Part II: Standard Connections, Chapter 5: Basic principles, Shear - Ref. P.

191

Vr = φAwFS

FS = 0.66Fy in general, but can be less for beams with slender webs or deeper sections due
to web stability limitations (see S16-09, Clause 13.4).

Aw = area of the section resisting shear (web area) Rolled beam

= d x w for rolled beams
= (d-2t) x w for WWF sections

Aw = hatched area
(web area only)

d
t
w
Flexural Members with 2 Flanges
τf (average) = Vf/Aw

Peak shear stress,

τf (max.) is very close to
Vf Vf average shear stress.
Therefore generally
considered equal.

Shear stress distribution

 Flexural Members not having 2 Flanges
Note for members not having 2 flanges the shear stress is not uniform over the depth of the member due to a
concept called Shear Flow (shear flow not covered in this course).

S16-09 & members not having 2 flanges

Shear resistance determined by rational analysis. Factored shear stress can not be greater that 0.66Fy at any
point in the cross-section and shall be reduced where shear buckling is a consideration.

Rectangular Cross-section
τf (average) = Vf/Aw

τf (max.) = 1.5 τf (average)

Vf Vf

Shear stress distribution

WT Cross-section
τf (average) = Vf/Aw

1.5 τf (average)
(from above rectangular section)

Vf Vf
τf (max.) > τf (average)
< 1.5 τf (average)
(for WT section)

Shear stress distribution

 P.191
Part II: Standard Connections, Chapter 5: Basic principles, Shear - Ref. P.190

Shear Stress Distribution in Coped Section of Typical Beam

Coped section of
limited length. Shear
stress distribution
will be approximately
uniform and no
adjustment for peak Approx. uniform shear
stress is required. stress distribution due
Approx. uniform shear to section with 2 flanges
stress distribution from
end plate connection

Shear capacity of coped section:

Vrn = φAnwFS > Vf where Fs = 0.66Fy
Vf Note: Does not consider shear buckling
Vf due to slender webs or deeper sections
(Not covered in scope of this course -
see S16-09, Clause 13.4).

Anw (net web area of coped section)

For unusually long coped sections the effects of non-uniform stress distribution should be considered in the
coped section of the beam since the extended cope length will allow the natural shear stress distribution of
the actual cross-section to develop. (Ex: For a rectangular cross-section reduce the factored shear capacity
by a factor of 1.5 to allow for the peak shear stress being 1.5 x the average shear stress : Vrn = φAnwFS/1.5)
 P.192
Part II: Standard Connections, Chapter 5: Basic principles, Shear - Ref. P.191

Rf = Factored beam end reaction = Vf (max.) for uniformly loaded beam

w = specified unit load per m length (kN/m)

Total factored load = α x w x L

A B
Beam free body
diagram (FBD) L
RfA RfB

Shear diagram
Vf

P.193
Part II: Standard Connections, Chapter 5: Basic principles, Shear - Ref. P.192
Beam Selection Tables from the blue pages of CISC HSC
Lu = Longest unbraced length for which full Mr of section can be developed.
Note that for unsupported length less than or equal to Lu means lateral torsional buckling (LTB) will
not limit Mr (compression flange laterally supported).

Part II: Standard Connections, Chapter 5: Basic principles, Shear - Ref. P.194
P.195
Rf = 4Mr/L = 0.5 UDL Here Rf = Factored beam end reaction consistent with full
factored moment capacity of beam under uniform load.

Recall
Recall from
from Class
Ref. 1 additional notes: 0.5 UDL = 4Mr/L where Mr = factored moment resistance of beam
P. 11
Here the term UDL represents the maximum total uniformly distributed factored load capacity
of the beam since it is associated with the maximum moment resistance of the beam.
 P.199
Part II: Standard Connections, Chapter 5: Basic principles, Reduced Section - Ref. P.198
Bending Capacity of Coped Section
Derivation Note this does not consider:
1. Local web buckling (slender webs)
σf = Mf/Sn Mf = σfSn
2. Axial load effects (if axial load in beam)
σf (max) = φFy These design checks are beyond the
scope of this course.
Mf = Vf x exc

Vf (max) x exc = φFySn (same as saying Mr = φFySn)

Vf (max) = φFySn/exc

Vrc = φFySn/exc (same as saying Vrc = Mr/exc since Mr = Vrc x exc)

(Vrc = factored end reaction capacity of coped section based on bending strength)

P.200
Part II: Standard Connections, Chapter 5: Basic principles, Reduced Section - Ref. P.199
Moment of Inertia for a Rectangular Cross-section
Ix = bh3/12
Moment of inertia is a measure of bending stiffness. b
It could also be considered a measure of the σf
distribution of cross-sectional area with respect to the

yCG
elastic neutral axis (ENA).
ENA
Section Modulus of a Rectangular Cross-section x x

h
Section modulus is used to calculate the elastic

h/2

yCG
bending moment capacity of a section.
σf
Sx = Ix/yCG
Bending stress distribution
yCG = distance from center-of-gravity to extreme fibre = h/2
σf = Mf/Sx
3 2
Sx = Ix/yCG = (bh /12)/(h/2) = bh /6
Note the elastic neutral axis (ENA) will pass through
Bending stress at top and bottom of section = σf = Mf/Sx the center-of-gravity of the cross-section. This is the
point at which the bending stress is zero.
 P.202
Part II: Standard Connections, Chapter 5: Basic principles, Reduced Section - Ref. P.201

Steps to calculate Section Modulus for a Composite Area

1. Calculate the cross-sectional area of each element.
2. Locate the center-of-gravity for each element.
3. Find the center-of-gravity for overall composite section.
4. Calculate moment of inertia for each element about it's own center-of-gravity.
5. Calculate moment of inertia for the composite section using parallel-axis theorem
about the composite section's center-of-gravity (ENA).
6. Calculate the section modulus for the critical extreme fibre furthest from the center-of-gravity (ENA).

