Team:

Tavares González Keyla Berenice. 2104001

Téllez Bravo Hanna. 2104494
Tello Rodríguez Regina Guadalupe. 2103754
Tinoco López María Fernanda. 2103898
Torres Sierra Andrea Jacqueline. 2103446
Villagra Rodríguez Andrés Nehuel. 2103895
Ypiña González Sofia. 2103909
Zamora Morales Ángel Emilio. 2104908
Date:
November 2, 2022
Introduction

Acids and bases are chemical compounds that are easy to understand and have
different and specific characteristics that make them fundamental in multiple
chemical processes that take place in living
organisms by nature and in industries
processes. We think that the easiest way to
know the degree of acidity or basicity of a
solution can be represented on a pH scale,
which we will see in some activities that we did
during this document.

We will present the topic of acid and bases, such as their characteristics, examples
of solutions, theories, and the phenomenon of acid rain in our country.
Charts Dimension 2

Properties
Acids Bases
-They taste sour. -They have a bitter taste.
-They change the litmus from blue to -They change the litmus from red to
red. blue.
-They react with the active metals -They are slippery to the touch.
producing hydrogen gas. -They react with acids to form water
-They react with bases to form salts and salts.
and water.

Substance Acid-Base Theories

Svante Arrhenius Brønsted-Lewry Lewis
Acid Substances that Proton donor Substance with the
have hydrogen ions substance (H- ions) capacity to accept a
(H+) in their pair of electrons
structure and and share it in the
release them in chemical bond.
contact with water.
Base Substances that Substance acceptor Substance with the
have hydroxyl ions of protons (H+ ions) capacity to donate a
(OH-) in their pair of electrons
structure and and share it in a
release them in chemical bond.
contact with water.
Questions Dimension 4

• When is the rain considered acidic?

Clean rain has a pH value of between 5.7 and 7, which is slightly acidic. However,
when rain combines with sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides—produced from power
plants and automobiles—the rain becomes much more acidic, and it can be snow,
fog, hail or even dust that is acidic. Typical acid rain has a pH value between 5 and
3.

• What are the compounds that in contact with water caused acid rain?
Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction
that begins when compounds like sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released
into the air. These substances can rise very
high into the atmosphere, where they mix
and react with water, oxygen, and other
chemicals to form more acidic pollutants,
known as acid rain. Sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides dissolve very easily in water and can be carried very far by the
wind. As a result, the two compounds can travel long distances where they become
part of the rain, sleet, snow, and fog that we experience on certain days.

• What are the main sources of these compounds?

While a small portion of the sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides that cause acid rain
is from natural sources such as volcanoes, most of it comes from the burning of
fossil fuels. The major sources of these elements can be caused by the human,
such as:
- Burning of fossil fuels to generate electricity. Two thirds of SO2 and one fourth of
NOX in the atmosphere come from electric power generators.
- Vehicles and heavy equipment.
- Manufacturing, oil refineries and other industries.

• What effect does acid rain have on the planet? Mention five cases.
- One of the main effects of climate change of sulfur dioxide is that it has a cooling
effect on the atmosphere. But nitrogen oxides contribute to the formation of
ground-level ozone, a major pollutant that can be harmful to people. Both gases
cause environmental and health concerns because they can spread easily via air
pollution and acid rain.
- Acid rain has many ecological effects, especially on lakes, streams, wetlands,
and other aquatic environments. Acid rain makes such waters more acidic, which
results in more aluminum absorption from soil, which is carried into lakes and
streams. That combination makes waters toxic to crayfish, clams, fish, and other
aquatic animals.
- Some species can tolerate acidic waters better than others. However, in an
interconnected ecosystem, what affects some species eventually affects many
more throughout the food chain, including non-aquatic species such as birds.
- Acid rain and fog also damage forests, especially those at higher elevations. The
acid deposits rob the soil of essential nutrients such as calcium and cause
aluminum to be released in the soil, which makes it hard for
trees to take up water. Trees leaves and needles are also
harmed by acids.
- Acid deposits damage physical structures such as limestone
buildings and cars.
- And when it takes the form of inhalable fog, acid
precipitation can cause health problems including eye
irritation and asthma.
 𝓣𝓱𝓮 𝓲𝓶𝓹𝓪𝓬𝓽 𝓸𝓯 𝓪𝓬𝓲𝓭 𝓻𝓪𝓲𝓷 𝓲𝓷 𝓸𝓾𝓻 𝓬𝓸𝓾𝓷𝓽𝓻𝔂
Acid rain is a meteorological phenomenon caused by the pollutants that human
beings pour into the atmosphere every day, and in Mexico, it is destroying the
cultural heritage of the Mayan civilization, said biologist Pablo Sánchez.
The constructions and monuments built by the Mayans are formed from limestone,
whose main component is calcium carbonate, which, when in contact with this rain,
dissolves, degrading the inscriptions and the legacy of this civilization.

The destructive power of this phenomenon also ends up corroding metals and
structures of daily use to the human being
The effect takes time to be perceived, but over time the materials corrode, losing
their appearance optimum.
The difficulty in stopping this phenomenon is due to
the fact that its origin can be thousands of kilometers
away of the place where the precipitation finally
occurs.
This means that an acid rain that occurred in Mexico
could be due to the emission of toxic compounds in
Cuba or Venezuela, the specialist exemplified.

