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Cloud Computing and its Impact in Education, Teaching and Research-A

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 Cloud Computing and its Impact in Education, Teaching
and Research-A Scientific Review
P. K. Paul,1 Ritam Chatterjee,2 P. S. Aithal, 3 & Ricardo Saavedra4
1Executive Director (MCIS), Asst. Prof., Department of CIS, Information Scientist (Offg.), Raiganj University, India
2PhD CIS Scholar, Raiganj University, India
3Vice Chancellor, Srinivas University, Karnataka, India
4Director & Chair, International Programs, Azteca University, México, America

Corresponding Author& Email: P.K. Paul & pkpaul.infotech@gmail.com

(June 2023)
Abstract
Cloud Computing is one of the important facets in societal activities and development. With
Cloud computing, any user can create, edit, as well as save files in the cloud according to their
requirement. And such self-services like Google Docs are growing rapidly. The advantage of
Cloud Computing is useful in accessing applications anytime and anywhere and at any time of
facilitates access to data and information without limitation of spatial and temporal limits.
Modern e-learning is lies on flexibility to education, and research including transcending
geographical boundaries and therefore no issues of time constraints are raised [5]. Different
basic and influential lectures including peer learning is positively possible using modern days
emerging IT tools like Cloud. Cloud-based E-learning allows face-to-face like a classroom
environment, and traditional education at the same time to be enhanced using modern features
and facilities. It is also worth to note that different places or even separate countries to work
on one file interactively and simultaneously using Cloud based educational platforms.
Educational systems including academics, administration, and office management become
easy using Cloud Computing based systems. This work is a theoretical and conceptual one
deals with basic aspects of Cloud Computing including features and types, role and significance
in education and teaching-learning, Work also emphasized about the basic, emerging and future
applications of Cloud Computing for Education and allied activities and management.
Keywords
Cloud Computing, Education, Digital Education, ICT in Education, Education Technology,
Education 4.0
Introduction
Cloud Computing is an emerging topic and sub-field of Information Technology and is close
with other main components of Information Technology such as Software Technology,
Database Technology, Network Technology, Web Technology, Multimedia Technology, etc
case to a case basis; depending upon the requirement. It is worth to note that Cloud Computing
and Virtualization is also allied and connected with other emerging technologies and different
important devices (refer Fig: 1) viz. –

• Big Data and Analytics

• Internet of Things (IoT) Technologies
 • Edge Computing and Systems
• Fog Computing, and Blockchains, etc.

The market of Cloud Computing and Virtualization is rising rapidly and in the recent past many
organizations and institutions are promoting Cloud based systems in their in-house activities.
Therefore, many companies are also rising to offer cloud-based services.

Fig:1- Basic structure of a Cloud Computing Model (Source: Spiceworks)

In Cloud markets some of the popular services providing organizations include IBM Cloud,
Amazon Web Services, Microsoft, Dell, VMWare, etc. Like global trend, in India also many
organizations are developing with cloud and allied digital services and products. As the internet
is growing rapidly, therefore, cloud based services are also growing rapidly; directly and
indirectly. In the coming years, more emphasis may be given due to the Digital India initiative
undertaken by the Government of India and here Cloud Computing is useful in large scale
including activities of the high-speed 4G LTE, 5G wireless technologies using proper data
center infrastructure. Cloud computing applications is enhancing basic and modern information
technology (IT) infrastructure not only in the education sector but also another sector of the
modern Digital Society. Cloud computing and allied technologies also allow universities and
other higher educational institutions to effective communication development including
upgrading communication and existing learning systems [15, 51, 55]. And in many contexts,
there are no as such need of large-scale capital investments in infrastructure [32, 60]. Some
institutions are using high computing power systems associated with cloud computing. There
are many cloud computing applications in the areas of teaching-learning, education, and
research sector, but not limited to—

• Applications of Google Documents of Google Inc., for its subscribers having an

account, and also allows to the subscriber to write his documents for one program.
• Cloud based Spread Sheets and allied MS tools like PowerPoint Presentations, and
Forms Editor.
• Different kinds of cloud storage and database storage are coming with Cloud
Computing viz. Google Drive, Microsoft's Sky Drive service (come in generally free
storage space for files up to 25GB), etc.
• Online and Live Classes using Google Meet, Zoom, Cisco Webex, and so on. And the
recording of the classes using Cloud Computing based systems.

