SOCIOLOGICAL AND

ANTHROPOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE
 At the end of the Module, you are expected to:
• understand the different sociological-
anthropological perspectives on self

LEARNING
OUTCOMES • appreciate the influence of the society including its
culture on the self

• value the contribution of other people in one’s

development
 ARTICLE
REVIEW
STORY BY LANE DEGREGORY
PHOTOS BY LARA CERRI
TIMES STAFF
MURFREESBORO, TENN.
 The story of Danielle Crokette is an
example of the significance of social
relationship in the development of the
person.

DANIELLE
CROKETTE Dani’s story further revealed that she
was eventually able to manifest few
improved behaviors that is far
different from the time she was found
in that small dark room.
 Social Sciences shifted the focus
from body and soul to the
relationship between the self and
SOC IOL OGIC A L / the external world. The discipline
A NT HROPOL OGIC A L further emphasizes that the growth
PERSPEC T IV E and development of the person is a
ON SEL F
byproduct of the interaction of the
self with external reality
(Alata,2018). This is known as social
constructionist perspective.
 Social constructionism is a theory
SOC IOL OGIC A L / that examines how people learn,
A NT HROPOL OGIC A L develop or construct their own
PERSPEC T IV E understanding and knowledge of the
ON SEL F
world including the self through
experiencing things and reflecting on
those experiences.
 Hence, to social constructivists, the
self, cannot be separated from its
SOC IOL OGIC A L / social context. The person’s identity,
A NT HROPOL OGIC A L every now and then, is impacted by
PERSPEC T IV E
ON SEL F the social environment. The
individual change and adapt itself
depending on the social
circumstance.
 SOCIOLOGICAL-
ANTHROPOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVES

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6
 French Anthropologist

MARCEL MAUSS
emphasized that every self has two
manifestations namely the PERSONNE
and the MOI
 MOI

MARCEL MAUSS is the person’s sense of who he is.

It is his basic identity.

 PERSONNE

is composed of the social concepts of

what it means to be he is.

MARCEL MAUSS is taken in a social context so that

it takes into consideration what it
means to live in a particular group
and how to behave in a given
expectations and influences from
others
 The self is morphed according to
MARCEL MAUSS
circumstance and context.
Alata (2018)
 contribution is in the development
of Symbolic Interactions
Perspective
MARGARET MEAD (1901-
1976)
 Symbolic Interactions is a micro-
level theory that focuses on the
relationships among individuals
MARGARET MEAD (1901-
within a society.
1976)
 It implies that the society is
composed of several symbols to
which we act and react based on
meanings attributed to those
MARGARET MEAD (1901-
things and according to how the
1976)
person interprets the situations.
 Whatever the person encounters
everyday contribute to his
constructed identity and
personality through social
interactions. This formed self that
is put on display is being reacted
too by others which helps
MARGARET MEAD (1901-
generate an image of the self. In
1976)
this way, the self is mirrored in the
reaction of the others which is
called looking glass self. (Charles
Horton Cooley )
 Example:

A person who all his life believed

that he is brilliant because others
find him so based on how they
MARGARET MEAD (1901-
1976)
perceived his ideas thus treats him
such all this time.
 one of the founders of interactionist
perspective

the one who developed the “looking-

CHARLES HORTON COOLEY
glass self” theory
 Cooley thought that everyone that a person
interacts with during their entire lifespan
could influence our self-identity in some way.

That is, the individual tend to accept the

assessment of other people and then look at
themselves as how others see them.

The sense of self is acquired by seeing the

CHARLES HORTON COOLEY
behaviors and attitudes of others toward us
and imagining how others think about us
(Palispis, 2007).
 Hence, there are three processes
involve in this looking-glass self:

presentation

identification
CHARLES HORTON COOLEY

subjective interpretation
 First, the person imagines how he
presents himself to others.
(PRESENTATION)
Then, he visualizes how others evaluate
him. (IDENTIFICATION)

And finally, he develops some sort of

feeling about himself based upon his
CHARLES HORTON COOLEY perception of what he thinks others have
on him.
(SUBJECIVE INTERPRETATION)
 The self, which is the part of a
person's personality consisting of self-
awareness and self-image, is a product
of social experience.

George Herbert Mead

 However, according to him, only
certain people like family at a certain
periods of life influence identity. He
further believes that at a young age,
individuals were not actually influenced
by others in any way because they see
themselves as being the focus of their
own world aside from the fact that
George Herbert Mead
they lack the ability to take the
perspective of another person.
 But it is different when they grow up
because the perception of other
people about them becomes more
important.
George Herbert Mead
 the sociologist who introduced a
version of symbolic interaction called
dramaturgy theory

ERVING GOFFMAN
 Dramaturgy theory which highlights the idea
that everyday life is like a stage where each
individual needs to learn to perform the
assigned roles to him by other people through
the process called socialization. And as
individuals enact the roles with others who in
turn portray their roles, they make a series of
decisions or choices that helps in establishing
and portraying who he is and his character to
the general audience. Most of the time in our
life is spent in the front stage. We need to
ERVING GOFFMAN deliver and perform accordingly in front of
others. But we need to allow ourselves to
retreat too and be at the backstage or our
private space where we can be our real selves
 known for his Ecological
theory

URIE BRONFENBRENNER
 Ecological theory views
human behavior as the result of
the relationship between
individuals and their
environments.
URIE BRONFENBRENNER
 He explains how the inherent
qualities of children and their
environments interact to
influence how they grow
URIE BRONFENBRENNER and develop
 Bronfenbrenner's ecological
model organizes contexts
of development into five levels
of external influence:
URIE BRONFENBRENNER
URIE BRONFENBRENNER
 MICROSYSTEM

is the everyday, immediate

environment of individual’s
daily lives

refers to the activities and

URIE BRONFENBRENNER
interactions that occur in the
person’s immediate
surroundings
 MESOSYSTEM

the connections or
interrelationships among the
various aspects of the
URIE BRONFENBRENNER
microsystem
 Exosystem

consists of contexts that the

individual is not part of but
URIE BRONFENBRENNER
that may nevertheless
influence their development
 Macrosystem

refers to larger
cultural/subcultural or social
class context in which
URIE BRONFENBRENNER development occurs
 Chronosystem

refers to the changes in the

individual or the environment
that occurs over time and
URIE BRONFENBRENNER influence the direction
development takes
UNDERSTANDING THANK YOU
THE SELF