Chapter # 7

Induction Motor

Week # 14, Lecture 40

The Concept of Rotor Slip

• The voltage induced in the rotor

depends upon the speed of the nslip  nsync  nm
rotor relative to the magnetic
fields. This relative motion is nslip  slip speed
commonly defined by two nsync  magnetic field speed
terms:
I. Slip Speed nSlip nm  rotor speed
II. Slip, S

nslip
S  100%
nsynch
nsynch  nm
S  100%  nm  (1  S )nsynch
nsynch
 synch  m
S  100%  m  (1  S ) synch
 synch 2
The Electrical Frequency on the Rotor
• The Induction motor works by induced voltage and current in rotor,
therefore some times called as rotating transformer.
• Like a transformer Primary (Stator) induces voltage in Secondary
(Rotor), unlike transformer, the secondary frequency is not
necessarily the same as primary frequency.
• If rotor is locked then secondary frequency is same as primary. If
rotor turns at synchronous speed the Rotor frequency will be zero.
• Let us define the rotor frequency at any arbitrary speed.

f r  sf e
nm  0  f r  f e and s  1
nsynch  nm
nm  n sync  f r  0 and s  0 fr  fe
nsynch
 f r  sf e
P
f r  (nsynch  nm ) fe
120 f e
P
fr  (nsynch  nm ) 3

120
Example 7-1:
A 208-V, 10 hp, four pole, 60 Hz, Y-connected induction motor
has a full load slip of 5 percent.
a) What is the synchronous speed of this motor.
b) What is the rotor speed of this motor at rated load.
c) What is the rotor frequency of this motor at rated load.
d) What is the shaft torque of this motor at the rated load.

Solve Yourself

4
7.3: The Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor
• An induction motor is called a singly excited machine (as
opposed to a doubly excited synchronous machine), since
power is supplied only to the stator circuit.
• We will begin with the transformer model and try to
include the variable frequency and other similar induction
motor effects into account.
• An induction motor equivalent circuit differs from a
transformer equivalent circuit primarily in the effects of
varying rotor frequency on the rotor voltage ER and
impedance RR and XR.

5
The Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor
• Due to the air gap in an induction machine, the reluctance
of the flux path is increased greatly, which reduces coupling
between primary (stator) and secondary winding (rotor).
The higher reluctance caused by the air gap means that a
higher magnetizing current is required to obtain a given
flux. Therefore, magnetizing reactance will be much
smaller.
• E1 coupled to ER by an ideal transformer with an effective
turn ratio aeff.
• The voltage ER produced
in the rotor in turn
produces a current flow in
the shorted rotor (or
secondary) circuit of the
machine.

6
Rotor Circuit Model
• In an induction motor when voltage is applied to stator
winding, a voltage is induced in the rotor winding of the
machine.
• The greater the relative motion (Slip Speed) between rotor
and stator magnetic fields, the greater the resulting rotor
voltage and rotor frequency.
• The largest relative motion occurs when the rotor is
stationary, called Locked Rotor or Blocked Rotor condition.
• The smallest voltage (0 V) and frequency (0 Hz) occurs when
the rotor moves at the same speed as the stator magnetic
field, resulting in no relative motion.
• The magnitude and frequency of the voltage induced in the
rotor at any speed is proportional to the slip of the rotor.

E R  sE R 0 ER0 is the magnitude of the induced

voltage at locked rotor condition. 7
Rotor Circuit Model
• The frequency of the f r sf e
induced voltage at any slip
will be given by:
X R   r LR
• The rotor resistance is  2 f r LR
constant independent of  2 s f e LR
frequency and thus the slip.
• The reactance of the rotor  s (2f e LR )
depends on the inductance X R  s X R0
of the rotor, and the
frequency of the voltage
and current in the rotor.
• XR0 is the blocked rotor
reactance.
• The resulting equivalent
circuit is shown in the
Figure.

8
Rotor Circuit Model
The rotor current in this ER
• IR 
circuit can be written as: RR  jX R
• From Eq.(i), notice that it is sE R 0
IR 
possible to treat all of the RR  jsX R 0
rotor effects due to varying ER0
rotor speed as being caused IR  (i )
RR
by a varying impedance  jX R 0
s
supplied with a power from
RR
a constant voltage source Z R ,eq   jX R 0 (ii )
s
ERO. The equivalent rotor
impedance from this point of
view is given in Eq (ii).
• Thus the equivalent rotor
circuit can modified as
shown in Fig.

9
Final Equivalent Circuit
'
• To produce the final equivalent VP  VS  aVS
circuit, it is necessary to refer
rotor part of the model over to ' IS
IP  IS 
the stator side. a
'
• The rotor circuit model derived ZS  a2Z S
above has all the speed effects
concentrated in the impedance '
term.
E2  E R  aeff E R 0
• In an ordinary transformer, the IR
voltage, current and I2 
aeff
impedances on the secondary
side can be referred to primary RR 2
side by means of turn ratio. Z 2  aeff (  jX R 0 )
s
• The same transformation can 2
be applied to the induction Let R2  aeff RR
machine. 2
X 2  aeff X R 0 10
Final Equivalent Circuit
• The rotor resistance and locked rotor reactance XR0
are very difficult or impossible to determine on a
cage rotor also the effective turn ratio aeff is difficult
to obtain for squirrel-cage rotor .
• Fortunately, it is possible to make measurements
that will directly give the referred resistance and
reactance R2 and X2, even though RR1 ,XR0 and aeff are
not known separately.

11
Thank You