Such kinds of cloud-based applications including other applications are effective and fruitful
into the students, teachers, and other staff including other employees in different educational
activities including emerging e-learning platforms for faster, broader, and easier access systems
powered by cloud computing.

Objective

The present work entitled ‘Cloud Computing and its Impact in Education, Teaching and
Research-A Scientific Review’ is a conceptual and theoretical nature aimed at following (but
not limited to)—

• To know about the basics of Cloud Computing including features and characteristics
in brief.
• To gather the basic knowledge of Cloud Computing including its types and emerging
categories.
• To learn about the general and advances of Cloud Computing in the context of
Education, Teaching, and Research.
• To gather knowledge of some notable existing works in the field of Cloud Computing
in Education and allied fields.
• To find out the impact and sector-specific applications of Cloud Computing and allied
areas in education, teaching, and learning.
• To gather major issues and challenges of Cloud Computing in research, and
educational activities.

Method

This work entitled ‘Cloud Computing and its Impact in Education, Teaching and Research-A
Scientific Review’ is theoretical nature and with core objective of finding basics of Cloud
Computing including role, impact, applications and issues in relation to the education, teaching
and research. Therefore, a review of the literature plays a vital role in conducing this study.
Last ten years works have been studied, analyzed, and reported in this work. Journals, Books
including reference books are considered as worthy and impactful in doing this work.
Existing Works

