6. Nomadic Lifestyle/Rear Goat Sheep
7. Shortage of Water/No Agriculture/Little Agriculture e.g., Grams are Cultivated
8. No Vegetation/Little Vegetation e.g., Thorny Bushes
9. Mineral Deposits e.g., Coal/Oil/Gasfields Present in Thar

\
Lifestyles of People in Desert Areas: -
1. People Adopt Nomadic Life in Summer/Lack of Water/Harsh Climate
2. People Rear Goat and Sheep
3. Camels are Widely used for Transportation
4. Rabi Crops are Cultivated e.g., Wheat and Gram
5. Handicraft Industries/Hide and Wool
6. Density of Population is very less/Harsh Climate/Poor Provision of Facilities
 Climate

Weather: Weather refers to the atmospheric conditions (Temperature, Rainfall, Humidity, Air
Pressure, Speed of winds, Direction of winds) of any place for a short period of time, usually
consist of one day. It is often localized.
Climate: Climate refers to the average weather conditions (Temperature, Rainfall, Humidity, Air
Pressure, Speed of winds, Direction of winds) of a place for long period of time usually consist of
30 years.

Climatic Zones: Pakistan’s Topographical Features Range from Lofty Mountains in the North to
Coastal Plains in the South. Diversity of Terrain Leads to a Variety of Climates. Climatic
Division/Regions of Pakistan are the Following: -
A. Highland Climate
B. Lowland Climate
C. Coastal Climate
D. Arid Climate

1. Highland Climate: This Region Includes Northern/North-Western and Western Highlands. The
Winters are Long/Cold/Snowy and the Summers are Short and Mild. In Mountainous Areas,
Rainfall is Normally Associated with Altitude. The Heigh of the Northern Mountains Ranges from
2000-Above 8000 M. In Western Mountains, the Height is Approximately 1000-4000 M. Rainfall
in the Northern Mountains is the Highest in the Highland Zone. Western Mountains Experience
Less Rainfall. From South of Kohat and Waziristan/Rainfall Decreases and occurs During the
Winters. To the North-West, Gilgit and Chitral Experience Low-Rainfall as they are Rain-Shadow
areas. The Temperature Conditions Also Vary from North to West Depending on the Altitude.
Summers are Short/Mild/Wet in the Northern Mountain, Dry/Warm in Western Mountains.
2. Lowland Climate (Semi-Arid to Arid): This Region Includes the Whole of Indus Plain except
the Coastal Areas. Most Parts of the Indus Plain Lie at the Western End of the Tropical Monsoon
Zone. It has Arid and Extreme Climate/Hot Summers/Cool Winters/Summer Monsoon Rainfall.
The Amount of Rainfall Differs from North to South. The Foothills of Northern Mountains and
Potohar Plateau are more Wet than the Indus Plain, these Also Receive Rainfall from the
Western Depressions. Thunderstorm are Common in the North and North-West of Indus Plain.
The Southern Upper Indus Plain and the Whole of the Lower Indus Plain have Much Less
Rainfall and Spells of Very High Temperature.
3. Coastal Climate: This Region Includes the Southern Coastal Strip Comprising of Indus
Delta/Karachi and the Makran Coast. The Climate is Dominated by Sea Breezes Throughout the
Year. The Maritime Influence Keeps the Daily Range of Temperature Low. This shows that the
Influence of Sea is Felt Mainly Through the Prevailing Winds. The Temperature on Sea and Land
is Different Owing to Unequal Heating of Land and Water by the Sun. Land and Water Absorb the
Sun’s Heat at Different Rates and Radiate/Lose it at Different Speeds. IN Summer, Land Heats up
while Ocean Remains Comparatively Cool. In Winter, the Land Loses Heat Quickly and Becomes
Cold While Ocean is Much Warmer and Keeps its Warmth for a Long Time. The Humidity Level is
Moderately High, Exceedingly More than 50% from April-September. Mean Monthly
Temperature is 32 C. May/June/October are the Hottest Months. During October, Dry Winds
from the South-Eastern Desert Dominate the Climate. Rainfall is Scanty Throughout the Year
from Karachi-Rann of Kutch. The Coast Experiences Most of its Rainfall during Monsoon Season,
while on the Makran Coast in Winters.
4. Arid Climate: An Arid Climate is Experienced in the South-Western Baluchistan and the South-
Eastern Desert. It is Dry and Hot. Hot Dusty Winds Prevail almost Continuously from Mid-May to
Mid-September. Most of the Scanty Rainfall in South-Western Baluchistan Takes Place During
Winter Season. In the South-Eastern Desert, Summer Monsoons bring Little Rainfall. Extreme
Heat/Dryness/Dust Storms are Main Features of this Arid Climate.

Seasons: Pakistan has Four Seasons that can be Distinguished as Followed: -

1. Winter (December to March)
2. Summer (1. Early Summer: April-June, 2. Late Summer: July—September)
3. Post Monsoon (October-November)

Elements of Climate: There are Four Main Climatic Elements i.e., Air Pressure, Winds,
Temperature and Rainfall. These are Responsible for the Regional and Seasonal Variations in the
Climate of Pakistan.

1. Air Pressure: Air is a Mixture of Gases and these Gases have a Certain Weight. The Air has
Weight too. The Weight of Air Presses Down on the Earth. This is Called Atmospheric Pressure.
It is Measure by the Barometer in Millibar.

2. Winds: A Current of Air, Moving with Speed in any Direction, Generally Assumed to be Parallel
to the Earth’s Surface. Speed of Wind is Measured by an Anemometer. For Wind Direction, a
Wind Rose is Used.
Sea Breeze: Winds Always Blow from High Pressure to Low Pressure. During Summers, the
Temperature in Central Pakistan is High. This Causes the Hot Air to Rise up and Form a Low-
Pressure Zone, at the same time, Oceans and Seas have a Comparatively Low Temperature, thus,
the air pressure over Oceans and Seas is Higher than that over the Land. This Leads to the
Movement of Winds from Sea-Land and it is Called Sea Breeze. These are Moisture Laden and
Bring Heavy Rainfall to the Upper and Lower Indus in Months of July and August.
Land Breeze: During winter season the whole situation is reversed because the pressure over
the land gradually increases and a high-pressure area is created in the North-West of Pakistan.
The winds move from land to sea and are called Land Breeze. These are generally light and dry.

3. Temperature: The Degree of Heat of a Body, usually expressed in Degrees on the Centigrade
or Fahrenheit scale and Measured by a Thermometer. Temperature Decreases in General from
the Equator Towards the Poles/Temperature Also Decreases with Altitude.
Diversity of Temperature in Various Regions is Due to the Following Factors: -
Large Spread of Latitudes from 24 N-37 N
Diversity of Relief Ranging from the Very High Mountains in the North to Low Lying Coastal
Areas in the South
Upper and Lower Indus Plain Heat up during the Summer Season e.g., Jacobabad Located in
Lower Indus Plain is Known as the Thermal Pole of the Sub-Continent, the Maximum
Temperatures Reach 53 C in June
Temperature Key: -
40 C and Above (Very Hot)
31 C-39 C (Hot)
21 C-30 C (Warm)
10 C-20 C (Mild)
03 C-09 C (Cool)
-5 C-02 C (Cold)
Below -5 C (Very Cold)

Factors (Affecting Temperature of Pakistan)

1. Latitudinal Effect/Areas Closer to Equator Receive Relatively Direct Sun Rays/High
Temperatures
2. Continental Effect
3. Altitude and Temperature/Denser Air Absorbs Most Water Vapor/Dust/Solar Radiation/At
Sea Level/Loss of Absorbing at Higher Altitudes
4. Cloud Cover and Temperature/Daytime/Reduces Solar Radiation/Reflects it back into Outer
Space/At Night/Cloud Cover Traps Outgoing Heat
5. Latitude and the Angle of Sun//Position of Earth in Relation to Sun/Sun’s Rays don’t Fall at
the Same Angle Everywhere on Sun’s Surface/Latitudinal Position Determines Amount of Heat
Recieved by Sun
Q. Describe the distribution of the area with an average January temperature below 10 C.
1. Whole Northern Areas
2. North-Western Areas
3. Western Mountains
4. Western NWFP and Northern-Western Baluchistan is Included

Q. Explain the distribution of the area with an average January temperature below 10 C.
1. High Altitude (Above Sea Level)
2. Mountainous Areas
3. Temperature Remains Below 0 C
4. Precipitation in the Form of Snow

Q. Describe the Distribution of an Area with an Average January Temperature Above 15 C

1. Lower Indus Plain
2. Southern Baluchistan

Q. Explain Fully the Distribution of the Area with an Average January Temperature Above 15 C
1. Close to the Tropic of Cancer
2. Effect of the Sea
3. Effect of Mountains/Near Baluchistan/Desert
4. Sind is Lowland/Temperature no Affected by Altitude

Q. Compare the Mean Monthly Temperatures of both Lahore and Quetta

1. Both Graphs have a Similar Range/Both 20-22
2. Lahore Warmer/Quetta Cooler
3. Lahore has a Sharp Drop after June/Quetta Smooth Curve
4. Lahore Increases then Decreases/Quetta Slight Drop May-July

Q. Explain the Seasonal Changes in Temperature at Lahore

1. Effect of Latitude/Angle of Suns Rays
2. Being in Dry Season/Lack of Cloud Cover Pre-Monsoon
3. Drop in July Related to Start of Monsoon Season/Heavy Rainfall
Q. Describe the Yearly Distribution of Temperature in a Desert Climate
1. Increases January-July/Decreases July-December
2. Rises to Maximum in June and July
3. Falls to Minimum in December/January
4. Hot Summers/Mild or Cool Winters

4. Rainfall: Separate water drops which fall to the earth from the clouds, formed by the
condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere called rain. Most of the areas of Pakistan are arid
or semi-arid. Only in a few northern areas humid conditions are found. The rainfall as a whole,
decreases from North-South.
Arid: Are those where there is a deficiency of rainfall, which is less than 250 millimeters. The
arid areas like whole of Sindh, Southern part of Punjab and southern part of Baluchistan.
Semi-Arid: Are those where there is a moderate rainfall, that ranges between 250 – 750
millimeters. The semi-arid areas like, Northern Baluchistan, Northern Punjab and major part of
NWFP.
Humid: Are those where there is sufficient rainfall, which is more than 750 milliliters. The
humid areas are Northern strip of Punjab, the adjoining parts NWFP and a small area around
Parachinar.
Sources of Rainfall: -
1. Monsoon Winds
2. Western Depression
3. Convectional Currents/Thunder Storms
4. Relief Rainfall
5. Cyclone
1. Monsoon: The Word Monsoon is Derived from the Arabic Word Mousim which Means Season,
it Means these are Seasonal Winds, These Blow During Summer and Winter.
Primary Monsoon System: Pakistan receives the tail end of the monsoon winds which enter the
country after crossing India. This usually reaches Pakistan in early July and sometimes continue
to early September. These winds come from east side ‘Bay of Bengal’ and heavy rain occurs in
Northern areas of Pakistan e.g., Murree. The amount of rain decreases towards South and
because of the fact that most of the moisture is robbed due to the long journey. This system is
called the Primary Monsoon System.
Secondary Monsoon System: When Monsoon Winds come from the Arabian Sea and Heavy Rain
Occurs in Karachi and Adjacent Areas by this Source, then this system is called the Secondary
Monsoon System.
Factors for Development of Rain by Monsoon: -
1. Strong Heating of Land
2. Low Pressure Created
3. Rising Air (Warm)
4. Space Created/Gap
5. High Pressure Created over Bay of Bengal/Arabian Sea
6. Winds Blow from High Pressure-Low Pressure and Bring Moisture
7. Condensation Takes Place
8. Clouds Form at a Higher Altitude
9. Rain Occurs
Q. Describe the rainfall distribution shown in Fig.5.
1. Lowest/Less than 25 MM in West Baluchistan and Extreme North-West
2. Large Areas/Lower Indus Plain Less than 125 MM
3. Most of Baluchistan Less than 125 MM
4. Decreasing Towards North-West and South-West/Increasing Towards South-East and North-
East
5. Highest in North-East Punjab/Murree Area/Over 500 MM

Q. Describe the Route of Main Monsson Across Pakistan

1. East-West/From North-East/From East
2. From Bay of Bengal/Northern India
3. Towards Northern Areas/Mountains
4. Across Punjab/Upper Indus Plain

Q. Explain why there are differences in amounts of rainfall caused by the monsoon in different
areas of Pakistan.
1. Depends on Moisture Content/Humidity
2. Pakistan Receives Tail-End of the Monsoon
3. More Rain/Rises over Hills
4. Rain Shadow Effect
5. Climate Change with Reasons e.g., Global Warming/Ozone Layer
6. Condensation/Clouds Caused by Cooling of Rising Air

Q. Explain how the rainfall caused by the monsoon winds.

1. Winds from North India forced to rise by mountains.
2. Winds from Arabian Sea/Secondaries rise over South East Sind
3. Wind has lost moisture over India and Bangladesh/Tail-End, so less rain in Pakistan than
India.
4. Baluchistan remote from monsoon winds so less rain.
5. High mountains in North East increases rainfall.
6. Plains have less rain than mountains.
Q. Compare the amount and seasonal distribution of rainfall at Quetta and Lahore.
Quetta: -
1. Winter Maximum
2. Max December-March
3. Lower Total than Lahore
4. No Rain in June and September
5. Highest in February
6. Equal Rain in March and November in both Lahore and Quetta

Lahore: -
1. Summer Maximum
2. Max July-August
3. Higher Total than Quetta
4. Rain in All Months
5. Highest in July
6. Equal Rain in March and November at both Stations
Q. Give reasons for the differences in amount and seasonal distribution of rainfall at these
locations.
Quetta: -
1. More Rain from Western Depression
2. Summer Convectional Rainfall
3. None/Negligible Monsoon Rainfall
Lahore: -
1. Less Rain from Western Depression
2. Little Convectional Rainfall
3. Monsoon Winds (Includes Both South-East and North-West Monsoon)
4. Monsoon Brings More Rain than Depressions

Q. What are the benefits and problems for farmers in the area of Lahore which result from the
rainfall?
Advantages: -
1. Some Rain in All Months/Throughout Year
2. Enough Without Irrigation/Supports Barani Farming
3. Monsoon Rain for Kharif Crops
4. Depression and Convectional for Rabi Crops
Problems: -
1. Uneven Distribution
2. Too Much in July-August/Too Little in October-November
3. Flooding in Wet Season
4. Lack of Sunshine for Ripening Crops
5. High evapotranspiration in April-June
6. Heavy Rain Damages Cereals/Cotton
7. Pests/Diseases/Viruses in Wet Season
8. Heavy Rain Ineffective/Doesn’t Soak In

Q. Choose one of the problems from (Q.11) and explain how it can be reduced.
Uneven Distribution: -
1. Storage in Reservoirs/Ponds/Tanks/Barrages
2. Canals from Storage in Mountains
3. Usage of Underground Supplies in Dry Seasons/Tubewells
Flooding: -
1. Storage of Water in Dams/Barrages
2. Strengthen River Embankments/Levees
3. Planting Trees
4. Weather Forecasts

Q. Heavy rain and thunderstorms affect Business and Industry in urban areas. Explain the
advantages and disadvantages of the rain and storms.
Advantages: -
1. Water Supply
2. Reservoirs filled for HEP/Power Supply
Disadvantages: -
1. Floods
2. High Winds
3. Erosion of Land
4. Loss of Water Supply
5. Dangers of Lightning
6. Loss of Raw Material e.g., Cotton, Sugarcane
7. Disruption of Fishing/Trade
8. No Flights for Businessmen/Businesswomen
9. Damage and Block Roads
10. Provide Damage to Buildings/Trees
11. Effect on Roads/Railways/Runways
12. Loss of Production/Business

Q. Explain the importance (benefits and problems) of the arrival of the monsoon to people who
live and work in urban areas.
Benefits: -
1. Cooler/Better Working and Living Conditions/Pleasant Climate
2. Fresher/Less Dust/Cleaner Air/Eradication of Pollution
3. Water Supply/Drinking/Factories/Market Gardens
Problems: -
1. Flooding
2. People Cannot Get to Work
3. Loss of Production

Periods of Monsoon: -
1. Early Arrival Monsoon: April-June
2. Late Arrival Monsoon: July-September
3. Post-Monsoon: October-November

2. Western Depression (December-March): The Western Depression Originates in the

Mediterranean Sea/Travels Across Afghanistan/Reaches Western Areas of Pakistan/Quetta
Receives most of its Rainfall during the Winter Season
Factors: -
1. Temperature/Winter Season
2. Comparative Low Pressure Beyond Mediterranean Sea
3. Comes from Mediterranean Sea
4. Enters Pakistan Through Afghanistan
5. Brings Moisture
6. Condensation Takes Place
7. Clouds Form on Higher Altitudes
8. Rain Occurs
Q. What are the advantages and disadvantages of winter rainfall in Northern Pakistan?
Advantages: -
1. Fills Reservoirs/Rivers/More Storage
2. Water for Irrigation
3. Water for HEP
4. Water for Barani Crops
5. Water for Winter Crops/Fruit Trees
6. Light Form of Rain/Can Soak In
7. Snow For Tourism

Disadvantages: -
1. May Fall as Snow
2. Rivers/Lakes Frozen
3. Temperature Too Cold for Growth
4. Damage to Environment/Landslides/Mudslides/Floods etc.
5. Damage to Roads/Blockages/Slippery Roads etc.
6. Silt Collects in Reservoirs/Dams
7. Difficulties/Farmers Must to Transhumance/Nomadism

Convectional Currents (April-June and October-November): At the start of summer, hot air rises
up which also contains a high moisture content. When it reaches the higher layers of the
atmosphere, condensation takes place. This causes rainfall, often as thunderstorms. Strong
winds accompanying the storms may pick up dust as well. Only the Northern and North-Western
areas of Pakistan receive rainfall from this source. Southern Pakistan is deprived of convectional
rainfall due to a Temperature inversion layer. Temperature Inversion Layer (On clear winter
nights the temperature increases with the altitude) does not allow condensation to take place at
the height of 1600 M due to the Criss-Cross system of winds. As a result, warm air descends and
no rainfall occurs. That is why Karachi and adjoining areas do not receive rainfall by this source.
Factors (For Development of Rain by Convectional Currents/Thunderstorms): -
1. Strong Heating of Land
2. Low Pressure Created
3. Rising Air (Warm)
4. Space Created/Gap
5. Winds Blow from High-Low Pressure
6. Moisture Evaporated from Rivers/Lakes
7. Air Cooled as it Rises
8. Condensation Takes Place
9. Clouds (Cumulonimbus) Form at a Higher Altitude
10. Strong Winds Blow
11. Lighting and Thunder
12. Rain Occurs

Relief Rainfall/Orographic: Relief rainfall is related to the height of the land. It occurs when
moist, unstable air moves up a mountain/scarp edge and it is chilled. This chilling causes heavy
condensation and precipitation on the windward side. The leeward slopes tend to receive
sinking, warming air, and a dry ‘rain shadow’ may lie on the leeward side of the barrier.
Tropical Cyclone: When the wind is spirally moving in towards the low pressure is called
cyclone. A tropical cyclone is a severe storm which takes place largely in South Asia, South East
Asia, Northern Australia, South America and the South-Eastern part of North America. In South
Asia, it is referred to as the Cyclone, in South-East Asia as the Typhoon, in Australia as the Willy-
Willy and in America as the Hurricane.
Cyclones in Pakistan: In Pakistan, cyclones originate in the Arabian Sea, gradually moving
towards the land. Very often, they die out before reaching the coast. Sometimes they attack the
coast and cause damage with violent winds, high ocean waves and cyclone surge. Tropical
cyclones occur either in the Pre-monsoon season from May to June or in the Post-Monsoon
season in September and October. The life of a tropical cyclone is seven to ten days. In 1990s
Pakistan had been struck by tropical cyclones.
Natural/Physical Conditions (Occurring of a Cyclone): -
1. Low Pressure Created in Sea/Ocean
2. High Winds Blow
3. High Waves Produced
4. Heavy Rainfall
5. Floods
6. Thunderstorms/Thundering/Lightning
7. Damage

Q. What effects do these storms have on the economy and lives of the people who live in the
coastal area?
1. Strong/Violent Winds
2. Floods Kill People/Kill Livestock/Ruin Crops/Cause Famine/Destroy Homes/Destroy
Factories/Destroy Bridges/Interrupt Communications/Interrupt Services/Utilities are
Interrupted/Interrupted Electricity Supplies/Water Supplies/Disrupts Fishing/Loss of
Property/Danger of Diseases/Poverty/Loss of Income/Loss of Taxes
Q. Which area is affected by tropical cyclones?
1. Sind Coast (Indus Delta)
2. Baluchistan Coast (Makran Coast)

Q. Describe the physical effects of tropical cyclones in this area.

1. High Winds Blow
2. High Waves Produced
3. Heavy/High Rain Occurs
4. Floods
5. Thunderstorms/Thunder/Lightning
6. Damage

Storm: A very bad weather with strong wind, precipitation and sometimes with lighting and
thundering.
Dust Storm: A storm in which dense masses of dust are carried by the winds.
Dust Storms in Pakistan: Dust storms are most common in Sindh, particularly in the desert
areas. Dust storms are usually experienced in summer season in May and June. In the absence of
moisture, dust is whipped up to form dust storm. Dust is created by intense heating of desert.
Areas where an intense low pressure develops temporarily/This low pressure attracts winds
from nearby region. These strong winds pickup dust, sand/dust storm is created. About 15 to 20
dust storms take place every year.
Flood: The excessive water in rivers which over flow the banks is called flood.
Flash Flood: Sudden flood which disappears quickly called flash flood.
Causes of Floods: -
Natural: -
1. Melting of Snow
2. Heavy Rain by Monsoon
Human: -
1. Cutting of Trees on Foothills/Increases Surface Run-off
2. Weak Embankment
3. Less Storing Capacity (Water) of Dams
Advantages of Floods: -
1. Floods return nutrients to the land
2. Floods refresh the streams
3. Floods spread a layer of alluvium which increases the fertility of the land
4. Store maximum water in dams
5. Rise water level
6. Promotes inland fishing industry.
Problems of Floods: -
1. Destruction of crops
2. Loss of food supply
3. Mud houses and huts could be severely damaged
4. Danger of diseases
5. Interrupt communication/roads/railway
6. Kills livestock.
7. Little/no supply of raw material to industries.
8. Destroy bridges.
9. Interrupts services/utilities electricity supplies.
Measures to Control Flood Risks: -
1. Planting trees on the foothills to check the flow of running water
2. Enlarging the river channel so that it can be hold more water
3. Building embankments on either side of the river to prevent the spread of water
4. Building reservoirs on the river to store water and control peak discharge
5. Preventing building in areas where flooding is most likely
6. Publicizing flood warnings through Radio, Television and Newspapers
7. Providing necessary facilities for rehabilitation in flooded areas

Drought: Extreme dryness due to lack of rain. It is found in deserts areas like Cholistan and
Tharparkar
Causes of Droughts: -
Natural Factors: -
1. Unreliability of Monsoon
2. Dry and Hot/Dusty Winds can Reduce Moisture Content
Human Factors: -
1. Deforestation
2. Unfair Distribution of Water Between Punjab and Sind
3. Overgrazing of Land by Goat and Sheep
4. Global Warming
Effects of Droughts on the Physical Environment: -
1. Desertification: Process of Turning the Land Into a Desert. Exposed Soil Leading to Sil Erosion,
Dust Storms. Extension of Desert Areas, Rise in Temperature, Loss of Vegetation
2. Drying up of Rivers/Lakes/Streams: Harm to Fisheries and Other Aquatic Life/Growth of
Algae in Shallow Water Bodies/Unsafe Drinking Water
3. Drop in Water Table: Less Water Available to Plants/Less Availability of Groundwater

Effects of Drought on Human Environment

1. Population: Widespread Famine/Migration from Affected Areas/Health problems/Loss of
Lives/Break-up of Rural Social Setup/Nomadic Life
2. Economy: Crop Failure/Death of Livestock/Shortage of Raw Material to Industries/Reduced
Exports/Increased Imports

Strategies to Reduce Negative Impacts of Droughts: -

1. To Settle People in Temporary Refugee Camps
2. Supply of Food by Charities/international Relief Agencies
3. Water Storage Schemes (Construction of Dams/Barrages/Tanks)/Irrigation Canals to Grow
Crops/Plantation of Trees
4. Usage of New Technology (Desalination of Seawater/Reclaiming Waste Water and Turning
into Usable/Drought Resistant Crop Varieties)
5. Lining of Canals
 Water Resources
Hydrological Cycle: Water Reaches the Ground in Various Forms of Precipitation e.g., Rain/Snow
or Hail. Some of this water runs off Earth as rivers and streams, draining into the lakes and seas.
Rest is utilized by Plants/Soaks into the Ground. Water is returned to the Atmosphere as Water
Vapors, through Evaporation and Transpiration (From Plants), The Vapors Rise into the
Atmosphere, these cool down to form droplets, this is called Condensation. This is the
Hydrological Cycle which Continues on and on.

Importance of Rivers: -
1. Carry Water and Nutrients to Areas Across the Nation and Earth
2. Provide an Excellent Habitat and Food
3. Provide Travel Routes for Exploration/Commerce/Recreation
4. Important Energy Source e.g., Electricity is generated through Fast Flowing Rivers
5. Rivers in Valleys and Plains Provide Fertile Soils for Agriculture

River Systems in Pakistan: -

1. Indus System: Indus is the Largest River of Pakistan. It is Watered by the Glaciers of
Karakoram and Hindu Kush. These Irrigate most of Pakistan’s Hectares of Cultivatable Land.
Eastern Tributaries Include Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum Meanwhile Smaller Western Tributaries
Include Swat, Kabul, Tochi, Kurram and Gomal.
2. Rivers of Baluchistan: Rivers are Much Smaller Compared to that of Indus System, these
Normally flow During Monsson Season. Most Rivers Remain Dry for Most of the Year so Have
Little Value as Sources for
Irrigation. Quetta has Central
Position in Drainage followed
by River Zhob, Khandar and
Kulachi
Domestic Uses of Water: -
1. Drinking
2. Washing
3. Cooking
4. Sanitation
Industrial Uses of Water: -
1. HEP
2. Textile Industry
3. Tanning Industry
4. Pharmaceutical Industry
5. Chemical Industry
6. Food-Processing Industry
7. Iron/Steel Industry
8. Mineral Water Industry
9. Agriculture

Irrigation: It is the Artificial Supply of Water to Land in-order to Encourage Plant Growth. It is
Very Important in Arid, Semi-Arid and Humid Areas just to Improve Yield. In Our Country, 75%
of Cultivated Area is under Irrigation. This system has developed from Traditional Lift Irrigation
to Complex Canal Systems. The Agriculture of Our Country Totally Depends on Irrigation aside
Barani Farming
Why Do we Need Irrigation?
1. Most of the Areas in Pakistan Experience Aridity or Semi-Aridity which Increases from North
to South
2. High Variability of Distribution of Rainfall. From 30-70% in Humid Areas, 30-40% in Arid
Areas and 40-70% in Semi-Arid Areas.
3. Long Dry Spell (April-June and October-November in Pakistan)
4. High Variability in Timings of Rainfall
5. Small Number of Rainy Days (20 in South, 20-50 Days in Northern Areas and 93 in Murree Per
Annum)
6. High Rate of Evaporation and Transpiration especially in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas
7. In 1948, India Stopped the Water of Canals.
8. India Constructing Dams on Indus and Chenab

Methods of Irrigation: There are 2 Categories of Methods of Irrigation

Traditional/Conventional: Lift Irrigation, Shaduf, Charsa, Persian Wheel, Karez, Inundation
Canals, Tank Irrigation
Modern Methods: Tubewells, Canals, Perennial Canals, Tankers, Sprinklers/Sprays

Conventional Methods: -
1. Lift Irrigation: One of the Oldest Methods of irrigation in Pakistan is Lift irrigation. In Early
Times water was lifted by hand in a bucket attacked to a rope from shallow wells and ditches.
Because it involved a Considerable Amount of Labor, only Small Areas of Land could be
irrigated.
2. Shaduf: The Shaduf Consists of a bucket suspended by a rope from one end of the pole. A
weight (Like a Rock) is placed on the other end of the pole. The pole is suspended on a Y Shaped
Post at a well/river bank. The Bucket is dipped into water by hand and th weight at the other
end of the pole helps to lift it up. Despite lots of efforts, only 1/10 th of a Hectare can be irrigated.
3. Charsa: In this method, the use of Animal Power to pull the bucket is used to pull a bucket,
suspended by a rope on a pulley erected near a well. It is possible to draw water from wells up
to a depth of 5-7 Meters, meaning that a large area could be irrigated.
4. Persian Wheel: In the Persian Wheel, a number of Buckets are lowered into a well on a chain.
As a result, there is a continuous supply of water as the empty buckets descend into the well and
come out full of water. With this method, water up to 23-26 Meters can be Accessed. The Water
Goes into a Trough/Pipe/Channel. These are powered by a pair of bullock or Camels. Charsa and
Persian Wheel are the Most Common Methods of Lift Irrigation in Pakistan
5. Tank Irrigation: It is Practiced by the Construction of Mud Banks across Small Streams to
make a small reservoir which collects excess water during the Rainy Season.
6. Karez: A water tunnel or a narrow Underground Canal. Starts from the base of a hill or
mountain where ground water is present. Runs Usually for 1-2 KMs underground (At times till
10 KM). Throughout its length, the Karez is dotted with vertical shafts which are used to clean
and repair it. In certain areas, these are used to extract water for domestic purposes. With
Proper Cleaning and Maintenance, a Karez can last for a century or mote. The selection of a site
for digging a Karez is done by experienced village elders, while digging and repair is done by a
group of Laborers. Karez is Usually Privately Owned by a Group of People rather than a Single
Person. Owners share water according to their Percentage Share in the Karez. The Main Problem
of Karez is that its water cannot be stopped from Flowing. Furthermore, their maintenance is
difficult and expensive. Karez is mostly practiced in Baluchistan especially in Zhob, Loralai,
Quetta-Pishin and Mastung Valleys and in Makran. Karez is Gradually Losing its Importance.
Main Points of Karez: -
1. Underground Canals/Tunnels
2. Uses Ground Water
3. Vertical Shafts for Cleaning
4. Irrigates Orchards and Agricultural Fields
5. Examples of Karez are Quetta-Pishin Valley, Mastung Valley etc.
Advantages of Karez: -
1. Continuous Supply
2. Water from Mountains put to good use
3. Doesn’t Evaporate
4. Only water in the Desert.
Disadvantages of Karez: -
1. Less Important
2. Less Rain in Baluchistan
3. Lack of Government Attention/Investment

Disadvantages of Conventional Methods: -

1. Irrigate Limited Areas of Land as Only Small Amount of Water can be Obtained
2. Require Manual Labor/Animals
3. Time Consuming
4. Difficult to Build
5. Inundation Canals only flow during Rainy Periods

Modern Methods of Irrigation: -

1. Sprinklers/Spray Irrigation: -
Placed in Fields to Water the Plants
Used Mainly in Orchards and Market Gardening
Uses Water Efficiently
Less Wastage of Water
Expensive to Build
2. Tankers: -
Collect Water from Ponds and Lakes
Provide it to Households and Fields in case of Emergency
Very Expensive
Rarely Used for Irrigation
3. Tubewells: The Tubewells are a fairly new addition to Pakistan’s Irrigation System. It can tap
water up to depths of several hundred meters and is operated by diesel/electric motors.
Tubewells also help to lower the water-table, therefore, protecting the land from waterlogging
and salinity.
Advantages: -
1. More Efficient/Faster/Doesn’t Require Rest unlike Humans/Bullocks/Camels
2. Larger Area can be Irrigated
3. Regular Supply
4. Cleaner Supply
5. Reduces Waterlogging and Salinity
6. Less Labor Required
Disadvantages of Tubewells: -
1. Expensive/Poverty
2. Maintenance is Expensive/Difficult
3. Diesel is Expensive
4. Spare Parts are Expensive
5. Reduces Groundwater/Lower Water-Table

Q. Why is Pakistan Referred to as a Water-Deficit Country?

1. Insufficient Rainfall
2. Higher Population/Growing Needs

Q. Why are there conflicts over water availability and use?

Examples: -
1. Farming vs Industry/Domestic vs Food Process/HEP vs Others
2. India vs Pakistan 1947-60
3. NWFP, Punjab and Sind
Explanation: -
1. Irrigation for More Agriculture
2. Industrialization, Water for Washing, Cooling, Processing
3. Population Growth/Need for More Water
4. Electricity for Modern Technology
Q. Describe the Irrigation Methods that can be used by Farmers in Baluchistan and Comment on
the success of such schemes for increasing Farming Output
1. Karez
2. Canals from Rivers
3. Wells
4. Shaduf
5. Charsa
6. Persian Wheel
7. Small Dams
8. Tanks for Storage
Success: -
1. Continuous Supply
2. Water from Mountains put to good use
3. Doesn’t Evaporate
4. Only Water in the Deserts are Oasis, therefore this is beneficial
Failures: -
1. Less Important Now
2. Sources Drying Up
3. Lack of Government Attention/Investment

Canal: A Man-Made waterway used to transport irrigation water or goods

Canal Has two types: -
Inundation Canals: These are seasonal Canals and Provide water to the fields in Summer when
the rivers are flooded. These Canals open in the Rainy Season and Close in Winters. These canals
are beneficial for Kharif Crops/ Rabi Crops take advantage of the moisture left in the land from
Summer Flooding. These Canals Irrigate the Active Flood Plains where the Land is Sufficiently
Leveled, Downward Slopes from River Banks. The main network of these canals is in Sind and
Southern Punjab. The Bar Upland Areas weren’t served by these Canals as these couldn’t rise up
5-7 Meters high. Generally Long Canals taken off From Large Rivers
Advantages: -
1. To reduce the Flood Pressure
2. Useful to Irrigate Lower Areas like Sind and Southern Punjab
Disadvantages: -
1. Interrupted Supply
2. Single Crop is Cultivated
3. Do not Supply water to Upland Areas
Perennial Canals: These Canals Bring Water to the Fields throughout the Year and are useful for
both crops. These Canals have been taken out in bar upland areas from the Dams and Barrages
via Link Canals.
Problems: -
1. Too Much Irrigation Water Leading to Evaporation in Hot/Dry Climate
2. Rise of Water-Table
3. Rise of Salts to the Surface/Salinity
Advantages: -
1. Supply of the Water Throughout the Year
2. Both Crops are Benefitted
3. Provide water to Higher Areas
4. Irrigate a Vast Area

Q. What are Lined Canals

A. Lined Canals are Paved with Cement and Brickwork on the Bed and Sides.
Q. What are Unlined Canals
A. Unlined Canals are Canals without any Brickwork; their bottom and sides are of Earth and
soil.
Disadvantages of Unlined Canals: -
1. Rise in Water Table to Surface Level
2. Cause of Waterlogging and Salinity

Factors Leading to the Development of Canal Irrigation System in Pakistan: -

1. Cheap Labor and Availability of Cement Reduces the Cost of Canal Construction
2. Southward Slope of the Rivers Makes Constructions of Canal Easier Because Water Flows
Southwards Naturally
3. Huge Quantities of Water from Monsoon Rainfall/Melting of Snow Can be Stored in Reservoirs
during Summers.
4. Irregular Supply of Water in the Rivers is Regulated by Perennial Canals from Construction of
Dams and Barrages
5. Soft Soil and Level Land of Indus Plain Makes Digging of Canals Easier than in the Rugged
Lands of Baluchistan.

