GROUP 2:

BOLTED CONNECTIONS

STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
DESIGN III
III
BOLTED CONNECTION

Types of Bolts

1.ASTM A307, Grade A carbon steel

2.ASTM A325 high-strength steel bolt
3.ASTM A490 quenched and tempered
alloy steel.
BOLTED CONNECTION

Types of Bolts

1.ASTM A307, Grade A carbon steel

2.ASTM A325 high-strength steel bolt
3.ASTM A490 quenched and tempered
alloy steel.
 High-Strength Bolts
• A325 Bolt

• Type 1 (made of medium carbon steel)

• Type 2 (low-carbon martensite steel)
• Type 3 (atmospheric corrosion-resistant steel)

A490 Bolt

Type 1 (made from alloy steel)

Type 2 (low-carbon martensite steel)
Type 3 (atmospheric corrosion-resistant steel)
All high-strength bolts were required to be in- stalled with
a sufficient pretension force to create as high
compression force between the pieces being connected,
such that shear forces were transmitted through
connections by friction between the connected parts.
The specification relaxed the pretension requirement
when bolts are not subject to direct tension and slip
resistance between connected pieces in no required.
Proof load is the load obtained by multiplying the tensile
stress area by a yield stress established by using either a
0.2% offset strain or a 0.5% extension under load. The
proof load stress is approx. a minimum of 70% and 80%
of the minimum tensile strength for A325 and A490,
respectively.

0.9743
Tensile stress area = 0.785 db − n

n = number of threads per inch

db = bolt diameter
CLASSIFICATION OF FASTENER ACCORDING TO
THE MANNER OF STRESSING:

• TENSION

• SHEAR

• COMBINED SHEAR AND TENSION

Bolts Subjected to Tension:
As this torque is applied to the nut, the portion not resisted by friction
between the nut and the gripped material is transmitted to the bolt and, due
to friction between bolt and nut threading, induces torsional stresses into the
shank. This tightening procedure results in a combined tension-torsional
stress condition in the bolt.
Comparison of torqued tension and direct tension failures.
Bolts Subjected to Tension:
Within the elastic range, the elongation in-
creases slightly with an increase in grip. As
the load is increased beyond the elastic
limit the threaded part, which is
approximately of uniform length, behaves
plastically, while the shank remains
essentially elastic.
Hence, when there is a specific amount of
thread under the nut, grip length has little
effect on the load versus elongation
relationship beyond the proportional limit.
For short bolts, nearly all deformation
occurs in the threaded length, with a
resultant decrease in rotational capacity.
Effect of grip length, direct tension.
Bolts Subjected to Shear:
As expected, the increased tensile strength
of A490 bolts as compared with A325 bolts
results in an increased shear strength for
that fastener.
A slight decrease in deformation capacity is
evident as the strength of the bolt increases.

Typical shear load versus deformation curves for A325

and A490 bolts.
Behavior of Individual Fastener

Bolts Subjected to Shear:

Shear strength versus tensile strength. Note: Each point represents the average
values of a specific bolt lot. The shear strength is computed on the

relevant area, depending on the location of the shear plane.

Bolts Subjected to Combined Shear and Tension:

An elliptical interaction curve can be used to provide a good representation of the behavior of
high-strength bolts under combined ten- sion and shear; namely,

= 1.0
(0.62)2
+y
x2

where x is the ratio of the shear stress on

the shear plane to the tensile strength
and y is the ratio of the tensile stress to
the tensile strength.
 Possible modes of failure of bolted
Transfer of load in pretensioned high-strength bolted
connection.
connections.
The general requirement for LRFD is

φRn ≥ Pu
where
φ = 0.75, resistance factor for fracture in tension,shear on
high-strength bolts and bearing of bolt against side of hole

Rn = nominal strength of one fastener

Pu = factored load on one fastener

Design Shear Strength:
1.Threads are Excluded from Shear Planes
The nominal strength in shear is
φRn = 0.75Fnv mAb
where
m = number of shear planes participating
Ab = gross cross-sectional across unthreaded shank of the bolt

Fnv = nominal shear stress of fasteners

Design Shear Strength:
2.Threads are Not Excluded from Shear Planes
The nominal strength in shear is

φRn = 0.75Fnv mAb

where

m = number of shear planes participating

Ab = gross cross-sectional across unthreaded shank of the bolt
Fnv = nominal shear stress of fasteners
Design Tension Strength:
The nominal strength in tension is

