Yarmouk University

Department of Electrical Power Engineering

Academic Year 2020/2021, Summer Semester

Prof Yaser Anagreh

6.6 Modes of Operation of Induction Machines
• There are 3 modes of operation for the IM. These modes
are defined by specific ranges of slip and speed.

▪ Operation as a Motor: This is the natural mode of

operation of the IM.
0  s  1 and 0  n  ns
▪ Operation as a Generator: The IM may be operated as a
generator if the stator is connected to a constant
frequency voltage source and the rotor is then driven
above the synchronous speed by some external source.
s  0 and n  ns

Prof Yaser Anagreh

6.6 Modes of Operation of Induction Machines

▪ Operation as a Brake:
✓ If the leads on the stator windings are reversed, the
direction of rotation for the stator field is reversed. The
resulting slip is larger than 1. The motor will come to a
stop.
✓ The motor is then disconnected from the voltage source
before it starts to rotate in the reverse direction.
✓ This method of braking is commonly referred to as
plugging.
s  1 and n0

Prof Yaser Anagreh

Equivalent Circuit Models of IM
• The equivalent circuit is very useful in testing and analysing
the performance of IM under different load conditions.
• Assuming a perfect symmetry, we can consider a single primary
winding and a single secondary for the equivalent circuit
representation of the motor. This will be called the per-phase
equivalent circuit.
• At standstill (stationary), the motor acts exactly as a transformer
with a secondary short-circuited and its equivalent circuit is the
same as that of a transformer.
• We assume a Star (Y = “Wye”) connection for the stator and the
rotor and a turn ratio of 1:1.

Prof Yaser Anagreh

Equivalent Circuit Models of IM

Equivalent circuit of a wound-rotor IM at standstill

V1 = source voltage (line to neutral)
R1 = stator winding resistance; X1 = stator winding reactance
R2 = rotor winding resistance; X2 = rotor winding reactance
RC = resistance corresponding to iron, windage and friction losses;
XM = magnetising reactance; T = ideal transformer having a turns
ratio of 1:1
Prof Yaser Anagreh
Equivalent Circuit Models of IM

• Suppose now that the motor is running at a

slip s, the rotor speed is ns(1-s).
• The induced currents and voltages will change
on the primary and secondary sides of the
transformer.
• Also, the frequency in the secondary winding
will be sf,
• f being the frequency of the source V1.

Prof Yaser Anagreh

Equivalent Circuit Models of IM

frequency f frequency sf

Equivalent circuit of a IM running at slip s.

Prof Yaser Anagreh
Equivalent Circuit Models of IM
▪ Because of the slip, the voltage at the secondary will be:
E2 = s E1
▪ The secondary leakage reactance will change from
X2 → s X2 since the frequency has changed from f → sf
▪ The secondary resistances will not change since they are
not frequency dependant.

▪ Now, referring the rotor impedance (secondary side of the

transformer) to the stator (primary side of the transformer)
gives the equivalent circuit shown in the following slide.

Prof Yaser Anagreh

Equivalent Circuit Models of IM

Equivalent circuit of a IM running at slip s with rotor

parameters referred to the stator.

Prof Yaser Anagreh

6.7 Equivalent Circuit Models of IM
Where R2’, X2’ and I2’ are the rotor resistance, reactance and
current referred to the stator:
2 2
N  N  N 
R2 = R2  1  I 2 = I 2  1  X 2 = X 2  1 
 N2   N2   N2 

The rotor current referred to the stator is:

E2 sE1
I 2 = =
Z 2 (R ) + (sX  )
2
2
2
2

Dividing the numerator and denominator by s:

E1
I 2 =
(R2 / s ) + ( X 2 )
 2
 2

Prof Yaser Anagreh

Equivalent Circuit Models of IM
I2’ is lagging behind E2’ by angle . This same
angle exists between I1 and E1.
 X
'

β = tan  '
−1 2 
 
E ’2

 2
R / s 

I ‘2

Prof Yaser Anagreh

 Equivalent Circuit Models of IM
• The air-gap power (PAG) is the power consumed in
R2/s and copper loss in the rotor winding (PRCL) is the
power consumed in R2. The difference between them
is the converted power (Pconv), which must be the
power consumed in the resistor value:
Rconv
R2
= − R2 = R2
(1− s)
s s
From this equation, R / can be given by:
2
s
R2/ / (1 − s )
= R2 + R2
/

s s
Prof Yaser Anagreh
Equivalent Circuit Models of IM
The two configuration of the equivalent circuit for
IM are:

Prof Yaser Anagreh

Equivalent Circuit Models of IM

Prof Yaser Anagreh

Equivalent Circuit Models of IM
• For motors exceeding 2 hp (1hp  750 W), we can shift the
magnetising branch to the input terminals which greatly
simplifies the equation describing the motor without
compromising the accuracy.