Q. Why do we Construct Canals/Purpose of Canals?

1. To reduce the Pressure of Floods
2. To avoid Wastage of Water
3. To Provide Water for Irrigation

Q. Why is there not enough Water Supply from Canals to Meet the Needs of All Users?
1. Shortage of Rainfall
2. Evaporation
3. Less River Water/Restrictions by India/More Dams on Rivers
4. Siltation in Reservoirs/Canals
5. Seepage/Leakage from Canals
6. Wastage by Users
7. Water Pollution
8. High Demand/Variety of Uses
9. Theft of Water
10. Population Increase
11. Lack of Investment

Water-Table: Level of Groundwater is called Water-Table. It is very easy to obtain Groundwater

in Foothills of Mountains and Difficult in Desert Areas.
Waterlogging: The rise of the Water Table to the Surface Level is Called Waterlogging. Caused by
Giving Crops More water than they use/Water Table rises to Surface Level/Soil Becomes
Infertile/Toxic
Salinity: The Appearance of Salty Patches is Called Salinity caused by Evaporation of Water/Salt
in Irrigation Water/Salts Brought to the Surface/Leakage of Unlined Canals/Fertilizers Add Salts
in Water/Salts Left Behind Form a Hard Crust on Surface/Soil Becomes Infertile/Toxic
Silting: Deposition of Silt/Mud/Sand on the Bed of Reservoirs. Caused by Eroded Material of
Rivers from Bed/Sides, Large Load Carried by the Rivers and Deforestation.

Problems of Silting: -
1. May Damage the Machinery
2. May Block Pipes
3. Increases the Risk of Flooding
4. May Shorten the Life of Reservoirs
5. Decreases Water Holding Capacity of the Reservoir/Canals/Limits the HEP Production/Water
for Irrigation
6. To be Removed for Drinking Water
7. Expensive/Difficult to Remove

Methods to Control Silt: -

1. Planting Trees Along the Hill Slopes sorrounding the river Valley
2. Building Small Dams in the Rivers up the Streams from the Dam
3. Building Small Dams in the Tributary Streams Joining the Main River

Measures to Overcome the Problem of Waterlogging and Salinity: -

1. Lining the Canals
2. Planting Trees in Affected Areas
3. Installing Tubewells (Tubewells Pump out Water at High Speeds and Keep Water Level Down)
4. Education to Improve Farming Methods
5. Flushing out of Salts by Water from Tubewells/Surface Drains
6 Government Schemes (Govt of Pak Chalked out a Reclamation Project to Solve this Problem in
1959. SCARP (Salinity Control and Reclamation Project) was initiated. According to it, Indus
Basin was divided into Different Projects and Tubewells were Installed.

Government Schemes to Combat Waterlogging and Salinity: -

1. SCARP I: It covers the Areas of Rechna Doab Including Faisalabad, Sheikhupura and has
Reclaimed 1.9 million acres.
2. SCARP II: It includes the areas of Chaj Doab and has Reclaimed 2.27 million acres. 3311
Tubewells were installed, 450 Miles Lined Canals and Channels were Built.
3. SCARP III: It includes the Areas of Jhang, Muzaffargarh and has covered 1.28 million acres.
1550 Tubewells were installed, 150 Miles of Lined Canals and Channels were Built.
4. SCARP IV and V: It includes the areas from Khairpur to the Rann of Kutch. 257 Miles of Lined
Canals built to carry extra water to Manchar Lake.

Q. Explain why Waterlogging and Salinity of the Soil Causes Problems to Farmers: -
1. Reduces cultivable Area/Makes Land Unusable
2. Reduces Yield/Damages Crops
3. Reduces Income/Profits
4. Expensive to Reclaim Land

Indus Waters Treaty (1960): In 1947, when Pakistan was created, the province of Punjab was
divided. Part of it was given to India and part to Pakistan. The head works at Madhupur on the
river Ravi and at Firozpur on the Sutlej were in India, but many of the canals that branched off
from them were irrigating agriculture lands of the newly founded Pakistan. In March 1948, India
stopped the flow of water into Pakistani canals. This was a serious matter. Pakistan took the
issue up with India and an interim agreement was arrived at on 4 May 1948. For a permanent
solution to the problem, negotiations started in 1952 under the auspices of the World Bank. In
September 1960, an agreement was signed which came to be known as the Indus Water Treaty,
Pakistan received exclusive rights over the three western Rivers, the Indus, Jhelum and Chenab
and India those of the three eastern rivers, The Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. There was to be a
transitional period ending on 31 March 1970, which was extendable by three more years.
During this transitional period, India agreed to continue supplying water to Pakistan. During the
same period, it was expected that Pakistan would construct two storage dams, five Barrages, one
Gated Siphon and eight link canals to divert some of the water of the western rivers into the
interfluves of the eastern rivers. The construction cost was to be met with the help of aid from
the United States, The United Kingdom, West Germany, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. A
part of the cost was also to be paid by India. The remaining expenditure was to be met by
Pakistan. The replacement works were entrusted to WAPDA.

Q. Why was the Indus Water Treaty Necessary for Pakistan?

1. Most of Pakistan Suffers from Low Rainfall
2. Most of Pakistan Suffers from Unreliable Rainfall
3. Increasing Population/More Food Required
4. Headworks of Pakistan’s Main Rivers in India (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) Canals from them Provided
Water to Pakistan
5. India Cut-off Water Supplies to Pakistan in 1948/Land became Arid
6. Construction of Dams on Western Rivers by India

Dams: A Man-Made Structure built Across a River in-order to Control the Flow of Water/Use
Water for Irrigation.
Major Dams in Pakistan: -
1. Tarbela Dam: It is located on the River Indus. It is a Multi-Purpose Project Which Was
Primarily Constructed to Supply Water for Irrigation. It produces Electricity. Its installed
Capacity is 3478 MW.
2. Mangla Dam: It is Located on the River Jhelum. It is also a Multi-Purpose Dam. It Generates
1000 MW of Electricity.
3. Warsak Dam: Another Multi-Purpose Project Located on the Kabul River. Installed Capacity is
240 MW.
Minor Dam: -
1. Kurramgarhi Dam: It is located on the river Kurram at Kurramgarhi. The Dam provides water
to Bannu Civil Canals and has Improved Irrigation of the 530 Sq. Kms. of Land.
Purpose of Reservoirs/Dams: -
1. The Dam/Reservoirs are used for Flood Control/Irrigation and Generation of HEP
2. The Reservoir acts as an artificial lake and can be used for fishing/boating/recreation
3. Water can be supplied to nearby towns for Domestic Purposes
4. The Dams/Reservoirs also Provide a road across the river.
Small Hydel Plants: There are a number of Small Hydel Plants in Pakistan. Their Installed
Capacity is 107 MW. One of them is Renala, Located in Upper Bari Doab Canal (Commissioned in
1925). Another is Rasul located between the Upper and Lower Jhelum Canals Commissioned in
1952 after which the Import of Electricity from India was Stopped.
Small Dams: Besides Large irrigation projects, a number of small dams have also been built in
the Western Highlands. They Irrigate Relatively Smaller Areas and are Located on Narrow
Streams Commanding Small Alluvial Areas in Hilly Regions. Some of these dams have been built
by WAPDA and others by the Small Dams Organization setup by the Agricultural Development
Corporation. An example of a Smaller Dam is Rawal Dam on the River Korang. Besides Supplying
Water to Islamabad, it irrigates about 50 Sq Kms. of land. The Khanpur Dam on River Haro will
irrigate 148 Sq Kms. in Abbottabad, Attock and Rawalpindi Districts have been recently
commissioned. Baluchistan has a number of Small Dams, Nari-Bolan Project uses Monsoon Flow
of the Bolan River to Irrigate 97 Sq Kms. of the Sibi Plains. Narachip Project Irrigates 13 Sq Kms
of Loralai District. Hub Dam in the Lasbella District which was commissioned in 1982, designed
to irrigate 340 Sq Kms. of land in and around Lasbella and Karachi.

Q. What are the Natural Factors that have Favored the Construction of Dams and Reservoirs?
1. Deep Narrow Valleys
2. Solid Rocks to Support the Weight of Dams/Firm Base
3. High Precipitation/Rainfall/Snowfall
4. Low Evaporation Rates
5. Impervious Rocks for Reservoir to Seepage of Water
6. Access to Rivers or Glaciers
7. Large Basins for Water Storage

Main Features of a Hydel Plant: -

1. Dam Wall is Constructed to create a reservoir
2. Tunnel leads the water from the reservoir to the turbine
3. The Power Station is located at the base of the dam, the force of water from the tunnel runs
the turbine which moves the generator, the generator generates the electric current
4. The reservoir is the storage of water which is necessary to run the turbine continuously
5. Pylons and Transmission lines to Supply Electric Current to Nearby Large Towns.

Q. Naming an Industry in Each Case, describe three Different Purposes for Which Manufacturing
and Processing Industries use water
1. Cooling Water for Iron/Steel Industry
2. Washing/Cleaning in Textile Industry
3. Boiling in Food Processing/Raw Material in Soft Drinks, Juices etc.
4. As Ice to Preserve Frozen Food
5. To Provide Humidity in Textile Mills

Q. Compare the Purposes for Which Water is Stored by the Two Types of Dams: -
1. Small Dams and Large Dams Store Water Mainly for Irrigation
2. Major Dams serve Near and Far Areas/Small Dams only Serve Local Areas
3. Major Dams are More Multi-purpose than Small Dams
4. Small and Major Dams Provide Water for Domestic and Industrial Use
5. All Major Dams are Major Suppliers of HEP/Small Dams Supply little to no HEP
6. Reservoirs behind both large and small Dams are used for Fishing/Recreation
7. Large Dams are More Important for Flood Control than Small Dams

Q. Why is the Amount of Water in Reservoirs Decreasing?

1. Siltation
2. Less Water Supply/Climatic Change/Less Rainfall
3. Increased Usage of Water

Q. What Steps can be Taken to stop the Amount of Water in the Reservoirs from Reducing
Further?
1. Silt Traps
2. Afforestation
3. Removal of Silt
4. Reducing Wastage/Pollution

Q. Why do the Reservoirs of Dams hold Large Quantities of Water?

1. Deep Valley/Large Valley
2. Steep Sites
3. Large River/Permanent Flow/Water from Snowfields/Glaciers
4. High Rainfall

Q. State Three Problems Caused by the Storage of Water in Reservoirs and its Usage for
Agriculture
Storage of Water: -
1. People have to move from the area to be flooded for storage
2. Silting of Reservoirs
3. Loss of Silt Downstream for Agriculture
4. Loss of Water Downstream for Irrigation by Inundation Canals
Use for Agriculture: -
1. Waterlogging in Irrigated Areas
2. Salinity in Irrigated Areas
3. So much Water Used in Punjab that parts of Sind are Suffering from a Shortage of Water.

Barrage: A Structure Built Across a River in-order to store Water/to Use Water for Irrigation
Barrages in Pakistan under the Indus Water Treaty: -
1. Chashma Barrage: Located on the River Indus and completed in 1970. Designed to divert one
million cusecs (Cubic unit of water passing per second through a river or canal) into the
Chashma-Jhelum Link, thereby irrigating areas served by the Sidhnai-Mailsi-Bahawal Link
system and the Haveli and Rangpur canals.
2. Rasul Barrage: Located on the River Jhelum and completed in 1968. Its flood discharge
capacity is 850,000 cusecs (Cubic unit of water passing per second through a river or canal).
Supplies water to the Rasul Qadirabad Link canal and eventually to the Sulemanki Barrage on
the Sutlej.
3. Marala Barrage: Located on the River Chenab and completed in 1969. Its flood discharge
capacity is 1.1 million cusecs (Cubic unit of water passing per second through a river or canal).
Supplies water to the Ravi Link canal and the Upper Chenab Canal.
4. Qadirabad Barrage: Located on the River Chenab and completed in 1970. Its discharge
capacity is 0.9million cusecs (Cubic unit of water passing per second through a river or canal).
Supplies water to the Qadirabad Balloki Link through the Rasul Qadirabad Link.
5. Mailsi Siphon (Gated Siphon is a U-Shaped Pipe which Carries water over a barrier to the
other side. The flow of water is Controlled by the gate): A gated siphon located on the River
Sutlej near Mailsi. Its purpose is to carry water on the Sidhnai-Mailsi Link across the Sutlej into
the Bahawal canal. The Sidhnai Barrage supplies water to the Sidhnai-Mailsi Link canal.
Other Barrages in Pakistan: -
1. Jinnah Barrage: It is located on the river Indus. Two canals have been taken out from this
barrage. Namely Upper Thal Canal, South Thal Canal. It irrigates the areas of Mianwali
Muzaffargarh, Khushab, Bhakkar, Lieh and irrigates the 22,00,000 acres.
2. Taunsa Barrage: It is located on the river Indus. Two canals have been taken out from this
barrage. Namely Right and Left Bank canal and Taunsa Panjnad Link canal. These canals irrigate
the areas of Muzaffargarh, D.G. Khan, Rajanpur and drained 19,00,000 acres.
3. Guddu Barrage: It is located on the river Indus. Three canals have been taken out from this
barrage. Namely Ghotki, Begari and Desert Pat Feeder canals. These canals irrigate the areas of
Sukkur, Mirpur, Rohri, Jacobabad and commanded area is 11600 square kilometers.
4. Kotri/Ghulam Muhammad Barrage: It is located on the river Indus. Four canals have been
taken out from this barrage. Namely Kotri, Kalri, Penyari and Phuleli. These canals irrigate the
areas of Badin, Sanghar, Hyderabad, Mirpur, Nawabshah and irrigates11100 square kms. of land.
5. Sukkur Barrage: It is located on the river Indus. Seven canals have been taken out from this
Barrage, namely NW canal, Rohri canal, Nara, East Khairpur, West Khairpur, Rice, Dadu and
irrigates 22000 square kms. These canals irrigate the areas of Hyderabad, Sanghar, Larkana,
Dadu, Nawabshah and Khairpur.
Uses/Purpose of Barrages: -
1. Provide Water for Irrigation
2. Reduce Flood Pressure
3. Source of Inland Fishing
4. Act as a Bridge Across the River with a road Connecting Both River Banks
Difference between Barrage and Dam: -
1. No generation of HEP on Barrages/Dams Generate HEP
2. Barrages can be Constructed in Flat Areas/Dams are Constructed in Mountainous Areas.
3. Less Construction Costs on Barrages/High Construction Costs on Dams
4. Barrages are Constructed on Average in 1-2 Years/Dams are Constructed on Average in 10-15
Years
Terms Used in Barrages: -
Cusec: Cubic Unit of Water Passing Per Second Through a River/Canal
Discharge: The Quantity of Water Passing through a River
Span: Door of a Barrage
Gated Siphon: A U-Shaped Pipe Which Carries water over a barrier to the other side. The flow of
water is Controlled by the gate

Link Canals: Link Canals are Canals which carry water from one Canal to another.
Link Canals Under the Indus Water Treaty: -
1. Rasul-Qadirabad: Carries water from the Rasul Barrage on the River Jhelum to the River
Chenab.
2. Qadirabad-Balloki: An Extension of the Rasul-Qadirabad Link by which Water is Transferred
to Ravi
3. Balloki-Sulemanki: Connects Ravi and Sutlej
4. Trimmu-Sidhnai: Transfers water from the Trimmu Barrage to Ravi
5. Sidhnai-Mailsi: Takes the Water Transferred from the Trimmu Barrage to Ravi into Sutlej
6. Mailsi-Bahawal: Supplies water to the Bahawal Canal
7. Chashma-Jhelum: Transfers Water from the Chashma Barrage on Indus to the Jhelum
8. Taunsa-Panjnad: Transfers water from Taunsa Barrage on Indus/Feeds Punjab’s Canals
Purpose of Link Canals: -
1. To transfer Water from the 3 Western Rivers (Indus/Jhelum/Chenab) to the Two Eastern
Rivers (Ravi/Sutlej)
2. To Provide Water for Irrigation Canals/Perennial Canals
3. To Compensate for the Water Lost (to India) from Eastern Rivers
Remodeling of Existing Canals: In Addition to the Construction of new Links, Existing Link
Canals like Marala-Ravi, Balloki-Sulemanki and Mambanwala-Ravi-Bedian-Dipalpur (BRB) have
been remodeled. Punjab is Interfaced with a Network of Canals to Compensate the Loss of
Beas/Sutlej and Ravi to India.
Purpose of Remodeling the Existing Canals: -
1. Assurance of Continuous Supply of Water for irrigation
2. To avoid Siltation
3. To avoid Soil Erosion

Management of Water Sources: Water is a Scarce Source in Pakistan. Its storage, distribution and
usage have to be carefully managed in-order to bring greater benefits. A water Accord was
signed in 1991 by IRSA (Indus River System Authority). However, it was not followed due to
constant drought and institutional mismanagement. The Scarcity of Water Resources may
Influence Pakistani Economy Negatively. The Efficient Management of Water Sources will
become even more Important in Future if Climate Change Results in Further Scarcity of Water.

Climate Change and Shortage of Water in Pakistan: Climate Change results from Natural and
Human Causes. Gases such as Carbon Dioxide, Methane, CFCs Contribute to the Greenhouse
Effect which warms the Earth’s Surface, this results in Ozone Depletion. Climate Change causes
Temperature of the Country to Increase and Precipitation to Decrease. This could lead to
Extreme Water Shortages Across the Country.
Effects of Climate Change on Lives and Economy of People: -
1. Shortage of Water Supply/Food Production Affected/Agricultural Raw Material Scarce/Raw
Material of Industries such as Cotton Textiles, Fisheries etc., Scarce
2. Flooding in Low-Lying Coastal Areas/Rising Sea-Level/Destruction of Homes of Millions
3. Droughts in Arid/Semi-Arid Regions/Starvation, Death, Migration of People from Drought
Stricken Areas
4. Effects on Health of Millions/Diseases Associated with Air Pollution/Floods/Droughts
5. Increase in Internal and External Migration/Rise in Rural Poverty

Q. How to Adapt to Climate Change?

1. Conservation of Water Resources/Fair Distribution of Water Amongst Provinces
2. Vigorous Campaign to Conserve and Plant Mangroves in Coastal Areas to Prevent Flooding
3. Development of Cottage/Small-Scale Industries/Reduced Dependance on Agriculture in Rural
Areas/Generation of Income for farmers/Check for Internal/External Migration
4. Major Shift in Dependance of Economy from Agriculture or Agro-Based Industries to
Manufacturing/Tertiary-Sector to Generate Reliable Income
5. Strict Implementation of an Environmental Plan
6. Introduction of Drought Resistant Seeds to reduce Dependance on Rainfall and other Water
Sources
 Forests
Forests: A Large Area of Land Covered with Tress and are Under Growth either Naturally or
Artificially. Trees are most Important to Humans as they Supply Timber and Firewood. They also
help to reduce Surface-Runoff, Soil Erosion and Air Pollution. It is Claimed that 20-25% of a
Country should be covered with Forests in-order to Maintain a Balanced Economy. Trees Must
be Planted Extensively and Promoted Widely for Future Generations. In Pakistan only about
4.8% of the Total Area is Forested which is very Less. Every Year Pakistan Promotes Large
Quantity of Wood from other Countries of the World. In 1947, Forests Covered only 1.7% of the
Land, the increase was achieved by Reforestation or Regeneration Programs. The Arid
Conditions and Reckless Cutting of Trees Accounts for the Low Percentage of Forest Covered
Area in Pakistan.
Forestation: Planting of New Forests on New Locations. Process is Done with Careful Planning.
The Selection of plant Species Depends upon the Type of Soil, Climatic Conditions and
Availability of Water
Reforestation: Reforestation is the Planting of a Forest in an Area where Deforestation was Done
Tree Line: Altitude Above Which No Trees Grow on a Mountain (Below 4500 M)
Snow Line: Altitude Above Which Snow Never Melts (Above 4500 M)

Contribution to Forests by Different Provinces: -

1. KPK 32%
2. Northern Areas 25%
3. Sind 18%
4. Punjab 17%
5. Baluchistan 08%

Types of Forests: There are Two Types of Forests: -

1. Productive Forests: Productive Forests are Those Forests which are Exclusively Grown for the
Production of Fruits and Medicinal Purposes. 1/3rd of the Forest Area in Pakistan is Covered by
Productive Forests. These Forests have a Great Commercial Value because these are mainly used
for the Extraction of Timber and other Products.
2. Protective Forests: Protective Forests are Those Forests which either Exist Naturally or
Grown in a Protection of the Environment. These Forests cover 2/3rd of the Area in Pakistan.
These are Planted Alongside Roads/Railways/Parks. The Main Function is to Protect Soil from
Erosion and to Keep the Environment Pleasant by Lowering the Temperate and Providing
Shade.

Importance/Advantages of Forests
1. Forests Prevent Soil Erosion
2. Forests Regulate Water Supply in River to Prevent Floods
3. Forests Prevent Pollution and Provide a Clean Environment
4. Forests Provide Raw Material for Wood Based Industries
5. Forests Provide Employment in Forest Department
6. Some Plants are Used for Medicinal Purposes
7. Forests Provide Recreational Facilities/Develop Tourism
8. Forests Provide Natural Habitat for Wildlife
9. Forests Provide Oxygen and Absorb CO2
10. Forests Provide Shade and Fruits
11. Leaves and Branches Intercept Rainfall/Prevent Soil Erosion
12. Leaves Fall/Decompose/Mix with Soil/Humus Formation
Types of Forests: -
1. Alpine: Alpine Forests are found at an altitude of 4000 meters, alpine forests are found in the
districts of (Distribution) Chitral, Dir, Swat, Shangla, Kohistan and the northern areas. Long
severe winters and frequent freezing temperature prevent trees from attaining their full height.
The dwarfed and stunted growth of (Species) silver fir, juniper and birch take place in sheltered
nooks. Often, the trees are prostrate. As the mountains rise to the height of the treeline, they
become craggy and steep and there is limited area for tree growth. In such a severe climate and
difficult topography, alpine forests are found in a limited area. They are not of much economic
importance.
Features: -
1. Evergreen Forests
2. Long Needle Shaped Leaves
3. Branches normally Upward to Attain More Sunlight
4. Stunted Growth due to Low Temperature and Sunlight
5. Wood of these Trees is Very Soft
Uses: -
1. Not of Much Economic Importance/Used as Fuel/Firewood Only

2. Coniferous: Coniferous forests are found between 1000-and 4000-meters altitude. These
forests are found in (Distribution) northern areas districts of Swat, Dir, Malakand and Kohistan.
In NWFP, Mansehra and Abbottabad. In Punjab Province Murree, Islamabad and Rawalpindi. In
Baluchistan Province Quetta and Kalat divisions. Species include Fir, Spruce, Deodar, Kail and
Chir.
Features: -
1. Evergreen Forests/Survive in Low Temperatures
2. Conical in Shape
3. Sloping Branches/Prevents Now Accumulation
4. Small/Thick/Leathery Needle-Shaped Leaves to Check Excessive Transpiration
5. Less Leaf-fall/Provide Less Humus Formation
6. Tress are Full in Length and Straight
7. Thick Bark/Tolerates Snow
8. Can Absorb Water/Shallow Roots
Uses: -
1. Important Source of Timber for Furniture Making/Boxes/Pulp for Paper
2. Environmental Protection
3. Conserve Soil and Help in Checking Floods
4. Good Breeding Place for Birds/Wildlife
5. Attract Tourism
6. Add to the Scenic Beauty of an Area
3. Tropical Thorn Forests (Rakh): Tropical thorn forests are open, low forests dominated by
thorny hardwood trees. In Punjab, especially in the plains, they are characterized by scrub called
Rakh which can survive on very small amounts of water. They are also found in Sindh, with
scattered patches in southern and western Baluchistan. In general, the scrubs are 6 to 10 meters
high. Common species include acacia, tamarisk and Salvadora. They are primarily used as
firewood.
Features: -
1. Low Heights (6-10 Meters)
2. Thorny Hardwood
3. Deep Roots to Search for Water
4. Scanty Vegetation due to Water Shortage
Uses: -
1. Used as Firewood

4. Sub-Tropical Scrub Forests: These forests are located up to a height of 1000 meter. These
forests are found on the hills and foothills of Gujrat, Jhelum, Rawalpindi and Attock districts in
Punjab and the Mansehra, Abbottabad, Mardan, Peshawar and Kohat districts in NWFP and are
covered with dry, evergreen forests. In Baluchistan, vegetation in the form of scattered patches
of dry mixed scrub, is confined to the Sulaiman Mountains and other hilly areas. These forests
are located up to a height of 1000 Meters. These forests are found on the hills and foothills of
Gujrat, Jhelum, Rawalpindi and Attock districts in Punjab and the Mansehra, Abbottabad,
Mardan, Peshawar and Kohat districts in NWFP and are covered with dry, evergreen forests. In
Baluchistan, vegetation in the form of scattered patches of dry mixed scrub, is confined to the
Sulaiman Mountains and other hilly areas.
Features: -
1. Broad Leafed
2. Dry Evergreen Forests
3. Heigh is up to 1000 Meters
Uses: -
1. Watershed Production
2. Grazing Purposes
3. Firewood
5. Riverain/Bela Forests: These forests are located along the banks of river Indus and its
tributaries. Mostly forests are found in Sindh Province and cover the active flood plain.
Important species are Babul and Shisham. These are hard wood trees.
Features: -
1. Linear Plantations alongside the Banks of Rivers
2. High-Yielding Commercial Hardwood Species
Uses: -
1. Furniture Industry
2. Agricultural Implements

6. Irrigated Forests: These forests are man-made and are planted under the supervision of
Government especially Forest Department. First irrigated forest was planted in 1866 at Changa
Manga. The main purpose was to supply wood for railway engines. Some other irrigated forests
have been planted in various parts of the country. e.g., Chichwatni. Sahiwal, Thal, Gudu Barrage.
Kotri Barrage. Khanewal. Shorekot. Bahawalpur and Sukkur Barrage. After the partition the
government of Pakistan has taken special interest for the extension of these forests. But there
was a problem for the extension of these forests, i.e., the shortage of water especially between
November to March. Species Include Shisham/Babul and Eucalyptus
Features: -
1. Economically Important Species
2. Planted in Rows/Lines
3. Equal Distance between Species
4. Same Age/Height
5. Same Species
Uses: -
1. Important Source of Timber
2. Used as Firewood
3. Provide Shade as Linear Plantations

7. Mangrove Forests: These forests are found in Indus Delta, Hub delta and its adjoining areas.
These forests can survive easily in salty water, trees are stunted and only a limited number of
species grow, due to dumping of industrial, agricultural and chemical waste into the Arabian sea.
Important species like Timar, Kirani and Kuni. The general height is about three to four meters.
These are called low trees. These forests are good breeding place for fish and shrimps and
protect the fish from big waves. The roots of these trees protect the young fish from the
predators.
Features: -
1. Broad Leaves/Drip Tips
2. Leathery Texture/Minimize Transpiration
3. Low Trees and Shrubs Grown in Tidal Mud Flats
4. Mangrove Roots Spread into Seawater and Survive in Salty Water
5. Trees Rise to 6-8 Meters in Better Areas/General Height is 3 Meters
6. Stunted Growth of Tress in Indus and Hub
7. Limited Mangrove Species in Polluted Water
Uses: -
1. Supply of Firewood
2. Coastal Communities Use This Wood as Timber for Making Boats
3. Breeding Grounds for Fish and Shrimp
4. Camel and Livestock Feed on Leaves of Mangroves.
5. Fallen Leaves Provide Nutrition for Marine Wildlife
6. Protect Coastline from Erosion, Storm Damage etc.
7. Act as a Barrier Against Tsunamis Caused by Earthquakes by Absorbing Shock
Determinants of Forests: -
1. Areas with Different Altitudes have Different Types of Forests
2. Aridity Prevailing over Baluchistan Plateau and Southern Part of Indus Plain/Not Favorable to
Support Plant Growth/Thorny Bushes and Scrubs
3. Higher Precipitation in Norther Mountains Encourages Growth of Coniferous (Evergreen)
Forests.
4. In the Indus and Hub Deltas/Deposition of Alluvium in Salt Water/Growth of Mangroves
Encouraged
5. Edaphic Factors (Type of Soil) Also Determine the Type and Density of Forests in Different
Areas of Pakistan

Q. For Irrigated Forests, Name an Area

1. Bahawalpur
2. Changa Manga
3. Chichwatni
4. Guddu Barrage
5. Hyderabad
6. Khanewal
7. Kotri
8. Taunsa Barrage
9. Thal
10. Shorekot

Q. For irrigated forests explain why they were developed in Pakistan?

1. Lack of Fuel in the Past
2. Firewood for Steam Locomotives/Wood for Railway Sleepers
3. Timber for Construction/Furniture/Paper
4. Firewood for Domestic Use/To Reduce Timber Imports

Q. Why are there irrigated plantations of trees in the Indus Plain?

1. Prevents Soil Erosion of Banks
2. Reduces Air Pollution
3. For Shade
4. Reduce Timber Imports
5. For Construction
6. For Firewood
7. For Furniture
8. For Boxes
9. For Agricultural Implements

Q. Why are the Plantations Irrigated at Times?

1. Depends on Irrigation Schemes e.g., Tubewells/Canals
2. Low Rainfall/Not Enough Rainfall
3. High Rate of Evaporation|
Q. There has been development of forests in lowland areas of Punjab and Sindh using irrigation.
Why is irrigation necessary for new plantations of trees?
1. Low Rainfall/High Evapotranspiration
2. Seasonal Rainfall
3. Irregular Rainfall
4. Keeps the Soil Wet/Prevents Soil Erosion
5. Root System Needs to Grow

Q. There has been development of forests in lowland areas of Punjab and Sindh using irrigation.
Why is irrigation necessary for new plantations of trees?
Advantages: -
1. Timber for named use e.g., construction, fencing, Firewood.
2. Food for animals/people.
3. Leaf-Fall for humus/fertility.
4. Rainfall/humidity.
5. Shade/shelter/reduce temperature.
6. Clean air/more oxygen.
7. Scenic beauty/promotes tourism.
8. Protection from soil erosion.
9. Employment.
10. Habitat for wildlife.
11. Eucalyptus trees can reduce water logging and salinity.
Disadvantages: -
1. High cost/long term investment.
2. Cost of maintenance/care.
3. Need for irrigation/more demand on water supplies.
4. Loss of land for housing/farmland.
5. Problems caused by roots, leaves etc.

