Zagazig University ‫جامعــة الزقازيق‬

Faculty of Engineering ‫كليـة الهندســـة‬

Elect Power and M/C’s Eng. Dept. ‫قسم هندسة القوى واالالت الكهربية‬

Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2)

EPE 423a
4th year, 1st Term
(2021_2022)

Experiment no : 9
Single phase induction motor

Student name : …………………………….…….………

Sec : …………………………….…….………
Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 9

EXPERIMENT
9
Single phase induction motor
1. Object:
The objectives of this experiment are to study:
• Starting of single phase induction (1phIM) with one winding and
two windings,
• Reverse the direction of rotation methods,
• Parameters Determination of 1phIM using DC, no-load and
blocked rotor tests
• Determine the motor rotational loss.
2. Experimental Setup
The single-phase induction machine is the most frequently used motor
for most domestic loads and fractional horsepower applications such as
refrigerators, washing machines, compressors, pumps, and etc. It’s
very important to know how to reverse the direction of rotation and the
correct connection of capacitor with windings. The DC, no load and
blocked rotor tests are developed to determine the unknown 1phIM
parameters. The following instrumentations should be available to
execute this experiment: variable single phase power supply, 1phIM
and measuring devices (Ammeter, Voltameter and Wattmeter with
reasonable ratings)

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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 9

2.1 Theory
The magnetic field of single phase induction motor with one winding is
a pulsating flux. Therefore, the 1phIM does not have starting torque
and the motor is not self starting. To have a starting torque, a rotating
magnetic field should be produced by using an additional winding
shifted in space by 90˚ than the main winding and excited by current
shifted in phase by 90˚ than main winding current. This additional
winding is called an auxiliary winding. Therefore, the auxiliary
winding is very important in 1phIM to develop the starting torque. The
phase shift between main and auxiliary currents should be shifted be
by 90˚ to have a perfect circular rotating field with zero backword
component. If the phase shift between two currents is not 90˚, the
resultant flux is an elliptical field has forward component higher than
backward component.
The direction of rotation of 1phIM can be reversed by changing the
phase shift between main and auxiliary currents or by interchange the
direction of current in one winding only.
The equivalent circuit of 1phIM with one winding is shown in Fig. 9.1
based on doubled field revolving theory.
jX1 R1 I1 f

+
I2f'
Zf=Rf + jXf
jX2' /2
jXm /2
Ef
R2' /(2S)

0
V
I2b'
Zb=Rb + jXb
jX2' /2
jXm /2
Eb
R2' /[2(2-S)]

Fig. 9.1: Equivalent Circuit of 1phIM referred to stator

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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 9

The forward slip (slip) is given as:

𝑛𝑠 − 𝑛 (9.1)
𝑆𝑓 = 𝑆 =
𝑛𝑠
The backward slip is:
−𝑛𝑠 − 𝑛 (9.2)
𝑆𝑏 = =2−S
−𝑛𝑠
The forward, backward and input impedances are:
(9.3)

(9.4)

(9.5)

The motor current is:

(9.6)

The forward, backward and net air gap are:

(9.7)

(9.8)

(9.9)

(9.10)

(9.11)
The forward, backward and net developed torques are:
(9.12)

(9.13)

(9.14)

(9.15)

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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 9

The torque speed characteristic of 1phIM with one winding is shown in

Fig. 9.2 and it’s clear that:
• the starting torque is zero.
• The motor will continue to run in positive direction if the motor
is pushed to rotate in this direction and the same for negative
direction.
• The auxiliary winding is very important at starting but the motor
can rotate continuously without it at running.
• At running, there is a low backward torque leads to increase
motor torque ripples and the maximum allowable speed is lower
than one of three phase induction motor.

Fig. 9.2 Torque-speed characteristic of 1phIM with one winding

The different types of 1phIM based on starting methods are:
1. Split-phase Motor
2. Capacitor-start motor (CS)
3. Capacitor-start capacitor-Run (CSCR)
4. Permanent split-capacitor motor (Capacitor Run) (CR)
5. Shaded-pole motor

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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 9

The 1phIM parameters can be estimated by DC, no load and blocked

rotor test to one winding only.
The DC test is used to determine winding resistance
Block rotor Test
The motor slip at blocked rotor test is unity and using the 1phIM as
shown in Fig. 9.1, the forward and backward rotor impedances are very
lower than magnetizing branch. Therefore, the approximate equivalent
circuit can be shown as Fig. 9.3.

𝑉𝑏𝐿
𝑍𝑏𝐿 = (9.16)
𝐼𝑏𝐿
𝑃𝑏𝐿 ′
𝑅𝑏𝐿 = 2 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 (9.17)
𝐼𝑏𝐿

(9.18)
2 2 ′
𝑋𝑏𝐿 = √𝑍𝑏𝐿 − 𝑅𝑏𝐿 = 𝑋1 + 𝑋2

Then,
′
𝑅2 = 𝑅𝑏𝐿 − 𝑅1 (9.19)
′
𝑋1 = 𝑋2 = 0.5 𝑋𝑏𝐿 (9.20)