The scope of education is expanding day by day. Thus, it requires a proper education
management strategy. The basic and emerging technology is used in effective and efficient
education management. The management of data is one of the toughest tasks in education
management. Cloud computing plays a vital role to manage and storing of data.
Alabbadi, 2011 worked on Cloud Computing for Education and Learning. It has shown that
Education and Learning as a Service (ELaaS). It explained different cloud computing features
and complete cloud computing formations (c3 f) with The Cloud Cube Model (CCM). It
explained Physical Location and Management, Ownership, and Architectural Mindset. It
classified the educational and learning organizations in mission criticality and sensitivity. Then
it mapped each class into the appropriate position in the C3 F, creating ELaaS Quadrant [2].
Almajalid (2017) made a Survey in Education Sector on the Adoption of Cloud Computing in
this sector. It explained different Cloud Service Models, Cloud Deployment Models, Cloud
Computing Features, Benefits of Cloud Computing and Cloud Computing Concerns. It had
shown the usage of cloud computing in education with diagrammatically. It has given the
Benefits and Challenges of Cloud Computing in Education. It gave the guidelines for
successfully Integrated Cloud Services. It had shown some examples of Using Cloud
Computing utilizations in different Universities [4]. Arpaci, 2017 investigated on the achieve
knowledge management to antecedents and consequences of cloud computing adoption in
education. It explained the Definition and Characteristics of Knowledge, Knowledge
Management and Technology Acceptance Model. It considered Pre-tests and post-tests on the
first and last week of the 14-week intervention and examined the usefulness of cloud computing
services, and causal relationship between the expectations for knowledge management
practices. It made a survey for collecting data from 221 undergraduate students and to validate
the research model it analyzed the data by using structural equation modelling [3]. It suggested
that by increasing awareness of knowledge management practices, it would be possible for
educational institutions to promote the adoption of cloud computing in education [6].
Baldassarreet al., 2018 made a study on Systematic Mapping regarding the Cloud Computing
for Education. It prepared the research questions with three main aims. It tried to evaluate with
specific reference to pedagogy and educational processes to find the scope of interest in the
literature for CCE. It made an empirical study to analyze the characteristics of papers at all
levels of education from the various points of view of the daily improvement activities of
teachers and learners. It attempted to identify new topics or ultimate research gaps to consider
and stimulate further investigation. It also tried to find out the differences in geographical areas
in terms of CCE infrastructure and technology implementation in educational institutions [8].
Bulla et al., 2016 made a survey on Adoption of Cloud Computing in Education System. It
discussed the use of cloud computing platforms as solution for educational institutes. It also
tried to explain the significant impact of cloud computing on new teaching and learning
environment [9]. Chandra & Borah 2012 have tried to make the Cost Benefit Analysis of Cloud
Computing in Education. It also studied the cloud computing benefits of use by various
educational institutions [10, 34]. Chandra & Malaya 2012 made an analytical study on the role
of Cloud Computing in Education. It explained the Application of SaaS in School Education,
SaaS for Higher Education I context of MicrosotLiv@edu, Cloud Computing in Distance
Education. It also explained the Virtual Computing Lab (VCL) concept, VCL Community and
made a case study on Ben-Gurion University [11]. Elamiret al., 2013 tried to give a Framework
and Architecture on Cloud Computing Services for Programming Education Environment. It
has drawn the Model of e-Learning in cloud computing and Architecture of e-Learning cloud.
It also explains diagrammatically the Framework for programming education as a cloud
service, Architecture of C++ workbook as cloud service and implementation of cloud C++
workbook [14]. Ercan 2010 effectively demonstrated the use of cloud computing in educational
institutions. It has reviewed the cloud computing infrastructure in the educational arena. It also
discussed the benefits of common applications for students and teachers [16].
Ibrahim et al., 2015 made a Systematic Literature Review on Empirical Studies of Cloud
Computing in Education. It has worked on the education system in universities and higher
education institutions to give the evidence about the adoption of cloud computing [20]. Li, Q.
2021 tried to design of Education Information Management Platform with the use of Artificial
Intelligence Combined with Cloud Computing. It is based on the cloud computing theory and
service-oriented architecture (SOA) design pattern. It analyzed the operation of the information
management database to find the impact of a large volume of data and high concurrency state
of the data. It also tested the results of function modules [29]. Nayar& Kumar 2015 explained
that at the time of disaster, the benefits of Cloud Computing in Education. It has been discussed
various disaster recovery techniques based on cloud computing. It also found the benefits of
cloud computing in the schools and university systems and discussed the traditional education
management systems. It is proposed a model based on the implementation of cloud computing
platform [35]. Nayar & Kumar 2018 worked on the cost benefit analysis of cloud computing
in education. It analyzed and identify the benefits and limitations of cloud computing. It has
illustrated the financial aspects of a specific case of a lab setup. It also presented a comparative
analysis of cloud computing based on hosting versus traditional (on-premise) application
deployment [36].
Paul & Ghosh 2012 worked on Cloud Computing to give the Possibilities, Challenges and
Opportunities. It gave a special reference to its emerging need in the Academic and working
area of Information Science. It also described some aspect of cloud architecture that has been
included Cloud based information mechanism which was useful in an information system. It
has been made the SWOT analysis on the Information delivery mechanism [40]. Paul et al.,
2018 tried to make a case study on cloud computing and virtualization with Indian computing
academic units interested in its fields. It has discussed the basics of computing and IT related
topics, particularly trends in applied computing with an emphasis on cloud computing in Indian
private universities [47]. Paul et al., 2019 tried to find the potentialities in the academic perspective
of Bigdata management and Cloud computing in the Indian scenario. It has attempted to depict the
ongoing programs in India and possible nomenclature and program depictions with industry
environment and the context in line with international trends. It has also tried to find out the potential
of such programs along with SWOT analysis which is depicted to create a true Digital India in a smart
and effective way [48].
Shi et al., 2014 tried to find the trends of cloud computing in education. It is based on 132
research studies on cloud computing education in recent years from the Education Resources
Information Center database. For the study purpose, it had selected 42 high-frequency
descriptors to conduct co-word analysis of cloud computing in education. It has shown that
cloud computing in education is mainly concentrated on five areas. It discussed the impact of
cloud computing in five areas [52]. Sultan 2010 discussed Cloud computing for education. It
would highlight some aspects of the distinction and shed some light on current concerns that
might prevent some organizations from adopting it [56]. Truong 2012 discussed Cloud
computing for education and research in developing countries. It tried to identify the challenges
and tried to find the solution to overcome the barriers. It has discussed the possible approaches
for solving these challenges [49]. It has developed cloud computing solutions for teaching and
research activities in Vietnam [58]. Yu, D. 2021 has discussed the process of Education
Management Information Construction with the application of Cloud Computing. It gave the
concept and characteristics of cloud computing, advantages of cloud computing in education
management, Application, and the development prospect of cloud computing in the field of
education management informationization [63].