Linear Plantations: -
1. Planted by Man/In a Lane
2. Found Alongside Canals/Rivers
3. Alongside Roads/Railways
4. Along Field Boundaries
Purposes of Linear Plantations: -
Prevent soil erosion
Lowers the temperature
1. Provides shade
2. Fruit/food
3. Firewood/timber
4. Leaves/roofing
5. To reduce air pollution/make clean air.

Q. Why is it important that forests by the coast are protected?

1. Breeding Ground for Fish
2. Feed Amongst Roots/Protected by Roots
3. Shelter from Storms/Cyclones
4. Prevents Coastal Erosion
5. Resources for Locals e.g., Wood for Houses, Boats, Food
6. Habitat/Shelter for Wildlife
7. Under Threat from Oil Spills/Overcutting/Polluted Wastes (Effluent)

Q. Why is it important that forests by the coast are protected?

1. Extensive/Large Root System/Many Roots
2. Reduces Water Flow/Movement
3. Roots Work as Wave Breakers

Q. Why is this type of forest (Mangrove) only found in this area (Sindh Coast)?
1. Tidal/Regular Flooding
2. Saline Soil/Salt Water in Soil
3. Trees are Adapted to This Environment/Roots Filter
4. Salt Secreted (Produced)

Deforestation: Cutting of Trees or Reckless Cutting of Trees

Causes of Deforestation: -
1. Urbanization
2. Timber for Industry
3. Clearing Land for Farming
4. Clearing Land for Fuel Purposes
5. Building of Roads
6. Overgrazing of Land
Effects: -
1. Soil Erosion (Water/Wind)
2. Increases Surface Runoff
3. Floods
4. Loss of Crops/Property
5. Silt in Reservoirs
6. Disturbance of Water Supply
7. Loss of Inhabitants
8. Pollution
9. Gullying
10. Leaching
Methods to Overcome Deforestation: -
1. Creating Awareness
2. Supplying Irrigational Facilities
3. Improving the Techniques of Raising Nurseries
4. Provision of Gas to Northern Areas
5. Planting Trees Alongside Roads/Open Places
6. Selective Cutting
7. Restricting Usage of Heavy Machinery During Selective Cutting Method
Selective Cutting: Cutting of Selected Single/Group of Trees is Known as Selective Cutting
Advantages: -
1. Reduces overcrowding
2. Saves Valuable Species
Disadvantages: -
1. Expensive

Q. In many parts of Pakistan forests have been cut down. Describe and explain the effects this
deforestation has had on the land and people of Pakistan
1. No roots to hold soil.
2. Soil erosion.
3. Loss of nutrients.
4. Silting of rivers/reservoirs
5. Rain not intercepted.
6. Floods.
7. Houses destroyed.
8. Bridges washed away.
9. Road/railways washed away.
10. Loss of wood for fuel.
11. Loss of timber for furniture and paper.

Q. There has been deforestation within the areas with natural forests. How has this caused
problems for:
A. Communication in the mountain areas,
B. Farming on valley floors and plains,
C. Hydro-electric power supplies?
A: -
1. Soil Erosion
2. Landslides
3. Flooding
4. Telephone Wires Grounded
B: -
1. Soil Erosion
2. Flooding
3. Canals Blocked
4. Less Rain
5. Crops Destroyed/Washed Away
C: -
1. Soil Erosion
2. Less Rain
3. Siltation
4. Landslides (May Break Power Lines)

Q. How can deforestation affect water supplies?

1. Muddy Water/Undrinkable Water/Polluted Water
2. Reduced Evapotranspiration/Less Rain
3. Silt in Reservoirs/Reduced Storage Capacity
4. Silt Blocks Irrigation Channels
5. Flooding/Increases Surface Runoff

Q. Explain how forests can become a source of income for the people of rural areas.
1. Firewood
2. Raw Material for Cottage Industries
3. Tourism/Goods Sold to Tourists
4. Creates Employment/Forestry/Tourist Guides

Q. Study Photograph F and Describe the Scene

1. Bare Ground/Rocky/Barren
2. Steep Slopes
3. Gullies
4. Small Amount of Vegetation
5. Red Color
6. Mountains/Hills
7. Badland Area
Q. Explain why scenes such as this are caused by deforestation.
1. No Roots to Hold the Soil Together
2. Soil Erosion
3. No Interception
4. More Runoff
5. Loss of Leaf-Fall
6. Lack of Decomposition/Humus
7. Loss of Fertility
8. Less Rainfall
9. More Exposure (Sun/Wind)
10. Leaching

Q. Explain how deforestation can cause soil erosion.

1. Soil is Exposed/Lack of Protection from Leaves/Branches
2. Surface Water Flow Carries Soil Away
3. Lack of Infiltration into Ground
4. Less Water Absorbed by Roots/Less Evapotranspiration
5. No Roots to Hold Soil
6. Leaching of Nutrients/Nutrients Lost
7. No New Plants Grow

Soil Erosion: It is defined as the wearing away of topsoil by natural agents i.e., wind, water, rain
and glacier. Topsoil is the top layer of soil and is the most fertile because it contains the most
organic, nutrient-rich materials.
Causes: -
1. Erosion by Natural Agents
2. Deforestation by Humans
3. Overgrazing by Livestock
4. During Mining
Effects: -
1. Loss of Fertile Soil/Nutrients
2. Output Reduced
3. Income of the Farmer Reduced
4. Eroded Material Deposited in Dams/Reduced Storage Capacity of Water
5. Less Generation of Power
6. Causes Flooding
Methods (To Overcome Soil Erosion): -
1. Planting Trees
2. Terracing
3. Contour Farming
4. Strip Farming
5. Cover Cropping
Types of Erosion: -
1. Sheet/Surface Erosion: This occurs when rain falls on bare soil, loosening fine particles (silt,
clay and humus) that are carried downhill in surface run-off.
2. Rill Erosion: It is the removal of soil by concentrated water running through little streams.
3. Wind Erosion: The removal of topsoil by wind. It occurs mostly in flat, bare areas; dry, sandy
soils; or anywhere the soil is loose.
4. Gully Erosion: It is the removal of soil along drainage lines by surface water runoff.
Q. Explain why the dry climate of Baluchistan increases the risk of soil erosion.
1. Lack of Natural Vegetation/Bare Soil
2. Slow to Re-Grow
3. Wind Blows Soil Away
4. Over Cultivation
5. Dry Soil/Less Cohesive
Q. Where Does Eroded Soil Go to?
1. Into Rivers/Canals
2. Reservoirs/Dams/Lakes
3. On Foothills of Mountains

Q. How can soil be protected in areas of low and unreliable rainfall?

1. Afforestation
2. Irrigated Plantations
3. Prevention of Overgrazing
4. Fill Gullies
5. Terracing
6. Contour Farming
Forest Products: There are Two Types of Products: -
1. Major Products: Fuel and Timber
2. Minor Products: Resin, Ephedra and Mazri
Sustainable Forestry: The available forest resources (wood and wood products) meet the needs
of growing population for present and future generation but not harm the environment.
Q. How to Attain Sustainable Forestry?
1. Replanting Trees that have been Cut Down
2. Looking After Forests/Maintenance
3. Actions Against Illegal Tree Logging Through Fines/Penalties
4. Selective Cutting
5. Use of Alternative Fuels/Provision of Natural Gas/Instead of Firewood
6. Government Protection of Forest Areas/National Parks/Reserves
7. Planting Species that do not require Irrigation
8. Cutting of Mature Trees Only
9. Actions Against Pollution

Q. Why is afforestation called a ‘long-term investment’?

1. Trees Take Many Years to Grow
2. Many Years Before Financial Return/Initialization of Production
3. High Costs of Planting
4. Costs During Growth
Q. What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing a forest area for tourism?
Advantages: -
1. Employment Opportunities
2. Source of Income
3. Provision of Infrastructure
4. Provision of Modern Facilities e.g., Shops
5. Reduces Effects of Deforestation/Destruction of Habitats/Soil Erosion
Disadvantages: -
1. High Cost of Development
2. Damage to Trees/Effects on Habitats
3. Litter/Garbage
4. Resettlement of Local People
5. Tourists May not come due to Problems of Security/Terrorism
6. Loss of Local Culture
Q. To what extent is it possible to save and even increase the area of forests in Pakistan?
Advantages/Possibilities: -
1. Replanting Trees that have been Cut Down
2. Looking After Forests/Maintenance
3. Actions Against Illegal Tree Logging Through Fines/Penalties
4. Selective Cutting
5. Use of Alternative Fuels/Provision of Natural Gas/Instead of Firewood
6. Government Protection of Forest Areas/National Parks/Reserves
7. Planting Species that do not require Irrigation
8. Cutting of Mature Trees Only
9. Actions Against Pollution
Problems: -
1. Lack of Capital
2. Security Issues
3. Lack of Government Attention
4. Demand for Timber/Firewood/Wood for Construction
5. Land Required for Housing/Industry/Agriculture/Roads
6. Long Term Project
 Mineral Resources
Type of profession: Primary because raw materials are obtained from earth or ground. Other
examples of primary profession include forestry, fishing, farming.
Minerals: Naturally Occurring Organic Substances
Mining: Process of Extraction of Minerals from Earth
Exploration: Search and Discovery of Mineral Deposits
Exploitation: Action of Making Use/Benefitting from Mineral Resources

Natural Resources:

Renewable: Non-Renewable:
 Can be re-used for e.g., Wind,  As they exhaust when used e.g.,
Sunlight, Water minerals, fossil fuels, etc.
etc.

Minerals:

Metallic: Non-Metallic:
Resemble metals and have characteristic of Do not resemble the characteristics of metals
metals
They are shiny, hard and smooth Not soft, are dull and are rough
Good conductors of electricity Bad conductors of electricity
Can be molded into other shapes Can’t be molded into other shapes
Chromite Lime stone, mineral oil
Iron Ore Rock salt, natural gas
Copper Gypsum, clays, coal
Bauxite Marble, Sulphur

Problems: -
1. Lack of Capital so modern machinery can’t be purchased
2. Lack of experts so difficult to explore minerals so it leads to import of experts
3. Lack of govt attention hence low priority
4. Institutional mismanagement so corruption
5. Terrorism, therefore foreign investors are reluctant
Importance: -
1. Contributes to GDP/GNP thus to national income
2. Some minerals are exported e.g., marble, rock salt so Pakistan earns foreign exchange so
improves BOT/BOP
3. Raw materials for different industries, Limestone in cement industry, Gypsum in fertilizer
industry, Coking Coal in steel industry
4. Minerals are locally produced
5. Restricts imports hence saves foreign exchange
6. Reduces rural to urban migration as mines are found in remote areas and people get jobs
there
7. Employment for miners
8. Development of remote areas
9. They attract foreign investment for exploration etc.
Solutions to Problems:
1. Institutions have been set up
2. Geological survey of Pakistan
3. Incentives for local and foreign investors
4. Tax exemption on import of machinery
5. Attracting multinationals to explore minerals
6. Improvement in education sector for producing labor
Effects of mining on environment: -
1. Noise pollution -> by blasting/Causes deafness
2. Land pollution -> deformation/waste/disposal/ deforestation/land not leveled/land can’t be
used effectively e.g., Agriculture
3. Water pollution -> waste disposal, water not fit for human consumption e.g., diarrhea/cholera,
etc.
4. Air pollution->smoke, dust etc. Causes lung cancer
Solutions: -
1. Scientific mining for efficiency
2. Treatment of disposal
3. Water treatment plants for cleans water to miners
4. Forestation to reduce air pollution
5. Clothing and mask to miners for protection
6. Land must be leveled after mining for efficient use afterwards
7. Strict implementation of environmental laws to avoid pollution e.g., air, water pollution etc.
8. Awareness through media’s, NGOs to protect environment
Q. Explain the difference between exploitation and exploration?
Exploration means searching, investigating, mapping
Exploitation means digging/making use of the reserves/extracting/Benefitting from Reserves

Q. Describe the distribution of limestone in Pak?

Most of the Limestone is found in Sind, Many Reserves found in KPK, Some Reserves Found in
Punjab, none in found in G.B and Kashmir, Few in Baltistan
Uses of minerals:

Name: Area: Importance:

Limestone Mangaphir, Fertilizer industry, painted on trunks of fruit trees to
Gaip tokar, protect them from termite attack, raw material for
Murli hills, cement industry, bleaching power, soap, glass, paper,
Daudkhel paint, lime, lime is used to reduce acidity, as flux in iron
and steel industry
Rock Salt Salt Range, Preservation, cooking, food processing industry,
Khewra, laundries, textile, tanning, soda, soda ash, bicarbonate of
Warcha Soda, carbonate and caustic soda
Gypsum Dandot, Fertilizers, paints, rubber, plastic, plaster of paint,
Khewra cement, paper
Daudkhel
Marble Mardan Flooring, decoration pieces etc.
Sulphur Koh-E-Sultan Fertilizer, explosives, chemicals
Clay Shah Deri China Clay-> Cement
Salt range Fire Clay-> Bricks
Sulaiman Earth -> Steel
range
Brine (Mixture of salt, water) Fertilizers
Chromite Muslim-Bagh Making bridges, railway carriages, stainless steel, Lining
in Metallurgical Furnaces, Hardness and Electrical
Resistance to Steel, Used in Manufacturing of Industrial
Tools
Bauxite Muzaffarabad Tins, cans, utensils, Aluminum is Derived from this
resource.
 Copper Sandak Switches, copper-wires, alloys, water pipes, tanks
Iron-ore Kalabagh Steel making, Construction

Q. Why are cement industries developed near limestone source? (3)

It is the main raw material/near the source
It is bulky/difficult to transport
For less transport costs
Q. State the cheapest way of transporting limestone? Railways
Limestone extracting/Quarrying: -
When limestone outcrops on the surface
It is extracted by open cast mining
Hand tools e.g., hammers, drills etc.
Power tools e.g., explosives, machines etc.

Q. What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Developing Mining Industry in Pakistan?
Advantages: -
1. More Employment
2. More Exports
3. More Foreign Exchange/Improved BOT/BOP
4. Imports Restricted
5. Better Infrastructure
6. More Education
7. More Technology
8. Growth of Mineral Related Industries e.g., Cement, Glass, Steel etc.
Disadvantages: -
1. Lack of Skilled Labor
2. Lack of Technology
3. Mining Causes Different Types of Pollution
4. Pakistan May Still Have to Import Minerals e.g., Coal due to Poor Quality
Investment Issues: -
1. Shortage of Investment as Developing Country
2. Foreign Investors may go Elsewhere as Corruption
3. May lead to Shortage of Funds for Sectors like Agriculture
Other Issue: -
1. Minerals are Non-Renewable and will Run Out

Q. Suggest as to Why the Production of Minerals, such as Chromite, varies from year-to-year.
1. Problems with Machinery
2. Reserves Reducing/New Reserves to be Exploited
3. Fear of Terrorism
4. Lack of Capital/Investment

Q. What are the Benefits of Extracting Mineral Resources for Local People and the National
Economy?
Local People: -
1. Employment Opportunities
2. Higher/More Stable Incomes
3. Higher Living Standards
4. Business Opportunities for Local People
5. Improvement to Infrastructure
6. Local Usage of Raw Material
For the National Economy: -
1. Raw Material for Industry and Agriculture
2. Revenue/Taxes for the Government
3. Increased Exports/Foreign Exchange Earned
4. National Debt Reduced
5. Imports Restricted

Q. Difficulties in Getting Minerals to Export Markets: -

1. Heavy/Bulky Commodities
2. Expensive to Transport
3. Roads/Railways from Mining Areas Poorly Developed/Not Connected
4. Mostly Extracted for Inland Purposes/Away from Ports/Karachi/Distant from Markets/Takes
a Long Time/Remoteness
5. Mountainous/Rugged Terrain
6. Theft
7. Inappropriate/Inadequate Vehicles to Transport Minerals

Metallic Products used at Domestic Level: -

1. Spoons
2. Openers
3. Iron Scales
4. Scissors
5. Door Handles
Etc.
Sustainable Mineral Resources: -
1. The use of natural products and energy in a way that does not harm the environment.
2. The available mineral resources meet the needs of the present and the future generation but
not harm the environment.

Q. How to Achieve Sustainable Development in Mining Industry?

1. Mining Should be Done on Modern Lines to Maximize the Benefits and Minimize Negative
Effects
2. The Discharge of Toxic Substances and the Release of Heat to the Environment should be
Strictly Checked
3. Proper Training Should be Given to Workers
4. The Land should be leveled and the Depressions should be filled in after Mining Activity is
Ceased to Avoid Deformation of Land.
5. Hi-Technology and Experts should be Available
6. Provision of Infrastructure
7. Exploration of More Mineral Resources
8. Reprocess the Mineral Waste

Unsustainable Mineral Resources: The available mineral resources could not meet the needs of
the present and the future generation but harm the environment.
Occurs Due To: -
1. Deforestation
2. Pollution
3. Soil Erosion
4. Lack of Infrastructure
5. Corruption
 Fishing
Type of profession: Fishing is a primary profession as it is directly related with nature i.e., water.
Other primary professions include forestry, mining and farming
Aquaculture: Development of Water Resources for Fish and Shrimps. Breeding Fish and Shrimps
Fishing as a system:

Input: Process: Output:

1.Water Body 1.Catching 1.Fish
2.Labour 2.Feeding 2.Fish Products
3.Capital 3.Vaccinating
4.Handmade Nets 4.Refrigerating
5.Wooden Boats 5.Cutting
6.Sailing Boats 6.Canning
7.Ice Buckets 7.Salting
8.Gill Netters
9.Chillers
10.Mechanized Boats
11.Cans
12.Salt
13.Vaccine

Subsistence vs Commercial:

Subsistence: Commercial:
1.Home/Family use 1.Sale/Profit
2.Less Capital Invested 2.High Capital Invested
3.Less Catch/Output 3.High Catch/Output
4.Traditional Methods 4.Modern Methods
 Wooden Boats  Engine Boats
 Ice Baskets  Refrigerators
 Family Labor  Skilled Labor
 Inherited Knowledge  Trawlers
 Handmade Nets  Nylon Nets

Marine vs Inland:

Marine: Inland:
1.Practiced in Sea Water 1.Practiced in rivers, lakes, ponds, inland
E.g., Makran, Sindh Coast fish farms E.g., Mangla, Tarbela
2.Commercial, Subsistence 2.Commercial, Subsistence
3.Local/International Market 3.Local Market
4.Modern/Traditional Methods 4.Traditional Method
5.Less Labor 5.More Labor
6.More Catch 6.Less Catch
7. Names of Fish 7. Names of Fish
 Sharks  Trout
 Drums  Rahu
 Cat Fish  Thalla
 Ray  Palla
 Croakers  Silver
 Skates  Carp
Q. Why is there more labor in Inland fish farms?
1. More people living near rivers
2. For catching
3. For feeding
4. For vaccination
5. For transportation

Sindh Coast vs Makran Coast:

Sindh: Makran:
1.Karachi Port 1.Jirwani, Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara
2.Less Coastal Area 30% 2.More Coastal Area 70%
3.More Output 3.Less Output
4.Developed Infrastructure 4.Poor Infrastructure
5.Wide Shallow Sea 5.Less Shallow Area
6.Roads for Transportation 6.Lack of Roads
7.Better Processing 7.Lack of Water for Processing

8.Refrigerating Facility due to electricity 8.Lack of refrigerating facility due to lack of

electricity
9.Modern Methods 9.Old Traditional Methods

Q. Why are the Ports in Baluchistan Small?

1. Mountainous/Rugged Interior/Topographical Constraints
2. Underdeveloped
3. Little Industry for Fishing
4. Poor Communications
5. Lack of Infrastructure
6. Poor Links to Developed Areas of Pakistan
7. Small Population on Makran Coast
8. No Large Estuaries (partially enclosed, coastal water body where freshwater from rivers and
streams mixes with salt water from the ocean).

Q. How does the Poor Infrastructure of Baluchistan Make Development of the Fishing Industry
Difficult?
1. Poor Roads/No Railway Links for Transport
2. Lack of Electricity/Power for Processing
3. Poor Telecommunications to Markets
4. Lack of Fresh/Clean Water for Processing
5. Illiteracy/Lack of Training/Lack of Education

Q. At present time, most of the fish catch is processed in Karachi. The ports of Baluchistan such
as Gwadar and Pasni have the potential for development. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of developing fish processing industries in the ports of Baluchistan?
Advantages: -
1. Stimulates Development of Fishing Industry
2. Reduced Costs of Transport as Opposed to Karachi
3. More Fish/No Delay/No need for Storage
4. Infrastructure Developed
5. Higher Living Standards due to Rise in Income
6. Exports to Abroad Increased/More Foreign Exchange Earned
Disadvantages: -
1. Lack of Infrastructure
2. Small Market/Population
3. Uneducated/Unskilled Population
4. Inhospitable Climate/Climatic Constraints
5. Long way from Major Centers of Population
6. Population and its effects on Urban Population

Q. What are the factors for the Construction of Fish Farms?

1. Flat Area
2. Alluvial Soil
3. Availability of Water from Canals/Tubewells
4. Young Fish from Hatchery Complex
5. Availability of Food
6. Availability of Transport

Q. What are the Features of a Fish Farm?

1. Large Area
2. Several Ponds
3. Rectangular Ponds
4. Line of Trees
5. Small Pebbles on the Bank of the Pond
6. Trees for Shade
7. Constructed According to Planning
8. Straight Road/Bricked Pathway

Q. How is fish reared on fish farms? (4)

1. Eggs hatched in hatcheries
2. Small Fish are shifted to rectangular ponds of fresh water
3. Separated according to size
4. Feeding in ponds
5. Health care through vaccination
6. When becomes bigger it is sent to market for selling purpose

Q. Why is fish farming of growing importance in Pakistan?

1. Growing Population
2. Lack of Proteins in Diet
3. Fish are Rich in Proteins/Low Cholesterol
4. Provides Alternative Income for Farmers
5. Provides Employment Opportunities
6. Water Available from Irrigation Schemes/Lakes/Reservoirs
7. Bones for Fertilizer
8. Exports/Earns Foreign Exchange

Q. Why are more People Employed in Inland Fisheries than Marine Fisheries?
1. More People Live Near Lakes/Rivers
2. Maintenance of Ponds
3. Hatcheries
4. Feeding
5. Catching
6. Transport
7. Government Encouragement
Marketing:
Pakistan has a domestic and an international market for fish, shrimps and fish products.
Domestic Market: At the domestic level the catch from marine fisheries is supplied to the local
fish markets through wholesale dealers. In Karachi, the main fishing center, street hawkers also
buy some of the fish catch and provide door to door service. Frozen or processed fish is supplied
to only a few large departmental stores in urban areas, but people prefer to buy fresh fish and
Prawns rather than the processed ones. However, the local demand for fish is less than its catch.
The per capita consumption is 1.6 kg p.a. which is quite low as compared to European countries.
International Market: At the International level Pakistan has a market for fish and fish products.
About 30 % of the total fish catch is exported to 30 countries of the world. Japan is the main
market for fish and Shrimps. U.S.A, U.K and France are other markets. About 80 % of the total
fish catch of the Makran Coast is dried for export to the Middle East.

Uses of Fish: -
1. Fish Waste is used to make Fertilizer and Poultry Feed
2. Fish Oil Provides Nutrition
3. Fish is Used in Production of Cosmetics
4. Fish is Used as a source of Food
5. Sold Into Local Market
6. Subsistence Food
Q. Pakistan has more catch but low consumption, why?
1. Expensive/Difficult to afford
2. Not a preferred meat as chicken is preferred
3. Not available everywhere in Pakistan
4. People unaware of its benefits i.e., low cholesterol
5. Lack of storage
Importance of Fishing Industry:

Advantages:
 Contributes to GDP/GNP thus to
national income
 Exported so source of earning
foreign exchange
 Fulfills local demand hence restricts
imports thus Improves BOT/BOP
 Employment for fishermen
 Extra income for agricultural farmers
who own fish farm
 Reduces rural to urban migration
 Development of remote areas
 Nutritious Food
 More protein
 Less cholesterol
 Used in poultry food
 Used in fertilizer industry
 Used in cosmetic industry
Disadvantages:
 Lack of Capital hence can’t afford
modern methods
 Lack of education so fishermen are
unaware of new techniques
 Unhygienic environment for fish
markets so buyers are reluctant
 Over fishing (during breeding season
 Threat to mangrove trees
 Water pollution Due to oil spillage
which kills fish
 Lack of government attention
 Lack of modern machinery
 Lack of storage facility so water is
wasted

Solutions to Problems/Disadvantages:
Increase in processing facilities e.g., canning
Increase storage facilities like refrigerators
Modern methods are being encouraged
Loans are being provided by the government for purchasing new methods
Development of Makran coast
More storage facility
More ice factories
More processing facilities
Awareness about establishing fish farms
Guidance and weather information for fisherman through media
Q. What is meant by “over fishing” why does it occur?
1. Over fishing is when more fish is caught than replenished
2. Too many fish caught
3. Small (Baby) fish caught
4. Caught in breeding season
Q. Why is fish processing called “Value-added”? (1)
A. Fish Processing is Called Value-Added because Fish can be sold for more money/profit. More
Value is added to the Fish, thus, Increasing the Margin of Profit.
Q. How can fish be stored and processed? (3)
1. Refrigerated
2. Frozen
3. Salted
4. Gutted
5. Canned

Sustainability: Sustainable fishing means using fish and fish products in such a way that they are
available for the current generation as well as for future generations.
Can be Achieved Through: -
1. Banning the Use of Illegal Nets/Nets with Small Holes
2. Avoid the Cutting of Mangrove Forests and Water Pollution
3. Avoid Over-Fishing
4. Construction of Cold Storage for Processing

Q. Explain the Advantages and Disadvantages of Developing the Fish Industry in Pakistan.
Advantages: -
1. More Food
2. More Proteins
3. More Employments Opportunities
4. Exports to Japan and Other Countries for Foreign Exchange
5. More Technology/Introduction of Engines/Machinery/Radars/Satellite Navigation etc.
6. More Education by Teaching Skills/Sustainability as Fish are Free/Shouldn’t Run Out.
7. Growth of Other Industries e.g., Processing, Boat Building
Disadvantages: -
1. Lack of Education
2. Lack of Technology
3. Water Pollution
4. Restrictions (Marine Fishing banned in June-July)
5. Not a Large Income/Small and Delayed Profit
6. Sustainability Issues e.g., Overfishing

Steps Taken by the Government to Develop the Fishing Industry: -

1. The introduction of new fishing methods.
2. The development of Value-added products such as canned or frozen fish by providing fish
processing facilities.
3. Guidance and weather information for the fishermen through broadcasting services and the
meteorological departments of the government.
4. Monitoring of deep-sea fishing vessels.
5. Loans for training/education.
6. Construction of cold storage for processing.
7. Provision of Infrastructure facilities e.g., electricity and roads.
8. Communication facilities for marketing.

Q. How does the Production of Fish in Pakistan help its economy?

1. Rise in GDP/GNP
2. Greater Return to Fishermen
3. Rise in Employment Opportunities
4. Extra Income to Farmers and Industrial Labor
5. Use of Technology and upgrading of skills ensuring Fish Production
6. Foreign Exchange
7. Reduction of Burden on Crop and Livestock
 Agriculture
Type of Profession: Belongs to the primary industry/profession because raw material is
obtained directly from nature/ground/Earth.

Arable -> Crop Farming

Pastoral -> Livestock -> Animal Farming
Mixed -> Crop + Livestock

Agriculture as a system: -
Inputs: -
1. Natural/Physical: Land, Soil, Climate, Water, Rainfall
2. Economic/Human: Capital, Machines, Fertilizers, Labor, Knowledge, Land Ownership,
Traditions, Irrigation, Pesticides.

Processes: Ploughing, Sowing, Irrigating, Fertilizing, Weeding, Harvesting, Thrashing, Milking,

Breeding etc.

Outputs: Wheat, Rice, Sugarcane, Barley

Definitions of Methods/Processes:
Ploughing (Soften Soil): Done for softening soil e.g., tractors, so that the crops could be grown
later, this is done through various means e.g., through bulls.
Sowing: Process of Planting Seeds.
Irrigating: Providing an artificial supply of water.
Fertilizing: Fertilizers contain chemical elements that improve growth and productivity of
plants.
Weeding: Taking out extra plants/unwanted plants from the field.
Harvesting: Cutting of Crop.
Thrashing: Separating Products from the Main Product.

Small-Scale Subsistence Farming: -

1. Production of food for the people who work on the farm i.e., for family purposes.
2. Low yield/Low Output due to poverty. (Yield = Output/Area)
3. Low Capital is Invested.
4. Small Farms, 34% of all subsistence farms are smaller than the normal holding of 5 Hectares.
5. Difficulty earning therefore the farmer may have to supplement income from other sources
e.g. carpenter, blacksmith, cobbler etc.
6. Cheap Economic Inputs/Traditional Inputs e.g., Natural Manure as Fertilizers, Traditional
Methods of Irrigation e.g., the Persian Wheel, Wooden Plough. Inherited Knowledge, Family
Labor, Unskilled Laborers, Low Wages.
7. Output varies from year-to-year dependent on rainfall, pests and diseases. Surplus sold
normally to small village shops. Profit earned to pay loans or buying necessities of life.

Cash Crop Farming: -

1. For Sale/Profit Purposes.
2. High Capital is Invested.
3. High Yield/High Output (Yield = Output/Area).
4. Large Farms in Sind and Punjab.
5. Aims to Maximize Profit.
6. Modern Farming Techniques, Modern Inputs e.g., Tractors, Thrashers, Harvesters, Chemical
Fertilizers, Modern Irrigation Methods e.g., tubewells. HYV seeds, Pesticides, Skilled Labor, Extra
Labor e.g., Cotton Picking. Big Warehouses to store the produce.
7. Crops not limited to food, tobacco, sugarcane and oilseeds grown. Crops Selected on the Basis
of Demand and Government Policies.
8. No requirement to supplement income. No part time jobs.

Irrigated Farming: -
Characteristics:
1. Depends on Irrigational Methods e.g., Tubewells.
2. Utilized in Large Farms.
3. Farmers can afford Tractors, Machinery etc.
5. Modern Farming Techniques, Modern Inputs e.g., Tractors, Thrashers, Harvesters, Chemical
Fertilizers, Modern Irrigation Methods e.g., tubewells. HYV seeds, Pesticides, Skilled Labor, Extra
Labor e.g., Cotton Picking. Big Warehouses to store the produce.
6. High Output/High Yield (Yield = Output/Area).
Crops: Wheat, Rice, Sugarcane, Cotton, Tobacco, Oilseeds, Maize.
Areas: Upper Indus Plain, Lower Indus Plain.