φRn = 0.75Fnt Ab

where

Ab = gross cross-sectional across unthreaded shank of the bolt

Fnt = nominal tensile stress of fasteners

 The available tensile strength of a bolt subjected to combined tension and
shear shall be determined according to the limit states of tension and shear
rupture as follows:
Rn = Fnjt Ab
where
Fnjt = nominal tensile stress modified to include the effect sof shearing
stress

Fnt = nominal tensile stress

Fnv = nominal shear stress

t nt v nt
fv = the required shear stress
The available shear stress of the fastener shall equal or exceed the required shear strength

per unit area, fv

User Note: Note that when the required stress, f, in either shear or tension, is less than or
equal to 20 percent of the corresponding available stress, the effects of combined stress
need not be investigated. Also note that Fnjt can be rewritten so as to find a nominal shear
stress, Fnjv , as a function of the required tensile stress, ft .
High-Strength Bolts in Slip-Critical Connections

The design slip resistance, φRn , shall be determined for the limit state of slip as:
Rn = µDu hsc Tb Ns
For connections in which prevention of slip is a serviceability limit state
φ = 1.00
For connections designed to prevent slip at the required strength level
φ = 0.85
where
µ = mean slip coefficient for Class A or B surfaces
= 0.35 for Class A surfaces
= 0.50 for Class B surfaces

Du = 1.13

Ns = number of slip planes

Tb = minimum fastener tension given in Table J3.1
 High-Strength Bolts in Slip-Critical Connections

The design slip resistance, φRn , shall be determined for the limit state of slip as:
Rn = µDu hsc Tb Ns

where

hsc = hole factor determined as follows:

(a) for standard size holes

hsc = 1.00
(a) for oversized and short-slotted
hsc = 0.85 holes
(a) for long-slotted holes
hsc = 0.70
 Combined Tension and Shear in Slip-Critical Connections

When a slip-critical connection is subjected to an applied tension that reduces the net clamping force, the av

resistance per bolt, from Section J3.8, shall be multiplied by the factor, ks ,

k=1−

where

Nn = number of bolts carrying the applied tension Tb = minimum fastener

tension given in Table J3.1 Tu = tension force due to LRFD load combinations
Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes
The available bearing strength, φRn , at bolt holes shall be
determined for the limit state of bearing as follows:
(a)For a bolt in a connection with standard, oversized, and short-slotted
holes, indepen- dent of the direction of loading, or a long-slotted hole with
the slot parallel to the direction of the bearing force:
When deformation at the bolt hole at service load is a design
consideration

Rn = 1.2Lc tFu ≤ 2.4dtFu

When deformation at the bolt hole at service load is not a design
consideration

Rn = 1.5Lc tFu ≤ 3.0dtFu

•For a bolt in a connection with long-slotted holes with the slot
perpendicular to the direction of force:
Rn = 1.0Lc tFu ≤ 2.0dtFu
•
Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes
where

d = nominal bolt diameter, in.

Fu = specified minimum tensile strength of the connected material

Lc = clear distance, in the direction of the force, between the edge of the hole and the edge of the adjacent

hole or edge of the material

t = thickness of connected material

For connections, the bearing resistance shall be taken as the sum of the
bearing resistances of the individual bolts.
Bearing strength shall be checked for both bearing-type and slip-critical
connections. The use of oversized holes and short- and long-slotted holes
parallel to the line of force is restricted to slip-critical connections per Section
J3.2.
Minimum Spacing
The distance between centers of standard, oversized, or slotted holes, shall not be less

Minimum Edge Distance

The distance from the center of a standard hole to an edge of a connected part in any
direction shall not be less than either the applicable value from Table J3.4, or as required in
Section J3.10. The distance from the center of an oversized or slotted hole to an edge of a

connected part shall be not less than that required for a standard hole to an edge of a

connected part plus the applicable increment C2 from Table J3.5.

Maximum Spacing and Edge Distance
The maximum distance from the center of any bolt or rivet to the nearest edge of parts in
contact shall be 12 times the thickness of the connected part under consideration, but shall
not exceed 6 in. (150 mm). The longitudinal spacing of fasteners between elements in
continuous contact consisting of a plate and a shape or two plates shall be as follows:
For painted members or unpainted members not subject to corrosion, the spacing shall not
exceed 24 times the thickness of the thinner plate or 12 in. (305 mm).
For unpainted members of weathering steel subject to atmospheric corrosion, the spacing
shall not exceed 14 times the thickness of the thinner plate or 7 in. (180 mm).
1.Determine the design tensile strength for the bearing-type connection shown if
thebolt threads are excluded from the shear plane. Use AISC Specification with 3 in
φn A325 bolts in standard
A
holes.