1. Cross-sectional area of each element

A1 = b x h1
A2 = w x h2 (w = web thickness)

2. Center-of-gravity for each element

The center of gravity for each rectangular element will be at the center (mid-height) of the element.

3. Center-of-gravity for overall composite section

yCG = Yb = ΣAidi/ΣAi = (A1d1 + A2d2)/(A1 + A2)

4. Moment of inertia for each element about it's own center-of-gravity

Ix1 = b(h1)3/12
Ix2 = w(h2)3/12

5. Moment of inertia for the composite section (parallel-axis theorem)

Ixx = ΣIxi + ΣAiyi2= Ix1 + Ix2 + A1y12 + A2y22

6 . Section modulus for the critical extreme fibre

Sn = Ixx/(max. of Yb or Yt)
Example: Factored Bending Capacity and Shear Capacity of Beam with Top Flange Cope

Calculate Bending Capacity of Coped Section

at max. bending capacity
A2 10

σft = φFy
Note since Yt > Yb
the bending stress at

100
the top will be critical

Yt
(will reach φFy first)
200
220

y2
ENA
x x

d2
y1

ycg

Yb
d1
20

σfb

A1 150

A1 = b x h1 = (150)(20) = 3000 mm2 d1 = 10 mm yCG = (A1d1 + A2d2)/(A1 + A2)

A2 = w x h2 = (10)(200) = 2000 mm2 d2 = 100 + 20 = 120 mm = [(3000)(10) + (2000)(120)]/(3000+2000)
= 54 mm
Ix1 = b(h1)3/12 = (150)(20)3/12 =100,000 mm4
Ix2 = w(h2)3/12 = (10)(200) 3
(10)(200)3/12 6.667x1066mm
/12 ==6.667x10 mm44

y1 = ycg - d1 = 54 - 10 = 44 mm
y2 = d2 - ycg = 120 - 54 = 66 mm

Ixx = Ix1 + Ix2 + A1y12 + A2y22 = 100,000 + 6.667x106 + (3000)(44)2 + (2000)(66)2 = 21.29 x 106 mm4

Yb = ycg = 54 mm
Yt = D - ycg = 220 - 54 = 166 mm

Sn = Ixx/(max. of Yb or Yt) = (21.29x106)/166 = 128.3 x 103 mm3

 e = 115

Centerline of
supporting
member

Mf

Vrc

Criticial section in bending

Say steel grade is A572, Gr. 50 (Fy = 345 MPa)

Mr = φFySn = 0.9(345 N/mm2)(128.3 x 103 mm3)/106 = 39.84 kN-m

Mf = (Vrc)(e) = Vrc (0.115 m)

Mf = Mr
Vrc (0.115 m) = 39.84 kN-m
Vrc = (39.84 kN-m)/(0.115 m) = 346 kN Governs capacity of coped section

Calculate Shear Capacity of Coped Section

Note this does not consider:
Fs = 0.66Fy = (0.66)(345) = 227.7 MPa 1. Local web buckling (slender webs)
2. Axial load effects (if axial load in beam)
Anw = D x w = (220)(10) = 2200 mm2 3. Shear buckling (slender webs)
These design checks are beyond the
Vrn = φAnwFS = 0.9(2200 mm2)(227.7 MPa)/1000 = 451 kN scope of this course.
Part II: Standard Connections, Chapter 5: Basic principles, Reduced Section -- Ref.
Ref. P.211
P.212

Cope Reinforcement - Web Doubler Plate

Note for this method to apply the elastic neutral axis of the reinforcing plate and the elastic neutral axis of the
coped beam section must be aligned.

The method used to determine the section modulus and moment resistance of the reinforcing plate is exactly
the same as for the double coped beam section, but the factored moment to be used for design is only the
excess moment that the coped section does not have the capacity for.
Part II: Standard Connections, Chapter 5: Basic principles, Reduced Section - Ref. P.211 & 212

weld ecc. D

Effective" C-shaped weld

will resist the bending

Vp = Vf - Vrc
moment and be designed
for the eccentric loading

weld c.g. for

"effective" lap
C-shape
Zone of "effective"
C-shaped weld to resist the
moment Vp x (weld ecc.)
Coped Section Stability Considerations
To prevent local web
crippling AISC Steel
Construction Manual,
Part 9 suggests:
Lap length Cope Depth

The coped section design procedures presented in this course consider the basic concepts of bending strength
and shear capacity only. Stability effects such as local buckling of the web, shear buckling, and axial load
effects have not been considered but may influence the design of the connection.

Note also, that the overall lateral-torsional buckling capacity of the beam can be reduced by the presence of
beam end copes and the effect that the copes have on the boundary conditions for the beam. Structural design
engineers should be aware of this consideration when selecting member sizes since coped beam end
connections are commonly used with standard connection arrangements.

For additional information on reduced shear capacity due to shear buckling of the web based on h/w ratios
(considering full uncoped section depth) see CSA S16-09, Clause 13.4.

For additional information on stability design considerations for coped sections, including local web buckling,
see AISC Steel Construction Manual, Part 9 (14th edition).