Barani Farming (Rainfed Farming): -

Characteristics:
1. Dependent on Rainfall Entirely.
2. Small Farms
3. Farmers are too poor to afford machinery/Lack of Machinery
4. Traditional Methods e.g., Natural Manure as Fertilizers, Inherited Knowledge, Family Labor,
Unskilled Laborers, Low Wages.
5. Low Yield/Low Output. (Yield = Output/Area).
6. Ploughing after Rainfall.
7. Often Goats and Sheep are Reared as Alternate Sources of Food and Income.
Crops: Wheat, Millet (Bajra), Pulses (Dal), Oilseeds, Maize (Corn).
Areas: Potohar Plateau.

Cropping Seasons: -
Rabi (Winter): Sown in Early Winter and Harvested in Early Summer. Crops include Wheat,
Barley, Grains (Channa), Oilseeds, Tobacco.
Kharif (Summer): Sown in Early Summer and Harvested in Early Winter. Crops include Rice,
Cotton, Sugarcane, Maize, Millet.

HYV Seeds: -
Wheat -> MaxiPak, ShahKhan-95, Wadnak-95, Kohson-95.
Rice -> IrriPak, Basmati Super, Pajhal.
Cotton -> Nayyab-78, Sarmast Qalandari, CIM-70.
Sugarcane -> Jn-88-1 to 3, Thatta-10.

Wheat: -
Requirements (Physical): -
1. Warm Temperature, 10-20 C at Sowing, 25-30 C for Harvesting.
2. Moderate Rainfall 325-625 MM.
3. Loamy Soil
4. Flat Land
5. Well-Drained Land
6. Light Rain of Oct-Dec Assists Growth
7. Dry Harvesting Period.
Areas: Indus Plain (Upper/Lower), Punjab, Nawabshah.
Methods (Memorize in Order): -
1. Prepare Fields by Ploughing
2. Sowing in Oct-Dec
3. Weeding
4. 2 Irrigations, 1st in the 1st Month after Sowing, 2nd is 1 Month before Harvesting>
5. Fertilizers for Nutrients
6. Pesticides to Kill Pests
7. Thrashing (Grain is Separated from Chaff)
8. Stored or transported.
Importance: -
1. Export = Foreign Exchange is Earned, Improves BOT/BOP.
2. Fulfils Local Demand
3. Restricts Imports
4. Saves Foreign Exchange
5. Increasing Population/More Demand Fulfilled.
6. Higher income for farmer and industrial labor.
7. Contributes to the GDP/GNP/National Income
8. Staple Food
9. Raw Material Obtained for Bakery Products e.g., Wheat for Wheat Biscuits.
10. By Products (Chaff) Obtained for Animal Feed.

Methods of Cultivation of Wheat on Barani Farms: -

1. Ploughing/Preparation of Soil when the Rainfall
2. In Winter/Oct-Dec
3. Seeds Sown After Rainfall.
4. Weeding
5. Fertilizers
6. Pesticides to kill Pests.
7. Collection of Rainfall in Ponds/Tanks.
8. Dry Harvesting Period.

Rice: -
Natural Requirements: -
1. Warm/Hot Temperatures (20-30 C) Required for Growth
2. Loamy Soil
3. Flat Land
4. Heavy Rainfall (1270-2000 MM in Rainfall is Ideal)
5. Dry Harvesting Period.
6. Impervious Sub-Soil is Essential.
Areas: Larkana, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Sheikhupura.
Methods: -
1. Nursery for Seeds
2. Preparing of Fields by Ploughing/Weeding.
3. Flooding/Irrigation (30-37 M)
4. Transplanting when the Rice Plant is about 9 Inches High from the Nursery.
5. Fertilizers for Nutrients.
6. Pesticides to Kill Pests.
7. Draining Out Water After the Rice is Ripe.
8. Harvesting
9. Thrashing Rice from Husk.
Importance: -
1. Export of Basmati earns Foreign Exchange and Improves the BOP/BOT.
2. Fulfils the Local Demands/Restricts Imports of Nutritional Food.
3. Employment for Farmers and Industrial Labor.
4. Income for Farmer and Industrial Labor.
5. Contributes to the GDP/GNP i.e., the National Income.
6. Fulfils the Needs of the Growing Population.
7. Rice Husk i.e., the By Product is used in the Manufacturing of Chipboard.

How Canal Irrigation is Used and Controlled to Grow Rice?

1. Water from Reservoirs of a Dam/Barrage/Canal closed or opened by gates.
2. Rice Fields are flooded in preparation before transplanting.
3. Rice Fields remain flooded during growth.
4. Water is Drained Before Harvest.

Q (A): There are 4 Main Processes of Rice Cultivation i.e., Harvesting, Planting, Preparation of
Fields and Growth. List the Processes in Correct Order.
A. 1. Preparation of Fields
2. Planting
3. Growth
4. Harvesting

Q (B): Explain How Each of the Process name in Part A is linked to the Rainfall in Lahore from
June-October?
A. 1. June: Rainfall to Soften Soil for Preparation of the Fields.
2. June-July: Rain for Planting Seedlings.
3. June-September: Sufficient Rainfall/Rain Continues Growth.
4. September-October: Dry Harvesting Period.

Cotton: -
Natural Requirements: -
1. Hot Temperature for Cultivation (25-35 C)/Mild Temperature for Development of
Bolls/Sensitive to Frost.
2. Loamy Soil/Medium Loam at its best/Natural Manure or Fertilizer to Maintain the Fertility or
Crop Rotation/Level Land.
3. Flat Land
4. 1000 MM Rainfall
5. When Moisture is Less than 500 MM, Irrigation is Necessary
6. Dry Harvesting Period (25-35 C)
Main Areas: Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, Multan, Nawabshah, Rahimyar Khan
Methods: -
1. Preparation by Ploughing
2. Sowing
3. Weeding
4. Irrigation
5. 1st Irrigation after 1 Month of Sowing, 2nd After 2 Months of 1st Irrigation.
6. Fertilizers to Provide Nutrients.
7. Pesticides to kill pests and prevention from viruses e.g., Leaf Curl Virus.
8. Picking of Cotton
9. Transporting to Ginning Mills for Separation of Seeds from Lint.
Importance: -
1. Export i.e., Foreign Exchange is earned and the BOT/BOP is Improved.
2. Local Demand is Fulfilled/Imports Restricted
3. Employment for Farmers and Industrial Labor
4. Income for Farmers and Industrial Labor
5. GDP/GNP/Contribution to National Income
6. Raw Material for Cotton Textile Industry (King of Fiber)
7. Cotton is the Main Export of Pakistan

Sugarcane: -
Natural Requirements: -
1. Hot Temperature (25-35 C) for Cultivation
2. Tolerant to Frost for a short period
3. Loamy Soil
4. Flat Land
5. 1520 MM Rain, Irrigation is essential to fill the gap
6. Deep Soil
7. Lots of Sunshine Required
8. Well Drained Land
Main Areas; Nawabshah, Peshawar, Faisalabad
Methods: -
1. Prepare Fields by Ploughing
2. Weeding
3. Stalks are Planted
4. Fertilizer for Nutrients
5. Pesticides to Kill Pests
6. Irrigation on a regular basis
7. Harvesting (2-3 Successive Years through ratooned)
8. Taken to Sugar Mills/Quickly/Without Delay/Delay Leads to Loss of Sugar Content/Loss of
Weight
9. Washed/Scribed and Crushed.
10. Sugarcane Juice is Collected
11. The Sugarcane Juice is refined, Crystalized and Whitened.
12. White Sugar is Obtained.
13. By Products i.e., Molasses/ Brown Sugar and Bagasse
Importance: -
1. GDP/GNP Therefore Contribute to National Income
2. Exported so Foreign Exchange Earned + Improved BOP/BOT
3. Fulfills Local Demand
4. Employment For Farmers and Industrial Labor
5. Income for Farmers and Industrial Labor
6. Raw Material for Sugar Mills
7. By Product Bagasse used in paper, chipboard and animal feed.
8. By Product Molasses is used in chemical industry, cattle field, bakers’ yeast, synthetic rubber,
fuel in sugar factories etc.

Q. Waste Products from Food Crops such as Bagasse from Sugarcane and Staw from Cereal have
some uses. Explain the Importance of waste products/by products such as these.
A. Bagasse: -
1. Paper
2. Cardboard
3. Packaging
4. Chipboard
5. Fuel for Power Stations
6. Can save Fossil Fuels such as Coal/Gas/Oil
6. Cheaper than Fossil Fuels to Produce Electricity.
Molasses: -
1. Used in Chemical Industry
2. Used as Fuel
3. Used as Bakers’ Yeast
4. Used in Alcohol
Straw: -
1. Used in Animal Feed
2. Mixed into Soil
3. Roofing

Q. Explain why the Production of Agricultural Crops Varies from Year-to-Year.

A. 1. Temperature Varies
2. Rainfall Varies
3. Changes in Government Policies
4 Problems like Floods and Droughts
5. Irrigation can be short
6. High Winds
7. Pests, Diseases, viruses
8. Human Factors

Minor Crops: -
1. Maize (Kharif)
Requirements: -
1. Loamy Soil
2. Flat Land
3. Temperatures are to be high up to 35 C
Areas: Mardan, Swat
Importance: -
1. Food Processing Industries (Custard, Powders, Cornflower)
2. Edible Oil
3. Animal Feed
4. Other Common Points of Importance

2. Pulses (Rabi)
Requirements: -
1. Loamy Soil
2. Flat Land
3. Rainfall Otherwise Irrigation fills the Gap.
Areas: Bannu, Sialkot
Importance: -
1. Rich in Proteins
2. Staple Food
3. Cheap Diet
4. Other Common Points of Importance

3. Oilseeds (Rabi): -
Requirements: -
1. Loamy Soil
2. Flat Land
3. Rainfall otherwise Irrigation Fills the gap
4. Temperature to be 15 C, even in Winters.
Areas: Sialkot, Nawabshah
Importance: -
1. Animal Feed
2. Edible Oil e.g., Sunflower, Soybeans
3. Other Common Points of Importance

4. Millet (Bajra) (Kharif): -

Requirements: -
1. Flat Land
2. Can be Grown on Poor Soil
3. Drought Resistant
4. Temperature is Around 30-35 C
Areas: Thar, Rawalpindi
Importance: -
1. Animal Feed
2. Other Common Points of Importance

5. Tobacco
Requirements: -
1. Loamy Soil
2. Flat Land
3. Rainfall Otherwise Irrigation Fills the Gap
Areas: Mardan, Peshawar
Importance: -
1. Chemical Fertilizers
2. Raw Material in the Cigarette Industry
3. Exported Abundantly Therefore BOT/BOP Improved.
4. Common Points of Importance

Fruit Farming: -
1. Apples/Apricots/Almonds
Requirements: -
1. Sunshine/Warmth
2. Flat Areas of Valley Floor
3. Irrigation
4. Rain
Areas: Swat, Hunza, Baltistan, Norther Baluchistan e.g., Mastung
Importance: -
1. Source of Nutrition
2. Other Points of Importance

2. Dates: -
Requirements: -
1. Irrigated through Karez System
Areas: Kharan, Thar, Turbat
Importance: -
1. Source of Food
2. Shelters Crops from Strong Winds
3. Tress Provide Shade from the Intense Heat of Deserts
4. Other Points of Importance

3. Bananas/Mangoes/Citrus Fruits
Requirements: -
1. Hot Land of Lower Indus Plain
2. Loamy Soil of Lower Indus Plain
3. Irrigation from River Indus
4. Temperature above 15 C even in Winters
5. Monsoon and Summer Rainfall
Areas: Northern Sind, Southern Punjab/Lower Indus Plain
Importance: -
1. Source of Food
2. Festivals Celebrate Mango Harvest
3. Other Points of Importance

Difficulties in Finding and Reaching Local and International Markets for Almonds, Dates and
other fruits grown in Pakistan.
1. Poor Storage Facilities
2. Poor Infrastructure
3. Lack of Processing and Packaging Facilities therefore, Food not accepted in International
Market/Limiting Exports.
4. Lack of Quality Control e.g., Mangoes aren’t treated for pests.
5. Strong International Competition in Exports e.g., Mangoes from India and Citrus from China
6. Used in Subsistence Farming hence, don’t reach markets.
7. Long Distances, therefore, increasing Transportation Costs.

Q. Why are Fruits Grown mainly for Local Use?

A. 1. Perishable
2. Small Amounts so Hardly for International Usage
3. Not of Export Quality/Lack of Quality Control
4. Difficult to Export due to Transportation Costs and Weight

Livestock Farming (Pastoral Farming): -

Subsistence livestock Farming: Livestock Farming for Family Usage.
Commercial Livestock Farming: Livestock Farming for Sale and Profit Purposes.

Inputs: -
1. Natural Grazing Fields
2. Water from Ponds and Lakes
3. Open Lands
4. Family Labor
5. Animal Sheds
6. Fodder Rooms
7. Processed Fodder
8. Specialized Labor
9. Vet Facilities
10. Milking Machinery

Processes: -
1. Feeding
2. Milking
3. Breeding
4. Cleaning
5. Selling
6. Refrigeration
Output: -
1. Milk
2. Meat
3. Wool
4. Eggs
5. Hides/Skins

Uses of Livestock Resources: -

1. Buffaloes: -
Outputs: Milk (70%), Meat, Draft Animal (drawing heavy loads), Hides, Dung as Manure
Areas: Bahawalpur, Multan, Jhang, Canal Irrigated Areas of Punjab and Sind due to their
tendency to remain in water.
2. Cattle: -
Outputs: Bullocks/Cows, Meat, Milk, Draft Animal (drawing heavy loads), Hides, Dung as
Manure, Pride for Farmers.
Areas: Bahawalpur, Multan, Jhang, Well distributed in Most Areas
3. Goats/Sheep: -
Outputs: Wool, Meat (Preferred), Hides, Dung used as Manure
Problems Caused: Used in Nomadic Farming, Overgrazing which leads to soil erosion
Areas: Bahawalpur, Multan, Jhang, Zhob, Northern Areas, KPK, Thal, Cholistan
4. Poultry: -
Outputs: Eggs, Meat (Preferred Meat)
Demand of Poultry is Increasing Due to Growing Population

Importance of Livestock Farming: -

1. Contributes to GDP and therefore to the National Income
2. Export Thus Foreign Exchange is Earned which improves BOT/BOP
3. Raw Materials for Domestic Industry
4. Milk in Food Processing Industries
5. Skins/Hides in Tanning Industry
6. Wool in Woolen Textile Industry
7. Fulfils Domestic Needs for Nutrition and Food through Meat, Milk etc.
8. Draft Power for Ploughing, Thrashing, Lifting Water from Wells and to Pull Carts for
Transport.
9. Employment for Farmers and Industrial Labor.
10. Income for Farmers and Industrial Labor.

Problems of Livestock Farming: -

1. Few Vet Hospitals
2. Lack of Grazing Grounds
3. High Prices of Animal Feed
4. Inefficient Marketing System of Milk e.g., Water Mixed in Milk
5. Poor Storage Facilities
6. Primitive Breeding Methods
7. Unhygienic Conditions of Farms e.g., Dung and Insects
8. Illiterate Farmers e.g., they can’t take loans, can’t modernize farming methods
9. Poverty so they can’t improve livestock farming. Lack of Control on Farms
10. Unhygienic Husbandries

Solutions to Problems of Livestock Farming: -

1. Capital/Investment/Loans/Subsidies/Concession can be provided by the government to
introduce Modern Inputs like Processed Fodder.
2. Selective/Cross Breeding on Scientific Lines for Better Animals
3. Better Feed/Fodder for Stronger/Bigger Animals
4. More Grazing Land through Irrigation, Fertilizers etc., To provide more food to Animals in
form of by products and crops.
5. Vaccinations and Medicines/More Vets to Improve Animal Health
6. Mechanization by introducing Milking Machines for Hygiene and Speed.

Q. To what extent is it possible for Pakistan to increase food supply with the help of Livestock
Farming? (6)
Solutions and Problems of Livestock Farming

Q. In what ways are the uses of Cattle and Buffalo in Pakistan Similar? (3)
A. 1. Used to Obtain Milk
2. Used to Obtain Meat
3. Hides of both are used in Leather Textile Industries
4. Used to Pull Carts/Draft Animals

Q. Why are Buffaloes More Important than Cattle? (2)

A. 1. Milk of Buffaloes is more preferred in Pakistan.
2. Provides More Milk than Cattle.
3. Provides More Meat than Cattle.

Q. Why do Most Farmers want to Own Pair of Buffaloes?

A. 1. To pull Carts/Draft Animals/Transport to Town or Markets.
2. Thrashing
3. Ploughing
4. Pride for the Farmers
5. To Lift Water from the Wells
6. Most Farmers are poor and can’t afford Machinery, Hence, Buffaloes are owned by them as
they can substitute the work of Machinery at a Cheaper Cost.

Q. Why is a large water supply necessary for a Buffalo Farm? (4)

A. 1. Water Used by Buffaloes in Drinking
2. To Clean Buffalo Farms
3. To keep the Buffaloes Cool/They sit in Water/They can be Sprinkled with Water
4. Water is used to Wash/Bath the Buffaloes
5. Water is added to Milk

Q. No Fodder Crops are Grown on the farms near Karachi. How are these farms supplied with
the fodder for Buffaloes? (2)
A. 1. By Road through Tractors, Cars, Trucks etc. In Large Amounts.
2. From Crop Farms Outside Karachi/On (Southern) Lower Indus Plain Near Hyderabad, Thatta,
Badin.

Q. Explain the Importance of Buffalo Farms to Karachi. (4)

A. 1. Milk Butter/Ghee Fulfil the demand of the huge/growing population of Karachi.
3. Milk Is expensive to transport so if they are inside Karachi, Transportation Costs can be saved.
4. Milk can be fresh for the locals and can be supplied conveniently in Karachi.
5. Meat
6. Supplies of Head, Skins for the Tanning Industries.
7. Karachi is important for the production of Leather Goods.
8. Dung is sold in markets for domestic use in lawns or commercial uses in farms or hotel
gardens as fertilizers.

Q. Explain what is meant by sustainable livestock farming? (2)

A. To make food/animal product needs of the present generation while not compromising the
availability of future generations to meet their food animal product needs.

Types of Livestock Farming: -

1. Nomadic: -
Frequent Movement from one place to another in search of food and water and grazing ground,
settle for weeks to allow access of food and water after which they leave the area. Sheep, Goats
and Camels are used. Mostly Practiced in Baluchistan, Thar and Desert Areas of Punjab and Sind.
A form of Subsistence Livestock Farming.
2. Transhumance (Semi-Nomadic): -
Seasonal Livestock Farming. Animals are kept on pastures high up in the mountains in Summer
and brought down to lower pastures in winters, in severe winter, animals are kept in sheds.
Practiced in Northern and Western Mountains. Goats, Sheep and Cattle are used in this method
mostly. In the Higher Pastures in Karakoram and Himalayas, Yak and Dzo are used. From of
Subsistence Livestock Farming
3. Settled Farming: -
Permanent Farming Practiced in the villages of Punjab and Sind. Cows, Hens and Cattle
Alongside Sheep are kept for milk and eggs. Excess Milk is processed to make butter or ghee
which are important components of their diet.

Advantages of Transhumance and Nomadic Farming: -

1. Access to good Pastures
2. Free Availability of Pastures
3. Source of Income e.g., goods to sell
4. Source of Food
5. Dung for Fertile Soil
6. Camels Adapted to Desert Areas
7. Sheep and Goat eat Poor Quality Grass

Disadvantages of Transhumance and Nomadic Farming: -

1. Need to Move about/No Permanent home.
2. Poor Quality Animals so difficult to have commercial gains
3. Can’t Keep Buffaloes in Mountainous Areas/Desert Areas.
4. Low Income of Farmers due to Low Output or Weak Animals.
5. Lack of Water in Desert Areas.
6. Animals may die/starve.
7. Lack of Vet Care so Diseases Spread Easily.
8. Overgrazing by Goats leading to Soil Erosion.

Q. Explain why Animals are reared in Nomadic Way in Arid Areas? (3)
A. 1. Lack of Food for Animals
2. Lack of Water for Animals
3. Food and Water Quickly Finish so they Have to Move
4. Move with the Weather to Avoid Extreme Climatic Conditions/Aridity
5. No Infrastructure Like Roads for Permanent Settlements

Factors Influencing Agricultural Production: -

1. Natural Factors: -
1. Topography (Land Flat)
Machinery can be Used e.g., Harvesters and Thrashers.
Irrigation can be Easily Practiced
High Yield/High Output
Easy to Plough
1. Topography (Land Steep)
Difficult to Use Machinery
2. Soil (Alluvial)
Silt Deposited by Rivers through Floods which form lands which carry nutrients
Increases the Fertility of Soil
Not Likely to be Affected by Water Logging
2. Soil (Thin)
Infertile/Less Nutrients
3. Pest/Diseases: -
Destroy Crops e.g., Leaf Curl Virus
Preventive and Curative Methods Applied e.g., Seeds are Poisoned Before Sowing, Spraying
Pesticides etc.
4. Rainfall/Rain: -
Required at the Correct Time of the Year e.g., at the start of Monsoon for Kharif Crops e.g., rice.
Gentle Showers during Growth
None During Harvest
Very Important for Barani Crops as they are Entirely Reliant/Dependent on Rainfall
5. Sunshine: -
For Warmth
Ripening
Photosynthesis

2. Human Factors: -
1. Irrigation: -
Advantages: -
Enough Water Available
At the Correct time of the Year
Fills the Gap of Rainfall
Removes Salinity Through Tubewells
Reduces Waterlogging by lowering the water table through Tubewells.
Disadvantages: -
Waterlogging and Salinity due to Farming Practices like the Perennial Canals through overuse of
the water, and Unlined Canals through which water seeps into the ground.
Tubewells are expensive to install and maintain as they use electricity/diesel and Machinery.
Lack of Technology for Pumps/Wells
Lack of Electricity/Powercuts/Load-Shedding
2. Chemical Fertilizers: -
Advantages: -
Better than Dung
Provides Nutrients/Minerals
Minerals need replacing after cultivation
Reduces Crop Failure
Pakistani Soil is deficient in Minerals so Fertilizers Make up for the deficiencies by providing
Nitrogen, Potassium, Phosphates.
Higher Yield/Higher Output
Disadvantages: -
Expensive so farmers cannot afford them due to Lack of Capital and Poverty
Illiterate Farmers so they cannot read instructions of the fertilizers.
Environmental Problems e.g., water pollution eutrophication etc.
3. Mechanization: -
Advantages: -
Faster work e.g., Transport/Thrashing/Harvesting
More efficient so less wastage
Better Preparation of Fields with Tractors
Easy Thrashing/Harvesting
Doesn’t Require Rest Like Cattle/Buffaloes/Draft Animals
Need Less Labor
Disadvantage: -
Causes Unemployment
Can Break Down
Unsuitable for Small Farms
Lack of Capital/Poverty/Expensive
Needs Special Skills for Operations
4. Transport: -
Faster Speed foe e.g., Sugarcane can be transported to Mills efficiently to prevent losses
Dry Ports for imports e.g., Fertilizers
Experts/Advisers can Visit Different Rural Areas of Pakistan with the means of Transport
5. Loans/Capital: -
Funds to buy Inputs e.g., Fertilizers
Funds to buy Machinery
Funds to Maintain Bigger Fields
Funds to Purchase More Land
Funds for better Irrigational Methods e.g., the Tubewells
6. Training/Knowledge:
Advantages: -
Better Management/Efficiency as the Farmers would have Knowledge of
Weather/Understanding of the Soil
Better Methods of Cultivation
Knowledge of Diseases
Better Usage of HYV
Proper Usage of Pesticides/Fertilizers
Better Usage of Machinery/Technology
Better Financial Management/Can Acquire Loans
Better Marketing of Agricultural Products
Disadvantages: -
Poverty so Can’t afford Modern Methods
High Rate of Illiteracy as Education Costs
Expensive for the Government to Provide Training Facilities to Everyone
7. HYV Seeds: -
Advantages: -
Higher Yields
Resistance to Pest and Diseases
Double Amount of Yield
Multi-Cropping Possible
Drought Resistance
Grow Faster
Disadvantages: -
Poverty as HYVs are Expensive
Illiteracy so Farmers Can’t Read Instructions of HYV Seeds
More Fertilizers Required as HYV exhaust Nutrients of the Soil
8. Telecommunications: -
Advantages: -
Access to Information
Improves Education/Skills
Easy to Contact Market
Disadvantages: -
Mobile Phones/Computers are Expensive
Most of the Farmers are Illiterate
Lack of Electricity in Rural Areas
9. Pesticides
Advantages: -
Kill Pests
Target at Pest Activity
Must be Used at Correct Time of Crop Growth
Disadvantages: -
Expensive for a Farmer to Buy Pesticides
Illiterate Farmers Cannot Read Instructions
Air Pollution/Water Pollution when the pesticides are sprayed

Q. Why are Tractors not used by Small-Scale Farms

Reasons are: -
A. 1. Too Expensive
2. High Cost of Fuel and Maintenance
3. Little Profit/Low Yields/Low Output/Low Income/Not Required
4. Plenty of Family Labor
5. Cannot Take Loans to buy a Tractor due to poor Financial Conditions

Q. In what ways can the government help Small-Scale Farmers? (4)

A. 1. Advertising/Leaflets/Usage of Media
2. Consolidation so that lands should become large enough to use machinery efficiently can lead
to more income, loans and more output
3. Lower The Price of Fuel
4. Lower the Price of Machinery
5. Educate the Farmers to Persuade them

Size of the Farms: -

1. Large Farms: -
Efficient
Easy to be Mechanized
Easy to Irrigate
Easy to Acquire Loans
Easy to Carry Out Research
Large Output
2. Small Farms: -
Inefficient
Difficult to be Mechanized
Can’t Afford Machinery
Hard to Irrigate
Hard to Acquire Loans
Difficult to Carry Out Research
Small Output
Q. Why are so many farms small in size? (4)
A. 1. Rapidly Growing Population
2. Laws of Inheritance
3. Land Divided Amongst Children
4. Majority of Farmers are Poor
5. Little Mechanization thus, Large Areas are hard to Utilized
6. Many Farmers are Subsistence Farmers
7. Landlords have divided their Lands into Many Small Tenant Farms
8. Land Consolidation Policies Haven’t been Successful

Land Reforms 1959, 1972 and 1977: -

Q. Why were the Land Reforms Introduced? (4)
A. 1. To break hold of the Landlords
2. Redistribution of Lands
3. Security of Tenure
4. Consolidation of Land Holdings

Q. Why were Land Reforms Unsuccessful? (4)

A. 1. Remained on Paper/half-hearted attempts, Lack of Political Will.
2. Strong Landlords
3. Low Social/Economic Status of Tenants/Poverty
4. Corruption in Land Revenue Department
5. Lack of Documentation of Land

Q. Why Land Consolidation is Important? (4)

A. 1. Economic Unity
2. Easy Mechanization
3. Easy Supervision
4. Better Irrigation, Irrigation of Water of Tubewells by Money of Farmers Combined
5. Easier Loan Acquisition
6. Brings more Land into Cultivation.

Q. To what extent can land reforms be successful in increasing agricultural production? (6)
Possibilities: Importance of Land Consolidation
Problems: Unsuccessful Land Consolidation

Effects of Agriculture on Environment: -

1. Chemical Fertilizers (Eutrophication)
2. Pesticides/Insecticides Pollute Air/Water and Cause Diseases as used without Precaution
3. Deforestation of Land for Agriculture/Soil Erosion due to being exposed
4. Irrigation Due to Poor Farming Practices can cause Waterlogging and Salinity

Sustainable Agriculture: To meet the Food/Agriculture Product Needs of the Present Generation
while not compromising the ability of Future Generations to meet their food/agriculture
product needs.

Q. To what extent can agriculture be made sustainable in Pakistan? (6)

Problems and Solutions

What has been done to Improve Agriculture/Solutions: -

1. Green Revolution (Use of Modern Inputs, Mechanization)
2. Increase in Farms due to reliable Irrigation
3. Development of Dams, Link Canals, Perennial Canals, Tubewells.
4. Land Reforms of 1959/72/77 Giving Security of Tenure Etc.
5. Loans Given to Farmers by Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan
6. Support Prices of Crops
7. Agricultural Colleges/Universities for Research by Experts e.g., Agricultural University of
Faisalabad
8. Education/Training of Farmers through Media
9. Better Seeds/High Yield e.g., IrriPak, MaxiPak.
10. Increased Usage of Fertilizers to fulfil soil nutrients
11. Increased Usage of Pesticides/Insecticides
12. Further Mechanization for Ploughing etc.
13. Financial Help from Relatives Abroad/Remittances/Foreign Investment
14. Cure of Waterlogging and Salinity e.g., SCARP.
15. Weather Forecasts

Problems: -
1. Small Sizes of Farms Due to Growing Population
2. Lack of Capital/Poverty
3. Difficult for Small Farmers to Acquire Loans
4. Usage of HYV seeds/Pesticides etc., Specialist Knowledge
5. Many Farmers hold traditional Attitudes and Dislike Modernization of Agriculture
6. Fear of Unemployment due to Mechanization
7. Most Machinery Has to be Imported/Very Expensive
8. Insufficient Chemical Fertilizer Production in Pakistan
9. Powerful Landlords don’t Allow the Land Reforms to be Implemented.
10. Tenants are Insecure/Position Under Oppressive Landlords/Risk of Change
11. Storms and Flooding/Pest Attacks e.g., Leaf Curl Virus
12. Rural-Urban Migration/Low Workforce
13. Waterlogging/Salinity/Reduction of Cultivatable Area/Low Yield/Low Output
 Power Resources
Power Resources: These are the substances through which we can generate energy to meet the
power requirements of the country. Energy can be obtained through various resources e.g.,
Fuels, Water, Wind etc.

Main Sources of Energy in Pakistan (Order of Importance): -

1. Oil
2. Natural Gas
3. HEP
4. Coal

Minor Sources of Energy in Pakistan: -

1. Nuclear
2. LPG
3. CNG

Types of Resources: -
1. Renewable: The Resources which can be used again and again and do not finish/are not
exhausted e.g., Water, Solar, Wind, Power
2. Non-Renewable: The Resources which can’t be used gain and again and finish/are exhausted
e.g., Coal, Oil, Gas

Fossil Fuels: Remains of Animals and Plants decomposed over Millions of Years
Coal: Coal is formed by the decomposition of Natural Vegetation over Millions of Years. Most of
the coal in Pakistan is used in brick kilns and 9% in Power Generation.
Types of Coal: -
1. Anthracite: Darkest Coal of all found in thin layers, deep underground. Best quality of coal,
hardest, highest carbon content, burns with great heat. Not found in Pakistan.
2. Bituminous: Dark in Color, found further deep underground, has two types: -
-> Steam Coal: Superior, Hard, Black Coal found in Highly Compressed Seams/Burns rapidly
with great heat. Carbon Content is less than that of Anthracite.
-> Coking Coal: The Coal is Burn to Produce Coke. It is Hard, Grey and Porous. It is used in Blast
Furnaces for Extraction of Iron from Iron Ore
3. Lignite: Lignite is Found near the Surface and is Easier to Mine. It is a low-Quality Coal; it has
high Moisture and Ash Content. It possesses a Low Heating Value.
4. Peat: It is vegetative Matter and the Initial Stage of Coal Formation; it Can’t be extracted.
Coalfields in Pakistan: Pakistan possesses Low Quality Coal, Lignite to Sub Bituminous with Low
Carbon Content, High Ash Sulphur and Volatile Material. The Seams are Generally Lean on
Average, 1-3 Feet Thick. The total reserves are Estimated at 185 billion Tons of Which Majority
is found in the Thar Coalfields. 91% of the Coal Produced in Pakistan is used in Brick Kilns.
Remaining 9% is used in Power Generation.
Major Coalfields in Pakistan: -
1. Salt Range Coalfields: -
Main Mines: Dandot, PIdh
Other Mines: Pir Jehanian, Chittidand, Dhakkhatta, Arakhatta
Coal Found: Bituminous and Lignite/Low Quality Coal with High Ash and Sulphur Content
2. Makerwal Coalfields: -
Main Mines: Makerwal
Coal Found: Sub-Bituminous
3. Quetta Coalfields: -
Quetta Coalfields Comprises of 3 Major Coalfields: -
-> Khost Sharig Harnai Coalfield: Largest Coalfield in Baluchistan. Coal is Poor in Quality and for
Coking Purposes, Managed by Mineral Development Corporation, coal after being washed at the
Coal Plant is mixed with High-Grade Imported Coal, Transformed into Metallurgical Coal which
is then used in the Steel Industry in Karachi.
-> Sor Range-Degari Coalfield: Important Coalfield in the Vicinity of Quetta. Sub-Bituminous coal
Containing Ash and Sulphur Content. Used in Brick Kilns, Managed by Mineral Development
Corporation.
-> Mach Coalfields: The Coal is of Inferior Quality and Comparatively Closer to the Surface, it is
used in Brick Kilns
Other Coalfields: Aab-e-Gum, Ali Gul, Pir Ismail, Ziarat and Dukki.
4. Lower Sind Coalfields: -
Lower Sind Coalfields Comprises of 4 Major Coalfields: -
1. Jhimpir-Meting Coalfield: Located South of Hyderabad. Relatively Small Field at the base of a
Low Limestone Hill. Lignite is Found
2. Lakhra Coalfield: Located North of Hyderabad in Dadu District. Reserves of About 60 million
Tons. Lignite is Found
3. Sondha-Thatta Coalfield: Geological Survey of Pakistan Discovered this in 1981. Sondha-
Thatta Coalfield has good quality Coal. Reserve is about 6 million Tons
4. Thar Coalfield: Discovered by Geological Survey of Pakistan in 1992. 94% of Total Pakistani
Coal Reserves. 175 billion Tons of Coal in Reserves. Exploitation is Hard. Coal of Inferior Quality
in Great Depth.
Transportation of Coal: After Extraction, Coal is Loaded on Trolleys/Donkeys in Underground
Transport. Once the Coal Comes out of the Mine, Qualities of Coal are Separated and Sold to the
Middlemen whom Further Load it onto the Trucks and sell it to Brick Kilns/Cement Factories
etc. When the Coal is Supplied to Thermal Power Stations/Rail Transport is Used.