No load Test
This test is used to determine, magnetizing reactance (𝑋𝑚 )and
rotational losses (𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡 ) At no load test, the motor slip is close to zero
and the approximate 1phIM is shown in Fig. 9.4
𝑉𝑛𝐿
𝑍𝑛𝐿 = (9.21)
𝐼𝑛𝐿
𝑃𝑛𝐿
𝑅𝑛𝐿 = 2 (9.22)
𝐼𝑛𝐿

(9.23)
2 2 ′
𝑋𝑛𝐿 = √𝑍𝑛𝐿 − 𝑅𝑛𝐿 = 𝑋1 + 0.5𝑋2 + 𝑋𝑚

Then
′
𝑋𝑚 = 𝑋𝑛𝐿 − 𝑋1 − 0.5𝑋2 (9.24)
′
2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 𝑃𝑛𝐿 − 𝐼𝑛𝐿 (𝑅1 + 0.5𝑅2 ) (9.25)

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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 9

IbL R1 jX1 InL R1 jX1 Rrot

+ +

jX2'/2 jX2'/2
jXm/2
R2'
2
PbL PnL

VbL VnL
jX2 /2' jX2'/2

R 2'
R 2'
2 2
-
-

Fig. 9.3 Blocked rotor test 1phIM Fig. 9.4 No load test 1phIM
equivalent circuit equivalent circuit

2.2 Connection Diagram and Results

2.2.1 Starting torque
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 9.5 (a) - (b)
2. Switch on the power supply and adjust the voltage at any reduced
value provided that the motor current does not exceed rated
current
3. Observe the rotor shaft and record your observation as shown in
table 9.1
Auxiliary Winding Auxiliary Winding
a1 a2 a1 a2
A A
L L m1
m1

V Main V Main
Winding
Winding

m2 m2

N N
(a) (b)
Fig. 9.5 Connection diagram of 1phIM starting
Table 9.1 Starting of 1phIM
Main winding only Main and auxiliary windings
 Start  Fail to start  Start  Fail to start

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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 9

2.2.2 Reverse direction of rotation

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figs. 9.6 (a)–( d)
2. Switch on the power supply
3. Observe the direction of rotor shaft and record your observation as
shown in table 9.2
4.
Auxiliary Winding Auxiliary Winding
a1 a2 a1 a2
L A A
m1
N m1

V Main
Winding
V Main
Winding

m2 m2
N L
(a) (b)
Auxiliary Winding
Auxiliary Winding
a1 a2 a1 a2
L A L A
m1 m1

V Main
Winding V Main
Winding

m2 m2
N N
(c) (d)
Fig. 9.6 Connection diagram of Reversing of 1phIM starting

Table 9.2 Reversing of rotation of 1phIM

Connection Rotation
(a)  clockwise  counter clockwise

(b)  clockwise  counter clockwise

(c)  clockwise  counter clockwise

(d)  clockwise  counter clockwise

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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 9

2.2.3 DC test
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 9.7.
2. Change the DC applied voltage gradually and fill the table 9.3 and
calculate the main winding resistance.

Auxiliary Winding
a1 a2
A
m1

Variable
DC V Main
Winding

m2

Fig. 9.7 DC test of 1phIM

Table 9.3 DC measured data
Vdc (A)
Idc (A) IFL

𝑅 = ………………

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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 9

2.2.4 Blocked Rotor Test

1 Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 9.8.
2 Increase gradually the applied voltage to have a winding current
close to motor rated current.
3 Complete the table 9.4
This test should be performed at reduced applied voltage to prevent
motor damage.

Auxiliary Winding
a1 a2
L W
A
m1
Reduced
AC
voltage
V Main
Winding

m2
N zero speed

Fig. 9.8 Blocked rotor test of 1phIM

Table 9.4 Blocked rotor test of 1phIM

𝑉𝑏𝐿 𝐼𝑏𝐿 𝑃𝑏𝐿

′
𝑅2 =…………………….………….
′
𝑋1 = 𝑋2 = …………………….………….

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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 9

2.2.5 No load Test

1 Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 9.9.
2 Increase gradually the applied voltage rated motor value and run
motor at no load with main winding only.
3 Complete the table 9.5
The motor start with two windings (main and auxiliary) and at no
load speed, disconnect auxiliary winding.

Auxiliary Winding
a1 a2
L W
A
m1

AC
voltage V Main
Winding

m2
N No load speed

Fig. 9.9 No load rotor test of 1phIM

Table 9.5 No load rotor test of 1phIM

𝑉𝑛𝐿 𝐼𝑛𝐿 𝑃𝑛𝐿

𝑋𝑚 =…………………….…………

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡 =…………………….…………

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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 9

Calculation sheet
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Electrical Power and Machines Testing (2) EPE423a Experiment 9

3 Discussion
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4 Questions on the Experiment

Q1. Explain why the single phase induction motor with one winding is
not self starting.
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Q2. Describe what will happen if the capacitor is connected with main
winding instead of auxiliary winding.
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Q3. Mention the methods which can be used to reverse the direction of
rotation of 1phIM.
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Q4. A 1phIM has two capacitors, one of them is 25 µF and the other is
5 µF. What is the difference between the two capacitors and can
you replace them by one capacitor of 30 µF. Explain you answer.
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Q5. The centrifugal switch of split phase induction motor is damaged

and connect auxiliary winding continuously. Describe what will
happen at starting, no load and full load.
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