Experiment#2

Design op amp as an active high pass filter.

2.1 Aim:

To study and implement the active high pass filters.

2.2 Appratus:

 Operational amplifier (LM741 or equivalent)

 Resistors (10k ohm, 100k ohm)
 Capacitor (0.1uF)
 Function generator
 Oscilloscope
 Breadboard
 Jumper wires

2.3 Theory:

A high pass filter is a type of electronic filter that allows signals with frequencies above a certain cutoff
frequency to pass through, while attenuating signals with frequencies below the cutoff frequency.

The operation of a high pass filter is similar to that of a low pass filter, but with the frequency response
inverted. An ideal high pass filter would have zero impedance at high frequencies and infinite
impedance at low frequencies. This means that at high frequencies, the filter would allow signals to pass
through without any attenuation, while at low frequencies, the filter would block the signals completely.

In practice, real high pass filters have finite impedance values and roll-off rates, which describe how
quickly the filter attenuates signals below the cutoff frequency. The roll-off rate is typically measured in
decibels per octave, and it determines how steeply the filter attenuates signals below the cutoff
frequency.

High pass filters are commonly used in audio applications to remove low-frequency noise or to limit the
bandwidth of a signal. They are also used in communication systems to filter out unwanted signals and
to shape the frequency response of the system. Additionally, high pass filters can be used in image
processing to enhance the high-frequency details in an image.
2.4 Circuit Diagram:

Figure:2.1
High pass filter

2.5 Procedure:

1. Set up the circuit on the breadboard using the op amp, capacitor (C1), and resistor (R1) as shown
in figure 2.1 for an active high-pass filter.
2. Connect the function generator to the input of the op amp.
3. Connect the oscilloscope to the output of the op amp.
4. Set the function generator to generate a sine wave signal of a low frequency (e.g., 100 Hz).
5. Observe the output waveform on the oscilloscope and note the amplitude and phase shift of the
output signal.
6. Increase the frequency of the input signal and observe the changes in the output waveform on the
oscilloscope.
7. Continue increasing the frequency of the input signal and note the frequency at which the output
signal begins to attenuate.
8. Calculate the cutoff frequency of the high-pass filter using the formula: f_c = 1/(2πRC).
9. Compare the experimental cutoff frequency with the calculated cutoff frequency.
2.6 Calculations:

To calculate the cutoff frequency (fc) of the high pass filter, we can use the following formula:
fc = 1 / (2πRC)
where R is the value of the resistor (in ohms) and C is the value of the capacitor (in farads).
Let's assume we use R1 = R2 = 10kΩ and C1 = 1nF in our circuit. Using the above formula, we can
calculate the cutoff frequency as:
fc = 1 / (2π × 10kΩ × 1nF) ≈ 15.92 kHz
This means that any frequencies below 15.92 kHz will be attenuated by the filter, while frequencies above
this value will pass through.

2.7 Observations:

Figure 2.2