Cloud Computing: Basics

Cloud Computing is one of the emerging components of Information Technology and the most
promising virtualization technique powered by the internet and similar technologies [44].
Cloud Computing is responsible for developing and bringing virtual information technology
infrastructure for distributed IT Infrastructure to an organization and also branches or sister
organizations [46]. And due to its wider acceptance and advantages it becomes mandatory in
modern days organizations (Fig: 2).
 Fig: 2- Most valued advantages of Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing has wide applications in recent past in government and public sectors for its
ample opportunities [42, 43, 54]. Cloud Computing supports different service models as well
as types such as Software, Applications, Platforms and Operating Systems, Hardware and
infrastructure, Contents and Information, etc. Some of the other allied technologies such as Big
Data, Analytics, Blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), etc. Also played a significant role in
proper functioning of cloud based services [12]. It is also important to note that, the market of
the cloud also depends on various existing established IT organizations and companies. Cloud
computing is a kind of remote based computer and system that helps in complete virtualization. The
term Cloud Computing is also considered as synonymous with virtualization. It also conveys the
meaning of the Data Centre. The functions, and features of Cloud Computing may differ from situation
to situation and upon the organizations in a centralized server. Cloud Computing depends on Edge
Server and depending upon the situation normally three types of Cloud Computing can be noted and
works Public Cloud Computing, Private Cloud Computing, Hybrid Cloud Computing, etc [19].

Public Cloud Computing in short called as a Public Cloud and it is the virtualization or remote
based services using the internet and available and accessible to the common people. Public
Cloud Computing is mainly third party operated services and is mainly available in multiple
locations and this is very much cost effective [24]. Private Cloud Computing is another form
and in short called as Private Cloud dedicated in-house solution which is strictly established,
managed and operated from concerned organization. Due to its nature, it is safer and secure is
some extend. In many sensitive business and sectors like banking, finance, etc. it is highly
practiced [31]. Hybrid Cloud Computing is the merger of public & private cloud, and accessible
and useful based on need and situation. Hence cloud computing offers following opportunities
in general viz.—

• Superb Elasticity
• High level of Scalability
• Cost Effective and Productive
• Remote Based and virtualized
• Multiple Sharing is allowed
• Huge Data and Infrastructure Manageable
• Dependency, etc.

Globally the need and importance of Cloud Computing is growing in Government and Private
organizations and institutions [38]. And therefore, various vendors are offering Cloud based
services and many are dedicated in educational activities as well [21, 22, 57].

Cloud Service Models

Cloud Computing service providers offer the services based on different types of situations,
conditions and types viz. Public Cloud, Private Cloud and Hybrid Cloud Computing and based
on these types different models have been developed such as—

• Software as a Service
• Platform as a Service
• Infrastructure as a Service
• Storage as a Service
• Security as a Service, etc.

Cloud computing and Advantages over Education

Cloud Computing is an emerging component of information technology with in network sub-
technology. Cloud computing is the virtualization of information technology, infrastructure&
services [7,17, 61]. Using cloud computing, hardware, software, systems, platform, database,
network can be shared using strong Internet connection. As far as cloud computing is
concerned, it has a lot of application areas and among them, education is important one [26,
27]. In education, cloud computing is applicable in the following categories:

• Traditional teaching learning process.

• Teaching pedagogy.
• Research activities.
• Office management.
• Educational planning and administration and some other areas as depicted in Fig: 3.
 Fig: 3- Most valued advantages of Cloud Computing in respect of education

There are several programs at present offered using cloud computing and most are frequently
useful in educational premises for its employed in the educational field such as:

• Google Slides and Apple Pages

• Apple Keynote and Microsoft Word
• Microsoft Powerpoint and OneDrive
• Dropbox
• Google drive and Docs
• Capture to cloud
• Apple iCloud
• Amazon Cloud Drive
• Memopal
• SugarSync

