Building Construction & Materials (3) 10/29/2021

Skeleton Structure

Dr. Hala Nabil

Academic Year 2021/2022 (Fall 2021)

Skeleton Structures
It is a formwork: should be capable of supporting safely all
vertical and lateral loads that might be applied to it until such
loads can be supported by the ground.

Structure Types: (Columns, Beams, Slabs), Frames, Trusses, Arch.

Materials: Wood, Steel, R.C.

Load Distribution: Section Active.

Dr.Hala Ali Nabil 1

Building Construction & Materials (3) 10/29/2021

What is the difference between

(Beam-Column) System and Frame
Structure system?

Skeleton Structures
Load Transfer: vertical load transfer path is from slab/floor to beams, beams
to columns and columns to load bearing footings and then to soil.

Advantages Disadvantages

• Open spaces. • Expensive.

• Larger spans. • More complicated than Bearing
• Wall Thickness is not significant. walls in construction.
• Higher Buildings.
• Structural elements are smaller.
• Opening Flexibility.

Dr.Hala Ali Nabil 2

Building Construction & Materials (3) 10/29/2021

R.C. Structures
Advantages Disadvantages

• Good in compression beside in tension. • Needs meticulous mixing, casting and

• Resistance to fire is better than steel &
wood.
• long service life with low maintenance
cost.
• The most economical structural material
for some structures (piers, dams and
footings)
• It can be cast to any shape required.
• Rigid members with minimum deflection.
• Less skilled labors are required.
curing (affect the final strength of the
element).
• low compressive strength as compared
to steel which leads to large sections of
in columns/beams in multistory
buildings.
• Cracks development due to shrinkage
and the application of live loads is
high.
• Repairs are very expensive and
difficult.

Frame structure
Span Wood Steel R.C.

Single Frame • L=15-40 • L=15-60 • L=10-25

Double Frame • L=15-45 • L=15-65 • L=10-28

vierandeel
• L=20-50 • L=20-70 • L=15-30
Frame

Dr.Hala Ali Nabil 3

Building Construction & Materials (3) 10/29/2021

Frame structure
Portal Frame: A rigid frame of two columns and a
beam defining a single bay, called single bay frame

40m Steel frames

5-10m
Portal Frames
18m wide steel Frame
Pin joint
In the construction industry, the term ‘frame’ typically refers to a
rigid structure that supports a building or other built asset such
as a bridge or tunnel, or parts of them.

Wood Frame
Single bay R.C. Portal
Frame

Multi bay Frame

R.C. Frames

Dr.Hala Ali Nabil 4

Building Construction & Materials (3) 10/29/2021

Braced Frame: is a structural system used

in structures subject to lateral loads such as wind and
seismic pressure.

The members in a braced frame are generally made

of structural steel, which can work effectively both
in tension and compression.
Cross Bracing

V-bracing
Wind bracing (steel frame)

Single diagonals

IDMM architects creates 'F.S. one' from Box Frame

stacked concrete boxes

Dr.Hala Ali Nabil 5

Building Construction & Materials (3) 10/29/2021

Curved Frame Curved haunches

Frame

Cantilever Frame

Vierendeel Girder

Dr.Hala Ali Nabil 6

Building Construction & Materials (3) 10/29/2021

Frame structure

Frame Action X Bracing Frame

(rigid connection)

Dr.Hala Ali Nabil 7

Building Construction & Materials (3) 10/29/2021

Calculate & Draw R.C. Frame

Beam = h

Frame leg = h
• h=L/14 or L/16

• Spacing between frames Span = L

Range about 3m - 7m

Calculate & Draw R.C. Frame

0.8 (L/14, L/16)
Beam = h

• h=L/14, L/16

• Spacing between frames Span = L

Range about 3m - 7m
0.6 (L/14, L/16)

Dr.Hala Ali Nabil 8

Building Construction & Materials (3) 10/29/2021

Lisbon Station, Santiago

Calatrava

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking

Corporation Headquarters

Dr.Hala Ali Nabil 9

Building Construction & Materials (3) 10/29/2021

Dr.Hala Ali Nabil 10