Q. Why is the Extraction of Coal Limited in Pakistan?

1. Inferior Quality
2. Reserves of Coal Aren’t Developed
3. Seams of Coal are Thin
4. Lack of Finance/Capital
5. Lack of Technology
6. Extraction of Coal with Traditional Methods
7. Risky Jobs/Lack of Labor
8. Lack of Experts/Skilled Labor
9. Not Enough Mines in Pakistan
Q. Why is Coal Still Imported?
1. Not Enough Mined/Lack of Exploitation
2. Poor Quality
3. Difficult to Mine/Seams are Thin
4. Coal is Imported for Mixing with Local Coal

Q. Why is Coal of Limited Value as a source of Energy Supply in Pakistan?

1. Low Quality/Lignite
2. Not Mined/Lack of Reserve Exploitation
3. Bulky/Heavy to Transport
4. Used for Other Processes e.g., Coking, Brick Kilns, Cement Industry
5. Difficult to Mine/Thin/Faulted Reserves

Mining: Mining is a Process of Digging Rocks and Minerals from the Earth. Minerals are found at
Different Depths.
Methods of Mining: -
1. Open Cast Mining: Some Minerals Like Coal and Iron often Lie Near the Surface. Open Cast
Mining Scoops up these Minerals from near the Surface. These Mineral Bearing Rocks are
Stripped off by Giant Excavators and Power Shovels. These then load the Mineral into Lorries of
Railway Wagons to be Carried Away.
2. Adit Mining: An Adit is an Opening or Passage. Adit Mining is Done in Hilly Areas where
Mineral Seam is Exposed on a Hillside. Horizontal Shafts are inserted. Possibly Several Shafts at
Different Level. Minerals Transported Through Trucks/Trolleys
3. Shaft Mining: Main Shaft (Vertical/Sloping). Tunnels/Side Shafts alongside the Seams. Picked
and Shovel. Lifted to the Surface. Transported through Trucks/Trolleys
Disadvantages of Underground Mining: -
1. Ventilation and Underground Transport Problem
2. Dangerous Gases May be Produced
3. Roofs of Tunnels May Collapse due to Usage of Explosive Materials.
Mineral Oil: Mineral Oil is Also Known as Black Gold.
1. It occurs in the Porous Spaces of Sedimentary Rocks. It mainly Occurs in Dome Shaped
Anticlines (Arch Shaped Fold) between two layers of non-Porous Rocks.
2. Formed by the Decomposition of the Remains of Sea Animals and Sea Vegetation over Millions
of Years
Crude Oil: It is the Raw/Unrefined or Impure Oil.
Oil Drilling: Oil is Liquid and Can’t be Extracted in the same process as coal. Oil is trapped deep
underground. It is extracted by Drilling into the Ground/Costly Operation Involving Big Drilling
Machinery. A Derrick (Big Steel Structure) is erected to Hold the Drilling Machinery. Drilling is
done to a depth of 2000-5000 Meters or More till the Layer of the Oil Deposit is reached. The Oil
Comes out by Itself due to the pressure of the Rocks. Oil Well is Properly Tapped to Prevent
Wastage.
Process Steps: -
1. Derrick/Drill Rig Built
2. Pipes Inserted
3. Diamonds/Tough Metal Drills into Rock
4. Oil Rises/Pressure Released/Pumped Up
5. Cooled with Mud Mixture/Water
6. Valves to Control Flow into Pipeline
7. Derrick Removed
Area Y Contains Oil, Area X Contains Natural Gas. Porous Rock Means the Rocks which have
Pores/Holes/Spaces to Hold Liquids/Gases.
Problems of Extraction of Oil: -
1. Lack of Capital
2. Lack of Technology
3. Lack of Experts
4. Less Quantity of Oil
5. Remote Areas
Oilfields: -
There are Two Main Oil Producing Regions in Pakistan, these are as follows: -
1. Potohar Plateau Oilfield: The Northern Region was Identified as an Oil Producing Region in
1915, with the discovery of the Khaur Oilfield. Numerous Oilfields have been Discovered such as
Dhulian, Balkasar, Mayal, Toot, Adhi, Joya Mir, Fimkassar, Dakhni and Dhurnal. Production of
Khaur, Dhulian, Joya Mir and Balkasar has Significantly Declined. Dhurnal, Mayal, Toot and Adhi
are Major Producers. Fimkassar is a New Comer. Dakhni Oilfield is Yet to go into Production
2. Lower Sind Oilfield: Lower Sin Emerged as an Oil Producing Region in 1981 when the
Khaskeli Oilfield was Discovered. Leghari became the Oil Producer in the Country the Very Next
Year. Tando Adam found in 1984 has become an Important Producer/ Dhabi has Also Gone into
Production. Nari, Tajedi, Mazari, South Mazari and Turk are Other Fields which Haven’t yet
Started Production.;
Oil Refining: Crude Oil Cannot be used in its Raw State. It has to be processed and refined into
Useful Products such as Petroleum, Diesel or Kerosene Oil
Factors Affecting the Location of Oil Refineries: -
1. Should be Near Coastal Areas
2. Should be Near the Oilfields
3. Should e Near Well-Populated Areas
Oil Refinery: There are 4 Oil Refineries in Pakistan: -
1. Morgah/Attock Oil Refinery: It is located in Morgah near Attock. This Refinery Refines the Oil
Produced from Potohar Plateau. It supplies oil to the Northern Areas of Pakistan i.e., Gilgit-
Baltistan and KPK. Moreover, it caters the high demand of Oil in Rawalpindi/Islamabad
2. Mehmood Kot Oil Refinery: It is Located in the West of Multan Between Indus and Chenab.
This Refinery Refines the Imported Oil from Iran supplied through Pipelines from Baluchistan
and the Crude Oil from Karachi Supplied through the White Pipeline. This Refinery Supplies Oil
to the Industrial Central Punjab and Provides Oil to Lower Punjab
3. National Oil Refinery: National Oil Refinery is Located in Karachi. It Refines Oil Collected from
Lower Sind Oilfields. It also Refines the Imported Crude Oil from Saudi Arabia. The Refinery
supplies Oil to Karachi for Industries/Population/Thermal Power Stations and its Adjacent
Areas.
4. Hub Oil Refinery: It is Located near Karachi and is in Baluchistan. It Refines the Imported Oil.
The Refinery Supplies Oil to Industrial Areas of Hub and Karachi.
Uses of Oil: -
1. By Products: Pesticides/Plastics/Wax/Detergents/Furnace Oil/Synthetic Rubber
2. Power: Electricity/Heating
3. Lubricants
4. Fuel: Petrol/Diesel
Sectorial Consumption of Oil: -
1. Transport: 42.34%
2. Power: 37.5 %
3. Industry: 13.01%
4. Domestic: 03.17%
5. Government: 02.23%
6. Agriculture: 01.47%
Transport of Imported Oil: Imported Oil/Both Crude and Refined is Transported by Sea to
Pakistan from Saudi Arabia and UAE especially Through Oil Tankers. At Kemari or Port Qasim,
Oil Tanker is Docked (Berhed) at the Designated Oil Pier. Through the Pier, the Ship is connected
to the Oil Handling System in the Pier. The Oil Products are Pumped from the Tanker Ship to the
Oil Marketing Companies/Refineries or Storage Tanks at Kemari/Port Qasim. The Products are
Imported up the Country
Transportation of Oil Through Land: -
1. Pipelines: -
Advantages: -
Cheap
Large Quantities can be Transported
Cheap Running Costs
Disadvantages: -
Costly to Build
Leakages
Only Single Product can be Transported
Supply to Only a Few Centers
2. Railways: -
Advantages: -
Can Access More Areas than Pipelines
Multiple Products can be Carried
Suitable for Small Uses
Disadvantages: -
Small Quantities
Expensive
Chances of Accidents
3. Tankers/Lorries: -
Advantages: -
Can go Anywhere Through Road
More Products can be Carried
Suitable for Small Uses
Disadvantages: -
Expensive
Chances of Accidents
Theft
Carry Small Amount

Q. Why is it Necessary for Pakistan to Import so Much Petroleum Even Though Petroleum is
Produced in Pakistan?
1. Oil Production is Low
2. Pakistan Can’t Satisfy its own needs for Oil
3. Growing Demand due to Increasing Population
4. Increasing Number of Industries
5. Extension of Road Networks
6. Conversion to Diesel Locomotives in Railways
7. Mechanization of Agriculture
8. Thermal Power Stations (Most Use Oil)
9. Lubricant for Machinery
10. Source of Many by Products
11. Increasing Demand of Petroleum for Vehicles and Electricity

Q. What Problems are caused for Pakistan Because So Much is Spent on Importing Petroleum
1. Negative Trade Balance/Deteriorating BOT/BOP
2. Increasing Debt
3. Uses Foreign Exchange
4. Lack of Capital for Other Sectors
5. More Taxes Imposed on Public
6. Cannot Afford to Exploit New Oilfields due to the Cost of Imports
Significance of Oil Products to Farming and Manufacturing
1. Farming: -
Fuel for Machinery
Fuel for Transport
Electricity Generation for Power
Fertilizers for Growth
Lubricant for Machinery
Pesticides Production
2. Manufacturing: -
Fuel for Machinery
Fuel for Transport Vehicles
Electricity Generation for Power/Heat/Light
Fuel for Heating
Raw Material for Industrial Products
Tarmac for Manufacturing of Infrastructure/Metaled Roads

Natural Gas: It is the Second Most Important Source of Entergy and supplies 35% of the Energy.
95% of Gas is derived from Gasfields and 5% is associated with Oil.
1. Natural Gas is Found in Oil Bearing Rocks. These Rocks have Millions of Tiny Holes and Act
Like a Sponge, Soaking up the Gas Underground. It stops the Gas from leaking out to the Surface
due to a Trap of Non-Porous Rocks which Stops it from Leaking out to the Surface. Natural Gas
was discovered in 1952 at Sui, Baluchistan by Pakistan Petroleum Limited.
2. Natural Gas is a Naturally Occurring Hydrocarbon Gas Mixture Formed Millions of Years Ago
when Plants and Tiny Animals were Decomposed Under High Pressure and Heat.
Smell of Natural Gas: Natural Gas is Colorless and Odorless. It can’t be detected by people till it
becomes explosive. Therefore, Mercaptan is added to the Gas. It creates a Harmless/Non-
Toxic/Rotten Egg Like/Strong Smell.
Importance of Natural Gas: -
1. Source of Energy/35% of the Requirements of Pakistan Fulfilled
2. Used as a Chief Raw Material in Different Industries (Fertilizer/Cement/Chemical)
3. Used for Domestic Purposes
4. Used in Power Generation
5. Low-Cost Energy
6. Used in Transport in form of CNG and LPG
Gasfields: There are Three Major Gasfields in Pakistan
1. East Central Baluchistan and Upper Sind: The Major Gas Producing Region of Pakistan is this.
Sui Gas Field is Located in This. Located in the Foothills of Marri Bugti Hills in Baluchistan.
Oldest and Most Productive Gasfield in Pakistan. Methane Content of 90%. Sui Gas is
Transmitted by Pipeline to Karachi Via Sukkur and Hyderabad, to Lahore Via Rahimyar Khan,
Multan and Faisalabad. From Faisalabad to Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Wah and Peshawar. Sui Gas
is also Transported to Quetta. Pirkoh Gas Field was Discovered in 1977 and Went into
Production in 1983-4, Located 100 Kms North of Sui. Gas from Pirkoh is Fed into the Sui
Transmission Line. Two other Gas Fields in Baluchistan are Zin and Uch. Mari is the Second
Largest Gas Field in Pakistan discovered in 1956, Located in Upper Sindh, has a 73% Methane
Content, Used in Production of Fertilizers. Another Important Gasfield is Kandhkot
commissioned in 1987 and it Supplies Gas to the Oudu Thermal Plant and Khairpur.
2. Lower Sind Gasfield: The Lower Sind Region is the 2nd Largest Producer of Gas in Pakistan.
Khorewah, South Buzdar, Turk, Turk Deep, Bulchari, Bhatti are Some of the Important Gasfields.
3. Northern Region: The Northern Region is the 3rd Largest Gas Producing Region in Pakistan,
Dhodhak, Adhi, Pindori and Mayal are some Important Gasfields in this area.
Sectorial Consumption of Natural Gas: -
1. Power: 29.44%
2. Fertilizer Industry: 24.36%
3. Household: 21.60%
4. Industries: 19.40%
5. Commercial: 03.27%
6. Cement Industry: 01.89%
7. Transport: 00.66%
Organizations to Develop Oil and Gas Resources:
1. Geological Survey of Pakistan (1947)
2. Oil and Gas Development Company Limited (1961)
3. Sui Northern Gas Pipeline Limited (1963)
4. Sui Southern Gas Pipeline Limited (1963)
5. Pak Arab Refinery Co. Ltd. (PARCO) (1974)
6. Pakistan State Oil Company Limited (PSO) (1976)
7. Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan (1970)
Distribution and Transmission of Natural Gas: With the Help of Pipelines, Gas is Transported to
Consumer Centers, however, the difficulty lies in the fact that Pipelines are Costly. Chief Risk
Lies in Maintaining a Level of Pipelines Operation Sufficient to Meet Expenses and Earn a Profit
on the Investment Because of Inadequate and Variable Nature of the Market. In Pakistan, For the
Transmission and Distribution of Natural Gas, Two Companies have been Established for
Domestic and Commercial Purposes, these are as followed: -
1. Sui Northern Gas Pipeline Limited: This Gas Pipeline was Incorporated in 1963 and Converted
into a Public Sector Limited Company in 1964. Its Principal Business is Transmission,
Purification and Distribution of Natural Gas in Punjab and NWFP.
2. Sui Southern Gas Company Limited: SSGCL Covers the Provinces of Sind and Baluchistan and
Carries out Transmission and Distribution Functions Largely in Public Sector.
Transport of Gas: It is Carried out Through Cylinders and Pipelines: -
1. Cylinders: -
Advantages: -
Can be Supplied to Every Part of the Nation
Portable
Disadvantages: -
Uncertain Supply
Accidents
Small Amount Only
2. Pipelines: -
Advantages: -
Continuous Supply
Large Amounts
Fast
Cheap Operation Costs
Disadvantages: -
Expensive
Chances of Accidents
Do not Reach Every Place

Q. Why is Natural Gas an Important Fuel in Pakistan?

1. Can Reach Remote Areas in Pakistan
2. Easier to Transport unlike Bulky Coal
3. Alternative to Oil in Vehicles
4. Used in Power Stations
5. Cleaner than Oil or Coal
6. Reduces Dependance on Imported Fuels
7. Shortage of Oil and Coal in Pakistan
8. Cheaper than other Fuels

Why is Natural Gas Used in Homes and What are Its Uses?
Uses: Heating, Cooking
Why: -
1. Available in Cities/Towns
2. Cheaper than Oil and Coal
3. Easier than Collecting Firewood
4. Less Bulky
5. Cleaner than Wood/Oil/Coal

Q. Why is Natural Gas an Easy Fuel to Extract?

1. Small Size of Land
2. Little Impact on the Environment
3. Simple/Small Machinery
4. Pipes go into the Ground
5. Little to No Manpower Required/Machinery Works Automatically
6. Machinery Controlled by Valves/Valves Control Pressure
7. Natural Gas Plants are Near Roads for Easy Access

Q. Why is Natural Gas a Cheap Fuel, Easy to Use?

1. Produced in Pakistan/Baluchistan/In Sui/Not Imported
2. Large Reserves
3. Lightweight
4. Available in Pipelines
5. Portable in Cylinders
6. Cleaner than Burning Wood
7. Easy to Extract

Nuclear Energy: Nuclear Energy is the Power Released from Atoms/Most Powerful Source of
Energy
Fission: Energy is Released when Atom Splits up inot Small Substances
Fusion: Energy is Released when Atoms are Joined Together to Form a Bigger Atom to Release
Energy
Both Processes Use Heat Energy to Generate Electricity. Pakistan is Utilizing Nuclear Energy for
Electricity Generation Too.
Nuclear Power Plants: Two Nuclear Power Plants have been Established in Pakistan: -
1. Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP): Karachi Nuclear Power Plant was Commissioned in
1971 and was built with Canadian Aid. Its Installed Capacity is 137 MW, Yet the Supply has
Greatly Fluctuated Owing to Technical Problems
2. Chashma Nuclear Power Plant: The Plant was Commissioned in 1999 With an Installed
Capacity of 300 MW. It was Established with the Help of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
and China.
Factors Required for Nuclear Power Plants: -
1. Requires Qualified Manpower
2. Requires Advanced Technology
3. Requires Advanced Facilities
4. Availability of Raw Material (Uranium, Polonium)
Advantages of Nuclear Energy: -
1. Large Output
2. Reliable
3. Small Input of Raw Material
4. Less Pollution/Environment Friendly
5. Less Chances of Accidents
6. Less Chances of Green House Effect
7. Pakistan is Deficient in Fossil Fuels/Nuclear Energy can Solve the Energy Crisis
Disadvantages: -
1. Fuel Rods Produce Dangerous Rays/Cancer/Birth Defects
2. Expensive/Lack of Capital
3. Nuclear Waste can remain Radioactive for Many Years/Problems with Reprocessing Strong
Nuclear Waste
4. Lack of Technology
5. Terrorism
6. Use of Nuclear Energy for Nukes/Nuclear Bombs/Atomic Arsenal

Renewable Sources: -
Bio-Gas: Biogas is produced from animal wastes specifically cow dung. When Fermented, it gives
off Methane Gas, this Gas is used for cooking, heating and other purposes, it is a cheap source of
energy. In 1980-81, Pakistan launched a National Level Program for the Development of Bio-Gas.
About 4000 Biogas Plants have been installed in Pakistan
Advantages: -
1. Cheap
2. Efficient Disposal of Dung
3. Suitable for Rural Electrification
Disadvantages: -
1. Causes Air Pollution/Methane/Green House Gas
2. Shortage of Fertilizers/Less Availability of Dung
3. Unsuitable for Large Scale Uses

Biomass: It refers to Organic Material, Plants and Vegetable Matter, both living and decaying,
that can be used as fuel. Most commonly, biomass refers to plant matter grown to generate
electricity/produce biofuel, examples of biomass include trees, grass, agricultural residues e.g.,
used vegetable oils, wheat straw, corn, sugar beets, grains, sugarcane, wood wastes like paper
trash, yard clipping, sawdust or woodchips, methane that is captured from landfills, livestock,
municipal waste etc. Numerous Processes such as gasification or fermentation can tap into this
energy source to produce energy available for human usage.
In Pakistan, the use of Biomass is practiced often, Village Women Make Patties of Cow dung,
Straw, Clay to dry and use as home cooking fuel. This is a relatively inefficient use and causes
severe indoor air pollution with adverse health effects to lungs and chest.
Advantages: -
1. Cheap
2. Easy Availability of Raw Material
Disadvantages: -
1. Non-Renewable
2. Causes Air Pollution

Solar Energy: Solar Energy is Collected through Solar Cells, Solar Panels and Solar Furnaces.
Sunlight is Collected in Photovoltiac Cells which is converted into electrical energy, it can be
stored for later use.
Ways of Collecting Solar Energy: -
1. Solar Cells: Solar Cells can power radios and small cars
2. Solar Panels: Collect Heat from the Sun to heat water, The Steam from Water is used to turn a
Turbine to Generate Electricity
3. Solar Furnaces: These use Giant Mirrors to Focus the Sun’s rays on a boiler. Stem from the
Boiler is used to make Electricity.
Advantages: -
1. More Sunny Days in a Year
2. Continuous Sunny Days
3. Pollution Free
4. Low Running Costs
5. Suitable for Rural Electrification/Small Uses
Disadvantages: -
1. High Initial/Installation Costs
2. Unsuitable for Large Uses
3. Lack of Latest Technology
4. Lack of Experts
5. Lack of Government Attention
6. Requires Clear Weather to Operate
7. Unsuitable for Winter Season
8. Unsuitable for Rainy Periods
9. Cannot Store Energy during the Night

Wind Power: Wind is used to Generate Mechanical Power or Electricity. Wind Mills and Wind
Pumps Convert the Kinetic Energy in the wind into Mechanical Power for Grinding
Grain/Pumping Water. A wind Turbine has a generator Which Converts the Mechanical Power
into Electricity/ Many Large Scale Wind Farms/Consisting of Many Turbines are Connected to
Electrical Grids for Provision of Electricity to a Large Area. Individual Turbines Provide
Electricity to Isolated Locations.
Feasibility: The Coast of Pakistan is about 1000 KMs Long and about 10 million People Populate
the Coast. High Wind is Available Nearly All Year Round. It is Observed that the Annual Wind
Speed is Maximum in Baluchistan and Karachi, therefore, it can be used to generate electricity.
Gharo Wind Power Plant is Planned to built in Gharo. This will be the first Wind Project; it will
take advantage of strong winds in the coastal areas and produce 50 MW of Electricity
Advantages: -
1. Renewable
2. Environment Friendly
3. Used Independently in Rural and Remote Areas
4. Wind Farms Provide a source of income for farmers and may attract small industries to the
rural parts of Pakistan where Job Opportunities are Limited.
5. Winds Power can Help Solve Pakistani Energy Crisis and Lead to Industrialization and
Agricultural Expansion
6. No Green House Gases Produced
7. High Feasibility
Disadvantages: -
1. Lack of Capital
2. Lack of Experts
3. Lack of Government Attention
4. Automatically Stop Working in a Storm
5. Cannot Develop in Plain Areas due to Less Speed of Wind
6. Turbines can Kill Birds
7. Produce Noise Pollution
8. Strength of Wind isn’t constant/Wind Turbines won’t Produce Same Amount of Energy
9. Small Output
10. Ineffective if Wind Speed is Low/Too High

Geothermal Power: Geothermal is the combination of two words i.e., Geo and Thermal. Geo
Means Earth and Thermal Means Heat. Geothermal refers to the energy derived from the heat of
the Earth’s Core. Geothermal Energy is produced from the Earth’s Heat Absorbed in
Underground Water Such as Hot Springs. The Holes are Drilled into the Land to Pump Out Hot
Water. This water or steam is used to drive turbines to produce electricity.
Potential: Geothermal Resources of the World are Within Areas of Crustal Weakness Such as
Plate Margins and Centers of Volcanic Activity. Pakistan Seems to have Potential as Plate Margin
Passes through Pakistan and lies in an Earthquake Zone. According to a Geotectonic Framework
Survey Conducted by UNO and Italian Experts, Pakistan has Potential of Commercially
Exploitable Sources of Geothermal Energy in Himalayas and Chagai Region (Baluchistan
Plateau)
Advantages: -
1. Renewable
2. Constant Supply
3. Pollution Free
4. Sustainable Energy
5. Solves Energy Crisis
Disadvantages: -
1. Expensive
2. It Can be Destroyed due to Eruptions and Earthquakes

Wave Power: Waves have exceptionally high energy levels. Wave Motion can be used to
Compress Air to drive Turbines to Generate Electricity.
Potential: Pakistan has about 1000 KM long Coastline. The Makran Coastal Areas have Strong
Wave Energy which could be obtained for the Generation of Electrical Power for Rapidly
Developing Coastal Cities.
Advantages: -
1. Renewable
2. Pollution Free
3. Sustainable Energy
4. Can solve the Energy Crisis of Pakistan
Disadvantage: -
1. Expensive

Tidal Power: It is a Renewable Method of Producing Electricity by Using the Movements of

Tides. The Tide Comes in and Out Usually Twice in Every 24 Hours due to the Gravitational Pull
of the Moon.
Potential: Tidal Power Resources have a great Potential due to the Indus Deltaic Creek System, it
is a great asset for future energy Supply in Sind. National Institute of Oceanography shows
encouraging results in its initial survey. the Creek extends over an area of 170 Kilometers. Tidal
Water Flows in these creeks with High Velocity, Favorable Requirement for the Extraction of
Energy from Tidal Currents.
Advantages: -
1. Renewable
2. Constant Supply
3. Pollution Free
4. Sustainable Energy
5. Can Solve the Energy Crisis of Pakistan
Disadvantages: -
1. Expensive
2. Destroy the Wildlife Habitats

Hydroelectricity: At hydropower plants water flows through a pipe, or penstock, then pushes
against and turns blades in a turbine to spin a generator to produce electricity.
Advantages: -
1. Environmentally Friendly
2. Cheap
3. Renewable
4. Less Accidents
5. High Output
Disadvantages: -
1. Expensive to Build/Lack of Capital
2. Can’t be Built Anywhere/Topographical Constraints
3. Skilled Labor Required for the Operation of Machinery/Lack of Skilled Labor
4. Destroys Natural Habitats
Potential: The Feasibility of More than 20 Small Hydel Projects have been Studied. The Private
Sector is Taking Interest in Some of These Projects. It is Planned to Increase the Contribution of
HEP in Production of Electricity to 70%.
Natural Factors that have Favored the Construction of Dams and Reservoirs: -
1. Deep Narrow Valleys
2. Solid Rocks to Support the Weight of Dams/Firm Base
3. High Precipitation/Rainfall/Snowfall
4. Low Evaporation Rates
5. Impervious Rocks for Reservoir to Seepage of Water
6. Access to Rivers or Glaciers
7. Large Basins for Water Storage
Main Features of a Hydel Plant: -
1. Dam Wall is Constructed to create a reservoir
2. Tunnel leads the water from the reservoir to the turbine
3. The Power Station is located at the base of the dam, the force of water from the tunnel runs
the turbine which moves the generator, the generator generates the electric current
4. The reservoir is the storage of water which is necessary to run the turbine continuously
5. Pylons and Transmission lines to Supply Electric Current to Nearby Large Towns.
Factors which influence the Production of HEP: -
1. Glacier Fed Rivers/Floods
2. Old Machinery/Mishandling of Fund
3. Taking Not Much Care
4. Variability of Rainfall
Hydel Plants: At the Time of Independence, there were 2 Hydel Plants in Pakistan, Renala and
Malakand, since then more Hydel Plants have been Setup. Some are as followed: -
1. Tarbela Dam: It is located on the River Indus. It is a Multi-Purpose Project Which Was
Primarily Constructed to Supply Water for Irrigation. It produces Electricity. Its installed
Capacity is 3478 MW.
2. Mangla Dam: It is Located on the River Jhelum. It is also a Multi-Purpose Dam. It Generates
1000 MW of Electricity.
3. Warsak Dam: Another Multi-Purpose Project Located on the Kabul River. Installed Capacity is
240 MW.
Small Hydel Plants: There are a number of Small Hydel Plants in Pakistan. Renala Located on the
Upper Bari Doab Canal Commissioned in 1925, Rasul Hydel Plant Commissioned in 1952 after
which import of electricity from India was stopped, Chichoki Mallian Hydel Plant which was
completed in 1959. Other Hydel Plants are Nandipur Hydel Plant, Shadiwal Hydel Plant,
Malakand Hydel Plant, Kurramgari Hydel Plant and the Chitral Hydel Plant.
Methods to Check the Fluctuation in the Production of Electricity: -
1. Construction of Small Dams on Seasonal Rivers Especially in KPK and Baluchistan
2. Large Dams to Store Flood Waters
3. Installation of Modern Machinery in Power Plants
4. Improvement of the Grid System to Save the Line Losses
5. Development of Alternate Resources to Help in Meeting the Growing Demand.

Q. How is HEP Transmitted?

1. From Transformers at HEP Stations which Control Voltage
2. Onto National Grid/Power Lines/Cable Wires/Network of Wires
3. Overhead/Underground
4. Onto Local/City Supply Grid
5. Voltage Dropped/Adjusted

Q. What is Load-Shedding and How does it Effect Industry and Business in Pakistan?
Definition: Load-Shedding are planned Power Cuts.
Effects: -
1. Interrupts Production
2. Damages Machinery
3. Can’t Meet Deadlines
4. Loss of Quality
5. Loss of Orders
6. Delays of Orders
7. Loss of Money/Profit
8. Costs of Generators
9. Lights/Computers/Air conditioners/Heating etc. Stops
10. Transport/Traffic Problems

Q. Why is it Important that more Renewable Energy Schemes are developed in Pakistan?
General Reasons: -
1. Frequent Powercuts/Stoppages/Load-Shedding/Shortage of HEP
2. Increasing Population/Industrialization/Development
3. Higher Living Standard
4. Encourages Development
5. Rural Electrification
Reasons for more Renewable Schemes: -
1. Fossil Fuels Running Out/Renewable Don’t
2. Fossil Fuels are Expensive
3. Renewable Cheap/Free After Installation
4. Can be Generated in Remote Areas
5. Nuclear is Dangerous/Problems of Disposal Waste
6. Fossil Fuels cause Air Pollution
7. Poor Quality Coal

Q. Why is HEP a Cheap Source of Electricity?

1. Free Raw Material/Rain in Mountains
2. Renewable
3. Not Imported
4. High Output/Efficient

Q. How Many Factories Try to Overcome the Problem of Unreliable Electrical Supply from the
National Grid? Why is it Important for them to do so?
How: -
1. Government Encouraging Private Power Stations
2. Use of Alternative Sources e.g., Solar/Biogas
3. Have Standby Generators
Why: -
1. Uninterrupted Production
2. Uninterrupted Supply to The Market
3. Prevents Loss of Market/Sales
4. Prevents Profits Falling/Loss in Income
5. Prevents Damage to Machinery

Q. What Problems Occur When Supplying Electricity from Reservoirs to Areas of High
Population?
1. Long Distances to Areas of Use
2. Cost of Wires/Poles/Topographical Constraints/Lack of Capital
3. Loss by Damage
4. Loss by Theft
5. Loss of Power by Resistance/Transmission

Q. State What Industry, Farming and Offices use Electricity for?

Industry: Machinery/Computers/Lighting/Air Conditioning etc.
Farming: Much of The Reasons Above + Tubewells/Machinery etc.
Offices: Computers, Lighting, Communications, Airconditioning etc.