Regarding advantages, following are important for better teaching learning process using cloud
(also refer Fig: 4).
Elasticity- Computing gives elasticity to the learners and educational institutes [18].
Scalability-It offers flexibility and wideness in teaching learning process.
Speed-Cloud computing offers speedy content delivery to all its objects and learners.
Cost management-The initial cost of implementing cloud is little difficult and it requires a
huge amount of funds for technology, purchasing, infrastructure and software. But after
implementation, the resources may be utilised in lifelong process [33, 37, 57].
Remote accessibility-Using cloud computing, anyone can get educational content, instructions
and other materials even in a remote and long-distance place [1].
Time management-Cloud computing gives the flexibility in time management.
The application areas of cloud computing in Education:
Cloud computing means the virtualization and it is the application of SaaS, PaaS, IaaS. Cloud
computing applications in education includes educational management, teaching learning
process in traditional teaching learning and also in modern days’ educational system [13, 41,
62]. The following are main application areas of cloud computing in education.
Collaborative teaching-learning
Cloud computing offers a collaborative teaching learning process as it offers virtualization in
educational system. Using cloud computing, any institute may collaborate with other institutes.
The faculties, the resources, infrastructure can be shared using this type of collaboration [50,
53].
On campus education
In on-campus education, that is face to face education or traditional mode of education, cloud
computing may be used for utilization of existing resources, sharing of library books and
documents, need based online education and meetings, etc.
Online education
Cloud computing is applicable in online and virtual education systems in contemporary
scenarios. Today, different educational programmes like certificate based programmes,
diploma, bachelor degree programmes, master degree, and doctoral degree programmes are
being offered in online mode in real time manner.
In workshop and training
Workshop and training programmes are important in many educational subjects and it is an
integral part of overall development like in engineering, computing, health, science, social
work. Workshops and trainings are must for complete development. Using cloud computing,
workshop and training may be organised in online and virtual mode for saving money, energy
and also for instant communication.
In blended and hybrid mode of education
Cloud computing is responsible for developing a new age educational system. The combination
of traditional mode of education and online mode of education developed a new mode of
education which is called blended mode or hybrid mode of education, and which has become
popular in developed and developing countries [45, 59]. Many subjects are not suitable in
online mode like medicine, engineering, etc, such subjects may be offered in blended or hybrid
mode of education. Uses of cloud computing in such educational systems are important and
increasing gradually.
Use of cloud computing in library and archive
Applications of cloud computing and virtualization technique basically impact in traditional
library management system including document management, barcode and RFID activities.
Additionally, in digital library design, development and management, cloud computing is
important [28]. In E-learning, online resources and library play vital role and here digital library
also plays an important role. Example National Digital Library of India (A project of MoE,
Government of India and implemented by IIT Kharagpur), British Library, etc.
In examination and evaluation process
As far as examination and evaluation is concerned, cloud computing is applicable in different
areas of examination process. For example, accessing E-answer script using cloud platform,
soft-copy based examination online examination live viva-voce etc.
Cloud Computing & Education: The Issues
Cloud computing is very much effective and fruitful (as depicted in Fig:4) in modernizing
educational systems and worldwide this trend is growing but still, there are some concerns and
issues not only in developing countries but also under-developed countries [23].
Technological integration
Cloud computing is focused on different kind of applications in the educational sector and there
are enormous changes in each application software and systems. Here, the issue of
compatibility and technological integration sometimes are considered as most vital [30].
Cost of hardware and technology
Hardware is major factor in implementing cloud based system because cloud based hardware
are costly when we need to implement private cloud or sometimes hybrid cloud. Apart from
hardware, software is also an important aspect in cloud based technological implementation.
Cloud based education is purely SAAS, PAAS, and IAAS based.
 Fig: 4-Core effectiveness of Cloud Computing and Virtualization (Source: Quitagroup)

Internet and bandwidth

Cloud based any system is purely internet dependent and as far as the educational cloud is
concerned, it also requires proper, timely, robust, speedy Internet with proper bandwidth. That
is why if in a place Internet is not proper or poor, then implementing cloud based system
becomes difficult.
Remote accessibility
In developing countries like India, many people reside in rural and remote areas. Therefore, if
any candidate seeks cloud based or online education, it may be difficult for them to
accommodate.
Security and infrastructure
Cloud based education system, sometimes purely digital and that is connected with a threat to
the individual system by the attackers. So, network security, web security, database security all
these must be composed together for a better result.
Skill sets
Cloud base education requires both sided skills and knowledge for its better operation. Many
teachers may not be aware about technology and at the same time learners may have lack of
skill sets to operate to develop technology [39].
Conclusion
Cloud Computing based services are increasing worldwide and its increasing rate is more than
25%. And gradually a large number of students are pursuing online degrees, programs and
training through online mode and means. Large number of students now following recorded or
offline videos in order to gain knowledge by electronics means and in this juncture, it is worthy
to include the role of cloud computing in online systems. Computer hardware, systems and
other technologies become effective with cloud based services. Mobile learning, distance
learning, and web-based collaborative learning become important and effective in modern
educational systems, and in all such cases cloud and allied technologies are effective [24, 25].
Apart from developed countries, now many developing countries also putting effort in
modernizing the education sector including teaching, learning, and educational administration.

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