Another serious damage derived from this manifestation is the modification of the
structure of the soil, preventing the plants that grow in it from absorbing nutrients,
something that makes them more susceptible to contracting infections and
parasites. Something similar happens with bodies of water, since when rain falls
on them, their PH value changes and "affects many species, especially plankton,
which by altering the PH value alters their biology and disrupts everything that is
the food chain".
 𝓐𝓵𝓽𝓮𝓻𝓷𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓿𝓮 𝓼𝓸𝓵𝓾𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷𝓼 𝓽𝓸 𝓽𝓱𝓮 𝓪𝓬𝓲𝓭 𝓻𝓪𝓲𝓷
𝓹𝓱𝓮𝓷𝓸𝓶𝓮𝓷𝓸𝓷
How can the problem of acid rain be solved? There are many things we can do to
reduce this problem, but it is necessary for each one to do their part and for
governments and entities with the capacity to act to also be active on this issue.
These are the possible solutions to avoid acid rain:
❖ Reduce sulfur levels in fuels, establishing a limit on the emission of nitrate
and sulfur oxides that companies must comply with.
❖ Establish greater control of pollution levels and compliance with the laws in
this regard.
❖ Improved laws against pollution.
❖ Close companies that do not regulate their pollution levels and refineries.
❖ Invest and opt more for the electric transport system.
❖ Choose for organic products for agriculture, instead of using sulfates and
other artificial chemicals.
❖ Use the three-way catalytic converter in vehicles, which serves to reduce
harmful emissions.
❖ Use more natural gas, both in industry and at home.
❖ Choose for clean and renewable energy.
❖ Have control of the water and alkalinize it when necessary to balance its
pH again.
❖ Promote the use of public transport over private, to reduce the number of
vehicles, and ensure that clean energy
is used for such transport.
❖ On a personal level, reduce harmful
emissions and pollution generated
from home or work.
Charts Dimension 3
 pH pH pH
Gastric 1.5 Tomato 4.2 Cow Milk 6.6
Juices Juice
Lemon 2.16 Orange 3.0 Distilled 5.8
Juice Juice Water
Vinegar 2.5 Black 5 Human 7.3
Coffee Blood
Soft 3.5 Urine 6 Saliva 7.4
Drinks

Dissolution Ion pH Type of

concentration dissolution
H+
Orange Juice 3.7𝑥10−4 𝑀 3.4317 Acid
Lime Water 3.4𝑥10−11 𝑀 10.4685 Basic
Vinegar 2.8𝑥10−3 𝑀 2.5528 Acid
Black Coffee 5.0𝑥10−5 𝑀 4.30102 Acid
Home ammonia 1.0𝑥10−11 𝑀 11 Basic
cleaner
Conclusions

Angel Emilio Zamora Morales, 2104908:

For this evidence I learned that acid rain is an environmental phenomenon that is
occurring frequently due to the mistreatment that we humans are giving our planet. Acid
rain negatively affects the environment and can also affect our health. Acid rain harms
the environment that surrounds us by using fewer chemicals that pollute as it affects us
all.

Andrea Jacqueline Torres Sierra, 2103446:

In this learning evidence, we put some characteristics of acids and bases that was what
we were learning throughout this stage, we also saw everything that acid rain entails,
when it is considered acid, the compounds it has, and above all the impact it causes both
on the planet and in the country, we use some solutions that in our opinion would be the
most reliable for this problem that affects us all, which although it has not happened in
our country is something that we cannot rule out.

Hanna Téllez Bravo, 2104494

In this evidence I learned more about ph, I reinforced my knowledge of the
characteristics of acids and bases, we also saw the impact of acid rain in our
environment, the causes, consequences and characteristics of acid rain in
general, and we could develop u solutions for this phenomenon, I also
understood better the concept of acids and bases thanks to see which products
belonged to each one, this stage was very interesting for me and I would like to
know more about these topics.

Andrés Nehuel Villagra Rodríguez

This activity was about acids and bases, how they can be everywhere. They can
be in our food and even in the rain; just like acid rain. In this learning evidence
we focused on the characteristics, contras, benefits and why and how acid rain
develops.
Regina Guadalupe Tello Rodríguez, 2103754
In this evidence we talked about acids and bases, the characteristics of taste and
how litmus changes to blue or red and 3 different types of theories from Arrhenius,
Lewry and Lewis. We also talked about the acid rain and how it impacts in our
country, solutions to it and some charts about calculating the pH

Maria Fernanda Tinoco López, 2103898:

In this evidence, we were able to identify the acid and bases, which are
fundamental for the environment and human causes such as industries and even
our bodies, because it helps us maintain stables levels of pH and we use it in our
daily life with cleaning products. This topic and the acid rain were really interesting
to search and understand.

Sofia Ypiña González, 2103909:

As we have seen at this stage, acids and bases are chemical elements that are
present in our daily lives. We find them in food, in everyday products or in the
environment. Moreover, I have not only been able to understand what they are,
but also how they affect the environment. For example, the problem of acid rain,
to which I think it is important to pay attention and contribute to its solution.

Keyla Berenice Tavares González, 2104001

On the learning activity of this stage number 3, I reviewed the topics we saw
through the stage. In this activity I learned that the bases and the acids are
fundamental chemical compounds in our everyday lives, we find bases and acids
everywhere; in our food, cleaning products, and even they are found in natural
environments.