Prof Yaser Anagreh

Equivalent Circuit Models of IM
Let
Req = R1 + R2 X eq = X 1 + X 2

Prof Yaser Anagreh

Equivalent Circuit Parameters
The parameters of the equivalent circuit of a 3-phase IM
can be determined by carrying out the following tests:
▪ DC test
The DC resistance of the stator can be measured by
applying a DC voltage to two phases and taking the
reading for the voltage as well as the current flows, and
then determine the DC resistance.

Prof Yaser Anagreh

Equivalent Circuit Models of IM

Prof Yaser Anagreh

Equivalent Circuit Parameters 10/8
▪ No-load test
✓ The no-load test allows the determination of the
magnetising branch parameters RC and XM .
✓ When the IM runs at no load, the rotor speed approaches
the synchronous speed. The slip becomes very small (s 
0) and therefore the secondary impedance (i.e. R2’ (1-
s)/s) becomes very high compared with the magnetising
branch (in other words the rotor current I2’ is very small
compared to IM).
✓ The rotor branch can then be neglected

Prof Yaser Anagreh

Equivalent Circuit Parameters

Prof Yaser Anagreh

Equivalent Circuit Parameters

Prof Yaser Anagreh

Equivalent Circuit Parameters

Prof Yaser Anagreh

Equivalent Circuit Parameters
▪ Locked-rotor test:
✓ When the motor is locked (i.e. prevented from turning)
the slip approaches 1 (s  1). The secondary impedance
becomes much smaller than that of the magnetising
branch.

Prof Yaser Anagreh

Equivalent Circuit Parameters

Prof Yaser Anagreh

 Equivalent Circuit Parameters
• During the locked rotor test, the input current is
adjusted to rated current and the measured input
current, input voltage and input power are recorded.
• The input power is:
Pin = 3 VLL IL cosq
The locked rotor angle is calculated by:
q = cos-1 (Pin / 3 VLL IL)
The magnitude of the locked rotor impedance is:
|ZLR| = Vf / If = (VLL /3 ) / IL Y-connection is
assumed
The locked rotor impedance can be given by:
ZLR = |ZLR|cosq + j|ZLR|sinq = RLR + jXLR/
where RLR = R1 + R2 XLR/ = X1/ + X2/
Prof Yaser Anagreh
Equivalent Circuit Parameters

Prof Yaser Anagreh

Equivalent Circuit Parameters

Prof Yaser Anagreh

 Equivalent Circuit Parameters
Solution:
From the DC test R1 = 0.5 VDC / IDC = 0.5(13.6/28) = 0.243 W
From the no-load test X1 + XM = VNL,f / INL
X1 + XM = (208/3) / ((8.12+8.2+8.18)/3) = 14.7 W
Prot = Pin – PSCL
= 420 – 3((8.12+8.2+8.18)/3)2 (0.243) = 371.38 W
Form the locked rotor test
q = cos-1{920 / [3 (25)((28.1+28+27.6)/3))]} = 40.40
|ZLR | = (25/3 ) / [(28.1+28+27.6)/3] = 0.517 W
RLR = |ZLR | cosq = (0.517)(0.76) = 0.393 W
R2 = RLR – R1 = 0.393 – 0.243 = 0.15 W

Prof Yaser Anagreh

 Equivalent Circuit Parameters
XLR/ = |ZLR |sinq = 0.393 sin(40.4) = 0.255 W
XLR = (frated / ftest) XLR/ = X1 + X2
= (60/15)(0.255)=1.02 W
Assume that X1 = X2, then
X1 = 0.51W , X2 = 0.51 W
XM = 14.7 – 0.51 = 14.19 W

Prof Yaser Anagreh

 Equivalent Circuit Parameters
• The equivalent circuit

Prof Yaser Anagreh

Prof Yaser Anagreh