Q. What Problems are Caused when the Electrical Supply to Factories Breaks Down?
1. Stops Production/Slows Production/Output Reduced
2. Damages Machinery/Short-circuiting/Explosions
3. Delays Orders
4. Loss of Profit/Money
5. Workers Laid Off/Sit Idle

Electricity: It is the Energy Produced by the Rotation of Turbines by Running

Water/Heat/Nuclear Activity. Pakistan Produces from all these resources namely Hydel (30%),
Thermal (68%) and Nuclear (2%). Punjab Consumes the Largest Quantity of Electricity followed
by Sind, KPK and Baluchistan.
Availability of Electricity: Pakistan Initially had to Import Electricity from India till the Rasul
Hydel Plant was Installed in 1952. Within 30 Years, 10 Times Increase in Electricity has been
Achieved. The Per Capita Consumption however, is about 2%.
Transmission of Electricity: Transmission of Electricity in Pakistan is done through a National
Grid System. All the Provinces are Knit by this Grid.
Advantages of the Grid: -
1. Every Part of The Country Receives Electricity in Accordance with its needs. If any Area
Generates Less Electricity, the Shortage is met from other parts of the Country.
2. In case of Power Failures, Loss is Compensated Instantaneously from Other Areas.
3. Increased Demand for Electricity/Able to Cater/Industrialization Boosts
Disadvantages: -
1. Long Distances/Transmission and Distribution Losses of Electricity/Heavy Losses/30%
2. Transmission Lines were laid at a heavy cost/maintenance is expensive.
3. During Winters/HEP Power Generation Decreases with Reduced Flow of Water in Rivers
4. Siltation in Reservoirs of Dams/Disruption in Electricity Generation by Reduction of Flow of
Water.
5. Industrialization, Urbanization and Electrification/Increased Demand for Electricity/Unable
to Cater

Q. Many Areas of Pakistan are still not Connected to the National Electricity Grid. How does this
affect the development of Industry in these areas?
1. Severely Limited
2. Local Needs Mainly
3. Small-Scale Industries Only
4. Simple/Hand/Foot-Powered Machinery
5. Labor Intensive
6. Work only Possible by Daylight
7. Small/Slow Output
8. Part Time Activity

Q. Why is it Difficult to Provide Electricity on the National Grid to all the Populated Areas of
Pakistan?
1. Lack of Capital
2. Large Country/Scattered Population
3. Remote Areas
4. Some Places are Distant from Fuel Resources
5. Power Loss due to Long Transmission Lines
6. Poor Maintenance is a Hindrance

Thermal Electricity: Electricity is a flexible form of Energy that can be Easily Converted to
Heat/Light or Sound Energy. Electricity that is Generated by Non-Renewable Sources is Called
Thermal Electricity. Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Power Stations Produce Heat Energy. This Energy
is used to Turn Water into Steam which is used to run Turbines. Unlike Hydel Plants which are
Concentrated in NWFP and Northern Punjab, Thermal Plants are well distributed throughout
the nation. The Main Centers are Karachi, Kotri, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Guddu in Sind. Rawalpindi,
Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan and Kot Addu in Punjab. Quetta, Pasni and Hub in Baluchistan.

Q. Why is so much thermal power generated in Karachi (46%)?

1. Gas/Coalfields in Lower Sind
2. Gas Pipeline from Sui
3. Imports of Oil from Karachi
4. Demands of Industry
5. Oil Refinery
6. Other Demands e.g., Railway etc.

Q. What Problems are Created when there are many Thermal Power Plants in one Area?
1. Air Pollution
2. Shortage of Oil/Gas/Coal Supply
3. Depletion of Oil/Coal Reserves in that Area
4. Lack of Investment in Renewable Energy Generation
5. Hot/Polluted Water Flows out into Rivers

Q. What are the Reasons for the High Cost of Power from Thermal Power Stations in Pakistan?
1. Needs to Import Oil/Fossil Fuels
2. Natural Gas/Expensive
3. Oil/Expensive/Imports Required
4. Oil Prices Increment
5. Independent Power Stations/Charge Higher Prices
6. Cost of Power Lines/Transmission
7. Cost and Lack of Technology
8. Theft

Q. Suggest one Reason Why Power Stations Frequently Breakdown.

1. Machinery is Old/Poorly Maintained
2. High Demand
3. Silt from Reservoirs entering HEP Turbines
Q. Other than the Frequent Breakdowns of Power Stations, why is the supply Unsteady?
1. Breakage of Wires/Long Transmission Lines
2. Illegal Tapping into Supply/Theft
3. Demands Exceed Supply
4. Power Sharing/Shedding Practiced
5. Less HEP in Winter

Q. Compare Thermal and HEP Stations.

Thermal Power Stations Hydro Electric Power Stations

1. Fossil Fuels will Eventually be Exhausted
2. Pollution/Not Environmentally Friendly
3. Can be Developed at Any Place where
Fossil Fuels are Available
4. Less Expensive than HEP/Except Nuclear
Power Stations. Nuclear Power Station are
very expensive to de-commission
1. Wetter is Renewable/Not Exhausted
2. Referred to as White Coal/Produces Power
without Having to be burnt/Environmentally
Friendly.
3. HEP Stations have Certain Physical and
Climatic Requirements for Development
4. Initial Costs for the Construction of an HEP
station is very High. Operational/Running
Costs are Low

Rural Electrification: 66.5% of the Population Lives in Rural Areas. Most of the Rural Areas are
deprived of even the basic facilities of Modern Life. Electricity is one of those Facilities that can
Prove a Milestone in Rural Development.
Advantages: -
1. Tubewells can be installed for Irrigation/Waterlogging and Salinity Control/Increase in
Agricultural Production.
2. Small-Scale Industries can be developed to Provide Employment and to Meet the Demand for
Industrial Goods.
3. Standard of Living Increases.
4. People can Receive Electronic Media and Access I.T.
Rural Development Programs: -
1. Village Aid
2. Basic Democracy
3. Rural Works Program
Aims: -
1. Providing Electricity to Rural Areas
Constraints: -
1. Small Villages in KPK and Baluchistan are Far From Transmission Lines
2. Cost of Laying and Maintaining Transmission Lines is High/Extra Burden on Meager
Economic Resources
Factors for Decision of a Village to be Electrified: -
1. Distance from the Power Supply Line/Village within one KM of Supply Line will be Electrified
2. Villages with Larger Population will be Supplied with Electricity. Villages with 1000 People in
Punjab and Sind, 300-500 in Baluchistan and NWFP will be Supplied with Electricity.

Measures of Sustainable Development of Power Resources: -

1. Development of Renewable Resources of energy by Using Advanced Technology
2. Preservation and Conservation of Non-Renewable Resources to Guard against Exhaustion and
Make them Accessible for Future Generations.
3. Protection of the Environment by Enforcing Strict Laws Through Environment Protection
4. Faulty and Damaged Transmission Lines to be Replaced on an Emergency Basis/Avoid Loss in
Electricity
5. Strict Measure to be Taken to Avoid the Chances of Theft.

Industries
Subtopic: Secondary and Tertiary Industries

Secondary Industries: Changing Raw Materials from the primary sector or Secondary Products
to Semi Finished or Finished Products through Processing/Manufacturing.
System: -
Inputs: -
1. Capital
2. Land
3. Power
4. Labor
5. Enterprise
6. Raw Material
7. Transport
8. Machinery

Processes: -
1. Smelting
2. Weaving
3. Spinning
4. Dyeing
5. Printing
6. Knitting
7. Stitching
8. Tanning
9. Checking
10. Molding
11. Mixing

Outputs: -
1. Cement
2. Cotton Yarn
3. Sugar
4. Fired Bricks
5. Carpets
6. Tractors
7. Galvanized Steel

Factors Influencing Industrial Location: -

Physical/Natural Factors: -
1. Natural Routes
2. Site Requirement
3. Availability of Water
4. Natural Requirements

Human/Economic Factors: -
1. Capital
2. Raw Material
3. Skilled and Unskilled Labor
4. Transport
5. Power
6. Government Policies
7. Access to the Market
8. Industries Linkage

Raw Materials: Raw Materials Are the basic Commodities from which finished goods are made.
They may be primary, processed or manufactured goods.
Primary (Directly from the Ground/Sea)
1. Coal
2. Fish
3. Wheat
4. Limestone
Secondary (Processed/Semi-Manufactured)
1. Cotton yarn
2. Wood pulp
3. Coils

Types of Secondary Industries: -

1. Cottage
2. Small-Scale
3. Large-Scale
4. Labor-Intensive
5. Capital-Intensive
6. Heavy Industry
7. Light Industry

1. Cottage Industry:
Home Based.
Family Labor.
Inherited Knowledge.
Traditional Tools.
Small Output.
Small Profit.
Examples are Embroidery, Pottery, Wood Carving, Carpet Industries etc.
2. Small-Scale Industry: -
Small Amount of Machinery
Small Capital (Up to 1 Crore)
Small Amount of Labor (Up to 10)
Small Amount of Electricity
Small Output
Small Profit
Examples are Surgical Instruments Industry, Sports Goods Industry etc.
3. Large-Scale Industry: -
Large Amount of Machinery
Large Capital (100 Lacs)
Large Labor (Skilled/Unskilled)
Large Amounts of Electricity
Large Output
Large Profit
Examples are Cotton Textiles, Sugar Mills, Fertilizer Industries etc.
4. Labor Intensive: -
Industries where labor is More Important than Machinery
Examples are Embroidery Industry, Pottery Industry etc.
5. Capital Intensive: -
Industries where Machines are more Important than Labor
Examples are Most of the Large Industries such as Sugar Mills.
6. Heavy Industries: -
Weight of the Output is Relatively Higher than its price
Examples are the Steel Mills, Cement Industry
7. Light Industries: -
Light Industries are those in which the weight of the Output is Relatively Lower than Its Price
Examples are the Jewelry Industry, Cottage Industry etc.

Main Industries of Pakistan: -

1. Cotton Industry
Raw Material -> Yarning -> Weaving -> Dyeing -> Knitting -> Transportation
Advantages/Importance: -
1. Contributes to the GDP (7%)
2. 60% of the Exports, Earns Foreign Exchange, Improves BOP/BOT, Value-Added Products,
therefore, Higher Price
3. Restricts Imports as Local Demand is Met
4. Employment as 50% of the Industrial Labor Works in this Industry.
5. Cheap Labor Available due to Illiteracy and High Population
6. Farmers can Increase their Income due to more sales of Raw Cotton
Disadvantages/Problems: -
1. Lack of Government Attention Influences Development
2. Lack of Investment, thus, difficult to expand
3. Lack of Modern Skills due to illiteracy
4. Lack of Machinery/Expensive Machinery/Machinery is Imported
5. Noise Pollution (Noise of the Machinery)
6. Machines will Replace Manpower/Unemployment
7. Power Shortages/Load Shedding/Machines Cannot Work/Delay in Production
8. Competition with International Market, Cotton of South Korea/Egypt/Influences Imports
Adversely.
9. Pests May Damage the Raw Cotton i.e., The Leaf Curl Virus.
Areas: Hyderabad, Karachi, Faisalabad, Multan, Gujranwala

Cement Industry: -
Raw Material -> Crushing -> Heating -> Grinding -> Packaging -> Transporting
Raw Materials: Limestone, Sulphur, Gypsum
Fuel: Coal/Natural Gas
Areas: Salt Range, Karachi, Hyderabad
Advantages: -
1. GDP/GNP Increases
2. Exports Therefore, Foreign Exchange is Earned
3. Fulfils Local Demands/Imports Restricted
4. Generates Employment
Disadvantages: -
1. Unskilled Labor/Labor has to be Imported
2. Lack of Capital
3. Lack of Government Attention
4. Lack of Modern Machinery

Q. Why is there a high demand of Cement in Pakistan?

1. High Demand in the Construction Industry
2. Construction of Dams/Barrages etc.
3. Construction of Bridges/Underpasses/Roads
4. Used in the Lining of Canals
5. Used in Houses/Factories/Hotels etc.
6. Insufficient Timber for Construction
7. Insufficient Steel for Construction

Q. Explain the Importance of Concrete to the Development of Karachi?

1. Increasing Population/Industrialization/Offices/Housing/Ports.
2. Better Roads for Transportation
3. Better Bridges for Access
4. Stronger Building Material
5. Long Lasting/More Durable
6. More Modern Appearance
7. Improving Slums/Kachi Abadis
Fertilizer Industry: -
Raw Material: Sulphur and Gypsum
Fuel: Natural Gas
Areas: Pak-Arab Fertilizers Multan. Faisalabad, Haripur
Advantages: -
1. Higher GDP/GNP
2. More Agricultural Exports/Improves BOT/BOP and Earns Foreign Exchange
3. Reduced Fertilizer Imports
4. Less Debt
5. More Industrial Goods
6. Higher Farm Incomes and Profits
7. Increase in Employment
8. Cheaper Cost of Fertilizers
9. More Food Production
Disadvantages: -
1. Import of Labor/Reduces BOT/BOP, Foreign Exchange is Spent.
2. Lack of Government Attention
3. Lack of Capital
4. Eutrophication

Q. Why is there a higher demand of Fertilizers in Pakistan?

1. Green Revolution in Agriculture
2. HYV Seeds are used/Fertilizers are Required
3. Pakistani Soil is Deficient in Nitrogenous Matter, Fertilizers Provide Organic Nutrients to the
Soil.
4. Growing Population/More Demand of Food

Sugar Mills: -
Raw Material -> Washing -> Crushing -> Collecting Juice -> Refining -> Crystalizing ->
Transporting
Raw Material: Sugarcane
Factors Affecting the Location of Sugar Mills: Sugar Mills Must be near the area of Sugar
Cultivation as: -
1. Sugarcane must be crushed quickly after harvest
2. It Loses Weight Rapidly
3. It loses Sugar Content Rapidly
4. It increases transportation costs at longer routes as Sugarcane is Bulky/More
Expensive/Difficult to Transport
Areas: Peshawar, Faisalabad, Nawabshah

Q. Sugar Mills work for 160 Days a Year only, This Causes Problems.
1. Seasonal employment/unemployment for rest of the year.
2. Skilled labor maybe lost to other industries permanently.
3. Inefficient Usage of Machinery
4. Machinery to wear out with lack of use
Solutions to these Problems: -
1. Casual Laborers to Migrate to Employment in Cottage Industries
2. Many Workers are Poor Farmers whom may return to their lands with extra income earned
3. Offer Incentives to Help the Skilled Labor
4. Some Labor maybe retained to look after the Machinery.

By Products of Sugar Mill and their Uses: -

Bagasse: Chipboards, Paper, Animal Feed, Fuel, Baskets
Molasses: Packaging Plastics, Chemical Industries, Animal Feed, Bakers’ Yeast, Synthetic Rubber.

Steel Industry: -
1. Areas: Pakistan Steel Mills, Karachi at Pipri (Established with the help of USSR)
Inputs: -
1. Imported: Iron Ore, Manganese, Coal
2. Local: Limestone, Coal, Water, Chromite
Outputs: Pig Iron, Rolled and Cast Bullets, Raw Steel. Galvanized Steel, coils
The Pakistan Steel Mills Provide Raw Material for Engineering and Construction Industries e.g.,
Heavy Mechanical Complex Taxila
2. Heavy Mechanical Complex Taxila: -
Established with the help of China
Inputs: Pig Iron, Rolled and Cast Bullets, Raw Steel, Galvanized Steel and Coils
Outputs: Tractors/Machinery for Agriculture, Machinery/Equipment for HEP/Thermal Power
Plants, Boilers, Cranes, Construction Machinery, Railway Equipment

Q. Explain the Advantages and Disadvantages of Increasing Steel Production in Pakistan.

Advantages: -
1. Large GDP/GNP
2. More Employment
3. More Income
4. Cheap Supplies (Than imported)
5. Saves Foreign Exchange, Improves BOT/BOP
6. Can be used in Construction Industry and Development of Infrastructure.
Disadvantages: -
1. lack of Investment
2. Lack of Government Attention
3. Lack of Skilled Labor
4. Lack of Electricity Provision
5. Lack of Infrastructure e.g., Roadways
6. High Setup/Initial Costs due to Imported Machinery

Brick Kiln Industry: -

Main Areas: Peshawar, Potohar Plateau/Outskirts of Cities e.g., Islamabad
Inputs: -
Raw Materials: -
1. Coal, Oil, Wood, Gas, Fuel
2. Clay (Main Raw Material)
3. Water (Usually from Tubewells)
Human/Economic Factors: -
1. Capital
2. Labor
3. Land

Process: Digging (the Earth) -> Mixing (Clay with Water to Prepare the Paste) -> Molding (To
shape the paste like Bricks) -> Drying (Unbaked Bricks in Sunlight) -> Baking/Heating (To make
the Bricks Stronger)
Output: Fired Bricks

Importance: -
Advantages: -
1. GDP/GNP
2. Fulfils Local Demand
3. More Employment, Especially for Women
4. Cheaper than Wood/Cement and Steel
5. Used in Construction of Buildings/Bridges and Lining of Canals
6. Shortage of Wood in Pakistan (Expensive)/Bricks Act as Alternatives Too
7. Shortage of Steel Industry so Bricks are used to make roots
Disadvantages: -
1. Bonded Labor (Low wages/Labor Takes Loans and is forced to work)
2. Child Labor
3. Expensive Fuel
4. Air Pollution (Carbon Monoxide/Smoke/Smell/Dust)

Industrial Estates: -
Special Areas Reserved for Secondary Industries
Government Incentives: -
1. Tax Holidays
2. Exemptions from Customs Duties on Imported Machinery
3. Simplify Procedures
4. Provision of Power Supplies/Electricity
5. Development of Infrastructure/Roads/Rails/Telecommunications
6. Private Power Stations to be allowed
Examples of Industrial Estates: Sind Industrial Trading Estate, Bahawalpur Industrial Estate

Advantages: -
1. Increase GDP/GNP
2. Increase Employment
3. Increase Income
4. Good for Exports/Restrict Imports/Improve BOT/BOP, Foreign Exchange Saved
5. Good for Local Needs
6. Rural to Urban Migration Reduced
7. Better Infrastructure
8. More Competition in Local Market Increases Quality

Disadvantages: -
1. Lack of Government Attention
2. Pollution
3. Lack of Investment
4. Lack of Skilled Labor
5. Lack of Infrastructure e.g., Roads
6. Lack of Electricity/Power
7. Requires Imports e.g., Machinery, Raw Materials etc.

Export Processing Zones (EPZs): -

Special Industrial Estates Reserved for the Manufacture of Export Products
Incentives: -
1. Tax Holidays
2. Exemptions from Custom Duties on Imports of Machinery
3. Simplified Procedures
4. Development of Infrastructure
5. Private Power Stations Allowed
6. Government to Help with Marketing Events
Examples: Karachi, Sambrial (In Sialkot)

Advantages: -
1. Increase GDP/GNP
2. Increase Employment
3. Increase Income
4. Good for Exports/Restrict Imports/Improve BOT/BOP, Foreign Exchange Saved
5. Good for Local Needs
6. Rural to Urban Migration Reduced
7. Better Infrastructure
8. More Competition in Local Market Increases Quality

Disadvantages: -
1. Lack of Government Attention
2. Pollution
3. Lack of Investment
4. Lack of Skilled Labor
5. Lack of Infrastructure e.g., Roads
6. Lack of Electricity/Power
7. Requires Imports e.g., Machinery, Raw Materials etc.

Small-Scale Industries: -
1. Surgical Instruments Industry
Importance: -
1. Contributes to GDP/GNP
2. Employment
3. Exports so Foreign Exchange Earned Improves BOT/BOP
4. Fulfils Local Demand and Saves the Foreign Exchange
5. Local Skills are Used
6. Development of Infrastructure like Roads/Railways
Problems: -
1. Lack of Government Attention
2. Lack of Investment
3. Lack of Skilled Labor
4. Child Labor so Sanctions by Foreign Countries
5. Lack of Machinery so only Small-Scale
Areas: Sialkot, Lahore

2. Sports Goods Industry: -

Inputs: -
1. Wood Pulp
2. Rubber
3. Stitching Thread
4. Leather
Processes: -
1. Stitching
2. Weaving
3. Cutting
4. Checking Quality
5. Printing
Outputs: -
1. Footballs
2. Cricket Equipment
3. Sports Gloves
4. Hockey Equipment
Areas: Sialkot, Lahore
Importance: -
1. Contributes to GDP/GNP
2. Employment
3. Exports so Foreign Exchange Earned Improves BOT/BOP
4. Fulfils Local Demand and Saves the Foreign Exchange
5. Local Skills are Used
6. Development of Infrastructure like Roads/Railways
7. Raw Materials are Locally Available e.g., Wood

Problems: -
1. Lack of Government Attention
2. Lack of Investment
3. Lack of Skilled Labor
4. Child Labor so Sanctions by Foreign Countries
5. Lack of Machinery so only Small-Scale
6. Some of the Raw Materials are Imported e.g., Rubber which leads to Foreign Exchange Being
Spent/Improvements Lost in BOT/BOP
7. Lack of Electricity/Load-Shedding

Q. How may the presence of the sports industry in Sialkot increase the Employment
Opportunities?
1. Jobs in Industry i.e., Labor Intensive Industries
2. Work Contracted out to Small-Scale and Cottage Industries
3. Growth of Administrative Jobs
4. Growth of Transport Jobs
5. Growth of Tertiary Sector
6. People work in Dry Ports
7. People work in EPZs

Q. How can the Presence of the Sports Industry in Sialkot Help Improve the Local Infrastructure?

1. Dry Ports for Exports

2. Electricity Supply
3. Roads/Railways
4. Airports
5. Better Water Supply
6. Telecommunications e.g., Internet and Mobile Phones to assess the Market

Government Policy (towards cottage and small-scale industries / Steps to improve the cottage
and small-scale industry):
The Government is fully aware of the potential of cottage and small-scale industries for
industrial development. The development of these industries is the responsibility of the
provinces and each province has set up an organization.
The following organizations have been established to develop this sector of economy. 1.
Pakistan Small Industries Corporation (PSIC)
2. Punjab Small Industries Corporation (PSIC)
3. The Small Industries Development Board NWFP (SIDB)
4. The Directorate of Small Industries Baluchistan (DSIB)
5. Sindh Small-scale Industries Corporation (SSIC)
6. Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (SMEDA)
Main Functions of these Organizations:
1. Establishment of the small Industrial Estates.
2. Providing marketing facilities.
3. Setting up of technical service centers.
4. Establishing handicraft development centers and carpet centers.
5. Providing guidance to the new comers.
6. Providing loan on easy installments through IDBP.
7. Training facilities to male and female.
8. Samples exhibition.
9. Providing marketing facilities.

Importance of Small-Scale and Cottage Industries: -

1. Contributes to GDP/GNP
2. Employment
3. Exports so Foreign Exchange Earned Improves BOT/BOP
4. Fulfils Local Demand and Saves the Foreign Exchange
5. Local Skills are Used
6. Development of Infrastructure like Roads/Railways
7. Raw Materials are Locally Available e.g., Wood

Problems: -
1. Limited Profits
2. Lack of Quality
3. Outdated Production Methods/Machinery
4. Electricity not available in many villages/Works only in daylight hours
5. Limited Training and Technical Advice Available
6. Lack of Marketing
7. Poverty
8. Child Labor

Solutions: -
1. Establishing Small Industrial Estates
2. Marketing Facilities
3. Technical Service Centre
4. Pre-Investment Counselling and Guidance
5. Loans on Easy Installments to Purchase Machinery
6. Rural Electrification
7. Development of Roads from Industries to Markets, for Easy Purchase of inputs/Easy Purchase
of Raw Materials
8. Handicraft Development Centers
9. Organizations Mentioned Above

Sectors of Employment: -
Formal: -
1. Capital Intensive
2. Employed by Institutions
3. Regular Working Basis
4. Fixed Salary
5. Quality of Goods
6. Work in Offices/Factories
7. Legal/Registered
8. No Child Labor
9. Pension Schemes
Informal: -
1. Labor Intensive
2. Self-Employed
3. Flexible Working Hours
4. No Fixed Wages
5. Poor Quality of Goods
6. Work at Home
7. May Not be Registered
8. Child Labor
9. No Pensions

Advantages/Disadvantages of Informal Sector to the People

Advantages: -
1. For Seller/Labor: -
Earns Money
Something to Do
Doesn’t Need to be Educated/Skill
To Gain Respect/Religion Expects Them To Work
2. For Customers: -
Cheaper/Can Bargain
Doorstep Service/Delivery
Open All Hours
Disadvantages: -
1. For Seller/Labor: -
Low Pay
Child Labor
Considered Inferior
Not Registered/Illegal
Temporary/Seasonal
2. For Customers: -
Poor Quality
No Guarantee on Return of Goods
Mainly Smuggled/Stolen

Secondary Industry and the Environment: -

1. Air Pollution due to Smoke
2. Water Pollution due to Poor Disposal of Industrial Waste in Rivers/Lakes etc.
3. Noise Pollution due to the Machinery
4. Land Pollution/Industrial Waste is Dumped under the Ground/Digging
Effects: -
1. Diseases e.g., Deafness, Diarrhea
2. Skin Irrigation
3. Eye Diseases
4. Respiratory Diseases e.g., Asthma
5. Contamination of Sub-Soil effects Food Crops and Supplies of Drinking Water especially from
Wells.
6. Industrial Waste is Harmful for Irrigation of Crops
7. Threat to Marine Life e.g., Fish in Polluted Water.
8. Threat to Mangrove Forests due to Polluted Water
Solutions: -
1. Awareness Campaigns e.g., NGOs
2. Protests/Concern by Public Apparent
3. Strict Enforcement of Environmental Laws
4. Water Treatment Plans to be Installed to Purify Water
5. Green Trees Planted/Reduce Air Pollution
6. Industries Should be Established away from Residential Areas/Houses

Tertiary Sector/Industry: Services Sector e.g., Public Administration, Defense, Tourism,

Teachers, Doctors, Managers, Bankers etc.

Tourism: The Whole Business of Providing Accommodation and Recreation Facilities for Those
who are Travelling/Staying/Visiting a Place for a Relatively short period of time, Primarily for
Pleasure Seeking.
Advantages of Tourism Industry: -
1. Employment
2. More Income/Improves BOT/BOP
3. Local Development/Provision of Infrastructure/Provision of Services
4. Local Tourists can Utilize the Facilities
5. Cultural Linkages
6. Reduces Rural-Urban Migration
7. Sustainable Industry
Disadvantages: -
1. Expensive to Develop/Lack of Capital
2. Seasonal Development
3. Local Culture Destroyed
4. Foreign Tourists sometime don’t respect Locals and disgrace their culture
5. Litter/Garbage
6. Resettlement of Locals
7. Natural Habitat Destroyed
8. Facilities may not be affordable for Local Tourists
9. Locals may Lose Traditional Jobs
10. Political Instability
11. Security Situation/Terrorism
Cultural Attractions in Pakistan:
Pakistan is famous for its cultural heritage, which may attract a number of domestic and foreign
tourists, the ones who are interested in History, culture and Archaeological research. Cultural
attractions which exist in Pakistan and which either have been or could be made available to
tourists include:
Archaeological Sites:
Mohenjo Daro, Harappa, Taxila.
Historical and Religious Sites: -
Forts (Baltit), Lahore
Mosques (Badshahi Lahore, Mahabat in Peshawar)
Tombs (Chaukandi near Karachi, Makli near Thatta, Allam Iqbal and Ranjit Sings in Lahore)
Sharines (Uch sharif)
Khyber Pass, Shalimar Garden, Kalash Valley, Swat Valley.
Modern Buildings:
Faisal Mosque, Parliament Building, President House Minar-e-Pakistan Jinnah Mausoleum.
Natural Attractions (In Northern Areas)
The northern areas of our country have many attractions which are the following. Mountains,
Snowcapped peaks, Fauna and Flora, Natural vegetations, Photography, Hiking, Snow falling,
Steep slopes, Polo matches, River, Lakes and Glaciers, Beautiful valleys like Hunza, Skardu, Swat
and Kaghan.
Kaghan Valley: It is one of the most splendid tourist areas in Pakistan and located in Himalaya,
north east of Hazara District KPK. The valley is full of natural attractions which are as follows.
Mountain and Mountains peaks. Snowcapped peaks, Snow falling. Shogran, Fishing in River
Kunhar, e.g., Trout Fish, Lake Saiful Maluk, Jeep riding, Glaciers, Waterfalls, Forests / Orchards.
Other Attractions in Cities (Historical Places and Monuments)
As such, there are many historical places and monuments exist in different cities, which attract
the tourists, these are as follows:
Islamabad: Pakistan’s capital, planned city and located at the base of the Margalla Hills.
President House, Parliament and Faisal Mosque Rawal Lake and Dam, Shakar-Parrian, Daman-e-
Koh, Pakistan Monument Lok Virsa Jasmine Garden, Chattar Park

Karachi: Provincial Capital (Sindh), Sea Port, International Air Port/ Clifton Beach Hawkes Bay
and Paradise point, The National Museum, The Mausoleum of the Quaid-e-Azam, Children Park.
Lahore: Provincial Capital (Punjab), Lahore Fort and Badshahi Mosque, Data Darbar, Jehangir’s
Tomb and Allama Iqbal Tomb Minar-e-Pakistan Museum, Shalimar Garden and other parks
Governor House, WAPDA House, Punjab University old and new campus, Hotels (Pearl
Continental, Services, Holiday Inn, Avari Hotel).
Peshawar: Provincial Capital (KPK), Khyber Pass, Bala Hissar Fort, Mahabat Khan Mosque,
Peshawar Museum.
Quetta: Provincial Capital (Baluchistan), Bolan and Khojak Pass, Hill resort of Ziarat Museum
Why do people travel to Pakistan?
For physical reasons such as to improve their health or participate in a sporting event.
For cultural reasons such as being curious about foreign places, people or cultures.
For personal reasons such as to visit friends and relatives.
People also travel for prestige and status reasons.
For educational or professional goals.
For recreational purpose.
International Tourists / Visitors: -
There are three main groups of international tourists / visitors.
a. For business
b. Visiting families
c. For recreation
(a) The international business visitors mainly come to Pakistan from the European countries for
a number of reasons, which include:
To attend trade delegations.
For educational activities e.g., some educational institutions have hired foreign staff e.g.,
Principal and teachers.
As staff of multinational companies such as oil companies, Foreign Banks e.g., Citibank, Standard
Charted Bank.
As UNO officials who are working in a number of projects in Pakistan e.g. WHO (World Health
Organization).
(b) Many Pakistanis work abroad mainly in K.S.A, Kuwait, U.A.E, UK and U.S.A. They are not
tourist but when on holidays, they come to visit their families, friends in Pakistan almost every
year. They stay with family members and not in hotels.
(c) Foreign tourists who visit Pakistan only for:
Recreational purposes
Historic Interests (Places) Museum
Religious Faith
Different cultures to their own Festivals (Basant)
Visiting Northern areas and beautiful lakes and gullies.

Q. Explain how local people can gain income from tourism in mountain areas.
Opening shops in village
Making /sale of crafts Guides (on tracks / trails)
Named services e.g., hotels /restaurants
Offering accommodation in own home Construction of tourist facilities.
 Trade
Definition: Trade is the Exchange of Goods and Services. It has two types. Internal Trade i.e.,
Trade within a country, and External Trade i.e., Trade from Country to Country

Why Foreign Trade?

1. GDP/GNP
2. Value-Added Products
3. Foreign Exchange can be spent on Imports
4. Stimulates Economic Activity
5. Employment
6. Domestic Resources are Utilized
7. Helps to Earn Foreign Exchange
8. Flow of I.T.

Imports: Goods or Services Purchased. Foreign Exchange is Spent. Outflow of Foreign Exchange
Exports: Goods or Services sold. Foreign Exchange Earned. Inflow of Foreign Exchange.

Visible Trade: Import and Export of ‘Goods’

Invisible Trade: Import and Export of ‘Services’

Exports of Pakistan: -
Primary: -
1. Rice
2. Fish
3. Raw Cotton
4. Vegetables
5. Fruits
Processed: -
1. Cotton Yarn: -
2. Thread
Manufactured: -
1. Cotton Textile
2. Ready Made Garments
3. Carpets
4. Sports Equipment, Beddings etc.

Trend of Export: -
From Primary to Manufactured.
Beneficial as: -
Manufactured Items are more Value-Added/Greater Preference/More Profit
More Foreign Exchange Earned/Improved BOT/BOP
Boosts Industrialization
Stimulates Economic Activity/Creates More Jobs
Not So Beneficial As: -
Pakistan has a Narrow Export Base (Less Diversification/Not a big Variety)
Pakistan has Low-Value Items
Agro-Based Items

Imports: -
Capital Goods:
1. Machinery for Different Industries
Raw Materials: -
1. Manganese
2. Iron Ore
3. Coke
4. Crude Oil
Consumer Goods: -
1. Electrical Appliances
2. Sugar
3. Wheat
4. Fertilizers

Trend of Imports: -
From Consumer Goods to Capital Goods
Due to: -
Industrialization
Drastic Increase in Imports Because: -
High/Ever-growing Population
Rapid Industrialization
Green Revolution
Construction of Infrastructure

Trade Routes: -
Land: -
1. East -> India -> Not Feasible due to Poor Diplomatic Ties
2. North-West -> Afghanistan -> Passes e.g., Bolan Pass, Khyber Pass
3. North -> China -> Khunjerab Pass (Karakoram Highway)
4. South-West -> Iran -> RCD Highway (Not Well Maintained)
Problems of Land Routes: -
1. Mountains/Rugged Landscape
2. Few Passes
3. Expensive due to Taxes
4. Longer to Europe Than Sea
5. Slow
6. Insecure
7. Narrow Roads
8. Landslides
9. Floods
10. Snow

Sea Routes: -
Preferred Because: -
1. Cheaper
2. Developed Parts of Pakistan promote Sea Trade
3. Shorter as Compared to Land for Europe/Goes to USA, Canada Through Suez Canal
4. Trade Possible over Longer Distances
5. Easy Access to the Middle-East through the Arabian Sea
6. Good for Bulky Goods/Large Consignments
7. Suitable for Import of Mineral Oil through Large Containers from SA etc.
Disadvantages: -
1. Slow/Time Consuming/Not Suitable for Urgent Orders
2. Don’t Reach Cities
3. Cannot go to Landlocked Countries e.g., Afghanistan
4. Goods may end up Damaged
5. Delivery of Goods Might be Delayed

Air Transport: -
Advantages: -
1. Quicker than Sea/Road
2. Safe
3. Suitable for Light/Perishable Goods
4. Long Distance Trade Possible
5. Suitable for Urgent Orders
6. Can Reach Inland Cities and Landlocked Countries e.g., Nok Kundi and Afghanistan with the
Respective Examples
Disadvantages: -
1. Expensive
2. Unsuitable for Heavy Load/Cheap Goods
3. Doesn’t go Door-to-Door/Airports May be out of City
4. Air Pollution
5. Light and High Value Goods are Preferred.
6. Few Airports in Pakistan

Balance of Trade: -
Difference Between Value of Export of Goods and Import of Goods
BOT: Value of Exports of Goods – Value of Import of Goods.
BOT = E – I

Balance of Payment: -
Difference between Value of Exports and Import of Goods as well as services
BOP: Value of Exports (Goods and Services) – Value of Imports (Goods and Services)
BOP = E - I
Q. Why is Pakistan’s BOT/BOP Mostly Negative?
More Imports: -
Import of Capital Goods e.g., Machinery for Industries
Import of Luxury Goods due to Improved Standards of Life e.g., Cosmetics
Imports of Consumer Goods like Fertilizers
Import of Crude Oil due to Insufficient Oil Reserves in Pakistan
Increasing Population/More Needs of Imports
Unfavorable Exchange rate of PKR against USD
Less Exports: -
Low Value Exports so Less Price
Restriction by Foreign Governments due to Child Labor/Unhygienic Conditions
Hard Competition for Cotton From South Korea/Egypt/Thailand
Exports fluctuate due to weather conditions as an Agro-Based Nation
Lack of Skilled Labor due to Poor Quality of Education
Pakistan has Very Few Trading Partners and isn’t a Member of a Major Trading Bloc

How to Improve BOT/BOP?

1. More Imports
2. Less Exports/Restricted Exports

How to Increase Exports?

1. Value-Added Products
2. Strict Quality Control
3. Reliable Supply
4. More Trading Partners
5. More Variety
6. Better Infrastructure/More Dry Ports/More Water Ports
7. Ban on Child Labor
8. More EPZs
9. Stable Government and Policies
10. Improve Telecommunications
11. I.T. Should be Promoted

How to Restrict Imports?

1. Improved Quality of Education for Skilled Labor
2. Import of Luxury Items Reduced
3. Pakistan’s own Resources should be exploited
4. Patriotism
5. Reduction in Consumer Goods
6. Tariffs on Imports do Discourage Importers
7. Awareness as how Imports influence the Economy Adversely

Q. Why is a negative BOT a Problem?

1. Burden on the Economy
2. Loans
3. Countries which Provide Loans Exercise Political Influence
4. High Taxes to be Imposed
5. Inflation
6. Developmental Projects are to be curtailed/Education and
Health/Infrastructure/Industry/Agricultural Projects

Foreign Exchange: International Currency like the USD which is used in International Market.
Ways to Earn Foreign Exchange: -
1. Exports (Visible and Invisible)
2. Remittances

TDAP: Trade Development Authority of Pakistan/Department within the Ministry of Commerce

and Textile Industry of Government of Pakistan. Facilitates and Promotes International Trade
for Pakistan

Problems of Trade in Pakistan: -

1. Powercuts are back breaking to industries as they halt production, thus orders can’t be
fulfilled leading to loss of market share in other countries. Foreign customers as well as local
customers are lost
2. Less people willing to invest in Pakistan due to economic and social instability which means
that there is no influx of technology or foreign reserves in the country
3. Devaluation of the currency makes importing of machines etc. difficult. This hampers further
the modernization of industry
4. The problem of child labor has led to decrease in orders from Europe and USA for sports
goods and surgical instruments
5. Import tariffs by EU countries on Pakistani textiles to protect their own cotton industry
means that Pakistani cotton is expensive to buy there. Exports are not very profitable thus
exports have decreased
6. Remittances haven’t increased a lot in the last years meaning that it is difficult to find foreign
exchange to pay for increased imports
7. Fish related industry is also suffering due to lack of quality control procedures during
processing of fish, which means it can’t be exported to the West
8. Fruit related industry can’t export fruits too far off places due to poor methods of
preservation used. Most of the fruit becomes unfit for human consumption and is thus wasted
9. All of this results in a negative balance of trade; thus, Pakistan has less money to spend on
education, health services or in development of oil/gas fields or industries etc.
10. Taxes are increased and thus goods are expensive, so people buy less and GDP falls
11. Dependence of major exports on a few commodities. Most of Pakistan’s exports are Agro-
Based and when yields are low due to floods etc. (or attacks by leaf curl virus on cotton crop);
exports plummet. Exports therefore need to be diversified so as to ensure consistent value of
exports per annum
Exchange Rates: -
An Exchange Rate Refers to the Price of One Currency in Terms of Another Country e.g., the
Exchange Rate of 1 USD to 186 PKR
Exchange Rates are Significant in Determining the Cost of Imports and the Price of Exports. The
Costs and Returns from Overseas Investment.
Depreciation: -
1. When the Value of a Currency Reduces. It Improves Exports as they are cheaper for other
2. Countries, However, It Makes the Imports Expensive in Terms of Local Currency
3. Impacts of Depreciation: -
4. Imports expensive, exports are cheaper
5. High inflation rate
6. Taxes increased
7. Increase in debts
8. Trade deficit
9. Stops ongoing projects due to rising costs
10. Purchasing power of citizens reduced
11. Unfavorable balance of payment
12. Less GDP
Unemployment.
Appreciation: -
When the Value of a Currency Improves. It Makes Exports Expensive and Imports Cheaper in
Terms of Local Currency

Trade Barriers: -
Trade Barriers are a set of Restrictions imposed by a Country to reduce Imports of Certain
Goods and Services.
Types: -
1. Tariffs (Taxes on Imports)
2. Embargoes (Complete ban on Imports of a Certain Product)
3. Quotas (Restrictions on the Quantity of Goods being Imported)
Advantages: -
1. Restricts Imports/Improves BOT/BOP
2. Protects Domestic Industries
3. Employment
4. Exploitation of Local Resources
5. More Revenue through Tariffs/Extra Income for the Country.
Disadvantages: -
1. Consumer Choice is Limited due to Domestic Goods Only/Local Industries become
Complacent due to Lack of International Competition/Lose Efficiency.
2. Consumer May have to Purchase Low Quality Goods.
3. Imports at High Prices/Higher Prices of Imported Goods due to Tariffs.

Q. Why is Foreign Exchange Precious?

1. Economy Stabilizes
2. Imports can be Purchased/Capital Goods for Industry/Oil and Oil Products/Fertilizers for
Agriculture
3. Loans can be Returned
4. BOT will Improve/Less Trade Deficit
5. Investment in Agriculture
6. Industrialization/Infrastructure Development

Q. Why is UK an Important Trading Partner, but not as important as before?

Important Because: -
1. Both are members of
the Commonwealth
2. UK imports Raw
Cotton and Sports Goods
of Pakistan
3. Pakistan Imports UK’s
Machinery/Fertilizers
Not Important Because: -
1. Pakistan has
diversified its trade
partners
2. New Links with Asian
and Muslim Countries
3. Pakistan has started
making some Products
itself now
4. Sanctions by U.K. due
to Child Labor
5. Unfavorable exchange
rate of PKR against
GBP/Reluctant to
purchase goods from U.K.

Q. Name two trading

partners of Pakistan
which are Members of
EU?
1. France
2. Germany

Q. Explain the
Advantages and Disadvantages of Developing a trade agreement with the Partners of EU.
Advantages:
1. More Exports so Foreign Exchange is earned/BOT and BOP Improve
2. Boosts Industrialization
3. Stable Market
4. Improves Relations
5. Few Trade Barriers
Disadvantages: -
1. Trade can be Stopped anytime due to Sanctions
2. Pak Goods may not be up to Their Standards
3. Pak Production may not be relatable
4. May Affect Trade Agreements with other Countries like Iran, China

GDP: Gross Domestic Product/Total Value of Goods and Services Produced within the
Territorial Boundary of a Country
GNP: Gross National Product/Total Value of Goods and Services Produce by all Nationals of a
Country Globally

Trade Advantages and Disadvantages with China?

Advantages: -
Good relations
Land links with China (Karakoram Highway / Khunjerab pass)
Chinese imports are low-priced and meet local demand
China faster growing economy so Pakistan can earn more foreign exchange
Disadvantages Cheap Chinese products may threaten the domestic industries
China likely to manufacture products that Pakistan exports in greater quantities/at lower
prices
In winter KKH blocked due to snowfall and land sliding
 Transport
Transportation: Transportation is crucial to the economy of any country. Nowadays roads,
railway, airways and waterways are used as means of Transport. Railway and Roads are the
main arteries of communication, allowing goods to be transported nationwide. Transport
Networks are strong indexes of the economic development of a country. The Transport effects
the Economic and Social Aspects. It increases the Process of Industrialization by carrying raw
and manufactured goods to the Industries and Market.

Means of Transport: -
1. Railways
2. Roads
3. Airways
4. Waterways

Railways: -
1. Railways are a quick an efficient means of transport. They Transport Cargo especially
Bulky/Heavy Items for Long Distances.
2. Pakistan Railways is under Control of Ministry of Pakistan Railway, some tracks have been
privatized. The Railway was laid down by the British in 1861 and inherited by Pakistan in
1947. The network of 8554 has Increased to 8857 in 2000.
3. Initially, the extensions of railways were hindered due to the difficulty in maintaining and
running the existing strength, particularly as the locomotives were run on coal, a scarce
commodity post partition. The coal Pakistan Produced was of Inferior quality and it became
increasingly difficult to import coal from India. Therefore, Pakistan changed its locomotives to
diesel powered engines at an enormous cost in 1951-53
Gauge: A Railway Track is known as a Gauge. There are 3 Types of Gauges as Followed: -
1. Broad Gauge (5 Feet and 3 Inches Wide)
2. Meter Gauge (3 Feet and 3 Inches Wide)
3. Narrow Gauge (2 Feet and 6 Inches Wide)
The Government of Pakistan has Converted the Meter and Narrow Gauges into Broad Gauge
System for the Following Reasons: -
1. Less Speed/Speed Problems
2. Couldn’t Carry Maximum Load for Long Distances
3. Repairing and Maintenance was Costly
Railway Workshop: Railway Workshops are Workshops where Trains are Built, Remodeled,
Repaired and Maintained. Examples of Railway Workshops are: -
1. Mughalpura Railway Workshop Lahore
2. Carriage and Wagon Workshop Islamabad
3. Carriage and Wagon Workshop Hyderabad
4. Pakistan Locomotive Factory Risalpur
Railway Sleepers: Railway sleepers are the components on which the rails are arranged with
proper gauge. Initially, Pakistan had Wood Sleepers, yet as there was little Local wood, the
Transition to Concrete Sleepers Began. Pakistan railways slowly made the transition to
concrete sleepers. However, just as Pakistan Railways was fully rehabilitated, Competition
came from Road Transport.
Disadvantages of Railways in Pakistan: -
1. Lack of Capital/High Initial Investment
2. High Cost of Repairing and Maintenance
3. High Cost of Switching from Diesel to Electric Locomotives
4. Broken Tracks/Accidents
5. Overstaffing/Corruption
6. Poor Reservation System
7. Uneconomic Stations
Importance/Advantages of Railways in Pakistan: -
1. Railways are Efficient/Convenient/Cheap/Speedy for Long Distance Travels
2. Railways can Transport Bulky/Heavy Good for Long Distances
3. Regular and Reliable Timetable
4. Safe and Comfortable
5. Pakistan Railways are Avoiding Congestion and Delay Presently
Development of Pakistan Railways: -
1. Replacement of Steam Locomotives with Diesel Engines due to Shortage of Coal
2. Electrification of Lahore-Khanewal Route
3. Establishment of Railway Workshops throughout the Country
4. Introduction of Faster Trains from Lahore-Karachi e.g., Night Coach
5. Narrow and Meter Gauge converted into Broad Gauge
6. The work on the Railway Track to change from Single to Dual Track is to be done
7. Construction of Karachi Circular Railway (KCR) which was built to ease the Transportation of
Passengers and Goods within the City.
8. The Pakistan Railways Has Opened Computerized Ticketing System for the Reservation of
Seats.
9. Government has allowed Private Sectors to Operate Freight and Passenger Trains by Paying
charges to Pakistan Railways for the use of its Rail Track.
Main/Major/Principal Routes: -
1. Karachi-Lahore
2. Rawalpindi-Peshawar
3. Quetta-Chaman
4. Kotri-Larkana
5. Faisalabad-Khanewal
6. Karachi-Quetta via Kotri, Larkana and Jacobabad
7. Faisalabad-Sargodha-Khushab
8. Rawalpindi-Kohat
9. Sibi-Kohat
10. Peshawar-Karachi via Rawalpindi and Lahore
International Railway Links: Railway System of Pakistan Connect Pakistan with Iran through
Baluchistan, India with Pakistan through Wagah Border (Atari), Afghanistan Through Khyber
Pass. No Connections with China/No Railways in Norther Areas.
Distribution of Pakistan’s Railways: -
1. Close and Dense Network in Punjab and Sin
2. Railways Run Parallel to Rivers
3. Railways cross Rivers at Points
4. Peshawar and Quetta Connected through Rail
5. No Railways in West Baluchistan
6. No Railways in Northern Areas

Q. What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Rail Transport for Carrying Raw Materials to
Factories?
Advantages: -
1. Cheaper
2. Transport Bulky/Heavy Goods
3. Safe/Fast
4. Suitable for Long Journey
5. Run to a Regular and Reliable Timetable
Disadvantages: -
1. Not Flexible
2. Does not Provide Door-to-Door Facility
3. Trains do not Reach Factories
4. Dangers of Loss and Wastage
5. Loading and Unloading at Railway Stations is Expensive
6. Industrialists pay Extra Transportation Charges whilst Shifting

Q. Why do large areas of Pakistan have no Railways and only a few Roads most of which are
unmetalled/Kachi?
1. North and Northwestern Areas are Hilly/Mountainous/Rugged Topography e.g., Chitral and
Gilgit
2. South Eastern areas consist of Deserts e.g., Cholistan and Tharparkar
3. Baluchistan is a hilly area/Topographical Constraints
4. Steep Slopes
5. Sand Plains in Desert Areas/Sand Dunes
6. Roads are Cheaper to Construct/Kachi
7. Less Population/Less Demand of Railways in such Areas

Q. To what extent is it Possible to Develop Railways Further in Pakistan? Support your Answer
by Using Examples you have Studied.
Possible: -
1. Government/Private Funding
2. Computerized Ticket Systems
3. Privatization
4. Electrification
5. Changing Single Tracks to Dual Tracks e.g., Khanewal-Lodhran
6. Foreign Funding e.g., CPEC/China
Not Possible: -
1. Topographical Constraints/Difficult Terrain
2. Much of the Network is Single Track
3. Lack of Maintenance
4. Overstaffed or Lack of Management/Corruption
5. Outdated Locomotives
6. Lack of Investment/Funding/Capital

Road Transport: Road Transport is the Most Popular Means of Transport. It includes Motor
Vehicles i.e., Buses, Trucks, Taxis, Rickshaws, Jeeps, Cars and Motorcycles. Road Transport
Carries 82% of the Total Passenger Traffic and 54% of the Total Freight Traffic in Pakistan.
Road Traffic in Pakistan is Mostly in Private Hands. Total Road Network in the Country Spans
205,850 KMs including 105,280 KMs of Highways
Agencies for Road Development/Repairs Etc.: -
1. NLC: National Logistic Cell
2. NHA: National Highway Authority
Importance of Roads: -
1. Pakistan’s 64% Population is living in Rural Areas and has no Access to Railways, these are
Linked with Agricultural Markets and Cities through Roads.
2. Development of Rural Areas Depends on the Availability of Roads. If the Network of Roads
are Constructed, Rural Life will be Prosperous.
3. Agricultural Sector can be Developed by Providing Agro-Inputs and Machinery and Allowing
Access of Agro-Products to Urban Market
4. Industrial Products/Consumers Goods Require Roads for Supply to Urban and Rural Sectors
5. For Short Distances/Roads are Most Feasible/Time-Saving
6. Roads Play an Important Role in Northern Areas where Rail Construction isn’t Feasible
Reasons for the Preference of Roads: -
1. Greater Flexibility
2. Frequency
3. Speed
4. Economic
Types of Roads: There are 3 Types of Roads: -
1. Metaled Roads: Metaled Roads are made up of Stone Layers and Carpeted by Bitumen
2. Unmetalled Roads: Roads Made without any covering of Stones or Bricks
3. Soling: Roads Made up of Bricks and Cement
Advantages of Roads: -
1. Road System is Flexible
2. Provides Door-to-Door Service
3. Better Source of Daily Travelling/For Jobs/Provide Better Connectivity
4. Fast over Short Routes
5. Can be Built and Maintained Comparatively Cheaper/Even in Rugged Areas
6. Good Network of Roads Promotes Industrialization
Disadvantages of Roads: -
1. Expensive for Long Distances
2. Slow in Urban Areas/Dense Population
3. Roads Increase Air Pollution
4. Only Small Loads can be Carried
5. Expensive to Build/Maintain
6. Costs Rise Rapidly with Time
Main/Major/Principal Roads of Pakistan: -
1. Coastal Highway: Connects Karachi with Bela, Turbat and Onward to Iran. 603 KM Long.
2. Grand Trunk Road: GT Road Connects Lahore with Peshawar Passing Through Gujranwala,
Jhelum and Rawalpindi.
3. Indus Super Highway: Between Karachi and Peshawar Running Through Western Bank of
Indus River.
4. National Highway (N-5): Connects Karachi with Lahore, Passes through Thatta, Hyderabad,
Nawabshah, Sukkur, Bahawalpur, Multan, Sahiwal, Okara and Renala. Used Mainly by Cargo
Trucks.
5. Karachi-Quetta Roads: Connects Karachi to Quetta after Passing Bela and Khuzdar.
6. Lahore-Quetta Road: Passes Through Taunsa and D.G. Khan having Followed the National
Highway up till Multan.
7. Super Highway: Best Metaled Road in Pakistan, Connects Karachi with Hyderabad.
8. Karakoram Highway (N-35): Connects Pakistan to China Through Khunjerab Pass.

Q. Describe the Reasons and Ways in which the Road Network of Punjab is Different from the
Road Network of Sind.
Ways: -
1. Punjab Denser than Sind
2. Sind’s Other Roads Denser in South. For Punjab all Over the Province except South-East
3. More Areas in Sind with Few/No Roads
4. Two Main Roads of Sind Follow River Indus, in West to Karachi. In Punjab the Roads are
Spread out.
5. More Foci
Reasons: -
1. One River in Sind/5 In Punjab/Roads Follow These Rivers
2. More Deserts in Sind/Less Habitable
3. Large Areas of Low Population Density in Sind/Lack of Need
4. Few Major Cities in Sind/Less Need
5. Industrial Development

Q. Why are there few roads in the Areas of Gilgit Baltistan and Northern Areas?
1. Mountains
2. Steep Slopes
3. Landslides
4. Snowfall
5. Avalanches
6. Floods
7. Lack of Demand/Less Population Density
Q. Why are there very few Major Roads and Railways in Baluchistan?
1. Low Population Density
2. Scattered Population/Few Towns/Lacks Urban Development
2. Rugged/Mountainous Areas
3. Desert/Lack of Water/Difficult Working Conditions
4. Lack of Government Attention/Investment
5. Lack of Industrialization/Lack of Industries in Baluchistan
6. Tribal Opposition

Q. How can Better Transport Routes Help to Increase Development in Baluchistan?

1. Industrialization/Bigger Lorries can Operate/Employment
2. Urbanization/Better Travel
3. Faster Travel for Cars/Lorries
4. EPZs and Dry Ports can be Developed
5. Better Access to Ports at Gwadar/Makran Coast/Coastal Development
6. Travel to Afghanistan or Iran via Quetta and Passes
7. Access for Health and Education
8. Tourism
9. Mineral Exploitation
10. Development of Fishing Industry/Better Access to the Market

Q. Give Two Advantages of Transporting Goods by Bullock Carts and Lorries.

Bullock Cart: -
1. Cheap/Economic
2. No Fuel Costs
3. Can be Used in Other Farm Work
Lorry: -
1. Quick/Fast
2. Carries Heavier/Bulkier/Bigger Load
3. Can go Further/Doesn’t Need Rest

Q. Compare Transport by Road and Rail for Raw Cotton from Farms To Where it is Processed
Within Pakistan.
1. Road Transport Collects Directly/Rail Cannot
2. Road Transport Delivers to the Mills/Rail Rarely Does
3. Road Transport is Cheaper/Faster over Short Distances
4. Road Transport is More Efficient for Small Amounts/Rail Transport for Large Amounts
5. Rail Transport is Cheaper/Faster over Long Distances
6. Robbery More Likely with Road Transport
7. Road Transport is not Governed by Timetable as Rail is

Q. What would be the Most Suitable form of Transport from Peshawar to Chitral for: -
A. A Rich Business?
B. The Delivery of Gas Cylinders?
C. The Transport of Wool and Hides?
Answer: A. Air Transport/Car
B. Road/Lorry/Rail
3. Road/Pack Animal/Lorry/Rail

Q. Explain the problems of maintaining infrastructure and communication in these (Peshawar

and Chitral) areas all through the year.
1. Snow and Ice
2. Danger of Avalanches
3. Heavy Rain
4. Flooding
5. Earthquakes
6. Landslides
7. Shortage of Machinery/Labor
8. Inaccessible/Isolated
Motorways: Pakistan Motorway Project will Ultimately Provide a North South Link in the
Country. The Fast Growth of Traffic On the National Highway has Made Transport Slower and
Inefficient. To Relieve Traffic Pressure on the National Highway, the Motorway Project was
Initialized.
Motorway Sections: -
M1: Islamabad to Peshawar
M2: Islamabad to Lahore
M3: Pindi Bhattian to Faisalabad
M4: Faisalabad to Multan
M5: Multan to D.G. Khan
M6: D.G. Khan to Bato Dero
M7: Bato Dero to Karachi
M8: Bato Dero to Gwadar
M9: Karachi to Hyderabad
Features of Motorways: -
1. Two Side 3 Lane System
2. Construction of Flyovers/Underpasses/Bridges on Rivers
3. Construction of Interchanges
4. Emergency Phones and Hotlines
5. Toll Plazas
6. Restaurants/Filling Stations/Rest Areas
Advantages/Importance/Why do we have Motorways?
1. Reduces Burden of Traffic on National Highways of the Country
2. Reduces Chances of Accidents
3. Connects Main Cities
4. Industrial Estates could be Established on its sides/More Employment Opportunities
5. Promotes Industrial Growth by Trucks Supplying Raw Materials to Industries and
Manufactures Goods to Markets
6. Many New Settlements could be Established near the Motorway
7. Motorways Could Further be Connected to Afghanistan and Central Asian
Republics/Potential to Increase Foreign Trade
8. Road Transport Become More Quicker/Efficient Through Motorways

Q. Why was the First Motorway Built in Between Islamabad and Lahore?
1. Two Large Centers of Population
2. Passed by Other Populated Areas
3. Promotes Growth of Industrial Estates
4. Large Volume of Traffic/Ease Congestion/Save Other Roads
5. Better for Lorries/Trucks/Buses/Large Vehicles
6. Link for Lahore to Karakoram Highway

Q. To what Extent Would Building of More Motorways Help the Development of Industry in
Pakistan?
Advantages: -
1. Better Movement of Finished Products from Industry to Other Towns/Ports
2. Better Movement of Raw Materials/Machinery to Industries
3. Helps Development of Dry Ports
4. Stimulates Industrial Development Near Motorways/Industrial Estates
5. Better Movement of Businessmen/Businesswomen/Tourists
6. Faster Travel
7. Better Road Surface/Better Movement of Heavy Vehicles/Lorries
8. Shorter Routes/By=passes Towns and Villages
9. Relieves the Burden on National Highways
Disadvantages/Problems: -
1. Lack of Capital/Expensive
2. Takes Long Time to Build
3. Needs Maintenance
4. Increases Debt
5. Only Connects Large Centers
6. Doesn’t go to Small Towns/Rural Areas
Road Transport vs Rail Transport: -

Road Transport Rail Transport

1. Motor Vehicles are Relatively Inexpensive
2. Roads are Easier to Build/Maintain
3. Industrial Estates Develop with the
Construction of Roads
4. For Short Distances/People Prefer to
Travel by Roads
1. Railway Engines/Sleepers/Wagons are
Expensive
2. Rail Tracks are Difficult to Build and
Maintain.
3. Doesn’t Encourage Industrial Estates
because Railway Stations are built at a
distance, Increasing Expense.
4. Trains are Preferred for Long Distance
Routes.
 5. Wagons and Buses Drop People at
Convenient Stops/Places
6. Carries Perishable and High Value Goods
7. Short Term Returns on Investment
8. Roads can be Built and Maintained
Comparatively Cheaper in Rugged Areas
5. Trains stop at the Stations Only.
6. Railway Transports Carries Bulky/Low-
Value Goods.
7. Long Term Returns on Investment.
8. Expensive to Build in Rugged Terrain

Air Transport: Air Transport is the Most Effective Method of Transport for Low-Volume High-
Value Goods that Need to be Moved Urgently. There is an Extensive Domestic Air Network
Linking all the Key Cities and Major District Centers
Background: In 1947, Orient Airways a small air company, operated in Pakistan. By 1949 there
were three small air companies, Pakistan Airways, Orient Airways and Crescent Airways. After
1955 two of these closed and Orient Airways merged with Pakistan Airways to form Pakistan
International Airlines.
Pakistan International Airlines: PIA (Pakistan International Airline) was established in 1955 to
provide safe and efficient transport on domestic and international routes. The network of
Pakistan International Airlines now covers 55 International and 37 domestic destinations. The
Civil Aviation Authority manages and develops civil aviation in Pakistan.
Air Transport and the Private Sector: With the Deregulation of the Airline Industry in the Early
1990s, Three Private Airlines Emerged: -
1. Shaheen Airlines (Closed)
2. Bhoja Airlines (Closed)
3. Aero-Asia Airlines (Closed)
These Airlines Operated on Domestic Routes to the Major Cities. Private Airlines have started
to Expand Internationally. New Airlines such as FlyJinnah, Serene Airlines, Airblue and AirSial
have Emerged to Provide a more Competitive Environment
PIA’s Domestic Routes: Bahawalpur, Chitral, Dadu, Dalbandin, D.G. Khan, Faisalabad, Gilgit,
Gwadar, Islamabad, Kadanwari, Karachi, Lahore, Mohenjo Daro, Multan, Panjgur, Peshawar,
Quetta, Rahimyar Khan, Skardu, Sialkot, Sawan, Sukkur, Turbat, Zamzama, Zhob.
PIA’s International Routes: Kabul, Dhaka, Toronto, Beijing, Copenhagen (Denmark), Paris, Najaf
(Iraq), Delhi, Mumbai, Milan (Italy), Tokyo, Kuala Lampur, Oslo (Norway), Muscat, Doha,
Jeddah, Medina, Riyadh, Barcelona (Spain), Bangkok, Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Birmingham,
London, Manchester, Sydney.
International Airport: It is an Airport or Place from Which Airlines of More than One Country
Operate to the Destination Outside the Country. Such Airports are Located in Big Cities having
Large Populations and Major Economic Activities e.g., Karachi, Lahore, Sialkot, Multan,
Islamabad.
Requirements of an International Airport: -
1. A Large Area of Land/Aircraft Parking
2. A longer Runway (To Handle Larger Aircraft)
3. Major Road/Rail Links
4. To be Near a Large City/Center of International Activity/Trade
5. An International Airport has to Operate Day and Night
Regional Airport: It is primarily for the domestic flights for transportation of passengers and
cargo within the country. Such air ports are located in far flung towns which have less
population and provide traveling facilities to local people within the country for the long
distance, e.g., Chitral, Skardu, Rahim Yar Khan, Sukkur.
Requirements of a Regional Airport: -
1. Small Area of Land/Aircraft Parking
2. A Small Runway (To Handle Small Aircraft e.g., Embraers, ATRs Etc.)
3. Regional Road/Rail Links
4. To be Near a Smaller/Large City
5. Usually Operate During Day Time
6. Able to Cater Small Numbers of Passengers.
Factors Contributing to the Development of Air Transport: -
Internal Factors: - (within the country/organization)
1. Effective Mode of Transport for High-Value Light-Weight Goods
2. Easy Access to Remote Areas
3. Prestige
4. Emergency Use
External Factors: - (outside of the country/organization)
1. Transport of Perishable Items e.g., Fruits
2. Migration
3. Tourism Industry
4. Delegations
Q. What Conditions are Necessary for the Location of an Airport?
1. Flat Land
2. Large Area
3. Cheap Land
4. Well-Drained Land
5. Solid Ground
6. Large Pool of Labor (Skilled and Unskilled)
7. Close to Utilities (Water/Electricity)
8. Road/Rail Links to Nearby Areas
9. Far Away from Houses
10. Preferably Sunny/Dry/Frost Free/Snow Free/Fog Free Climate
11. Large Source of Customs

Q. Why has the Development of Air Transport been Important Within Pakistan?
1. Large Country
2. Remote Areas which are cut-off by High Mountains/Deserts
3. Strategic Reasons
4. Help Administration/Government
5. Promotes Mineral Exploration
6. Promotes Industry
7. Promotes Internal Trade
8. Helps Tourists/Industry/Emergency Use
9. Rapid Communications
10. More People Can Afford Air Transport
11.More Comfortable/Easier/Preferred to Land Travel in Certain Cases
12. Prestige

Q. Why are there more Internal Air Routes From?

A) Islamabad: -
1. Federal Capital
2 Administrative/Business/Industrial/Trade Centers
3. Larger Population
4. More People can Afford to Travel/High Standard of Living
5. International Airport
6. Access to Northern Areas/Better Road Links
B) Karachi: -
1. Provincial Capital (Sind)
2. Administrative/Business Centers/Industrial Centers/Trade Centers
3. Larger Population
4. More People can Afford to Travel/High Standard of Living
5. International Airport
6. Access to Southern and Desert Areas
7. Better Road/Rail Links
C) Lahore: -
1. Provincial Capital (Punjab)
2. Administrative/Business/Industrial/Trade Centers
3. Larger Population
4. More People can Afford to Travel/High Standard of Living
5. International Airport
6. Access to Northern and Southern Areas
7. Better Road/Rail Links
D) Peshawar: -
1. Provincial Capital (KPK)
2. Administrative/Business/Industrial/Trade Centers
3. Larger Population
4. More People Can Afford to Travel/High Standards of Living
5. International Airport
6. Access to Northern Areas
7. Better Road/Rail Links

Q. Explain Why are There Few Internal Air Routes from Dalbandin?
1. Poor Road/Rail Links
2. Lower Population
3. Less Administration/Office Jobs
4. Fewer People Can Afford to Travel/Low Standards of Living
5. Regional Airport/No International Airport
6. Desert/Barren Land
Q. Why is air transport and travel important within Pakistan?
1, Faster than Rail/Road
2. Better to Reach Remote Places/Places where Roads are Poor
3. Better in Hilly/Mountainous/Rugged Areas
4. Better For Light-Weight High-Value Goods
5. Less Chances of Robbery/Safer
6. More People Can Afford Airfares
7. More Demand from Business Sector
8. Tourism Within Pakistan
9. Emergencies
10. Improved Communication Between Cities
11. Can be Used All Year/Not Affected by Snow/Flood etc.

Q. Since 2000 the Sialkot Export Processing Zone has been in the process of development at
Sambrial and a new airport is being built by the Sialkot Chamber of Commerce. How will these
developments help the expansion of industry?
EPZ:
1. Government Incentives
2. Infrastructure Put in Place
3. Attracts Foreign/Private Investors
4. Attracts Foreign Technological/Management Skills
5. Improved Quality
6. Better Marketing
Airports: -
1. Closer than Lahore Airport
2. Cheaper Transport for Imported Light Raw Material
3. More Convenient for Visiting Businessmen/Businesswomen
4. More Convenient for Exporting Light Goods
5. Tourism
6. Service Industries Develop to Serve the Airport

Q. What Factors Hinder the Development of Air Transport in the Northern Areas?
1. Bad Weather/Snow/Ice/Fog/Heavy Rain/Floods
2. Lack of Flat Land for Runways/Airways
3. Lack of Good Road/Rail Links
4. Lack of Demand/Low Population
5. Problem of Blocked Radio Signals

Q. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using air transport in the Northern Punjab.
Advantages: -
1. Fast/Saves Time
2. Passes Difficult Terrain/Mountains/Deserts
3. Direct to Other Countries
4. Business/Politicians/Tourists
5. More Comfortable
6. High-Value Light-Weight Goods
7. Promotes Tourism
Disadvantages: -
1. Bad Climate/Fog/Rain
2. Expensive
3. Unsuitable for Heavy/Cheap Goods
4. Few Airports/Difficult to Build
5. Does Not go Door-to-Door
6. Air Pollution/Global Warming

Dry Ports: A Dry Port is an Inland Intermodal Terminal Directly Connected by Road/Rail to a
Seaport and Operating as a center for the Transshipment of Sea Cargo to Inland Destinations
Background: Some inland cities which are far from seaport have established dry ports in order
to promote the foreign trade. The cities which act as a dry port help to speed up the process of
export and imports by checking process and giving the clearance by the custom authorities.
Private companies take the responsibility to transport the goods to Karachi and arrange to lead
the consignment on a proper cargo ship, which takes it to its destination. At present, the dry
ports working in Pakistan are Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Sialkot, Multan, Peshawar,
Quetta, Hyderabad and Larkana.
Main Functions of a Dry Port: -
1. To Deliver Imported Goods to the Consignee and Collect the Exported Goods at the Dry port
and Not at the Seaport
2, To Clear Goods through Customs and Complete Other Formalities
3. To Save Importers and Exporters from the Trouble and Cost of Going to the Seaport
4. To Reduce the workload of Seaports
Purpose/Why are Dry Ports Important to the Economy of Pakistan?
1. Reduce Workload at Karachi Port/Port Qasim
2. Speeds up Customs Procedures
3. Saves Time Transporting Goods to Karachi
4. Stimulates Foreign Trade (In Cities Far Away from Ports)
5. Big Source of Revenue
Facilities Required for Dry Ports: -
1. Efficient Managerial Staff
2. Heavy Containers to Carry Bulk Cargo
3. Huge Storage Sheds/Vast Open Area
4. Highly Efficient Rail Transport/Containers to Carry Bulk Cargo
5. Security Gate/Guards
6. Refrigeration Facilities
7. Cranes/Loading Facilities
8. Export Checks and Clearance
Advantages of Dry Ports: -
1. Reduce Workload at Karachi Port/Port Qasim
2. Speeds up Customs Procedures
3. Saves Time Transporting Goods to Karachi
4. Stimulates Foreign Trade (In Cities Far Away from Ports)
5. Big Source of Revenue
Disadvantages of Dry Ports: -
1. Very Expensive to Construct/Lack of Capital
2. Require Very Large Area
3. Mismanagement/Smuggling Dens by Custom Officials/Help Importers get Consignments
Clear without Payment of Taxes and Duties

Q. Give an Example of a Dry Port and Explain Why it Is Located at its place.
1. Faisalabad/Hyderabad/Lahore/Larkana/Multan/Peshawar/Quetta/Sialkot Dry Port Trust
2. Inland/Far from Seaports
3. In Large Cities
4. Where Industries/Productive Agricultural Regions are
5. Where Good Road/Rail Connections and Links are

Q. Explain how Dry Ports have Increased Trade in Pakistan.

1. Increases Foreign Trade/More Exports/More Imports
2. Better Access to Areas Away from Karachi
3. Saves Time
4. Less Congestion/Relieves Burden at Karachi
5. Speeds up/More Efficient Paperwork
6. More Efficient Loading
7. Stimulated/Encouraged Business/Investment

Q. Why are Dry Ports Important to the Economy of Pakistan?

1. Reduce Workload at Karachi Port
2. Speeds up Customs Procedures
3. Saves Time Transporting Goods to Karachi
4. Stimulates Foreign Trade (In Cities Far Away from Ports)
5. Big Source of Revenue

Q. What Benefits do we get by Developing Transport Resources?

Economic: -
1. Increase in Trade
2. Mobility of Labor
3. Price Stability
4. Link Between Rural and Urban Areas
5. Approach to Market
6. Increase in State Income
7. Advertisement of the Products
8. Reduction in Unemployment
9. Extension of Settlement
Political: -
1. Political Awareness
2. Sound Defense
3. Maintenance of Law-and-Order
Social: -
1. Spread of Education
2. Libraries on Wheels
3. Cultural Interaction
4. Increased Social Welfare

Water Transport: Waterways are Important for Handling High Bulk Goods Which do not Need
Quick Movement. The Inland Waterways along Rivers aren’t Developed/Seaports Handle Most
of the International Trade. Pakistan Has Two Major Seaports Namely Karachi and Port bin
Qasim. Harbor Combined Ports are Gwadar and Kati Bunder. Recently, Government of Pakistan
has signed an Agreement with China i.e., CPEC to Develop Gwadar as a Deep Seaport. First
Phase of this Port has been Completed in 2005.
Seaport: A City or Town with a Harbor where Ships Stop to Load or Unload Cargo. Important
Seaports are as Follows: -
1. Karachi/Kemari
2. Port bin Qasim
3. Gwadar
Karachi Seaport: The port at Karachi is located to the west of the Indus Delta on the Arabian
Sea. It is a deep-water natural seaport with a long approach channel and can receive tankers,
Containers, bulk and general cargo ships. It is also a natural harbor sheltered by the islands of
Kemari and a breakwater at Minora. It has a number of wharves. In the eastern part of the port,
17 wharves have been developed. They are collectively called East Wharf. West wharf is
located at the Western side of the port.
(wharf is a landing stage to which barges and ships may be moored while loading and
unloading.)
Developments of Karachi Port: -
1. Construction of Flyover Bridges/Connecting and Bypassing the Port Area/Built to Ease
Traffic Congestion in Port Area
2. Reconstruction of Berths (Docks) to Handel Increasing Volumes of Cargo
3. Provision of Navigational Aids/Assists and Radars
4. Environmental Protection Equipment to Keep Port Seawater Clean from Pollutants and
Seepage of Oil from Ships
5. Improvement and Expansion of Storage Facilities at both East and West Wharves
6. Container Terminals at West Wharf to Modernize Cargo Handling
7. Liquid Products Terminal with Ancillaries ((support facilities, i.e., unloading, storing and
transporting of liquid products)
Port bin Qasim: Port Qasim is Located 20 KMs South-East of Karachi and is Developed at Gharo
Creek. It is Pakistan’s Second Deep Seaport which started to build in 1977. The first Phase of
Construction was Completed in 1982 with the Cost of 2700 Million PKR. It has Modern
Machinery to Relieve the Pressure at Karachi Port and for Handling Raw Material for Pakistan
Steel Mills, Karachi. This port is Connected with the Main Railway Line at Pipri. It is the First
Multi-Purpose Integrated Port of Pakistan Providing both, a Deep Seaport and an Industrial
Zone. 12000 Acres of Land are Allocated for Industries. Some Industries located here are Paper,
Board, Chemicals, Cotton Textiles and Assembly Industries. Major Categories of Cargo Handled
here are Iron Ore, Coal, Grain, Furnace, Edible Oil, Rice, LPG Containers, Jute and Fertilizers. In
1994 a container terminal was also competed with latest loading and unloading facilities which
is named as Qasim International Container Terminal, which started functioning on August 1997

Q. Explain why it was Necessary to Build Port bin Qasim,

1. Increasing Workload of Karachi Port
2. To Increase Imports and Exports
3. For Handling Import of Iron Ore and Coal for Steel Mills
4. To Develop a New Industrial Area

Q. Why was this Port Built on Gharo Creek?

1. Area of Flat Land
2. Deep-Water
3. Wide/Large Area of Water
4. Sheltered Water
5. Cheap/Unpopulated Area
6. Near/20-23 KMs from the Center of Karachi
7. Close to National Highway to Karachi
8. Close to Main Railway Line to Karachi
9. Pakistan Steel mills

Q. Name the Main Imports of Port bin Qasim and the Purposes they are used for.
1. Iron Ore for Pakistan Steel Mills
2. Coal for Pakistan Steel Mills
3. Petroleum for Power Stations/Fuel for Transport
4. Grain to Feed the Growing Population of Pakistan
5. Edible Oil for Pakistan’s Food Processing Industries
6. Jute for Pakistani Jute Mills
7. Fertilizers to Increase Farm Yields
8. Electronics for Industrial/Domestic Use
9. Machinery for Factories/Farming/Mining/Transport Etc.

Gwadar Sea Port: The Gwadar district is located on the Makran coast in Baluchistan. The idea to
construct a deep-water port at Gwadar was first discussed in 1993 but it was not until 2001
that the government of Pakistan signed an agreement with China so that the plan could go
ahead. The total area of the port will be 2500 acres. It is surrounded by a mountain range,
desert, sand and tidal flats. The weather for most of the year is clear on account of very scanty
rainfall.
Economic Development: -
1. Could be used as a Substitute to Karachi and Bin Qasim Port
2. Upgradation of Gwadar International Port
3. Openings for Trade with Central Asia/Afghanistan/China/Japan and Singapore
4. Warehouses built for Storage
5. Bigger Fish Harbors
6. Opens Employment Opportunities to Skilled and Unskilled Labor
7. Growth of Industrial Estates and EPZs
8. Industrial Development/Fish Processing
9. Makran Coastal Highway to Karachi Under Construction
10. Highway West to Central Republics
11. Development of Rail Network
12. Setting up of Grid Stations by WAPDA to Supply Power
14. Mirani Dam and River Dasht and Hingol Dam on River Hingol Project
15. Road Links with Afghanistan and Iran
16. QESCO Power Lines
Q. State and Explain the Main Functions of Ports on the Baluchistan Coast.
Functions: -
1. Fishing Harbor
2. Fish Processing
3. Handling Cargo/Goods/Trade/Imports and Exports
4. Coal/Other Cargo
Reasons: -
1. Arabian Sea Rich in Fish
2. Makran Produces Little Agricultural Food/Fish is an Essential Part of Diet/Subsistence of
Locals
3. Broad Communications are Very Poor/Railways are Non-Existent
4. Sea Links are Important for Bulky/Heavy Items

Q. Why are The Ports in Baluchistan Small?

1. No Large Estuaries/Sheltered Harbors
2. Small Population of Makran Coast
3. Mountainous/Rugged Interior
4. Inhospitable Interior
5. Little Agriculture
6. Less Development
7. Lack of Infrastructure
8. Poor Communication
9. Few Links to Developed Areas

Communications: The Imparting or Exchanging of Information by Speaking/Writing or Other

Medium.
Telecommunications: Telecommunication Devices are devices which provide rapid long-
distance communication through converting sounds and images into signals which are then
transmitted along wires or radio waves in global systems
The Internet: Internet is one of the Most Recent Developments in Telecommunications. It is a
worldwide network that links computers by telephone and satellite. It allows people to send
and receive emails. To Create Websites of Information on the Network Called the World Wide
Web (WWW), To Obtain Information from Websites Anywhere in the World.
Mobile Phones: Another Recent Development in Telecommunications is the hand-held Mobile
Phone. The Mobile Phone Networks are used to send and receive text messages in addition to
spoken communications. These Networks can also be used to access the internet. This Wireless
Access can bring the Advantages of Internet use to people in Rural Areas where there is a lack
of Telephone Lines.
Institutes Responsible for the Development of Telecommunication Systems in Pakistan: -
1. PTCL
2. PTA
3. NTC
4. PBC
5. Pakistan Television Corporation
6. Pakistan Post Office
Importance of Telecommunications in Education: Two Ways in Which Telecommunications can
Promote Education Are
1. Distant Learning: A New Development is that the Distant Learning is Possible Via Allama
Iqbal Open University in Islamabad, Correspondence Courses in Subjects Such as Urdu, Maths,
History and Computer Skills are Linked with Special Radio and TV Programs. This Distance
Leaning can be of Particular Benefit to Women. Radios. TVs, Computers could all be used to
provide courses to train teachers. They should receive instructions at home to increase their
knowledge of their subjects and of new and more effective methods to teach their subjects.
Training of Primary Teachers could help Increase the Standard of Literacy of their pupils. This
in turn could mean that a larger proportion of children could benefit from secondary education
and eventually become part of a variety of jobs. Therefore, Education can be developed via
Distant Learning.
2. In the Classroom: The Use of Computers and Projectors in the Classroom teaches the role of
the teacher. Videos and Computer Software can open up vast new avenues for developing
countries such as Pakistan by giving access to the world through classroom. Classroom
Resources such as these can enrich pupils’ education and could encourage creativity of the
young Generation.
Importance of Telecommunications in Development and Marketing: -
1) New Technology to Improve Quality of Products: Speedy Access to Information about New
Technology and the Possibility of Ordering and Importing it without delay can help to ensure
that the quality of products is improved. This helps companies to compete with other
producers.
2) International Companies: Some International Companies Manage their branches in other
parts of the world from their head offices e.g., Japan. The Development of Fast and Efficient
Telecommunications in Pakistan would Encourage such Companies to Open Branches in
Pakistan.
3) Advertisements: With the Help of Advertising on Radio/TV/Internet Websites, Industrial
Products can be Launched Successfully on Local/International Markets. Information about
Products and Services on Websites can be found easily by customers anywhere in the World.
4) Market Opportunities: IT May Help to Increase Pakistani Exports by Providing Exporters
with Speedy Access to the Latest Information About New Market Opportunities, Market Trends.
5) Electronic Modes of Trading (E-Commerce): The Internet has made World Markets More
Competitive and Transaction Costs have been Reduced as a result of Electronic Modes of
Trading Including E-Banking.
Problems/Disadvantages of Developing Telecommunications in Pakistan: -
1. Faults/Breakdowns in Internet Services can Make the Industries Non-Functional
2. Unemployment/Computers are more Efficient
3. Load-Shedding and Powercuts Slow Down Work in the offices
4. IT Faces Strong Resistance from Older Generations
5. Easy Access to Some Websites May Harm Local Culture and Value Systems
6. Sensitive Data is Vulnerable to Cyber-Attacks by Foreign Agencies/Competitors/Hackers etc.
7. Computers and other IT Devices are Capital Intensive Goods/Quite Expensive/Lack of Capital
8. Computer and other IT Devices have a very Specialized Manufacturing Process/Can’t be
Produced Locally/Have to be Imported/Debt/Foreign Exchange Used/Adverse Impact on
BOT/BOP.

Q. State Two Methods of Telecommunications: -

1. Telephone
2. E-mail/Internet
3. Fax
4. Computer Conferencing
5. Video Conferencing
6. Television
7. Radio

Q. Explain how Telecommunications can be used to Improve the Supply of Hoods and Increase
Trade Locally and Abroad.
How: -
1. Faster
2. Can Contact Other Countries/Long-Distance Communications
3. Faster Communications
4. Internet Conferencing
5. Better Advertisements
For: -
1. Ordering/Purchasing/Buying/Selling
2. E-Banking/Transfer of Funds
3. Finding Out Web/Search for Goods/Suppliers
4. Call Centers
5. Searching for Goods/Suppliers
Q. How can telecommunication such as the telephone, e-mail and the internet help?
To Buy and Sell the Goods Stated: -
1. Locating supplies
2. Advertising goods/publicity
3. Arranging transport
4. Finding orders
5. Faster methods
6. Arrange delivery
7. Can communicate internationally.
In the Expansion/Modernization of Industries: -
1. Credit ideas of increased funds by sales and advertising
2. Obtaining machinery and building materials (best prices)
3. Arranging transport
4. Expert advice
5. Easy communication with branches in other areas/countries
6. Contact with investors
7. Share dealing
8. Sites for education of workers.

Q. What is the Slowest Way of Contact?

Order of Speed: -
1. E-mail
2. Fax
3. Telephone
4. Letter
5. Visit

Q. Why Do Companies Advertise Many Different Ways of Contacting?

1. Ease
2. Choice
3. Depends on Distance
4. To Attract Foreign Interest
5. Visits are More Personals

Q. Explain the importance of good communication to a business such as Cotton Fabrics

International.
For ordering supplies/linking to dealers
For advertising
For market research
For direct sales/customer contact
Speed of contact
Global reach / International exposure.
Information Technology: 1. Information Technology is the use of hardware, software, services
and supporting infrastructure to manage and deliver information.
2. It is the study or use of systems (especially computers and telecommunications) for storing,
retrieving, and sending information. IT typically refers to equipment such as computers, data
storage devices, networks and also communication devices.
Advantages of I.T.: -
1. Cheaper/Quicker/Efficient Communication
2. Creation of More Jobs
3. Reduces Human Labor
4. Globalizes the Business
5. Minimizes the Cost.

Q. What problems might there be in extending Information Technology (IT) throughout

Pakistan?
1. Lack of electricity in remote areas
2. Lack of signal in remote areas / many people live in remote areas
3. Lack of media infrastructure e.g., masts/Wi-Fi/telephone lines/cables IT illiteracy
4. Lack of IT professionals
5. Frequent electrical/technical faults/breakdowns/loadshedding/damage from natural
disasters Decreases employment/number of office workers
6. Resistance from older generations/traditional/tribal societies
7. Real or perceived threat of Internet on cultures/belief systems
8. Risk of cyber-attacks
9. Capital intensive/high initial costs/lack of government investment/high cost of replacement
10. Technology has to be imported/expensive imports of technology/negative effect on balance
of payments of import of technology
11. Population Cannot Afford Bills/Equipment
 Population

Population: Number of People Living in a Specific Area at a Specific Time

Overpopulation: Refers to an Area where Natural Resources Can’t Support Inhabitants for Long
Crude Birth Rate: Number of Births per Thousand People Annually in a Particular Year
Crude Death Rate: Number of Deaths per Thousand People Annually in a Particular Year
Natural Increase: Difference Between Birth Rate and Death Rate
Growth Rate: Rate of Change of Population in a Certain Area at a Specific Time
Factors: -
1. Birth Rate – Death Rate = Natural Increase
2. Immigration – Emigration = Net Migration

Q. How has the Death Rate Fallen?

1. More Awareness about Balanced Diets
2. Use of Clean/Fresh Water
3. Better Sanitation
4. More Personal Hygiene
5. Increased Availability of Medical Facilities
6. More Doctors/Nurses
7. Better Transport Facilities
8. Better Availability of Life Saving Drugs
9. Free Medical Facilities in Government
10. Foreign Aid

Q. Why is the Birth Rate High?

1. Lack of Awareness about the Impact of Overpopulation on Development and Economy of
Pakistan
2. Illiteracy
3. Desire for Sons
4. Early Marriages
5. Contraceptives aren’t Available in Remote Areas/Are Expensive/Considered Un-Islamic
6. Early Marriages
7. Children are Expected to Look after Parents in Old Age
8. Cheap Labor for Farmers
9. Joint Family System
10. Religious Beliefs
11. Polygamy

Q. What are the Reasons for Reduction in the Birth Rate?

1. More Literacy/Increased Awareness About the Consequences of High Population
2. Educated People pay More Attention to Quality of Children than Quantity/Education is
Expensive/Healthcare is Expensive
3. Many Women Getting Higher Education/Late Marriages
4. Improvement in Standards of Living/People of Remote Areas Not as Concentrated about
Family Size
5. Religious Support for Birth Control
6. Lady Health Worker Programs
7. Clean Water
8. Better Food

Q. Why is the Growth Rate of Pakistan High?

1. High Birth Rate and Low Death Rate
(Reasons for High Birth Rate and Low Death Rate)
2. Afghan Refugees

Q. Why did many Afghans Migrate to Pakistan?

Push Factors: -
1. War in Afghanistan
2. Political Instability
3. Drought/Low Agricultural Output
Pull Factors: -
1. Religious Ties
2. Relatives in Pakistan
3. Open Border
4. Better Job Opportunities/Agricultural Opportunities
5. Next-Door Neighbor

Q. Why do Some People Emigrate from Pakistan?

1. Lack of Opportunities for Professionals
2. Lack of Security/Terrorism
3. Can Earn Higher Incomes Abroad
4. Remittances Sent Home/Foreign Exchange for the Government
5. Job Opportunities for Educated
6. Jobs for Construction in Middle East
7. Better Living Conditions/Provision of Civic Services
8. Social Benefits e.g., Education
9. Religious Freedom
10. Social Freedom

Q. Explain the Advantages and Disadvantages of Emigration for the People of Pakistan
Advantages: Written Above
Disadvantages: -
1. Loss of Educated Workforce
2. Qualification may not be Accepted
3. Languages Issue/Different Culture
4. High Cost of Living Abroad
5. Thought to be Extremists
6. Poor Living Conditions
7. Homesickness
Q. Why do Some People Make Seasonal Migrations within Pakistan?
1. To Avoid the Scorching Heat/Severe Winters
2. People in Mountainous Areas (of Summer) Come to Plains in Winters for Jobs and Return to
Valley Floors in Summers for Farming etc.
3. Farmers Practice Transhumance Farming in Mountainous Areas and Go Up the Mountains in
Summers, Return to Valley Floor in Winters
4. Nomadic People Keep on Moving from Place to Place with the Livestock in Search of Food
and Water
5. Many People work in Sugar Mills/Return to Farms Prior to Cultivation when the Mills don’t
operate

Q. What are the Reasons for Rural-Urban Migration?

Push Factors: -
1. Lack of Education
2. Lack of Jobs
3. Lack of Services
4. Lack of Recreational Facilities
5. Poverty
6. Farmland is Reducing/Growing Population
7. Flooding
Pull Factors: -
1. More Education in Urban Areas
2. More Jobs in Urban Areas
3. Better Services in Urban Areas
4. Better Healthcare/Housing Facilities in Urban Areas

Q. What are the Effects of Rural-Urban Migration?

In Rural Areas: -
1. Shortage of Workforce
2. Unbalanced Gender Ratio/More Women
3. Loss of Agriculture
4. Government Would Pay Less Attention/Shortage of Healthcare Facilities/Lack of
Infrastructure
In Urban Areas: -
1. Overpopulation
2. Lack of Education/Health Facilities
3. Unemployment
4. Traffic Congestion
5. Land Pollution

Q. Explain the Two Problems Experienced by Migrants from Rural Areas when they Reach
Urban Areas.
1. Housing Shortage/Expensive/Poor Standards (Slums)
2. Work-Shortage/Unskilled
3. Food Shortage
4. Health-Shortage/Clinics/Hospitals/Overcrowded/Poor Standards

Occupations: -
Primary: -
1. Farming
2. Minerals
3. Fishing
4. Forestry
Secondary: -
1. Sugar Mills
2. Cotton Textiles
3. Steel Industry
4. Cottage Industry
5. Spots Goods
Tertiary: -
1. Doctors
2. Civil Servants
3. Defense
4. Police
5. Pilots

Q. Why is the Maximum Workforce in Primary?

1. Tradition/Inherited
2. Illiteracy/Unskilled for Secondary and Tertiary
3. Rural Areas/Agriculture is the Main Profession
4. Many Suitable Areas in Pakistan for Farming/Fishing
5. Irrigational Schemes/Link Canals/Perennial Canals/Easy Agriculture
6. Cotton is the Main Export
7. Agro-Based Industries
8. Growing Population
9. Pakistan is Rich in Minerals/Miners

Q. Why is the Number of Workforce in Agriculture Decreasing?

1. Mechanization
2. Floods
3. Waterlogging/Salinity
4. Rural-Urban Migration
5. More Educated People/Better Literacy Rates/Secondary and Tertiary Industry

Q. Why is Number of People in Tertiary Increasing?

1. Rural-Urban Migration/Well Expanded in Cities
2. Improved Education/Increased Literacy/Skilled Labor
3. More Wages e.g., Banking Sector
4. Improved Standards of Living
5. Extension of Road Network
6. Growing Population/More Children/More Teachers and Doctors Required

Q. Why is there High Illiteracy in Pakistan?

1. Child Labor
2. Lack of Budget in Education Sector
3. Shortage of Schools in Rural Areas
4. Education isn’t Free
5. Female Education Ignored in Rural Areas/Tradition
6. Shortage of Trained Teachers
7. Lack of Infrastructure e.g., Roads/Electricity
8. Terrorism

Q. Why is there More High Illiteracy Amongst Females Than Males?

1. Traditional Attachments/Women Not Sent to Schools
2. Male Dominated Society
3. Purdah System
4. Shortage of Only Girl Schools
5. Many People are Reluctant to Send Daughters in Co-Education Schools

Q. To What Extent Can Population Growth be Restricted by Formal Literacy Increasing?

Possibilities: -
1. More information about Family Planning
2. More Information about Contraceptives
3. Late Marriages
4. Work Becomes Priority/Less Children
5. Higher Wages/Less need for Child Labor
6. Awareness of Effects of High Population on Economy and Development
Problems: -
1. Lack of Awareness about the Impact of Overpopulation on Development and Economy of
Pakistan
2. Illiteracy
3. Desire for Sons
4. Early Marriages
5. Contraceptives aren’t Available in Remote Areas/Are Expensive/Considered Un-Islamic
6. Early Marriages
7. Children are Expected to Look after Parents in Old Age
8. Cheap Labor for Farmers

Unemployment: Voluntary and Unvoluntary

Underemployment: Refers to the Employment Situation that Includes Holding a Part Time Job
Despite Desiring Full Time Jobs. Overqualification/Employee had More Education/Experience
than the Requirements of His/her Job
Disguised Employment: When More People are Engaged in an Economic Activity than the
Number of People Required. An Example is that Agricultural Fields Required 4 Farmers but
People Engaged in This Activity are 6, 2 of them are Disguised Unemployed

Density: Number of People Per Unit Area

Density: Number of People/Area
Distribution: Spread of People in an Area

Q. Why is there a Low Population Density in Baluchistan?

1. Low Rainfall
2. High evapotranspiration
3. Harsh Climate
4. Lack of Fresh Water Resources for Agriculture/Industries
5. Sandy Soils of Kharan Desert
6. Level of Agriculture
7. Few Mineral Reserves Exploited
8. Lack of Educational Facilities

Q. Why is there a High Population Density in Quetta?

1. Provincial Capital
2. Better Infrastructure
3. Electrical Provision Through QESCO
4. International Airport
5. Dry Port
6. Agricultural Valley e.g., Apricots/Apples
7. Woolen Textile Industry
8. Educational Institutes e.g., Baluchistan University
9. Tourist Attractions
10. Job Opportunities
11. Shopping Centers/Markets

Q. With the Help of Examples, explain why Population Density Varies Considerably within KPK?
Low Density Because: -
1. Mountainous
2. Steep Slopes
3. Areas of Permanent Snow
4. Harsh Climate
5. Some Areas are Unsuitable for Agriculture
Moderate Density
1. Minor Defense Sites
2. Areas with Pastures
3. Areas with Unmetalled Roads
High Density: -
1. Administrative Centers/Peshawar Provincial Capital
2. Main Business Areas
3. Utilities like Natural Gas/Electricity Available
4. Flat Terraces/Agriculture Possible/Tobacco/Sugarcane
5. Developed Industrial Areas/Sugar Mills
6. Better Educational and Health Facilities

Q. Low Population Density in Thar Desert, why so?

1. Very Harsh Climate
2. Lack of Infrastructure
3. Sandy Soils
4. Low Amount of Rainfall/Lack of Water Resources
5. Temperature too High for Agriculture

Dependency Ratio: The Ratio of Dependents to Independents. The Ratio of Those Below School
Learning Age and Those Who are Retired to Those Who are in Working Age.
Pakistan has a High Dependency Ratio: -
1. Dependents: 55-60%
2. Independents: 40-45%

Group Percentage

Children (0-14) Increases

Workforce (15-64) Decreases

Old/Retired (64 and above) Increases

Problems due to High Dependency Ratio: -

1. More People to Look After
2. Need for More Schools/Hospitals/Clinics
3. Need for More Teachers/Doctors
4. Need for More Houses
5. Increases Unemployment
6. More Pensioners/More Pressure on Government/Services
8. Workers have to Work Harder/Stress

Q. Non-Working Population is a burden on Working Population. Do You Agree or Not? (6)

Burden/Agree: Reasons Above
Disagree: -
1. Many Children Start Working Part-Time from Early Ages
2. Many Start Working Full-Time After Completion of Primary Education
3. Joint Family System Helps to Support Large Number of Dependents
4. Many Elderly Set Pension from the Government
5. Many Old People Keep on Working after 64 as Farmers/Businessmen/Businesswomen
Q. What are the environmental problems of overpopulation?
1. Air Pollution
2. Noise Pollution
3. Health Problems/Spread of Viral Diseases
4. Polluted Water
5. Cleaning Problem

Age Pyramid: It is a type of bar graph that illustrates the structure of population.
How is it Made? Age pyramids are a useful indicator of age distribution To make an age
pyramid, the population of an area is divided into five-year age groups on the basis of gender.
Every age group is represented by bars placed one on top of another from the lowest age group
to the highest. In most cases, the number of children is usually higher than the number of
elderly people. As a result, the bars, once place on top of another, end up looking like a
pyramid.
Pakistan’s Age Pyramid: The Pakistan’s age pyramid has a broad base, which indicates the high
proportion of children to adults in the population. It also indicates that Pakistan has a high
birth rate. The pyramid shrinks upwards quite sharply. This means that Pakistan also has a
high death rate amongst the older segments of the population. An age pyramid with a broad
base and a tapering peak is called an expansive or progressive age pyramid.
Repressive Age Pyramid: An age pyramid with a narrow base and broad in middle is called a
regressive age pyramid. It indicates a low birth rate, a low death rate and a large number of
people in the productive age groups. Such age pyramids belong to UK and USA.

Q. The changing shape of the population pyramid affects Pakistan’s workforce both now and for
the future. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the changes.
Advantages: -
1. Fewer Children to Look After/More Money for Development
2. More Workers for Developing the Country/Less Burden on the Economy
3. More Young Workers/More Innovative/Energetic
4. Young More Likely to be Educated
5. Elder to give Advice to the Young
Disadvantages: -
1. Elder to Look After
2. More Unemployment/Large Workforce
3. Loss of Skilled Workers Through Emigration
4. More Taxes Needed to Support Older People/Healthcare/Pensions

Self-Help Schemes: Small-Scale projects which allow local people to use their skills to help
improve their local area
Advantages:
1. Reduces Poverty
2. Healthier Environment/Less Diseases/Lower Death Rates
3. Encourages People to Work Harder
4. Can build Better Housing/Fewer Slums
5. Better Care of the Area
6. Unwanted People Removed
7. May Reduce the Crime Rate
Disadvantages: -
1. High Cost/Lack of Capital
2. Corruption
3. Takes Time/Time Consuming
4. High Risk of Failure in Pakistan
5. Lack of Resources
6. Rural-Urban Migration Increases

Sustainable Population Growth: Population Size That can be Supported by Available Resources

Q. To what Extent is it Possible for Pakistan to Attain Sustainable Growth?

Problems: Reasons for High Birth Rates
Possibilities: Reasons for Decline in High Birth Rates